part 1 and 2 history of medicine. 8000 bc – prehistoric medicine rudimentary – cave paintings...
TRANSCRIPT
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PART 1 AND 2
History of Medicine
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8000 BC – Prehistoric Medicine
Rudimentary – cave paintings suggest early humans believed in spirits
Used rituals, prayers and ceremonies to cure disease Spirit healers would cast spells to treat the sick Drinking the blood of a wild animal would give special
powers to the shaman to treat sicknessTrepanning
Bored a hole in the skull to let out evil spirits Skulls show that these wounds would heal and that
patients often survived
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Trepanned Skull
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2000 BC – Egyptian Medicine
First Pharmacists - used herbs and potions They used many preparations including cannabis,
opium, linseed oid and sennaPriests were doctors – used a combination of
prayers and herbs Gods were responsible for the health of different parts
of the body.Mummification of body
Embalmers would carefully remove body organs which were preserved in jars and buried with the mummified body
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Mummification
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450 BC – 300 AD – Romans and Greeks
Age of ReasonGalen – techniques in Surgery
Greek physician Illegal to dissect human bodies so he dissected animals to find out
how the body works.Hygiene
Link between dirt and disease Built aqueducts to supply clean water and sewers to remove wastes
Hippocrates Father of Modern Medicine Hippocratic Oath Four Humors – If a person was ill it was because they had an
inbalance with their humors Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile
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Aqueducts
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500-1400 AD – Middle Ages
Determined by religion – cures were prayers, herbs and blood letting
Plague Biggest medical challenge Started in Turkey 90% of the population was affected
Anesthetics used for surgery Opiates disinfectants
Priests were doctors Traditional cures using herbs and potions Prayer, repentance and sacrifice were cures
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Bubonic Plague
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700-1500 AD – Arabian Medicine
First Medical Book Written By Ali al-Hysayn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (Laws of Medicine)
Universal Healthcare Clinics Hospitals
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Anatomical drawing from “Laws of Medicine”
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1400 – 1700 The Renaissance
New Lands brought new medicine and new diseases
Hospitals were for the wealthy and they became the first medical schools
Circulation was discovered by William Harvey in 1628
Medical Research Idea of the 4 humors prevailed Body was seen as the creation of God Da Vinci
Dissected human bodies Made the first anatomical drawings
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DaVinci’s Vitruvian Man
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1700 – 1900 – 18th and 19th Centuries
People’s understanding of the human body increased tremendously.
Scientific knowledge spread rapidly because scientists began publishing their work
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invents microscopeLouis Pasteur discovers germs and bacteria
Microbiology is born Increased knowledge of pathogenic microbes leads to
the development of new medicines The pharmaceutical industry is born
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Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope
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Louis Pasteur
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17th -18th century (cont.)
Joseph Lister Discovered that septicemia was mostly caused by
infections caught during surgery and led to death First to use antiseptic to clean wounds and surgical
instruments His antiseptic techniques reduced deaths from infection
from 60% to 4%. Florence Nightingale
Most famous nurse Improved hygiene standards which reduced infections in
hospitals Set the foundations of hospital nursing care that are still
practiced today
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Nursing’s Shining Star: Florence Nightingale
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17th – 18th Century (cont.)
1796 – Vaccinations Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination He deliberately infected an 8 year old boy with
cowpox Then he injected him with smallpox and the boy was
protected by the earlier infection of cowpox Vaccination was made compulsory Smallpox was eradicated in 1977 when the last case of
smallpox was reported. Smallpox vaccines are no longer given
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Person infected with smallpox
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Ring around the Rosies
Ring around the rosies – praying on the rosary beads
A pocket full of posies – using posies scent to mask the scent of the disease
Ashes, Ashes – how the diseased people who had died were cremated and turned to ashes
They all fall down! – they all die!
Fun, cute little kids song…
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17th – 18th Centuries (cont.)
1895 – X-Rays Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen X-rays can pass through skin and muscle and are
absorbed by dense tissue and bone creating an image on photographic film.
CT scan Modern day xray machine that take simultaneous xrays
from different angles.
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Xray machine
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CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan Machine
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1900-2000 – The 20th Century
Vaccination is widely used for multiple childhood diseases.
Fleming discovers penicillinBanting and Best discover that insulin can be used to
treat diabetesNew medicines are produced every day through
pharmaceutical research laboratoriesTechnology – MRI, bioengineering, artificial heart –
first heart transplant performed by Dr. Christian Barnard in 1967, first test tube baby born on July 25, 1978 – Louise Brown, dialysis, cochlear implants and hearing aids
DNA research – Cloning, genetic engineering, human genome project
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Machine
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2000 and beyond - 21st century medicine
Human genome project - Finding the sequence of DNA for every single gene in a complete set of human chromosomes.
Genetic therapies – being developed that aim to replace faulty genes and reverse the effects of inherited disorders
Ethics and medicineModern day outbreaks – Avian flu, H1N1,
MERSA What are the challenges?
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Human Genome Project
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Review Questions
What is trepanning?What health problems might have followed trepanning?Suggest why keeping medical records is an important
part of developing new medical advances.What are the 4 humours?Suggest how outbreaks of infectious diseases are
treated differently now, compared to the middle ages.What was the major contribution of Arabic medicine?How did explorers affect the development of medicine
and also the new peoples that they visited?
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Review Questions (cont.)
What were two major improvements in surgery during the 18th -19th centuries?
How did the smallpox vaccination work?Describe the difference between an Xray, CT
scan and MRI.Suggest some medical developments which
improve the quality of health and life, rather than being only life-saving.
Which type of microbe is killed by penicillin?What are the ethical challenges in today’s
medicine?