parliament & the executive: political accountability in the uk © dr nigel forman cps seminar...
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Parliament & the Executive:political accountability in the UK
© Dr Nigel Forman
CPS Seminar
15th March 2012
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Parliament as a counter weight to the Executive
• Both Houses of Parliament have long provided opportunities to hold Government to account - in debates, statements, questions to Ministers and in the scrutiny of Government sponsored legislation
• In the UK the leading scrutiny roles are played by the official Opposition and especially the Leader of the Opposition at PM’s Questions
• When the Government (or a governing Coalition) has an overall majority, a key role is also played by Government back-benchers in the Commons and by Peers of all parties in the Lords
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Scrutiny by Select Committees
• Select Committees play an important part in scrutinising the Executive and in holding Ministers and civil servants to account for the policy, administration, public spending and delivery of Government objectives
• Yet such Committees are only one Parliamentary mechanism for achieving political accountability and their influence should not be exaggerated
• The most formidable is the Public Accounts Committee which holds Permanent Secretaries & Executive Agency Chief Executives to account for public spending in their spheres of responsibility
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The role of Select Committees
• Departmental Select Committees monitor, scrutinise and evaluate the policy and administration in their area of interest - e.g. Defence, Treasury, Work and Pensions, Home Office etc
• They are all-party, back-bench committees which invite written submissions and cross-examine witnesses to assemble evidence on which to base reports to the House
• They have incremental influence rather than power but, when making common cause with pressure groups and the media, they can be formidable critics of any Government
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The activity of Select Committees
• Many Select Committees develop symbiotic relationships with the Departments which they monitor and conduct a running commentary on the Departments they scrutinise
• They build up a level of expertise which is not usually found among the generality of M.P.s - an attribute which is particularly evident in Lords Select Committees.
• Select Committees also offer an alternative career path in Parliament for ex-Ministers and those who are unlikely to achieve Ministerial office in the first place
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The work and structure of Select Committees in the Commons
• Composed of 11 to 14 back-benchers drawn from different parties in relation to party strengths in the Commons
• In charge of their own agenda and free to call for evidence, both written and oral, from experts and others
• Advised by Clerks and expert advisers and assisted by the Scrutiny Unit which is available to all Committees in the Commons
• They conduct a variety of inquiries, either brief or lengthy, which form the basis of their Reports that are debatable in the Chamber of the whole House
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Other channels of accountabilitywhich influence the Government
• In a pluralist democracy the non-Parliamentary channels of accountability can be as important and influential as those in Parliament:
* Ministers and civil servants are wary of criticism in the media and many of their actions are designed to propitiate business interests and other stakeholders
* In the global economy, multinational companies and financial markets can move swiftly to challenge or support the action or inaction of national Governments - as can be seen in the tussle between opposing forces over sovereign debt in the Euro zone
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Accountability to regulators
• Independent regulatory bodies are a significant part of governance arrangements in the U.K. and many other national jurisdictions
• They are usually created by statute or by Ministers acting within their spheres of administrative discretion
• During Labour’s term of office in the UK, the number of such bodies grew to the point where they were responsible for about £10 billion of public expenditure
• The Coalition Government has sought to reduce bodies of this kind which it sees as unnecessary overheads of Government
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Judicial channels of accountability
• The Judiciary are another category of institutions which hold the Executive to account via the well established practice of judicial review in the High Court
• This involves judge-made case law (as opposed to statute law made in Parliament)
• It also involves senior judges who conduct one-off inquiries - e.g. Lord Hutton on Iraq or Lord Saville on ‘Bloody Sunday’ in Northern Ireland
• European judges perform an equivalent role in the European Court of Justice (EC law) and the European Court of Human Rights (European Convention law)
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Direct accountabilityto the British people
• Direct accountability to the British people is increasingly significant - notwithstanding the traditional British attachment to ‘representative democracy’
• This is evident in:
- opinion polls commissioned by the press and other organisations
- focus groups organised by the political parties
- referenda organised at public expense - e.g. on greater devolution to Wales or independence for Scotland
- direct democracy for the general public, whether in TV studios or social networking on the internet
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Some international contrastsand similarities
• The defining feature of political accountability in the UK is the inter-penetration of the Executive and the Legislature
• This usually enables the Government to act decisively with the support of a working majority in the Commons
• Other democracies do things differently:
- explicit separation of powers (e.g. USA, Nigeria)
- codified constitutions (e.g. France, Germany)
- inter-penetration of politicians and officials (e.g. Russia, South Africa)
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Concluding observations
• Under the influence of modern technology, elected politicians are constantly scrutinised and held to account by stakeholders, other politicians and the media
• Personal accountability can limit (or sometimes expand) what a democratically elected Prime Minister or President can do - e.g. in Brazil, South Africa, or Russia
• On some issues the entire ruling elite is held to account, as can be seen in the media and public backlash against corrupt practices and the public discontent in some dictatorships - e.g. Syria, Burma, Zimbabwe