LECTURE ON PARKINGCE6507

Key parking issues :• Parking generation and supply

needs • Parking studies and

characteristics • Parking facility design and

location • Parking programs

Table : Typical Parking Generation Specification Units Type of land use Parking – Related Unit

Preferred Alternative

Single family ResidentialApartment residential Shopping centerOther retail OfficeIndustrial Hospital Medical /dentalNursing home Hotel / MotelRestaurant Bank Public assembly Bowling alley Library

Per Dwelling UnitPer dwelling unit with range by number of bedrooms Per 1000 sq ft GLA *Per 1000 sq ft GFA**Per employee Per employee Per doctorPer employeePer unitPer seat Per 1000 sq ft GFA** Per seat Per lane Per 1000 sq ft GFA **

Per Dwelling unit with range by number of bedroomsPer dwelling unit N/AN/APer 1000 sq ft GFA**Per 1000 sq ft GFA**Per bed Per office Per bed N/APer 1000 sq ft GFA**N/AN/APer 1000 sq ft GFA**N/A

*GLA = gross leasable area** GFA = Gross floor area

Parking Generation

Table : Typical parking generation rates

Land use ᵃ Avg rate Per Equation ᵇ R² No .of studies

Residential – Low /Mid Apartment (Sat)

1.21 Dwelling Unit

P =1.32X – 53.0 0.962 11

Residential – high- rise apartment (wkdy)

0.88 Dwelling Unit

P = 0.34 X + 105.0 0.516 7

Residential – condominium(wkdy)

1.11 Dwelling Unit

P = 1.29 X – 23.0 0.908 32

Convention hotel(wkdy)

0.81 Room L n P = 0.71 L n X + 1.42

0.498 22

Motel 0.89 Room P = 0.42 X + 70.0 0.496 10

D = NKRP*pr OWhere : D = Peak parking demand , spacesN = size of activity measured in appropriate units ( floor

area ,employment ,dwelling units ,or other appropriate land-use parameters)

K = portion of destinations that occur at any one time R = person – destinations that per day ( or other time period )

per unit activity P = proportion of people arriving by car O = average auto occupancy pr= proportion of persons with primary destination at the

designated study location

Table :Recommended parking space zoning requirements in suburban settings

Land Use Unit Parking spaces per unit

Peak Parking Demand

Recommended zoning requirement

Residential Single family Multiple family

Dwelling unitDwelling unit

2.02.0

2.02.0

Commercial lodgingHotel /Motel

Bedroom 1.2 1.0 + spaces for restaurant ,lounge ,meeting rooms + 0.25 per day shift employee

Medical TreatmentHospitalsMedical center

Bed Bed

2.55.5

Business office General office : ≤30,000 sq ft> 30,000 sq ft

1,000 sq ft GFA 3.0 4.0

Zoning regulations

Table :Recommended parking space zoning requirements in suburban settings(continued) Land Use Unit Parking spaces per unit

Peak Parking Demand

Recommended zoning requirement

Retail services General retailPersonal retail

1,000 sq ft GFA1,000 sq ft GFA

Food and beverage Quality restaurant Family restaurant

1,000 sq ft GLA1,000 sq ft GLA

20.011.2

EducationalElementary /secondary

Classroom 1.5

Parking studies and CharacteristicsProximity : how far will parkers walkParking inventories ∑ NT n P = D * F

Where P = parking supply ,vehiclesN = no, of spaces of a given type and restriction T = time that N spaces of a given type and time restriction are available during the study period , hrs D = average parking duration the study period , hrs / veh F = insufficiency factor to account for turnover – values range from 0.85 to 0.95 and increase as average duration increases

Accumulation and duration Parking accumulation , parking duration is the length of time that individual vehicles parked .

∑(N x * X * I )D = x NT

Where D = average parking duration , h/vehN x = number of vehicles parked for x intervals X = number of intervals parkedI = length of the observation interval, hNT = total number of parked vehicles observed

PARKING TURNOVER RATE :TR = NT

Ps * Ts

Where TR = parking turnover rate , veh/stall/hNT = total number of parked vehicles observedPs = total number of legal parking stalls Ts = duration of the study period ,h

Design aspects of parking facilitiesLists three key objectives in the design of parking facility :•A parking facility must be convenient and safe for the intended users.•A parking facility should be space-efficient and economical to operate •A parking facility should be compatible with its environs .

Some Basic Parking Dimensions • Parking stall width • Parking stall length and depth • Aisle width

Parking modulesSeparating small and large vehicle

• Complete separation of small and large size spaces .• Mixing small and large size spaces in alternating rows.• Small and large size spaces in the same row ( or module ).• Cross – aisle separation .

Parking Garages: The involves a general design and layout that includes a ramp system , at least where self – parking is involved .Ramping systems fall into two general categories :

• Clearway system.• Adjacent parking systems.

Parking programs• Establish parking program goals and objectives • Develop policies and plans • Establish program standards and performance criteria• Establish zoning requirements for parking • Regulate commercial parking • Provide parking for specific public uses • Manage and regulate on-street parking and loading

•Enforce laws, regulation and codes concerning parking ,and adjudicate offenses

Parking programs must deal with the following elements: 1. Parking and policy . 2. Curb management.3. Construction , maintenance , and operation of off-street

parking facilities .4. Enforcement .