PARASITOLOGY • PROTOZOAN

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• METAZOAN–

• HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS – –

PARASITOLOGY

• Parasites as vectors for disease– – –

• PARASITES as portals of entry– –

HEAVY INFESTATIONS• SUBLETHAL

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• LETHAL––

• TOXICITY FROM PARASITES–

PROTOZOANS

• SINGLE CELLED – Eukaryotic organisms

• Amoeba– Paramoeba permaquidensis

• FLAGELLATED –– Ichthyobodo (Costia)– Cryptobia – Hexamita

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

• CILIATED2 + NUCLEI

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• Epistylis, Trichodina, Ichthyophthirius

PHYLUM MICROSPORA

• THICK WALLED SPORES• LOMA - CYSTS IN GILLS

PHYLUM MYXOZOA•

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MYXOBOLUS (MYXOSOMA) CEREBRALIS

• WHIRLING DISEASEFIRST RECORDED IN RBT FROM GERMANY - 1903USA IN FROZEN FISH 1956

• ORIGIN MAY HAVE BEEN NON- PATHOGENIC PARASITE OF NATIVE SALMONIDS CENTRAL EUROPE AND NORTHERN ASIA BROWN TROUT AND ATL SALMON

M. CEREBRALIS

• TROPHOZOITES DEVELOP IN CARTILAGE – – –

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M. CEREBRALIS

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ANNELID WORMTUBIFEX TUBIFEX

• INTERMEDIATE HOST STAGE – SEPARATE TAXONOMY –

• TRIACTINOMYXON – –

VECTORS

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CONTROL/PREVENTION

• CONCRETE RACEWAYS–

• IMMUNITY???–

• MANAGEMENT OF WILD STOCKSMONTANA, COLORADO–

• IDAHO - MISSING FISH ?

REGULATIONS

• FISH DISEASE EMERGENCY MEETING

COLORADO MEETING 1988• DELISTING FROM “TITLE 50”

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CERATOMYXA SHASTA

• SHASTA COUNTY 1948– Multicellular trophozoites– Mature spores

• TRANSMISSION– Water borne, seasonal

C. shasta

• SALINITY – –

• Symptoms– – – –

C. shasta

• Intestinal infection– –

• Kidney associated –

Detection and Control

• DIAGNOSIS (confirmation)– – –

• CONTROL–

PKD/PKX• Proliferative kidney disease

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• Symptoms–

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METAZOAN PARASITES

•PLATYHELMINTHES - FLAT WORMS

• CESTODA - TAPEWORMS

• TREMATODES - DIVERSE

CESTODES

• ADULTS USUALLY IN INTESTINAL TRACK VERTEBRATES

• HERMAPHRODITIC– –

• REPRODUCTION– –

EXAMPLES OF LIFE CYCLES

• Proteocephalid cestodes (Taenia)– Two fishes 1° host (LMB) and 1st

intermediate host copepod, 2nd intermediate host is forage fish

• Ligula intestinalis, described in 1758 – Adult form in piscivorous birds, eggs

released to copepods (first intermediate host), to fish species (second intermediate host)

TREMETODES

• MONOGENEA – –

• SPECIES SPECIFIC (some)– – –

• ANCHOR = PROHAPTOR, OPISHAPTOR• HERMAPHODITIC

DIGENEA - FLUKES

• COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES – – – – – -

OTHER FLUKES

• SANGUINICOLA–– – – –

ACANTHOCEPHALA

• All require invertebrate host, usually arthropod (intermediate host)– –

• Fish is final host

PHYLUM NEMATODA• MOST REQUIRE INTERMEDIATE

HOST – –– –

Phylum ANNELIDA - Hirudinea

• Leeches feed on worms, insect larvae, snails, and all vertebrates including amphibians

• Bisexual

• Leeches attacking fishes are not host specific

• LEECHES (QUESTION IHNV?)

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

• CLASS CRUSTACEA• sub class COPEPODS -

SALMINCOLA - LERNAEA• BRANCHIURA - SEA LICE

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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

• FW CLAMS• GLOCHIDIA

– Ecology of FW Clams/ Distribution of Molluscs ESA issues - Dams Obstruct Fish Passage