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International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)

Volume 6, Issue 8, August 2017, ISSN: 2278 -7798

1289

All Rights Reserved © 2017 IJSETR

PAPERCRETE

M.Manoj Kumar1, G.Uma Maheshwari

2

1 Asst Professor,CIVIL, Dr.KV Subba Reddy College Of Engineering For Women,Kurnool,Andhrapradesh,India.

2 Asst Professor,CIVIL , Dr.KV Subba Reddy College Of Engineering For Women,Kurnool,Andhrapradesh,India.

ABSTRACT:

The majority of abandoned paper waste

accumulating from the countries all over the world

causes certain serious environmental problems. The

high volume of concrete offers a holistic solution to

the problem of meeting the increasing demands for

concrete in the future in a sustainable manner and

at a reduced cost.At the same time, it is necessary to

reduce the environmental impact of industries that

are vital to economic development.The present study

focuses on utilizing the waste materials like waste

paper and fly ash into cost effective building bricks

and recycle the wastepaper without any

environmental problem to the surrounding

environment and the society.

The investigation was carried out to

evaluate the strength, durability and structural

properties of flyash based Paper Crete building

bricks.Then the results were compared with those of

conventional bricks. The strength and durability of

cement composites containing waste paper and fly

ash have been studied in detail and the optimum

mix proportions have been obtained. This optimum

mix was considered for casting the fly ash based

paper Crete bricks and their properties have been

studied.

The thesis concluded that the Paper Crete

bricks are relatively low cost, light weight and more

flexible and they are most suitable for

earthquakeprone areas. This brick does not expand

or contract so that the sheets of glassor glass block

can be embedded and trimmed with Paper Crete.

However, uncoated bricks are not suitable for water

logging and external walls; they can be used in

inner partition walls.

IndexTerms:papercrete,Materials

&properties,Curving of cubes

I.INTRODUCTION

Papercrete is a new composite material

using waste paper as a partial

replacement of Portland cement.

Papercrete is a recently developed

construction material which consists of re-

pulped paper fiber with Portland cement.

Papercrete is a construction material which

consists of cement and fine aggregate.It is

perceived as an environmental friendly

material due to the significant recycled

content, by the presence of cement.

It is a construction material which consists of

paper slurry, white lime and Portland cement.This

increase in the popularity of using environmental

friendly, low-cost and light weight construction

materials in building industry has brought about the

need to investigate how this can be achieved by

benefiting the environment as well as maintaining the

material requirements affirmed in the standards.As

natural sources of aggregates are becoming

exhausted, it turns out urgent to develop. The

majority of abandoned paper waste is accumulated

from the countries all over the world causes certain

serious environmental problems.It is an important

building material that is light weight, insulate and

low cost concrete.It is cost-effective, relies on locally

available materials, but it is insect free, fire resistant,

durable and great potential as a low carbon building

material.Papercrete, known by alternative names such

as fibrous concrete, padobe and fidobe, low carbon

construction material, 45% of discarded papers is

recycled annually; 55%thrown away or goes in to the

land fill.

Therefore efforts have been made to utilize

the waste paper in to concrete and form a

Paper Crete.

Papercrete is mould resistant and has the

ability to absorb energy and can be used in



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many applications requiring sound-proofing

material.

Also, Papercrete blocks won’t deteriorate if

left out in the rain, since the paper fibers

bind the blocks together.

The strength of Papercrete as engineering

materials appears to lie in their ability to

absorb energy and can be used in many

applications requiring sound absorption and

fire resistance.

Papercrete is an amazing, simple material

gaining acceptance over the last decade by

alternative builders, and even code officials

across the US.

It's almost free to build with and there are

MANY versions, and some do not include

the cement, creating a "paper adobe" safe to

handle with bare hands.

This material is easy to sculpt with, make

blocks, use as a mortar, a plaster for walls,

as floors, as wall insulation, as roofing

insulation, for arches, privacy walls, and

garden walls, patio floors, used for animal

shelters, for dog houses, and children’s

playhouses too.

Start with a small sculpting project, or

insulate your pet's outdoor shelter, maybe

insulated the garage walls.

Papercrete can be stunning or a horrible

mess and it all depends on the detail and

attention you pay.

When used as insulation no one will see it.

As adobe blocks they can look like stacked

stone, or if crooked and ill-placed, a

plaster coat can make the wall as smooth as

you want. Your creativity is unlimited.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF BRICKS

All over the world, bricks are the most widely

used construction materials for the construction

of buildings.

The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in

blocks of uniform size and then by drying

and burning the blocks.

As the bricks are of uniform size, they can be

properly arranged.

The common brick is one of the oldest building

materials and it is extensively used at present as

a leading material in construction.

In India, the process of brick making has not

changed since many centuries except in some

minor refinements.

There has been hardly any effort in our country

to improve the brick-making process for

enhancing the quality of bricks.

Also the structures in view of their compressive

strength, structural stability and relative low cost

have not undergone any drastic change.

But it has two major drawbacks, namely self-

weight and brittleness.

1.3 INNOVATION OF PAPER CRETE

Papercrete is a material originally developed 80

years ago but it is only recently

rediscovered.Papercrete is a fibrous cementious

compound comprising waste paper and Portland

cement.These two components are blended with

water to create a paper cement pulp, which can then

be poured into a mould, allowed to dry and be

utilized as a durable building material.It should be

noted that Paper Crete is a relatively new concept

with limited scope.Papercrete has threederivatives,

namely fibrous concrete, padobe and fidobe.The

fibrous concrete is a mixture of paper, Portland

cement and water.There are no harmful by-products

or excessive energy use in the production of

Papercrete.Padobehas noPortland cement. It is a mix

of paper, water and earth with clay. Here clay is the

binding material.Instead of using thecement, earth is

used in this type of brick.This earth should have clay

content of more than 30%.With regular brick, ifhe

clay content is too high the brick may crack while

drying, but adding paper fiber to the earth mix

strengthens thedrying block.It gives flexibility which

helps to prevent cracking.Fidobe is like padobe, but it

may contain other fibrousmaterial.

II. MATERIALS & PROPERTIES

The constituents used in preparing the

Papercrete mixtures and their properties.To attain

these goals, materials were collected from various

sources. Material collection is the basic and

important step in any project. Yet, the material that is

used in a project should not cause any damage to the

environment.



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The various materials include:

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

FLYASH

FINE AGGREGATE

COARSE AGGREGATE

PAPER

WATER

Ordinary Portland Cement (53 GRADE)

The Portland cement was invented by John

Aspidin which is fine gray powder.

Among the various kinds cement it is the

most commonly used as binding material. It

is a mixture of chalk or limestone together

with clay.

Cement is a binder, a substance used in

construction that sets, hardens and adheres to

other materials, binding them together.

Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to

bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together.

Cement is used with fine aggregate to

produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and

gravel aggregates to produce concrete.

In India are manufactured the three grades of

OPC, namely 33grade, 43 grade and 53

grade. As per the standard testing procedure,

the compressive strength of cement will be

obtained after 28days.

Figure 2.1-CEMENT FLYASH

Fly ash, is also known as fuel-ash, is one of

the residues generated in combustion, and

comprises the fine particles that rise with the

flue gases.

In an industrial context, fly ash usually

refers to ash produced during combustion

of coal. Fly ash is generally captured

by electrostatic precipitators or other particle

filtration equipment before the flue gases

reach the chimneys of coal-fired power

plants, and together with bottom

ash removed from the bottom of the furnace

is in this case jointly known as coal ash.

Depending upon the source and process of

the coal being burned, the components of fly

ash vary considerably, but all fly ash

includes substantial amounts of silicon

dioxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide (CaO),

both being endemic ingredients in many

coal-bearing rock strata.

Fly ash often replaces up to 30% by mass of

Portland cement, but can be used in higher

dosages in certain applications.

In some cases, fly ash can add to the

concrete's final strength and increase its

chemical resistance and durability.

Cement production requires huge amounts

of energy and Partial replacement of cement

with fly ash is economical. In the case of

mass concreting and large scale works, it is

proved to be most economical.

It is practically revealed that up to 40 to

50% cement replaced and the designed

strengths are achieved

Figure 2.2- FLYASH FINE AGGREGATE

Concrete produced from a mixture of fine

aggregate (sand), a binder (cement), and water. Fine-

aggregate concrete is similar to building mortars in

its composition and certain properties. The sand

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_ash



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum



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particle consists of small grains of silica (SiO2). It is

formed by the decomposition of sand stones due to

various effects of weather.According to the natural

resources from which the sand is obtained.The

absence of coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel)

substantially facilitates the preparation, transport, and

placing of the concrete, particularly when concrete

pumps are used.A disadvantage of fine-aggregate

concrete is the increased consumption of binder

compared to other types of concrete and the

associated greater shrinkage and creep.The quantity

of binder in the concrete can be reduced by

pulverizing some of the sand, by the use of

plasticizers, or by autoclaving of products.The sand

which was locally available and passing through

4.75mm IS sieve is used. The specific gravity of Fine

aggregate was 2.60.

The sand particle consists of small grains of

silica (SiO2).

It is formed by the decomposition of sand

stones due to various effects of weather.

According to the natural resources from

which the sand is obtained, it is termed as

Pit sand, River sand and Sea sand.

According to the size of grains, the sand is

classified as fine, coarse and gravel.

The properties were studied as per BIS

standard.

Figure 2.3-SAND

COARSE AGGREGATE

Locally available crushed blue granite stones

conforming to graded aggregate of nominal

size 12.5 mm as per IS: 383 –1970.

Crushed granite aggregate with specific

gravity of 2.77 and passing through 4.75 mm

sieve and will be used for casting all

specimens.

Several investigations concluded that

maximum size of coarse aggregate should be

restricted in strength of the composite.

In addition to cement paste – aggregate ratio,

aggregate type has a great influence on

concrete dimensional stability

Figure 2.4 -COARSE AGGREGATE

PAPER

Paper is a natural polymer which consists of

wood cellulose, which is the most abundant organic

compound in the planet.Cellulose is made of units of

monomer glucose (polysaccharide).The links in the

cellulose chain are a type of sugar as ß-D-glucose.

Despite containing several hydroxyl groups, cellulose

is water insoluble.

The reason is the stiffness of the chains and hydrogen

bonding between two OH groups on adjacent chains.

The chains pack regularly in places to form hard,

stable crystalline regions that give the bundled chains

even more stability and strength.

This hydrogen bonding is the basis of papercrete

strength.

By applying a force on the paper the hydrogen bond

between the water and the cellulose molecule is

broken. Coating cellulose fibers with Portland cement

creates a cement matrix, which encases the fibers for



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extra strength to the mix.The links in the cellulose

chain are a type of sugar: ß-D-glucose and the

cellulose chain bristles with polar -OH groups.

These groups form many hydrogen bonds with

OH groups on adjacent chains, bundling the chains

together. Viewed under a microscope, it is possible to

see a network of cellulose fibers and smaller

offshoots from the fibers called fibril which becomes

coated with Portland cement. When these networks

or matrices of fibers and fibrils dry, they intertwine

and cling together with the power of the hydrogen

bond.

Figure 5-PAPER

WATER

Water is an important ingredient of

papercrete as it actively participates in the

chemical reaction with cement.

Water should be free from organic matter and

the pH value should be between 6 and 7.

III. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

To determine the specific gravity of cement

we require CementLechaterlier’s flask,Weighing

balance,Kerosene.

1. Dry the flask carefully and fill with kerosene or

naphthalene point on the stem between 0

to1ml.

2. Record the level of the liquid in the flask as

initial reading.

3. Put a weighted quantity of cement(about60gm)

in to the flask so that level of kerosene rise to

about 22ml mark, care being taken to avoid

splashing and to see that cement does not

adhere to the sides of the above the liquid.

4. After putting all the cement in the flask, roll the

flask gently in an inclined position to expel air

until no further air bubbler is set to the surface

of the liquid.

CALCULATIONS

Specific gravity of cement (G)= 𝑊2−𝑊1

𝑊2−𝑊1 − 𝑊3−𝑊4 0.79

W1 = weight of empty bottle

W2 = weight of empty bottle + weight of

weight of cement


cement +weight of kerosene


kerosene

G =

123.5−63.5

123.5−63.5 − 184−140.5 ∗0.79 = 2.34

RESULT:

The Specific Gravity of cement, G = 2.3

A. NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

PURPOSE



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The purpose of this test is to find out the percentage

by weight of water of water to be added to cement to

make a paste of standard consistency.

CONSISTENCY

A certain minimum quantity of water is required to

be mixed with cement so as to complete chemical

reaction between water and cement, less water than

this quantity would not complete chemical reaction

thus resulting in reduction of strength and more water

would increase water -cement ratio and so would

reduce its strength .So correct proportion of water to

cement is required to be known to achieve proper

strength while using cement in structure. This can be

found out knowing standard consistency of cement

paste.

B.STANDARD CONSISTENCY (OR) NORMAL

CONSISTENCY

Standard consistency of cement paste is defined as

that consistency which permits the vicat plunger to

penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of

the vicatmould in this test. It is expressed as amount

of water as a percentage (by weight) of dry cement.

Standard consistency is also called normal

consistency.

GAUGING TIME

It is period observed from the time water is added to

cement for making cement paste till commencing the

filling of mould of vicat apparatus, in this test.

1) A vicat apparatus with plunger 10mm diameter

2) Weighing balance.

3) Trowel weighing 210g 10g.

4) Measuring glass 200ml.

5) Clean platform to make cement paste.

MATERIALS

a) Cement 400 Grams.

b) Water.

Figure 3.1VICAT’S APPARATUS AND ITS

DIMENSIONS

PROCEDURE

1) Take a sample of cement 400gm. Weigh it

correctly.

2) Add 25% of water i.e. 75ml to the cement and

mix it thoroughly, to make a cement paste.

3) Place the vicat mould on a non- porous plate,

fill the mould with cement paste, smooth off the

surface of the paste making it level it on the top

of the mould. To expel air shake the mould

slightly. Generally the gauging time should be

between 3 to 5 minutes. While filling the

mould, use of operators hand and blade of

trowel should only be used.

4) Place the test block in the mould together with

the non- porous plate, under the rod bearing the

10mm diameter plunger gently to touch the

surface of the test block and quickly release,

allowing it to sink into the cement paste. Carry

this operation immediately after filling the

mould .Note the penetration of the needle from

the bottom of mould indicated on the scale.

5) Prepare trial paste with varying percentage of

water, increasing water percentage by 2% each

time, until the amount of water necessary is

determined.

CALCULATIONS



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Quantity of cement = 400grams

Amount of water used = 25% of cement

= 29

100∗ 400

= 100ml

RESULT

The percentage by weight of water with respect to

cement to produce standard consistency is

= 29 %

IV. RESULTS

CURING OF CUBES

Curing can be described as keeping the concrete

moist and warm enough so that the hydration of

cement can continue. More elaborately, it can be

described as the process of maintaining a satisfactory

moisture content and a favorable temperature in

concrete during the period immediately following

placement, so that hydration of cement may continue

until the desired properties are developed to a

sufficient degree to meet the requirement of service.

If curing is neglected in the early period of

hydration, the quality of concrete will experience a

sort of irreparable loss. Curing of cubes can be done

by two methods. They are

1. Wet Curing

2. Dry Curing

In preparation of papercrete we use dry

curing( Air dry curing)

Figure4.1– AIR DRY CURING

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compression test is the main and important test

for bricks.

This test was carried out by a Compression

Testing Machine

This test was carried out on the 18th day from the

date of casting of brick.

The Figure shows the compression test being

done.

The bricks were then tested under a uni-axial

compressive force using 100 tonne compression

testing machine.

While testing the brick, great care must be taken,

because papercrete bricks never failed

catastrophically, it just compressed like

squeezing rubber.

Even though the brick failed at the higher load,

the structure did not collapse.

Only the outer faces cracked and peeled out So

the papercrete bricks showed elastic behaviour

and less brittleness.



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Table 4- PAPERCRETE PROPERTIES

Raw materials are very inexpensive and

freely available.Equipment used is relatively low-

tech and inexpensive.It is dimensionally very

stable.Compressive strength of 0.99-1.12 Mpa.It has

excellent heat and sound insulating properties.Paper

Crete is light weight and can be used to make

inexpensive roofing alternatives.Paper Crete is very

workable and can be formed into different shapes

such as blocks, panels and sheets with ease.

V.CONCLUSION

we conclude that density of the Paper Crete

is less than the ordinary bricks density.

The Constructions done by the Paper Crete

are Very light in weight so in earth quake

regions these are very helpful by reducing

the life losses and the property losses.

Because of the cheapest construction by this

Paper Crete poor people will construct

easily.

Thus we can use the Paper Crete for inner

wall construction in place of bricks which

has high density, thereby they increase the

dead weight of the structure which is

reduced by using Paper Crete.

The thesis concluded that the Paper Crete

bricks are relatively low cost, light weight and

more flexible and they are most suitable for

earthquakeprone areas. This brick does not

expand or contract so that the sheets of glassor

glass block can be embedded and trimmed with

Paper Crete. However, uncoated bricks are not

suitable for water logging and external walls;

they can be used in inner partition walls.

VI.REFERENCES

1.Building With Papercrete And Paper Adobe (A

Revolutionary New Way To Build Your Own Home

For Next To Nothing) By Gordon Solberg.

2..Concrete Technology by M.S.SHETTY

3. Ahmadi, B. and Al-Khaja, M. “Utilization of paper

waste sludge in the building construction industry”,

Resources Conservation & Recycling, Vol. 32, No. 2,

pp. 105-113, 2001.

4. Algin Halil Murat and Turgut Paki, “Cotton and

limestone powder wastes as brick material”,

Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22, No. 6,

pp. 1074-1080, 2008.

5. Akhtar, J.N., Alam, J. and Akhtar, M.N. “Bricks

with Total Replacement of Clay by Flyash mixed

with different Materials”, International Journal of

Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 10,

pp. 7338-7346, 2011.

6. Andreas Stavridis and Shing, P.B. “Finite-Elemnt

Modelling of Nonlinear Behavior of Masonry-Infilled

RC Frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering

ASCE, Vol. 136, No. 3, pp. 285-296, 2010.



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7. Asteris, P.G. “Lateral Stiffness of Brick Masonry

Infilled Plane Frames”, Journal of Structural

Engineering ASCE, Vol. 129, No. 8, pp. 1071-1079,

2003.

8. ASTM C67 – 94, “Standard test methods of

sampling and testing brick and structural clay tile”,

American Society for Testing and Materials,

Retrieved 2008.

9. ASTM C618 – 08, “Standard Specification for

Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural

Pozzolana for Use in Concrete”, American Society

for Testing and Materials, Retrieved 2008.

BIODATA

Author

M.Manoj Kumar M.Tech(structural engg) Presently

working as Assistant Professor in CIVIL Dept

,Dr.KV Subba Reddy College Of Engineering For

Women, kurnool AndhraPradesh, India.

CoAuthor

G.Uma Maheswari M.Tech(structural engg)

Presently working as Assistant Professor in CIVIL

Dept,Dr.KV Subba Reddy College Of

Engineering For Women, kurnool AndhraPradesh,

India.

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