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Paper Sessions

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2011 ICSB World Conference • Stockholm

Track: Creative Environments

SESSION Creative RegionsThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Björn Hårsman, Royal Institute of Technology

38 Regional Influences on the Emergence of Family and Non-Family BusinessesMiriam Bird and Karl WennbergStockholm School of Economics

199 Regional innovation and development: A latent growth model of regional innovation determinantsDaniel Örtqvist1, Maria Magdalena Holmgren1, Norris Krueger2

1Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 2Entrepreneurship Northwest, USA

309 Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: A literature review and synthesis of an interdisciplinary field of researchSabine MüllerAarhus University

SESSION Creative ClustersThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 World Trade Center, Hong Kong Chair: Dominic Power, Uppsala University

122 Selection strategy, assistance and performance of incubation structures: a French studyBenjamin VEDEL1, Eric Stephany2, Ines Gabarret2

1GSCM - Montpellier Business School, 2Montpellier University

311 To get them on board – The role of communication for attracting stakeholders to incubator businessesAnders Billstrom, Pia Ulvenblad, Joakim Winborg, Åsa Lindholm DahlstrandHalmstad University

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SESSION Creative RegionsThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Dominic Power, Uppsala University

361 When critical mass can become a mess: A contingency model of regional innovation dynamicsDaniel Örtqvist and Håkan Ylinenpää Luleå University of Technology/CiiR

454 Region specific conditions for start-up activity – the case of SwitzerlandKerstin Wagner1, Katharina Becker1, Franz Kronthaler2

1Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship, HTW Chur, 2Research Institute for Economic Policy, HTW Chur

520 Small Firm Innovation in Non-Clustered regions: Comparing High and Low Agglomeration RegionsYazid Abdullahi Abubakar and Jay Mitra University of Essex, UK

148 Tapping the Innovative Potential of PlaceHarvey Johnstone Cape Breton University

SESSION Creative EnvironmentsThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 World Trade Center, Hong Kong Chair: Håkan Boter, Umeå School of Business

558 Fair copy? Lobbying to stop the transfer of technology.Stuart Macdonald University of Sheffield

139 Using Think Aloud Protocols in Research on Academic EntrepreneursMartin HannibalUniversity of Southern Denmark, Dep. of Marketing & Management

153 A Multi-Country Strategic Alignment Study: Are SME Leaders’ Decisions Aligned with their Country’s Innovation Environment?Philip Olson1, Tim Mazzarol2, Thierry Volery3, Delwyn Clark4, Newell (Sandy) Gough5

1University of Idaho, 2University of Western Australia, 3University of St Gallen, 4University of Waikato, 5Boise State University

Creative Environments

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SESSION Creative UniversitiesThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Antti Paasio, University of Turku

419 Formulating the Differences Between Entrepreneurial Universities: A Performance Based Taxonomic ApproachPeter Moroz University of Regina

523 “Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish“ – The Part of Emotion in Entrepreneurship EducationJacqueline Fendt ESCP Europe Business School & Ecole Polytechnique CRG CNRS

701 University spin-offs – Still small after all these yearsLars Bengtsson Blekinge Tekniska Högskola

SESSION Creative PersonalitiesThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, Sydney Chair: Björn Hårsman, Royal Institute of Technology

27 Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention and Behaviour of Different Age Groups: A Life Span Cognitive Behavioural AnalysisMohammed Shamsul Karim Aston Business School, Aston University

52 Born lucky? A study of the birthdates and ages of paradigm-shifting entrepreneursJulian Lange, Edward Marram, Ian Murphy, Joel Marquis, William Bygrave Babson College

82 Why are some people behaving or acting entrepreneurially more than others? – Business opportunities in more sense than oneBjörn Bjerke and Mathias Karlsson Linnaeus University, Sweden


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SESSION Creative ProcessesThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, Hong Kong Chair: Pasi Malinen, BID @ University of Turku

334 Searching for Opportunities and Opportunity discovery: an extension of Bhave’s (1994)Work.Amine CHELLY EDC Paris

388 A long-term perspective on business mortality: the case of Sweden during the 20th centuryKarl Gratzer and Marcus Box Center for Entrepreneurship, School of Business, Södertörn University

630 Bridging the global and the local? MNEs, labor market mobility and localized learningBernd Ebersberger1, Sverre J. Herstad2, Olavi Lehtoranta3

1Management Center Innsbruck, Austria, 2NIFU STEP, Norway, 3VTT, Finland


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Track: Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship and Innovation

SESSION Entrepreneurship in the public sector – commercialization of academic researchThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 31

167 Mapping the Entrepreneurial Mindset of Life Science AcademicsAlicia Castillo Holley1 and John Watson2

1University of Western Australia, 2Universtiy of Western Australia

202 Collaboration with science as a source of innovation for SME in PolandHanna Mizgajska1 and łukasz Wsciubiak2

1University of Economics in Poznan, 2University of Economics in Poznan

699 Co-patenting between university professors and business companies: evidence from ItalyDaniele Cerrato1, Roberto Parente2, Michele Petrone2

1Cattolica University - Piacenza (Italy), 2University of Salerno (Italy)

SESSION Service Innovation and entrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 34

598 Service Innovation – Intended Strategy or Fall-back PlanMichael Forster, Ziltener Andreas Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship

190 The Importance of Creative Industries for Local Economic Growth – with evidence from five regions in FinlandSampsa Wulff, Oili Kinnunen, Päivi Voutilainen University of Eastern Finland

317 Examining Franchise Systems Implementation in France: A Replication InvestigationLaurent Sié1, Tim Pett2, Marc Jauffrit1

1Groupe ESC PAU, 2W. Frank Barton School of Business

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SESSION Cultural EnterpriseThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 35

172 The Underestimated ContextLeif Lindmark Stockholm School of Economics

359 From Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship to International Networks: the case of the Chettiars in AsiaRani Tan and Wee-Liang Tan Singapore Management University

730 Regional Variations in the Environment for Entrepreneurship Development: A Tale of Three Cities in ChinaXiao Jianzhong1 and David Smallbone2

1China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), 2Kingston University(UK)

682 The relation between firm’s informal network, knowledge transfer and innovationMarianna Marra Aston Business School

SESSION Innovation Economy – Cross Country ComparisonsThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 36

40 Innovation Management and Commercialisation in Small Firms: A Study of OECD countries.Tim Mazzarol1, Sophie Reboud2, Geoff Soutar1

1University of Western Australia, 2Burgundy School of Business

100 Entrepreneurship within organizations - an international studyNiels Bosma1, Erik Stam1, Sander Wennekers2

1Utrecht University, 2EIM

404 A comparative analysis of the factors affecting the propensity to innovate in small businesses: The case of Sweden and NorwayHumberto LOPEZ RIZZO University of Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne

Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship and Innovation

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SESSION Alternative Approaches and MethologiesThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront A1

542 Entrepreneurs as Social Deviants: Building a FrameworkDavid Tomczyk and Lauren Ross Quinnipiac University

727 The Perspective of Practical-based in Entrepreneurship – The Life Narrative of Chinese Clinic Director FuShang-Jen LiMeiho University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

332 Defining Civic EntrepreneurshipIsmaël SENE ESC Rennes School of Business

252 Entrepreneurship discourses in the Finnish policy textsJarna Heinonen and Ulla Hytti University of Turku, School of Economics

SESSION Public Sector EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 31

374 Using Internal Contracts to Promote Intrapreneurship in the Public School System: Hopeless Half-Measure or Promising Hybrid?Mats Westerberg, Kent Nilsson, Ylva Fältholm Luleå University of Technology

451 The Benefits and Costs of Combining Entrepreneurship with Public Service in NigeriaTomola Obamuyi Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria

111 The Linkages Between Cognition, Behavior, Culture, and Opportunity Among High-Growth Asian American Immigrant EntrepreneursSuresh Kumar1 and Norris Krueger2

1University of Phoenix, 2Entrepreneurship Northwest


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SESSION Cultural Entrepreneurship – Culture and environmental conditionsThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 34

372 The role of the environment and other contextual factors in both hindering and enabling entrepreneurship in a developing nation.Antonio C. Malfense Fierro University Of Edinburgh

544 Economic Entrepreneurship, Startups and Their Effects on Local Development: The Case of SwedenHans Westlund1 and Amy Olsson2

1KTH and JIBS, 2KTH

SESSION Innovation Economy – Innovation in small firmsThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 35

185 Problems In Innovation: A Cross-Country ComparisonSherry Robinson1 and Hans Anton Stubberud2

1Penn State University, Buskerud University College, 2Buskerud University College

425 Strategic innovation and information technology in microfirmsIsabelle Bourdon1 and Annabelle Jaouen2

1University of Montpellier 2, 2GSCM - Montpellier Business School

55 Innovation environments and technological inequalities: the importance of a country and specialization effectMercedes Gumbau-Albert1 and Joaquin Maudos-Villarroya2

1University of Valencia, 2Ivie and University of Valencia

418 Effect of Open Innovation Practices on SMEs Innovative Performance: An Empirical StudyVinit Parida, Mats Westerberg, Johan Frishammar Luleå University of Technology


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SESSION Cultural Entrepreneurship - minority entrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 31

24 Advancing immigrant minority entrepreneurship: What really matters, perception or actuality?Huibert Peter de Vries University of Canterbury/SEAANZ

759 From Military to Entrepreneurship: The Canadian PerspectiveMaeghan Smulders and Kalinga Jagoda Mount Royal University

693 Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship & InnovationChristine Nembaware Chrios Trust Foundation (CTF)

SESSION Entrepreneurship and SME developmentThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 35

300 The Relationship Between Goal Setting and Career Advancement: A Case of Women Employees in KenyaTeresia Kavoo-Linge and Damary Sikalieh United States International University

368 A longitudinal perspective of portfolio entrepreneurship: Portfolio creation and growth in a developing economy.Antonio C. Malfense Fierro1 and Niklas Kiviluoto2 1University of Edinburgh, 2Åbo Akademi University, School of Business and Economics

622 Technological Capability Development as Result of the Entrepreneur’s Search For Innovation Within Smes in Emerging Economies.Yonni Angel Cuero Acosta, Noor Un Nabi, Utz Dornberger University of Leipzig


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Track: Gender and Entrepreneurship

SESSION Public Sector / Family BusinessThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 25 Chair: Friederike Welter, Jönköping International Business School

159 Women’s enterprise – a boost or a detriment to the Scandinavian welfare system?Helene Ahl, School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University

98 Entrepreneurship within social and health care – a question of identity, gender and profession.Anne Kovalainen1 and Johanna Österberg-Högstedt2

1University of Turku, Turku School of Economics, 2Hanken School of Economics

103 Succession Success in Woman-Led Family Firms: A Theoretical PerspectiveGeorge S. Vozikis1, Mark Weaver2, Patrick H. Dickson3, Brian Gibson4

1California State University, Fresno, 2University of South Alabama, 3Wake Forest University, 4University of Newcastle, Australia

268 Future proof: Female entrepreneurs in the Turkish Cypriot Family Business If you put your mind to it, you can accomplish anything.Karen Howells, European University of Lefke

SESSION Gender LabelingThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 27 Chair: Malin Tillmar, Linköping University

206 Influences of Gender Labelling of Entrepreneurship on the Entrepreneurial Career Aspirations of Educated Women in Bangladesh – A Comparative Study of Employed Women and HousewivesAfreen Huq, RMIT University, Australia

664 Entrepreneurship, Male-Female Dichotomy: Evidence From NigeriaAbiola Idowu, Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology, Nigeria.

625 Leaving The Numbers Behind: Qualitative Growth, Business Platforms And Motivation Of Women EntrepreneursCecilia Dalborg1, Yvonne von Friedrichs1, Joakim Wincent2

1Mid Sweden University, 2Luleå University of Technology

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SESSION Public SectorThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 25 Chair: Leona Achtenhagen, Jönköping University

257 Small Business Ownership and Gender Differences in the Wake of Public Sector Transformation - the Case of the VeterinariansJenny Appelkvist Linköping university

258 An increase of women’s entrepreneurship? – A longitudinal study in the wake of the Public Sector’s transformation.Birgitta Sköld Linköping University

429 Gender and entrepreneurship in the horse-related industryLena Forsberg, Mats Westerberg, Lena Abrahamsson Luleå University of Technology

SESSION Family BusinessThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 27 Chair: Karen Howells, European University of Lefke

351 Founding Team Gender Structure and the Effects of Spouse Teams on New Venture Performance in SwedenMarcus Box and Tommy Larsson Segerlind Center for Entrepreneurship, School of Business, Södertörn University

746 The Role of Gender in Family Firm SucessionSalma Fattoum1 and Janice Byrne2

1Inseec Business School, 2Em Lyon

721 Gender in Family Business; Women Entrepreneures Perceptions of Money in Dar Es SalaamFauzia Mohamed Open University Of Tanzania

Gender and Entrepreneurship

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SESSION Policy and Support MeasuresThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 25 Chair: Annette St Onge, ICSB

32 Assessing Business Enabling Environments: How Gender changes the EquationJulie Weeks Womenable

50 Psychographic segmentation of women-focused SME advisory service clients and the implications for policy and programmingBarbara Orser University of Ottawa

102 Acquisition of external capital at start-up stage: Differences between female and male owned firmsDarush Yazdanfar1 and Sara Jahandar2

1Mid Sweden University, 2Nottingham Business School

SESSION Processes, Phases and LifeThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 27 Chair: Jarna Heinonen, University of Turku, School of Economics

33 The Entrepreneurial life courseKarl Wennberg Stockholm School of Economics

191 Drivers of Female Entrepreneurial Activity Across Countries: Choice or Barriers?Peter van der Zwan1, Ingrid Verheul2, Roy Thurik1

1Erasmus School of Economics, 2Rotterdam School of Management

201 Education as Determinant of Motivation and Performance of Women –Owned Small firms. Evidence from PolandHanna Mizgajska University of Economics in Poznan


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Track: Globalization and its Impact on Entrepreneurship and SMEs

SESSION The Challenge of Entering Foreign Markets and SME ExportsThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 24 Chair: G Dale Meyer, ICSB, USASBE

285 Going Abroad: challenges of the traditional food and beverage manufacturing SMEs in Kyushu, JapanYau-sum Barbara Cheung Kyushu Sangyo University

470 Small Firms Business with China – Challenges and OpportunitiesYa Zhang and Anna Öhrwall Rönnbäck Linköping University

79 Export Knowledge Absorption and the International Performance of SMEs: How Does the Perception of the Institutional Environment for Exporting SMEs’ Matter?Raluca Mogos Descotes1 and Bjorn Walliser2

1Essca School of Management, Essca Knowledge Research Center, Paris, France, 2Nancy University, CEREFIGE Research Center, Nancy, France

365 The influence of the entrepreneur’s actual behavioral control and psychic distance on the export mode choice of Vietnamese SMEsVi Dung Ngo and Frank Janssen, Louvain School of Management

SESSION Networks and InternationalizationThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 01A Chair: Ivo Zander, Uppsala University

180 Thinking global but selling local? How networks influence the Glocalisation of small businessesTina Gruber-Muecke, University of Linz

195 China Peril or China Mania ? Entrepreneurs’ “host” country perceptions, social interactions and internationalizationFrancois GOXE, U. Paris-Dauphine

539 Influence of Social Networks on Internationalization of Russian SMEsGalina Shirokova and Maxim Storchevoy Graduate School of Management St.Petersburg University

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SESSION Drivers of SME Competitive AdvantageThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 01B Chair: Sang-Chul Park, Korea Polytechnic University

21 Intellectual Capital in The Enterprises And A Model Study in An Industrial ZoneSelcuk Kendirli1, Sabiha Kilic2, Hulya Cagiran Kendirli2, Muharrem Tuna2

1Hitit University, 2Gazi University

133 Dynamic capabilities in the international growth of SME: Case study from Finland.Arto Kuuluvainen University of Turku, Turku School of Economics, TSE Entre

370 Educational Migrants and Transnational Entrepreneurship: The case of Nigerian fashion SMEs in LondonZografia Bika and Morayo Jimoh University of East Anglia (UEA)

SESSION Impact of Laws and Regulations on SME BehaviorThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 01A Chair: Magnus Aronsson, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute

30 The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Legal Challenge for Small U.S. Businesses that Expand InternationallyJohn Pearce Villanova University

205 Small business owner’s capability to manage regulation and its relationship with complianceMartina Battisti1, David Deakins1, David Smallbone2, Martin Perry1, Joanne Bensemann1

1Massey University, 2Kingston University

592 Small business scams: a preliminary overview and investigation.Paull C Weber, Michael T Schaper, Stephen Teo, Louis Geneste Curtin University

Globalization and its Impact on Entrepreneurship and SMEs

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SESSION Cluster DynamicsThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 01B Chair: Gunnar Eliasson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

150 Collective Success or Collective Failure? The Sialkot Football Manufacturing Industry’s Response to International Labor Standards Pressures in the Early 21st CenturyAnjum Fayyaz1 and Peter-Lund Thomsen2

1Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), 2Copenhagen Business School (CBS), Denmark

209 Factors Influencing The Development Of SME Clusters: Evidence From PakistanAnjum Fayyaz1 and Sarfraz Mian2

1LUMS, Lahore, 2SUNY-Oswego

SESSION Drivers of Export PerformanceThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 01A Chair: Ulrika Stuart Hamilton, Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum

450 Export Performance of the Chilean Technology-intensive SuppliersIsabel Torres and Utz Dornberger University of Leipzig

465 Export Shares and Innovation Entrepreneurship in Regional SME Manufacturing FirmsRagnar Ahlström Söderling1 and Tommy Shih2

1School of Economics and Management, Lund University, 2Centre for East and Southeast Asian Studies, Lund University

474 Export intensity and export scope of European SMEs – What role do different types of innovation play?Christian Hauser1, Jens Hogenacker2, Kerstin Wagner1

1Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship (SIFE), 2University of Cologne


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SESSION Drivers of Early and Rapid InternationalizationThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 01B Chair: Christopher Stehr, German Graduate School of Management & Law (GGS)

447 Early Internationalization in New Ventures – What Role do Team Dynamics Play?Christian Hauser1, Petra Moog2, Arndt Werner3

1Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship (SIFE), 2Universität Siegen, 3Institute for SME Research Bonn

91 Why and how do Born Global firms internationalize early and rapidly? From the Business Model perspectiveVinciane Servantie Facultad de Administración, Universidad de Los Andes / Entrepreneurship Investigation Team, IRGO, Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV

696 Human Capital Characteristics and Internationalisation of Manufacturing SMEs: The Case of IndonesiaDiana Sari Universitas Padjadjaran and Monash University


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Track: Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship

SESSION Entrepreneurship Education in a Cultural ContextThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 21 Chair: Magnus Klofsten, Linköping University

186 Propensity of university students in the Region of Antofagasta – Chile to create enterprisesSue-Hellen Contuliano, Rodrigo Portilla, Gianni Romaní, Simone Didonet Universidad Católica del Norte

194 Entrepreneurship in Entrepreneurship Education – Practices in Finnish Basic and Secondary Education LevelElena Ruskovaara1, Timo Pihkala1, Tiina Rytkölä2, Jaana Seikkula-Leino1

1Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2The Centre for School Clubs

636 Developing Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intent: A Case on Social EntrepreneurshipMary Jesselyn Co1 and Sarah Cooper2

1Henley Business School, University of Reading, 2University of Edinburgh Business School

SESSION Positioning Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 22 Chair: Anders Lundström, Mid Sweden University

385 Soc(ie)tal entrepreneurship: a matter of entrepreneurial attitude Lessons drawn from pre-school teachers on pedagogy for entrepreneurshipKarin Berglund Mälardalen University

416 Soci(et)al entrepreneurship and different forms of social enterprisesMalin Gawell ESBRI

665 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Financial Performance (FP): Case of French small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)Imene Bnouni University of Valenciennes

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SESSION The Making of Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 21

435 The Impact of Women Entrepreneurs on a Male Dominated Business Environment: A Pan-European PerspectiveHarry Matlay Birmingham City University

524 Entrepreneurship And Situationism: Creating Spaces Of The PossibleJacqueline Fendt and Sylvain Bureau ESCP Europe Business School & Ecole Polytechnique CRG CNRS

612 Entrepreneurial Intentions among Indigenous Kalash People: Future PerspectiveIqbal M. Khan1, Muhammad Zaheer Asghar2, Asfand Ahmed Khan1, Aleena Nauman1

1Lahore School of Economics, 2University of Management and technology Lahore

SESSION The Anatomy of Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 22 Chair: Helle Neergaard, Aarhus University

286 What Sustainable Entrepreneurship Looks Like: An Exploratory Study from a Student PerspectiveKatia Richomme-Huet1 and Julien De Freyman2

1Euromed Management, 2Groupe ESC Troyes

438 Enacting Soci(et)al Entrepreneneurship – Challenges and PracticesFredrik Bergman1 and Bengt Johannisson2

1Macken, 2Linnaeus University

826 Organizational Learning in SMEs’ Strategic Management: A Descriptive and Systemic ApproachEdmilson Lima1 and Louis Jacques Filion2

1Universidade Nove de Julho – Brasil, 2Rogers-J.A. Bombardier Chair of Entrepreneurship

Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship

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SESSION Educating Entrepreneurship for Individuallism/CollectivismThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 23 Chair: Rob van der Horst, EIM

341 Student Partnerships for Innovations in Engineering Entrepreneurship Development (SPIEED): Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies in 21st Century EngineersOlukemi Sawyerr, Winny Dong, Sandra Emerson California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

643 Healthcare Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Medical StudentsCorey Reeves1, Matthew Tufts1, Thomas Starnes1, Paul Solomon2, William Marshall1

1University of South Florida College of Medicine, 2University of South Florida College of Business

462 Societal entrepreneurship as identity and strategy orientation of incubators and science parksErik Lindhult Mälardalen University

SESSION The Making of an Entrepreneurial CareerThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 36 Chair: Anders W Johansson, School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus university, Sweden

35 Improving entrepreneurial competency in low-income segments. The impact of entrepreneurial development agenciesRene Diaz-Pichardo1, Nicolas Gutierrez-Garza2, Juan Arriaga-Muzquiz3

1Ciidir-Ipn Unidad Oaxaca, 2Tecnologico De Monterrey, 3Aceleradora De Negocios Egade

39 Attitudes Towards Future Career ChoiceMarina Solesvik Stord/Haugesund University College & Stavanger Center for Innovation Researh, UiS

241 Different approaches to opportunity process and their consequences for teaching practicePaula Kyrö1, Agnieszka Kurczewska2, Nana Osei-Bonsu1

1Aalto University School of Economics, 2University of Lodz


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SESSION Coaching and MentoringThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 21 Chair: Anders W Johansson, School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus university, Sweden

42 Coaching Liberal Professionals in the Start-up Phase – What Influences its Effectiveness?Irmela Seebe1, Christian W. Scheiner2, Kai-Ingo Voigt2

1Berlin School of Economics and Law, 2University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

231 Mentor and Mentee Attitudes in Mentoring for Entrepreneurs with Foreign BackgroundJimmy Pervik (former Wikholm)1, Thomas Henningson2, Claes M. Hultman3

1ALMI Företagspartner / Bussinesspartner, 2Qathos, 3Swedish Business School, University of Örebro

355 What Difference does Business Coaching Make to Entrepreneurs’ Firm Performance and Future Growth?Bernadette M. Crompton and Kosmas X. Smyrnios, RMIT University

604 Agripreneurs and/or Agriculture Science Teachers?: an examination of Agribusiness students Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientations and AspirationsTalia Esnard, University of Trinidad and Tobago

SESSION Positioning the Notion of Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 23 Chair: Hanns Pichler, University of Economics & Business Administration, Vienna

392 Nonprofits and social entrepreneurship intentions: Examining the role of organizational attributesWee-Liang Tan1 and So-Jin Yoo2

1Singapore Management University, 2University Of Wales

436 Theorising soci(et)al entrepreneurship: The legacy of Schumpeter, and the potential contribution of TardeKarl Palmås Chalmers University of Technology

483 The Quest towards Finding Social in Social Entrepreneurship: Analyzing Contradictory Institutional Logics at Contexts of Social EntrepreneurshipHuriye Aygören Jönköping International Business School Sweden


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Track: Sustainable Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Growth

SESSION Regional Clusters/IndustryThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 02 Chair: Salvatore Farace, University of Salerno

234 Corporate Restructuring through Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestments – The experimental dynamics of the Örnsköldsvik industrial districtGunnar Eliasson1 and Christer Peterson2

1KTH, Stockholm, 2Umeå School of Business, Umeå University

239 Cooperation Between Family Businesses in the New Zealand Wine Industry. Is It a Case Of Do or Die?Paul Woodfield1 and Pieter Nel2

1University of Auckland, New Zealand, 2Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand

277 Explaining the Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity between a Managed and an Entrepreneurial Economy: Policy Lessons from Japan and the NetherlandsAndre van Stel1, Ingrid Verheul2, Hiroyuki Okamuro3

1EIM Business and Policy Research, 2Rotterdam School of Management, 3Hitotsubashi University

705 Green Business Case “Wastewater in Areas Outside Sewer Networks” and Lack of SustainabilityAnne-Marie Salmi1 and Heimo Tuomala2

1Aalto University, Small Business Center, 2Bluehut

SESSION Finance and GovernanceThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 03 Chair: Ekaterina Murzacheva, National Research University - Higher School of Econ.

90 The Effects of Family Ownership on Research and Innovation at the Firm Level: A Stepwise Econometric AnalysisNicolas Classen, Martin Carree, Anita van Gils, Maastricht University

409 The impact of family ownership and TMT composition on SMEs’ financial performance: An empirical studyGiovanna Campopiano, Lucio Cassia, Alfredo De Massis, Josip Kotlar Università degli Studi di Bergamo

515 Entrepreneurship and governance of small innovative firmWalid Nakara, Montpellier Business School

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SESSION Organizational Form, Nature of Industry and Business GrowthThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 02 Chair: Sang-Chul Park, Korea Polytechnic University

163 Independent Contractors: Vital but Sustainable?Tui McKeown1 and Patricia Leighton1Monash University

245 Legitimacy of growing a farm? A case study of entrepreneurial identity construction of two farmersUlla Hytti, Pekka Stenholm, Elisa Akola Turku School of Economics, University of Turku

266 The Impact of Financial and Human Resource Slack on Venture PerformanceIne Paeleman and Tom Vanacker Ghent University

SESSION Technology Based Small Firm GrowthThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 03 Chair: Jenny Nordborg, Vinnova

681 Development of Entrepreneurial and Marketing Capabilities in New Technology Based Firms: A Quasi longitudinal studyMuhammad Shahid Qureshi1, Jan Kratzer2, Sarfraz Mian3

1IBA, Karachi, Pakistan, 2Technical University Berlin, 3University of Oswego

688 Technology-Driven Smes as a Tool for Industrialization of Developing CountriesJoseph Kadoma Byaruhanga Uganda Gatsby Trust

749 From a Stationery Retailer to a Logistics Business: How Innovation Fundamentally Transformed a Traditional Small BusinessSepti Bukula Osiba Research CC

Sustainable Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Growth

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SESSION Family Business and Knowledge TransferThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 02 Chair: Robert Desman, Kennesaw State University

29 Relational Competencies as Determinants of Knowledge Transfer within Intra-Family SuccessionIsabella R. Hatak and Dietmar Roessl WU Vienna University of Economics and Business

120 Are Websites Relevant Tools for Actors of the Business TransferAude d’Andria1 and Katia Richomme-Huet2

1University Evry Val d’Essonne - France, 2Euromed-Management - France

623 Re-evaluating the role of the Informal Sector: The Role of Household Enterprise in Poverty Reduction and Employment Creation in RwandaPamela Abbott1 and John Rwirahira2

1University of Aberdeen, UK and Institute of Policy Anaysis and Research-Rwanda, 2Institute of Policy and Analysis-Rwanda

346 Supportive roles of the board of directors in family businessTuuli Ikäheimonen, Timo Pihkala, Markku Ikävalko Lappeenranta University of Technology, School of Business

SESSION Firm Turnover and Sustainable GrowthThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 03 Chair: Magnus Aronsson, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute

707 Business Closures as a Key to Future Success in Private Care SectorNoora Sievänen, Anneli Hujala, Sari Rissanen, Hannu Littunen University of Eastern Finland

766 Small business owners’ exit intentionsMartina Battisti1 and Hiroyuki Okamuro2

1Massey University, 2Hitotsubashi University

246 The risk of growing fast: Does fast growth have a negative impact on the survival rates of firms?Jan De Kok1, Chantal Hartog1, Haibo Zhou2

1EIM, 2University of Groningen

200 Nature of Crises in Family BusinessesChristina Claßen Leuphana University Lüneburg


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SESSION Learning for Business SustainabilityThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 24 Chair: Gunnar Eliasson, Royal Institute of Technology

516 Open Learning Within Growth Businesses – Lessons from SwedenMagnus Klofsten1 and Dylan Jones-Evans2

1Linkoping University, 2University of Wales

104 Escalation of Commitment in the Small Business Sales Management Process: When Persistence May Not Be The Best Course of ActionJeremy Woods University of Cincinnati

788 Effective Learning Mechanism for Sustainable InnovationJeewhan Yoon1, Jae Kang1, Ayman ElTarabishy1, Sang Park2

1The George Washington University, 2Korea Polytechnic University


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Multi Track Session

SESSION Contextual Approaches to EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 22 Chair: Prof. Mitsui, ISBC, Japan

204 Supporting Independent Professionals – Some of the Psychological SourcesTui McKeown1 and Patricia Leighton 1Monash University

19 Lessons for the future: Entrepreneurial Discovery and Asian Entrepreneurship in The UKSpinder Dhaliwal1 and David Deakins2 1University of Surrey, 2University of Massey

217 Cultural Differences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: Cultural Impact on Financial and Innovation Risk TakingNicolas Laroche1, Pascale Henaut2, Pierre-Charles Romond1

1Université d’Auvergne, 2Soluscience

383 The ambivalent question of the health of entrepreneurs: pathogenic factors versus salutogenic factorsOlivier Torres, University of Montpellier and EM. LYON Busienss School

602 The impact of “flow” on the quality of life, productivity, and definition of success of entrepreneursCynthia Sherman1 and Sandra Kauanui2

1Claremont Graduate University, 2Florida Gulf Coast University

SESSION SMEs in perspectiveThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 34

712 The Game of Innovating a Game – gathering teammatesIrmeli Pietilä, HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Sciences

310 Strategic Thinking Capability: Conceptualization and MeasurementLara Jelenc1 and Paul Swiercz2 1University of Rijeka, 2George Washington University

535 SMEs Innovate to Create the FutureCharles Aubrey, Anderson Pharmaceutical

371 The importance of social capital development for small and medium Latin-American enterprises: viewed within the context of corporate social responsibility and innovation.Stellla Maldonado and Maria del Pilar Acosta, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

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SESSION Creative PersonalitiesFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 World Trade Center, London Chair: Håkan Ylinenpää, Luleå University of Technology

261 Educational and Occupational Biographies of Company’s Founders – An Analysis of Personal Longitudinal Data with GSOEPAnna Heimann and Silke Tegtmeier Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany

715 Motivational Patterns of Biomedical EntrepreneursKelly Shaver1, Amy Davis1, Mark Kindy2, Carrie Messal1

1College of Charleston, 2Medical University of South Carolina

718 One Style Fits All? Integrating Achievement Motives in the Transformational Leadership-Dependency-Creativity LinkageTobias Kollmann, Christoph Stöckmann, Patrick Krell University of Duisburg-Essen

SESSION Creative ActorsFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Björn Bjerke, Linnaeus University, Sweden

166 Boards’ Advisory Role in Strategic Sme NetworksSara Thorgren1, Joakim Wincent1, Sergey Anokhin2

1Luleå University of Technology, 2Kent State University

254 Small Firms and Advisory Services – Analysis of SME-Auditor Relationships in Different RegionsTobias Svanström1 and Håkan Boter2

1Norwegian School of Management, 2Umeå School of Business

293 An Ear to the Ground: The Role of the Voice-of-the-Consumer in Firm Survival for StartupsPaula Englis1, Basil Englis1, Tiago Ratinho2, Aard Groen2

1Berry College and Nikos, University of Twente, 2Nikos, University of Twente

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SESSION Creative SystemsFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 World Trade Center, Sydney Chair: Hans Crijns, Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School

226 The role of gourmet restaurants for culinary innovations and developement of small-scale food firmsSara Johansson1 and Lars Pettersson2

1JIBS, Jönköping University and CESIS, Royal Institute of Technology, and Swedish Board of Agriculture, 2Swedish Board of Agriculture andJIBS, Jönköping University

326 Business R&D and Path Dependence: explaining Finland and Sweden’s Performance, 1981-presentNiall G MacKenzie University of Wales

466 Organization’s Perceptions of Regional Infrastructure Investments: The Role of Local EmbeddednessJessica Eriksson Umeå University

SESSION Creative UniversitiesFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 World Trade Center, London Chair: Björn Bjerke, Linnaeus University, Sweden

225 Crossing an Imaginary Crevasse - How do Academic Founders Make Sense of Their Business Project?Martin Hannibal University of Southern Denmark, Dep. of Marketing & Management

400 “Entrepreneurial Technology Scouting” as a new theory driven method in generating higher levels of spin-off activities at universitiesSean Patrick Sassmannshausen Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal, Germany

407 Take ‘em in: Embedded Business Support to overcome critical junctures in academic spin-off teamsHolger Loebel, Mario Geißler, Sandra Kaminski, Cornelia Zanger Chemnitz University of Technology


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SESSION Creative PolicyFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Dominic Power, Uppsala University

101 Public funded training in micro firms – investment in regional development or a waste of taxpayers’ money? A study with the micro service firms in focusCarina Holmgren1, Anders Lundström2, Carolina Björklund3

1Phd student, 2Professor, 3Project leader

314 Saving Tax Payers Money: Selecting Start-up Support Projects Based on the Market Failure TheoryFranziska Günzel and Thorsten Staak, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg

471 Knowledge Spillovers Promoted by Knowledge Intensive Business Services: An Empirical StudyCristina Fernandes1, Joao Ferreira2, Carla Marques3

1Instituto Superior de Linguas e Adeministraçao de Leiria (ISLA) and NECE - University of Beira Interior, 2University of beira interior, 3University of tras os montes e alto douro

677 What can be learned from cluster evaluation for future cluster policy? Findings from a meta-analysis of studies evaluating (industrial) cluster effectsStephanie Lehmann University of Göttingen / ifh Göttingen (Economic Institut for SMEs and handcraft)

SESSION Creative Clusters/ IncubatorsFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 World Trade Center, Sydney

402 A Model of Entrepreneurial Performance in Clusters : Lessons from French Competitiveness ClustersEric Laviolette, Maria Bonnafous-Boucher, Catherine De Gery, Advancia-Negocia

710 The factors of SME cluster developments in a developing country; the case of Indonesian clustersMukhammad K. Mawardi1, Ty Choi2, Nelson Perera2

1Brawijaya University, Malang-Indonesia, 2Sydney Business School, University of Wollongong, Australia

312 Perspectives of SMEs within and outside of Clusters: a comparison between supply chain management strategies and performanceSimone Didonet, Universidad Católica del Norte


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SESSION Creative Regions and Creative CitiesFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 World Trade Center, London Chair: Martin Hannibal, University of Southern Denmark

741 Implementation of a learning region to sustain innovation and entrepreneurship.Giuseppe Zollo1, Luca Iandoli1, Edoardo Imperiale2, Cristina Ponsiglione1, Giuseppe Autorino2, Erika De Crescenzo2

1Dept. of Ingegneria Economico-Gestionale, Engineering School, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy, 2Città della Scienza S.p.A., Napoli, Italy

527 Industry Type and Business Size on Economic Growth: Comparing Australia’s Regional and Metropolitan AreasKarim Mardaneh, University of Ballarat-Australia

74 Entrepreneurship And Cities: Challenges For Post-Communist WorldMaksim Belitski1 and Julia Korosteleva2

1Research Fellow, 2Lecturer in Entrepreneurship

338 Decision to buy business in urban entrepreneurship: a process perspective and contextual influenceEdwin Lee1, Theresa Lau2, Chan K.F.21HKBI, 2Hong Kong Polytechnic University

SESSION Creative Rural RegionsFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Antti Paasio, University of Turku

499 Destination 2011 – How Did They Get There? A study of entrepreneurial infrastructure developments within the sparsely populated region of Jämtland, SwedenAndrew Arbuthnott and Mattias Jacobsson, Umeå School of Business, Umeå University

215 Innovation Behaviour of High Impact Firms in Rural RegionsAndy Ziltener and Michael Forster, SIFE

220 Rural entrepreneurship: Between place and spaceSteffen Korsgaard1, Hanne Tanvig2, Sabine Müller1

1Aarhus University, 2University of Copenhagen


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SESSION Creative Environments and SMEsFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 World Trade Center, Sydney Chair: Hans Landström, Institute of Economic Research, Lund University, Sweden

768 Work-life balance in small business: The impact of firm and family milestonesAmanda Williamson, Kate Lewis, Claire Massey Massey University

99 Further Creation of Know how in the Opportunity Recognition ProcessSilke Tegtmeier Leuphana University of Lueneburg

157 The Performance Implications of a Positional Advantage in Agricultural SMEsEric Micheels1 and Hamish Gow2

1University of Illinois, 2Massey University


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SESSION Entrepreneurship in the public sector – university spin-offsFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 36

452 Opportunity Recognition among Intentional and Nascent EntrepreneursHeiko Bergmann, University of St. Gallen and University of Hohenheim

378 The stigma of incompetence: The spoiled identity of scientist-entrepreneursHeidi Rajamäki and Päivi Eriksson, University of Eastern Finland

75 Self-leadership, Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Productivity in the Netherlands and the United Arab EmiratesJohn Politis1 and Paul Breman2

1Neapolis University Pafos, Cyprus, 2Utrecht Business School Netherlands

253 Person-Related Determinants of Founding Success over the First 6 Business YearsCornelius Muelenz1, Dorothea Kissel2, Heinz Klandt2

1Institute of Psychology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany, 2Chair for Entrepreneurship, European Business School, Oestrich-Winkel, Germany

SESSION Entrepreneurship in the public sector – university spin-offsFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 34

5 Encouraging the Creation of University Spin-offs in Southern Europe: An Analysis of the Incubation Strategies Developed by Public Universities in Andalucía.María-Teresa Aceytuno1 and F. Rafael Cáceres2

1University of Huelva (Spain), 2University of Seville (Spain)

323 Emerging Entrepreneurship – From Idea to Opportunity − Comparative study in France, Germany and SwedenCarl-Johan Asplund1, Catherine Leger Jarniou2, Silke Tegtmeier3

1Lund University, 2Paris Dauphine University, 3Leuphana University of Lueneburg

628 Fostering entrepreneurship in academic spin-offDonato Iacobucci, Alessandro Iacopini, Alessandra Micozzi, Simone Orsini Polytechnic University of Marche

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SESSION Cultural Entrepreneurship – minority entrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 35

263 (Work)Life after work: Understanding barriers to older entrepreneurship in LondonEwald Kibler1, Tom Wainwright2, Teemu Kautonen1, Robert Blackburn2

1University of Turku, Turku School of Economics, 2Kingston University, Small Business Research Centre

482 Entrepreneurial intention among seniors: An application to French entrepreneursBourguiba Malek1, Maalaoui Adnan2, Safraou Imen2

1Nancy university, 2ESG Management School

113 Does Culture impact on the Social Networks of Small Retail Entrepreneurs?Wasanthi Madurapperuma, University of Reading, UK

SESSION Entrepreneurship in the public sector – Education and EnterpriseFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 31

236 The Need For Entrepreneurship Education For Small Businesses In New ZealandPieter Nel and Ken Simpson Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand

302 Comparing Entrepreneurial Criteria of Students in Germany and China within the Pre-start-up ProcessWalter Ruda1, Thomas A. Martin2, Rubén Ascúa3, Wolfgang Gerstlberger4, Benjamin Danko1

1Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Germany, 2Ludwigshafen University of Applied Sciences, Germany, 3Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional Rafaela, Argentina, 4University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

389 Changing the Teachers’ thinking and action – Entrepreneurial Teacher Education in Entrepreneurship EducationAnne Gustafsson-Pesonen and ´Liisa Remes Aalto University School of Economics Small Business Center

575 Attribution Style Differences Among EntrepreneursPaul Harvey and Jeffrey Sohl, University of New Hampshire


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SESSION Innovation Economy – Entrepreneurship in creative environmentsFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 34

85 Managing creativity and operational demands: The challenge for creative freelancers in the film and television industryIsabelle Giroux Ryerson University

188 Innovation management of SMEs in the creative sector in Flanders and the NetherlandsYsabel Nauwelaerts1 and Iris Hollaender2

1Lessius University College/Catholic University Leuven,2University of Applied Sciences Utrecht

SESSION Entrepreneurship and SME developmentFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 35

149 Investigating the Applicability of the Firm Life-Cycle Model to SMEs in the Hungarian ICT SectorÁron Perényi1, Christopher Selvarajah1, Siva Muthaly2

1Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia, 2Graduate School of Business and Law, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

329 Coopetition as an entrepreneurial strategy: an exploratory study of UK biopharmaceutical SMEsCalin Gurau and Frank Lasch GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France

609 Towards a typology of Born Again International SMEsCatanzaro Alexis, Messeghem Karim, Sammut Sylvie University of Montpellier 1


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SESSION Entrepreneurship inthe public sector – health careFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 31

156 How Can a Health Care Business Achieve Strategic Elasticity in a Crisis Environment?Jarmila Sebestova1 and Thomas M. Cooney2

1Silesian University in Opava, School of Business Administration in Karvina, 2Dublin Institute of Technology,Faculty of Business

724 Bringing Innovation to the Health Care Sector: Modeling Optimal Cost Distribution for Telestroke Services in GermanyFranziska Günzel1 and David Tomczyk2

1Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 2Quinnipiac University

243 Pushed into Serial EntrepreneurshipElisabeth Sundin and Malin Tillmar Linköping University

SESSION Innovation Economy – Knowledge and the Commerzialization of TechnologyFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 34

151 Developing Commercialization of Innovation in High Technology IndustriesJarkko Pellikka1 and Pasi Malinen2

1Honeywell Ltd., 2University of Turku

477 Creating a New Venture Using the App Store: There’s No App for That!Dale Jasinski1, Griffin McGrath2, Steve Dunn3

1Quinnipiac University, 2Forrester Research, 3University of Wisconsin Oshkosh

488 Building knowledge on the Business Model concept or Building knowledge using the Business Model concept?Estèle Jouison-Laffitte University of Bordeaux


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SESSION Entrey FormsFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 35

485 How Do Firms Choose Legal Form of Organization?Rebel Cole DePaul University

322 Entrepreneurial Buyouts as a Distinct Entry Mode to the Entrepreneurial ProcessNathan Greidanus1 and Thomas Kenworthy2

1University of Manitoba, 2Suffolk University

203 Knowledge transfer flows in the life science communities: conceptual model development and empirical examinationAni Gerbin1 and Mateja Drnovsek2

1Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia, 2Academic Unit for Entrepreneurship, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Ljubljana, Slovenia

SESSION Innovation Economy – Innovation in small firmsFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 31

173 A Contingency model of Entrepreneurial Entry Strategies: the role of Motivation and Resource AvailabilityNadav Rotemberg-Shir and Karl Wennberg SSE

158 The Determinants of Innovation Rent in SMEsThierry Volery1, Thuy Hang Do1, Tim Mazzarol2, Sophie Reboud3

1University of St. Gallen, 2University of Western Australia, 3ESC Dijon

600 Competence Ambidexterity and New Product Performance for Small FirmsAbdul Ali Babson College

177 Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Actor Constructed Regional Innovation SystemsChristos Kalantaridis1 and Zografia Bika2

1University of Bradford, 2University of East Anglia


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SESSION Processes, Phases and LifeFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 25 Chair: Ulla Hytti, University of Turku, School of Economics

601 Wind Beneath My Wings: Factors Affecting the Transformation of Women-Founded Businesses into GazellesSusan Clark Muntean Ball State University

646 Networking female entrepreneurs – a fruitful base for business growth?Maria Bogren1, Yvonne von Friedrichs1, Oystein Rennemo2, Oystein Widding3

1Mid Sweden University, 2North Trondelag University College, 3Norweigen University of Science and Technology

763 Explaining Business Formalization Processes With a Gender PerspectiveDonath Olomi, Mariam Nchimbi, Justina Utouh University of Dar-es-Salaam Business School

SESSION Development StudiesFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 27 Chair: Sibylle Heilbrunn, Ruppin Academic Center

582 Gender Implications of the Global Financial Crisis; A Focus on UgandaDaisy Owomugasho Ndikuno Create Impact Alliance

720 Fostering Women Enterpreneurship as Panacea to Poverty Reduction in Developing EconomyAkpoyomare Oghojafor1, Olufemi Olayemi1, Damilola Agbalajobi2

1University of Lagos, 2Redeemer’s University

744 ‘Working Talents’: Religion, Gender and Entrepreneurship In ZimbabweSunungurai Dominica Chingarande University of Zimbabwe

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SESSION Gender LabelingFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 25 Chair: Leona Achtenhagen, Jönköping University

348 Women Entrepreneurship: A Re-Structuring and Re-Evaluation of the Environment Instead of Lasting Deficit AssumptionsMelanie Roski, Brigitte Halbfas, Christine Volkmann University of Wuppertal

387 To play or not to play: that is the question. Gender perspectives on entrepreneurship and innovationKarin Berglund1 and Malin Tillmar2

1Mälardalen University, 2Linköpings University

279 Stereotype threat, stereotype lift, role models and entrepreneurship. Do gender stereotypes influence students’ entrepreneurial intentions?Sylvain Max1 and Valérie Ballereau2

1Burgundy School of Business & University of Grenoble, 2Burgundy School of Business

179 The Emperor’s new Clothes: Rendering a Feminist Theory of Entrepreneurship VisibleHelle Neergaard1, Signe Hedebo Frederiksen1, Susan Marlow2

1Aarhus University, 2de Montford University

SESSION Policy and Support MeasuresFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 24 Chair: Karl Wennberg, Stockholm School of Economics

722 Gender and Growth Aspirations in Small Business GrowthHawa Tundui Mzumbe University

758 Businesswomen Discussing Growth – What are They Talking About?Cecilia Dalborg1, Yvonne von Friedrichs1, Britt Paula Mørkved2, Margrete Haugum3

1Mid Sweden University, 2The Nord-Trøndelag University College, 3Trøndelag R&D Institute


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SESSION Development StudiesFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 25 Chair: Lois Stevenson, President and Chief Entreprenologist LASMA Consulting

478 Entrepreneurship Development Program for Afro-Colombian Women Displaced by Political and Economical ViolenceRodrigo Varela and Ana Carolina Martinez Universidad Icesi

648 Entrpremeruship Development, Business Ownership and Women Empowerment In NigeriaFoluke Ademokun and Olumide Ajayi Africa Leadership Forum

716 Tracking gender in entrepreneurial development processes in PakistanKhizran Zehra and Leona Achtenhagen Jönköping University

SESSION Academic EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 27 Chair: Helene Ahl, School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University

142 Women Business Ventures in Swedish University Incubators: Gender and the commercialization of university researchÅsa Lindholm Dahlstrand and Diamanto Politis CIEL, Halmstad University

232 An explanation of academic women´s entrepreneurship through multilevel institutional interactionsMaría del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes1, Sarah Y. Cooper2, Ana María Bojica1

1University of Granada, 2University of Edinburgh

417 From business opportunity to action: What lies in between?Mario Geissler, Steffen Jahn, Holger Loebel, Cornelia Zanger Chemnitz University of Technology

613 Gender, a Challenge in Regional Entrepreneurship Policy – a Northern exampleAnna Kremel Mälardalens högskola


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SESSION Development StudiesFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 23 Chair: Lois Stevenson, President and Chief Entreprenologist LASMA Consulting

395 Towards Understanding Women Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries Across country comparison of Female EntrepreneurshipHala Hattab The British University In Egypt

25 Entrepreneurship Development Process Among Women : A Critical StudyRashmi Singh Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New DElhi- India.

97 Interpretations of entrepreneurial success factors by female entrepreneurs and executives in a catch-up economyTiit Elenurm and Evelin Vaino Estonian Business School

356 A Case Study in Public Entrepreneurship: Ethiopian Businesses in IsraelSibylle Heilbrunn Ruppin Academic Center

SESSION Mixed themesFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 24 Chair: Hanna Westberg, Triple Steelix

460 Gender And Entrepreneurial Learning: What Does Literature Tells Us?Ayesha Abrar, Asma Rauf, Madiha Gohar Essex Business School, University of Essex

650 Feminine entrepreneurship in SwitzerlandMathias Rossi1, Silna Borter2, Marie Sansonnens2

1School of Business Administration (HEG-FR), 2School of Business and Engineering Vaud (HEIG-VD)

114 A gender perspective on career preferences and entrepreneurial self-efficacyBoris Urban University of Witwatersrand

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TRACK: Globalization and its Impact on Entrepreneurship and SMEs

SESSION Partnership and SME PerformanceFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 01A Chair: Ulrika Stuart Hamilton, Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum

119 South Korean SME’s Entrepreneurship in the Globalizing Economic System focused on Yuyang DNUSang-Chul Park1 and Sang-Ok Kim2

1Korea Polytechnic University, 2Yuyang DNU

168 Effects of alliances on manufacturing strategy and firm performance: An emprical study of small and medium firms in Taiwan electronics industriesShu-Chi Hung, Ming-Ji James Lin, Shiu-Wan Hung National Central Univeristy

586 Cases of successfully partnership between Venture Capital companies and technological firms of ArgentinaRuben Ascua, UNGS + UTN Rafaela

SESSION Creating Entrepreneurial Environments in Growth EconomiesFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 01B Chair: Ivo Zander, Uppsala University

295 Entrepreneurial Environment Dilemma in Puerto Rico: a Challenge of Self and SystemMoraima De Hoyos-Ruperto1, Jose Romaguera2, Bo Carlsson3, Sheri Perelli3

1CWRU and UPRM, 2UPRM, 3CWRU

526 Globalization of Finance: Analysis of the Impact of Exchange Deregulation on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Development in NigeriaLawrence Ogechukwu Obokoh1 and Chris Ehiobuche2

1Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2Berkeley College, USA

567 Bahraini SMEs Why Think Local? Think Global? Challenges Facing Bahraini SMEs and InternationalizationHusain Al Rabeei1 and Jonathan Scott2

1Bahrain Training Institute, 2Teesside University

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SESSION Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Global EconomyFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 01A Chair: Rob van der Horst, EIM

116 The impact of global economic crisis on SMEs – does entrepreneurial orientation matter?Juha Soininen, Kaisu Puumalainen, Pasi Syrjä, Helena Sjögren Lappeenranta University of Technology

467 Corporate entrepreneurship and cooperation as predictors of young SMEs’ international orientationFrancisco Jose Saez-Martinez, Angela Gonzalez-Moreno, Cristina Díaz-García Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

714 International Corporate Entrepreneurship: Motives, Processes and PerformancesTy Choi Sydney Business School, University of Wollongong, Australia

SESSION ICT and International Competitive AdvantageFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 01A Chair: Jenny Nordborg, Vinnova

308 Internet And New Technologies Appropriation Level In Exporting Or Potentially Exporting Colombian Smes (Small and Medium Enterprises)Ricardo Vega and Sandra Rojas Fundación Politécnico Grancolombiano Institución Universitaria

437 New Business Models for International Performance – A Longitudinal Study of Internet and MarketingVladimir Vanyushyn, Håkan Boter, Maria Bengtsson Umeå School of Business, Sweden

739 Increasing the Competitive Strengths of Tanzanian Tourism Firms – The Strategic Role of Information TechnologyTumsifu Elly1 and Håkan Boter2

1University of Dar es Salaam Business School, 2Umeå School of Business, at Umeå University


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SESSION Mixed ThemesFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 01B Chair: Jeremy Woods, University of Cincinnati

391 Challenges for facilitating transfer of skills in Japanese SME manufacturersNorio KUBOTA Yokohama National University

498 Entrepreneurial Risk Recognition: New Findings on the Neglected Child of the Entrepreneurship FamilyRico Baldegger School of Business Administration Fribourg (HEG Fribourg)

673 Failure is the Mother of Success ... when Learning Occurs: A Theoretical Framework of Entrepreneurial Learning from Failing ExperiencesFang He, Han-Hui Tsai, Jung Hyun Lee The George Washington University


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SESSION Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship as an Entrepreneurial ChallangeFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 21 Chair: Hanns Pichler, University of Economics & Business Administration, Vienna

165 Educating for (societal) entrepreneurshipAnders W Johansson and Erik Rosell School ob Business and Economics, Linnaeus university, Sweden,

183 Entreprenurship education – does it matter?TorBjörn Nilsson, Luleå University of Technology

271 Entrepreneurial training with business gamesGuy Parmentier and Fabienne Bornard, Chambéry Business School

291 Entrepreneurial intentions of higher education students in Finland – a longitudinal studyElina Varamäki1, Sanna Joensuu1, Anmari Viljamaa1, Erno Tornikoski2, Kari Ristimäki1

1Seinäjoki University of Appied Sciences, Finland, 2ESC St. Etienne, France

SESSION Mobilizing Capital for Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 22 Chair: Bengt Johannission, Jönköping International Business School

342 What Does Socially Responsible Venture Capital Look Like? A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Considerations in Cleantech Venture CapitalAnders Isaksson1 and Geoffrey Archer2

1Umea School of Business, 2Royal Roads University

390 Factors Influencing Product Innovation in Micro Finance Institutions in Kenya: A Case Study Of Mfis Registered With the Association of Micro Finance InstitutionsMarion Mbogo and Caroline Ashika United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya

473 Social vs. For Profit Entrepreneurship – Quantitative analysis of demography and human capitalDaniela Guerra dos Santos, Joana Mendonça, Miguel Amaral IN+

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SESSION The Institutional Context of Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 23 Chair: Huibert de Vries, University of Canterbury/SEAANZ

666 Regulations and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Developed and Developing CountriesClaudia Alvarez1, David Urbano2, José Ernesto Amorós3

1University of Medellin (Colombia), 2Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain), 3Universidad del Desarrollo (Chile)

690 Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship: For-Profit and Not-For-Profit PartnershipsSimon Willans1 and Paul Munro2

1Energy For Opportunity (NGO), 2University of Melbourne

SESSION Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship in a Broader ContextFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 21

130 Are Entrepreneurial Firms More Socially Responsible? Understanding the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Corporate CitizenshipDavid Choi1 and Woojin Lee2

1Loyola Marymount University, 2Chung-Ang University

289 Applicant attraction to the socially-responsible small businessLinda Dyer and Magda Donia Concordia University

680 Towards the Social Enterprise NetworkJoel Galgana BayangPinoy Organization, Inc.

774 The Entrepreneurship Program at Universidad Nacional del LitoralMaría Fernanda Andrés and Eduardo Matozo Universidad Nacional del Litoral


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SESSION Interorganizational Perspectives on Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 22 Chair: Paula Kyrö, Aalto University

69 Kalash Indigenous Entrepreneurship and Socio-Economic DevelopmentIqbal M. Khan1 and Dr. Salal Humair2

1Lahore School of Economics Lahore, Pakistan, 2Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health

249 Institutional entrepreneurship and climate friendly innovations in agricultural productionHerman Stål Umea School of Business USBE

796 Developing an Entrepreneurship Curriculum in Egypt: The Road AheadAshraf Sheta American University in Cairo

49 Inter-organizational supporting services: The case study of Moroccan food retailing and small producers of fresh productRhita Sabri ERFI-SEPT Montpellier I

SESSION Ethical Aspects of Soci(et)all EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 23

43 A Guide For Developing a Process for Managing Workplace Ethics in The Small and Medium EnterpriseMichael Alford and Mark Bebensee The Citadel

363 Hypernorms for a Corporate Code of Ethics – for the Entrepreneurial Internationalization of Small and Medium Sized CompaniesChristopher Stehr German Graduate School of Management & Law (GGS), Germany

406 Corporate Social Responsibility in Family vs. non-Family Enterprises: An exploratory studyGiovanna Campopiano, Lucio Cassia, Alfredo De Massis Università degli Studi di Bergamo


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SESSION Intensions and Goals in Entrepreneurship EducationFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 21 Chair: Huibert de Vries, University of Canterbury/SEAANZ

294 Entrepreneurship Education as Part of Corporate ResponsibilityRuostesaari Marja-Leena, Seikkula-Leino, Jaana, Troberg Eliisa Turku University

319 Becoming an Expert: How Goal Orientation and Access to Role Models Influences Development of Entrepreneurial CompetenceMagdalena Markowska Jönköping International Business School

328 How to measure entrepreneurial learning through the entrepreneurial intentionRodrigo Varela, Juan David Soler, Alba Tatiana Peña Universidad Icesi

SESSION Bridging Academic and Vocational Training for EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 22 Chair: Hanns Pichler, University of Economics & Business Administration, Vienna

434 Developing Enterprising Graduates: Stakeholder Involvement, Investment and Expectations of EntrepreneurshipHarry Matlay Birmingham City University

541 Campus Entrepreneurship Education: A schumpeterian approach to breeding academic entrepreneurs at German UniversitiesReza Asghari Entrepreneurship Center

611 Identifying and Developing Vocational Skills for Adopting Indigenous Entrepreneurship Ventures by the Kalash CommunityIqbal M. Khan1, Sana Jalil Mela2, Madiha Nasrullah1, Aly Mohsan1

1Lahore School of Economics, 2SEDI


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SESSION Critical Perspectives on Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 23 Chair: Sanna Joensuu, Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences

58 Viability of Social Enterprises: A Critical PerspectiveStephen Ko and Ken Wong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

189 Beyond “shades of green”: opportunities for a renewed conceptualisation of entrepreneurial sustainability in SME:s: a literature review.Duncan Levinsohn and Ethel Brundin Jönköping International Business School

587 A Review of Social Entrepreneurship Research and Outline of Academic DialoguesAnne Pierre1, Yvonne Von Friedrichs1, Joakim Wincent2

1Mid Sweden University, 2Luleå Technical University


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SESSION Sustainable EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 24 Chair: Jenny Nordborg, Vinnova

187 Refreshing the Entrepreneurs that other Business Schools cannot reach? The implementation of Sustainable Self-Facilitated SME Learning Networks in Ireland and WalesJames Carr, Aberystwyth University

13 Ten cases of entrepreneurial Organizations from Europe and South America: Growth Opportunities and ChallengesMarisela Strocchia Lopez1, Ragnar Ahlström Söderling2, Enzo Bivona3, Carmine Bianchi3, Isaac Dyner4, Liliana Galan5, Graham Winch6

1Sheridan Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, 2Lund University, 3Palermo University, 4Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 5Universidad de la Plata, 6Plymouth University

134 The causes and the effects of innovation in small and medium firms in the province of SalernoSalvatore Farace and Fernanda Mazzotta, University of Salerno

66 Civility: Old Idea — New Imperative For The SMERobert Desman, Kennesaw State University

SESSION Learning for Business SustainabilityFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 02 Chair: Magnus Aronsson, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute

109 Successful Strategic Management for Growth-Oriented Timber Haulage EntrepreneursJuho Soirinsuo, University of Helsinki

335 Finding the Right One: Forming Successful Advisor Relationships in Small FirmsKelley Packalen1 and Linda Dyer2

1Queen’s School of Business, Queen’s University, 2John Molson School of Business, Concordia University

517 Sustainable innovation: What can we learn from Linnaeus and his integration of nature and economy?Per Frankelius, Örebro University

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SESSION Venture Capital and InnovationFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 03 Chair: Sang-Chul Park, Korea Polytechnic University

154 The information networks and the innovation in SME: a new model or new perspectiveMoreau Eliane, UQTR

408 Venture capital investments in the development of clean technologies: early conceptualization and estimation of the effectsAnders Isaksson, Umeå School of Business

496 The effects of Relationship Banking on the Debt Structure and Financing Cost of SMEs in KoreaMoon-Kyum KimSoongsil University

307 Twofold nature of informal capital for entrepreneurial growth: an enabler or a damper?Ekaterina Murzacheva National Research University - Higher School of Economics

SESSION High Tech and ICT for SMEs, Technology InnovationFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 02 Chair: Martina Battisti, Massey University

41 Innovation Management and Commercialisation in Small Firms: A Study of Low and High R&D Intensity Firms From Australia and France.Tim Mazzarol1, Sophie Reboud2, Vijaya Thyil3

1University of Western Australia, 2Burgundy School of Business, 3Deakin University

67 The Effects of Innovative Capabilities and Technological Entrepreneurship of Korean SMEs on the Performance of Technology ManagementHeon Deok Yoon and Ribin Seo Soongsil University

145 Technological Innovation: The Bioeconomy in KenyaMary Pat McEnrue1 and John Oirya2

1California State University, Los Angeles, 2Brigham Young University

704 Implication of life cycle theory in biotechnology industryUru Malik and Damian Hine The University of Queensland


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SESSION SMEs in Cleantech IndustryFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 36 Chair: Patricia Leighton, Monash University

80 Can cleantech sustain green investments?Julian Lange, Edward Marram, Wei Yong, David Brown, William Bygrave Babson College

426 Commercialization of clean technology – towards a combined micro- and macro-level frameworkSofia Avdeitchikova and Lars Coenen CIRCLE/Lund University

461 The Strategies of Environmental-Technology Entrepreneurs Towards a Sustainable TransitionMaikel Kishna, Simona Negro, Marko Hekkert Utrecht University

762 Main Drivers and Performance of Eco-InnovationMi Kyung Lee and Zong-Tae Bae KAIST

SESSION Entrepreneurial Opportunities and UncertaintiesFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 24 Chair: Hans Jobst Pleitner, Universität St. Gallen

56 Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification: A Motivation-based Cognitive ApproachStephen Ko The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

34 A longitudinal analysis of entrepreneurship variation in small (informal) business sustainability in South Africa, 2007–2010André Ligthelm University of South Africa

127 The reality of strategy-making in small firms – a barrier to entrepreneurship?Martie-Louise Verreynne1 and Denny Meyer2 1University of Queensland, 2Swinburne University of Technology


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SESSION A Macro PerspectiveFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 02 Chair: Ann-Marie Salmi, Aalto University, Small Business Center

229 Policy Programmes to promote Entrepreneurship and Innovation: A study of the state of the art, design and impact issuesGöran Brulin, Per-Erik Ellström, Magnus Klofsten, Lennart Svensson Linköping’s university, HELIX

242 Eco-entrepreneurship in developing countries: the case of renewable energy sector in BoliviaMario Pansera, Angel Francisco Agudo, Felix Jose Pascual Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

511 Innovation: Differences between Developed and Developing EconomiesSul Kassicieh U of New Mexico

SESSION Learning for Business SustainabilityFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 03 Chair: Jörg Freiling, University of Bremen

51 Modelling the changing perspectives of capability building in small firmsDamian Hine1, Rachel Parker2, Martie-Louise Verreynne1

1University of Queensland, 2Queensland University of Technology

228 Learning Orientation of SMEs and its Impact on Firm PerformanceHermann Frank1, Alexander Kessler2, Gerald Mitterer3, Daniela Weismeier-Sammer1

1WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2Vienna University of Applied Sciences WKW, 3Beratergruppe Neuwaldegg

313 High Performing SMEs—Human Resource Practices and the Organizational Learning ProcessJames Wolff, Timothy Pett, Gergana Markova Wichita State University


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SESSION Sustainable EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 36

250 Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Nature Based Tourism – The role of Institutional Profiles in Northern Norway and Northwest RussiaTatiana Iakovleva1, Ingrid Bay-Larsen2, Galina Kharitonova3, Vladimir Didyk4

1University of Stavanger, 2Nordland Research Institute in Bodø, 3Institute for Economic Studies at Kola Science Center, 4Institute for Economic Studies of the Kola Science Centre

330 Emerging Green-Technology Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Pathways to Growth in the Plug-In Electric/Hybrid Vehicle SpaceStevan Holmberg, American University

155 Fostering Entrepreneurship in Emerging Industries: Ther German Renewable Energy Industry and Lessons for Entrepreneurship PolicyHolger Berg1, Katja Pietzner2, Christine Volkmann1, Manfred Fischedick2

1Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, 2Wuppertal Institut fuer Klima Umwelt Energie GmbH

761 Entrepreneurship as driver of market or institutional change for sustainability? - Varieties of sustainable entrepreneurshipErik Lindhult and Bozena Guziana, Mälardalen University

SESSION Entrepreneurial Opportunities and UncertaintiesFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 01A Chair: Martina Battisti, Massey University

178 Challenging established patterns of entrepreneurship – entry regulation and unorthodox entry in the German skilled craftsHaverkamp Katarzyna, University of Goettingen

689 SME Strategic management and innovation – a comparative study between Finland and ChinaZheng Huang, University of Tampere, Finland

303 SME Identity and Homogeneity—Are There Meaningful Differences Between Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises?Timothy Pett1 and James Wolff2

1Wichita State University, 2Wichita State Unviversity

667 The Raise of Medium-Sized Enterprises In Europe Beyond the dualistic model: small vs large firmsPaola Demartini1 and Federica Palazzi2

1University of Rome 3 Italy, 2University of Urbino, Italy


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Multi Track Session

SESSION Four Perspectives on SMEs and EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 01B Chair: Holger Berg, Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal

296 Wanting to be green: A preliminary exploration of entrepreneurial intent and sustainable business venturesDale Jasinski1 and Steve Dunn2

1Quinnipiac University, 2University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh

87 Entrepreneurship Through Small Company Acquisition: Anatomy of a Neglected GiantRichard HuntUniversity of Colorado

84 Evaluation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Models of Adoption and Use in Saudi Arabian SMEsHazbo SkokoAlfaisal University

143 The ability of Credit Guarantee Schemes to improve access to bank lending for SMEsAnke ValentinEdinburgh Napier University

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SESSION Sustainable EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 25 Chair: Göran Brulin, Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth

345 Research on startup success factors of micro business: A case study on small business entrepreneurshipYongwoong Hong, Geumjae Jo, Soonae JinSmall Enterprise Development Agency

71 In Search of the ‘SME Ordinaire’ – Towards a TaxonomySophie Reboud1, Tim Mazzarol2, Delwyn Clark3

1Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne, France, 2University of Western Australia, Australia, 3University of Waikato, New Zealand

306 An exploration of the utility of the Business Model for young business leaders in the construction sectorThierry Verstraete, Estèle Jouison-Laffitte, Jérôme Boncler, Thomas Boucher, François Bousquet, Jean Dondi, Martine Hlady, Florence Kremer, Alain Meiar, Christophe Papin, Fabrice Scipion University of Bordeaux

182 SMEs on alternative market. Does innovativeness of the sector determine company’s capital structure? – analysis of SMEs entering NewConnect market in PolandAgnieszka Kurczewska and Bozena Mikolajczyk, University of Lodz

SESSION Family BusinessFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 27 Chair: Tatiana iakovleva, University of Stavanger

61 Family EnterpriseMijanur Rahman and Safiar Rahman, Bangladesh Krishi Bank

647 A Comparison of Copreneurs and Other Family Business Owners on Perceptions of Community Social ResponsibilityKara Welk, Margaret Fitzgerald, Glenn Muske, North Dakota State University

369 Transmission or Re-socialization? An Investigation of Transgenerational Entrepreneurial Potential in a Scottish Family FirmZografia Bika, University of East Anglia (UEA)

223 Contributing to the sustainability of South African family farms: An investigation of family harmonyStephan Van der Merwe, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Multi Track Session

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SESSION Quality and GrowthFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 02 Chair: Isabella R. Hatak, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business

380 The Implications of Total Quality Management in South African Small IndustriesMengsteab Tesfayohannes, Sigmund Weis School of Business, Susquehanna Univ.

635 Firm Growth, Quality and EntrepreneurshipChong Ook Rhee1, Ki Chan Kim2, Chang Seok Song3

1Seoul Women’s University and ICSB at Korea, 2Catholic University and ICSB at Korea, 3Soongsil University

405 Ownership and high-growth firmsCarl Magnus Bjuggren1, Sven-Olov Daunfeldt2, Dan Johansson3

1Linköping University and Stockholm School of Economics/EHFF, 2The Ratio Institute and Dalarna University, 3The Ratio Institute

486 Epicentric Growth ModelEdwin Melendez, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico

700 Soci(et)al entrepreneurship from a Quality Management perspectiveAnna Åslund, Ingela Bäckström, Håkan Wiklund, Mid Sweden University

SESSION Entrepreneurship and SMEs in ContextFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, London Chair: Heidi Rajamäki, University of Eastern Finland

112 Government-Sponsored Intermediaries and Joint Product Development: Evidence from Three Methods in JapanNobuhiro Takahashi, Osaka City University

211 The Study of the Relationship between the Growth of Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial EnvironmentFeicheng Lu, ICSB-China

315 Regional Development under Consideration of Companies´ Location Planning DecisionsChristopher Stehr1 and Melanie Hiller2

1German Graduate School of Management and Law GmbH, Germany, 2University of Ulm, Germany

327 Technical Manpower Training Strategies for Small and Medium Enterprises Through Innovation and Incubation Centers-Taiwanese ExperienceDah-June Lin, Kainan University

Multi Track Session

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SESSION SMEs, Networks and Job QualityFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, Paris Chair: Joao Ferreira, University of Beira Interior

401 The vitality of social service enterprisesTiina TarvainenUniversity of Eastern Finland

349 Learning and bonding: An examination of alumni network venturesAnders Broström1 and Apostolos Baltzopoulos2

1KTH/CESIS, 2Nordregio

28 Addressing Issues of Job Quality in Small EnterprisesGopal Joshi International Labour Organization

411 Conceptual framework for domain knowledge management in networked SMEsThang Le Dinh and Éliane Moreau Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

SESSION Four Perspectives on GEM DataFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 World Trade Center, Sydney Chair: Ulrika Stuart Hamilton, Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum

810 Entrepreneurial intention promoted by perceived capabilities, risk propensity and opportunity awareness: A global studyMohammad R. Zali1, Thomas Schøtt2, Mahdi Ebrahim1

1University of Tehran, 2GEM

812 National Entrepreneurial Activity Affected by Framework Conditions: a Global Study based on GEM dataAli Akhavan, Thomas Schott, Mostafa Razavi GEM

813 Entrepreneurs’ Innovation and Confidence in InnovationNastooh Nochian and Mohammad Reza Zali GEM

814 Entrepreneurs’ education and training enhancing competencies and performance: A global studyThomas Schøtt and Mahdokht Sedaghat GEM

Multi Track Session

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SESSION Development StudiesFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 35

16 Small and Medium Enterprises Development for Wealth CreationAlade Olapojoye Royal Dees Busisness Networks

717 Creating dignity in the informal business sector of South Africa through Buiness Development IncubationSharon Reed Anglo American

412 Exploring the relationship between the Millennium Development Goals and Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities in South AfricaRetha Strydom1, Antoinette Lombard2, Marius Pretorius2

1Universty Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2University pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

31 Entrepreneurial Creation of Social Value: The Basement for Postcrisis RecoveryAnna Svirina Kazan State Technical University

SESSION Clusters, Biotech and International GrowthFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 36

171 Clusters – a tool for the advance in competitiveness of SMEs (case study: the Czech Republic)Josef Abrham and Milan Vosta Universtity of Economics, Prague

8 Biotech in Belgium: sustainable growth or friendly takeover ?Jean-Pierre Segers PHL University College

497 Managing cultural diversity for international growth – Challenges for Small Firm GlobalisationBriga Hynes University of Limerick

95 Dynamic Knowledge Networking in the Biotechnology Industry: Action Research into the Start-up Processes of Consulting CompaniesSetsuko Hashimoto1, Margaretha Gadnell2, Katsuhiro Umemoto3

1Bio-Business Bridge Co. Ltd., 2Conlega Biobusiness Development & Managemeny, 3Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Multi Track Session

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SESSION Entrepreneurship Education in PerspectiveFriday June 17, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 21 Chair: Prof. Ide, ISBC, Japan

440 Interventions to foster innovation: lessons learned from the process of designing and implementing methods from the business sector amongst university students.Luis A. Santini, Jose M. Romaguera, Jose A. Cruz Universtiy of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez

373 Benefits of firms from internship?: Current situations of entrepreneurship education and internship in JapanKiyoshi Hori J.F. Oberlin University

304 Sustainability: A Paradigmatic Shift in Entrepreneurship EducationFrances Amatucci1, Nelson Pizarro2, Jay Friedlander3

1Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, 2Evergreen State University, 3College of the Atlantic

Multi Track Session

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SESSION Innovation Economy – Innovation in small firmsSaturday June, 1809:00-10:30 Waterfront 34

17 Access to knowledge and the necessity to be extraverted: the case of SMEs CEOs in TechnicVallée.Mickael Geraudel, Montpellier Business School

420 Innovation and Competitiviness in Entrepreneurial SMEsKaren Orengo University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus

669 Does High Growth Coincide with Innovation? An Examination of Gazelles in SwedenJonas Gabrielsson1, Diamanto Politis2, Nataliya Galan2

1CIRCLE, Lund University, 2KEEN, Halmstad University

269 Innovativeness of SMEs in conditions of transformation in Poland: the results of an empirical studyRoman Kmieciak, Anna Michna, Anna Meczynska Silesian University of Technology

SESSION Alternative Approaches and MethologiesSaturday June, 1809:00-10:30 Waterfront 35

219 How Does Engendering Creativity Compare to Vocationally-Based Methodologies When Encouraging Enterprising Behaviour Among Early School Leavers?John Byrne, Thomas Cooney, Osa Godwin, Brian Stratford Dublin Institute of Technology

224 Deconstructing the motives of constructing an intermediary between public services and private entrepreneursLena Andersson, Linköping University

835 Working With or Against the System - Ethical Dilemmas for Entrepreneurship in GhanaJocelyn Sackey and Ylva Fältholm, LTU

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SESSION Entrepreneurship and SME developmentSaturday June, 1809:00-10:30 Waterfront 36

588 The rule of trust and confidence in SMEs’ use of accountants and other business advisersEmmanouil Schizas1 and Robin Jarvis2

1ACCA Global, 2Brunel University

655 Dynamics of Entrepreneurship Development in KazakhstanAlima Dostiyarova KIMEP

531 The Effect of the Structure of Tunisian Entrepreneurial Team on performance: the Role of Strong TiesKamel Krichen1 and Didier Chabaud2

1University of Sfax - Tunisia, 2University of Avignon - France


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SESSION Academic EntrepreneurshipSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 25 Chair: Malin Tillmar, Linköping University

288 The role of female academic entrepreneurs in the acquisition of the resources and capabilities required for the success of university spin-offsMaría del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes1, Matilde Ruiz-Arroyo1, Ana María Bojica1, Friederike Welter2

1University of Granada, 2Jönköping University

637 Gender, Management Education and Academic EntrepreneurshipBernd Ebersberger and Christine Pirhofer MCI Management Center Innsbruck

SESSION Policy and Support MeasuresSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 27 Chair: Annette St-Onge, ICSB

260 World-Class Entrepreneurship- and Innovation Programmes in Sweden – Focus on Gender PerceptionsMarita Blomkvist, Pia Ulvenblad, Agneta Hansson Halmstad University

278 Ethnic entrepreneurship in reverse in the UK: Is there gender bias in access to finance for South Asian women entrepreneurs?Javed Hussain1, Harry Matlay1, Jonathan M. Scott2, Geoff Whittam3

1Birmingham City University, 2Teesside University, 3university of West of Scotland

415 Alternative strategies for promoting gender mainstreaming in the area of EntrepreneurshipHanna Westberg Triple Steelix

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SESSION SME ExportsSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 24 Chair: Christopher Stehr, German Graduate School of Management & Law (GGS)

125 How much does it cost small and medium businesses to comply with New Zealand’s tax requirements?Ricardo Enrico Namay II Inland Revenue New Zealand

57 A case study on successful born globals with low technology and wide customer baseSharadindu Pandey Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida India

476 Serving Global Consumers With A Local Mind Set: An investigation of Customers’ perception of offshore call centres’ servicesHina Khan and Padmali Rodrigo Northumbria University

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SESSION Soci(et)al Entrepreneurship in Developing ContextsSaturday June, 18, 9:00-10:30 Waterfront 21 Chair: Bengt Johannisson, Jönköping International Business School

73 From Mao to Market – Entrepreneurs as Institutional Change Agents in ChinaDavid Smallbone1, Friederike Welter2, Xiu Juanzhong3

1SBRC, Kingston University, 2Jönköping International Business School, 3China University of Geoscience, Wuhan

121 The influence of the institutional environment on entrepreneurial intentions in an emerging economyBoris Urban1 and Gordon Shaw2

1University of Witwatersrand, 2University of Fort Hare

397 An Index of Entrepreneruship MeasureAnnamaria Bianchi and Silvia Biffignandi University of Bergamo

SESSION Teaching and Learning EntrepreneurshipSaturday June, 18, 9:00-10:30 Waterfront 22 Chair: Anders Lundström, Mid Sweden University

475 Back to the Future: Teaching Creativity in the classroom: Are entrepreneurship programs differentJacqueline Schmidt and Jack Soper John Carroll University

491 Learning to Think Like An Entrepreneur: Why Does Entrepreneurship Education Work … or Not?Norris Krueger1 and Helle Neergaard2

1Entrepreneurship Northwest, 2Aarhus University

557 Role of Higher Education In Promoting Entrepreneurship Education Across Disciplines In TanzaniaPerpetua Kalimasi Kilasi Mzumbe University

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SESSION Gender and Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipSaturday June, 18, 9:00-10:30 Waterfront 23 Chair: Julie Weeks, Womenable

144 The challenge of being a Fair Trade soci(et)al entrepreneurBirgitta Schwartz Mälardalen University, Sweden

506 Making of Household Entrepreneurs: Lived Experiences of Pathan Women Entrepreneurs from Peshawar, PakistanMadiha Gohar, Asma Rauf, Ayesha Abrar University of Essex

632 Showcasing successful social entrepreneurshipPhilip Ndeta Learning and Development Kenya


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SESSION Family BusinessSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 01A Chair: Gunnar Eliasson, Royal Institute of Technology

410 Successional transmission between predecessor and successor: the role of personal network and absorptive capacity in the French family businessNada Rejeb1 and Adnan Maâlaoui2

1Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax - Tunisia, 2ESG Management School - Paris

78 (Re-)starting from the Values of the Family and of the Territory: a Pathway of Sustainable Entrepreneurship in Italian Family Businesses. The experiences of the Loccioni Group and the Varnelli DistilleryMara Del Baldo, University of Urbino (Italy)

196 Transitional processes and governance issues in small family businesses: an analytical frameworkFabio Antoldi and Daniele M. Ghezzi, CERSI (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore)

424 Lost in Transition? On the Managerial Gap of Business Succession in Family BusinessesJörg Freiling1 and Martin Gersch2 1University of Bremen, 2Free University of Berlin

SESSION Advisory Support for SMEsSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 01B Chair: Magnus Aronsson, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute

379 Canadian Independent Industrial R&D Institutions and their Impact on Entrepreneurial Innovation and Advancement of Small IndustriesMengsteab Tesfayohannes, Sigmund Weis School of Business

685 Developing a Local Industry Joint Marketing Management Framework – Lessons from Government ViewChia-Shen Chen1 and Kuo-Ching Lin2 1Taiwan University, 2Taipei University

800 Is a Gazelle Focused SME Strategy the Lynchpin for South Africa’s New Economic Growth Path?Thami Mazwai1 and David Phaho2

1University of Johannesburg, 2University of Pretoria

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SESSION SME Networks and PartnershipsSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 02

214 Identity and Very Small Firms Networks: The Case of Craft FirmsCatherine Thévenard-Puthod and Christian Picard Irege - University of Savoie

255 The value of social control in SMEs partnershipsUlpiana Kocollari and Chiara Nigrisoli University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

445 Alliance Engagement. A Strategic View from the Back to Face the Future of SMEsKarla Guadalupe Diaz Durand, Ute Rietdorf, Utz Dornberger University of Leipzig

SESSION SME Performance models and measuresSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 03 Chair: Linda Dyer, Concordia University

141 The impact of entrepreneurs’ planning profiles on firm growth: an empirical analysisVíctor Martín-Sánchez1, Ignacio Contín-Pilart2, Martín Larraza-Kintana2

1Autonomous University of Barcelona, 2Public University of Navarre

170 Analysis of a Swedish High Technology SME Using the Survival Index Value (Siv) ModelAdli Abouzeedan1, Magnus Klofsten2, Thomas Hedner3

1University of Gothenburg - Sahlgrenska Academy, 2Linköping University, 3University of Gothenburg

280 Information and Communication Technology Spanish Gazelles: A Competitiveness AnalysisAngel Francisco Agudo, Mario Pansera, Santiago Iglesias Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

484 Explanatory Factors for Small Firms’ Sustainable Growth: Developing an Assessment Model for Established SMEsGunnar Almesåker and Anna Öhrwall Rönnbäck Linköping University


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Workshops

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Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship and InnovationThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:30 Waterfront 26

221 Business Competence for Doctoral Students in Life-scienceKirsi Peura, Business and Innovation Development at the University of Turku

Thursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 26

640 How entrepreneurship and innovations can be stimulated in rural areasAnna Kremel1, Ulrika Leijerholt1, Magnus Klofsten2, Joakim Wincent3, Paul D. Reynolds4, Victoria Soudavnaya1

1EntreprenörCentrum, 2Linköping University, 3Luleå University of Technology, 4Babson College and London Business School

Thursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront, Creative Sweden Meeting Point

799 The International Council for Small Business (ICSB) Membership BenefitsMichael Battaglia1, Tom Cooney2, Don Bradley1

1icsb, 2ecsb

Creative EnvironmentsThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:30 Waterfront 33

734 Kiruna – a City in TransformationMarianne Nordmark, Kiruna Municipality

Thursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:30 World Trade Centre, Washington

118 Searching for truffles! Identifying, Creating and Developing Entrepreneurial OpportunitiesCatherine LEGER-JARNIOU1, Björn BJERKE2, Pegram HARRISON3, Agnieszka KURCZEWSKA4, Silke TEGTMEIER5

1Université Paris-Dauphine, 2Linnaeus University, 3University of Oxford, 4University of Lodz, 5Leuphana University of Lueneburg


793 Innovative environments and clusters – a discussion on the meeting of theory and practicePer Unckel1, Sang-Chul Park2, Ylva Williams3, Anette Scheibe-Lorentzi4

1County Board of Stockholm, 2Korea Polytechnic University and Gothenburg Univ, 3Stockholm Science City Foundation, 4Electrum Foundation and Kista Science City AB

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Thursday June 16, 2011 ,15:30-17:00 Waterfront, Creative Sweden Meeting Point

828 Creating the incubators of the future!Hans Henecke. Business Region Skåne


537 Exploring the learning challenge to small firms’ competency development. Towards a bottom-up aproach?Allan Gibb1, Caterina Berbenni-Rehm2, Carolina Björklund3, Carina Holmgren4, Anders Lundström5

1University of Durham Business School, 2CEO PROMIS@Service Sarl, 3Företagsakademin, 4Mälardalen University, CEO PEER, 5Mälardalen University, PEER


791 Promoting SME participation in R&D programmesUlla Hytti, ECSB

Sustainable Innovation, Entrepreneurship and GrowthThursday June 16, 2011, 13:30-15:30 Waterfront 32

831 SME development within the energy sector – driven by carbon-neutral issuesMichael Schilling, Sweden Energy


837 Financing entrepreneurship and SMEs and innovation in the EUPer.Ove Engelbrecht1, Matthias Ummenhofer2, Staffan Helgesson3

1DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission, 2Head Equity Fund Investments, European Investment Fund, 3General Partner, Creandum


832 Stockholm Royal Seaport – Driving Innovations for Future Energy SystemsMichael Schilling, Sweden Energy

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Gender and EntrepreneurshipThursday June 16, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 33

751 “If she can – so can I” – Role models as a strategy for increasing the number of women entrepreneursGunilla Thorstensson1, Julie Weeks2, Helene Ahl3, Camilla Wagner4, Henrietta Schönenstern§

1Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, 2Womenable, 3Encell, the National Centre for Lifelong Learning, 4Veckans affärer,

Special WorkshopThursday June 16, 2011, 17:15-18:45 Waterfront 33

834 The Bruce Kirchhoff Memorial SeminarÅsa Lindholm Dahlstrand1 and Elizabeth Garnsey2

1Halmstad University, 2Centre for Technology Management, University of Cambridge

Special WorkshopThursday June 16, 2011, 13.30-15.00 Waterfront Creative Sweden Meeting Point

Creative Sweden TourThis guided tour in the Creative Sweden Exhibition will show you the most creative and innovative parts of Sweden.

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Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship and InnovationFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 33

708 Establishing commercial spaceflight in Sweden – Spaceport Sweden as a platform for collaboration and innovation across creative industriesKarin Nilsdotter, Spaceport Sweden

Friday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 32

823 Entrepreneurship and Innovation in IndiaJay Mitra, University of Essex


742 Emerging Journalism Innovations and the Role of the AcademyMichelle Ferrier1, Gary Palin1, Lori Palin2

1Elon University, 2Social Entrepreneurship and Education Consortium


490 How do you REALLY grow an entrepreneurial ecosystem?Norris Krueger1, Helle Neergaard2, Malin Brannback3, Friederike Welter4, Karl Wennberg5

1Entrepreneurship Northwest, 2Aarhus University, 3Abo Akademi, 4Jonkoping International Business School, 5Stockholm School of Economics

Friday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront, Creative Sweden Meeting Point

514 Building Cross Disciplinary International Entrepreneurship/Innovation Programs Across Multiple UniversitiesR. Wilburn Clouse, WKU

Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 26

44 Assessing Your Organization’s Ethics ProfileMark Bebensee and Michael Alford, The Citadel


735 Workshop – The Role of Web 2.0 Applications in Social EntrepreneurshipGary Palin1, Haya Ajjan1, Lori Palin2

1Elon University, 2Social Entrepreneurship and Education Consortium

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798 Egypt: Back to the Future: The Entrepreneurial Mindset UnleashedAyman El Tarabishy1, Ashraf Sheta2, Amr Gohar2, Khalled Farrouk2

1ICSB, 2MCSBE

Creative EnvironmentsFriday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront 31

833 Knowledge intensive entrepreneurship: results from the AEGIS-EU projectFranco Malerba, KITeS Bocconi University

Friday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 World Trade Centre, Washington

836 Responding to the Economic Crisis: Small Business LessonsDaniel Kelly1, Septi Bukula2, Itsutomo Mitsui3, Christian Lister4

1Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Canada, 2Osiba Research CC, South Africa, 3Japan Academy of Small Business Studies, Japan, 4Genesis Initiative, UK

Friday June 17, 2011, 11:00-12:30 Waterfront, Creative Sweden Meeting Point

829 Does the Nordic model lead to more innovative and sustainable entrepreneurship and a more entrepreneurial and sustainable society? What do researchers, entrepreneurs, politicians think?Thomas Ekberg, Västra Götalandsregionen


830 Innovative Competence through Co-Production – Experience from the Knowledge FoundationOlle Vogel1, Dan Hjalmarsson2, Mikael Joki3, Magnus Wiktorsson4, Birgitta Öjmertz5, Per Frankelius6

1Knowledge Foundation, 2Growth Analysis, 3CEO Eskilstuna Elektronikpartner AB, 4Mälardalen University, 5Sverea IVF, 6Örebro University


375 The performance of incubators and incubateesMarkku Virtanen1, Tor Aase Johannessen2, Paul Louis Iske3, Galina Shirokova4

1Aalto University, School of Economics, 2Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, 3Maastricht University, 4St. Petersburg University

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Sustainable Innovation, Entrepreneurship and GrowthFriday June 17, 2011, 13:30-15:00 Waterfront 03

838 Microfinance for entrepreneurship developmentMonica Salgado Fernandez1, Ricardo Aguglia2, Karl Dayson3, Per.Ove Engelbrecht1

1Financing Innovation and SMEs, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission, 2European Investment Fund, 3University of Salford


469 ICSB Workshop Proposal: Cross-sector collaboration and opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation in weaker regions.Niall MacKenzie and Dylan Jones-Evans, University of Wales

GlobalizationFriday June 17, 2011, 15:30-17:00 Waterfront 26

825 IPREGAnders Lundström1, Peter Vikström1, David Storey2, Hans Crijns3, Mattias Fink, Javier Azin-Sanchez 1Growth Analysis, 2University of Sussex, 3Vlerick

Special WorkshopFriday June 17, 2011, 13.30-15.00 Waterfront Creative Sweden Meeting Point

Creative Sweden TourThis guided tour in the Creative Sweden Exhibition will show you the most creative and innovative parts of Sweden.

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Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship and InnovationSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 26

824 Policy Implications of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Findings in Middle East and North African CountriesSusan Joekes, IDRC, Middle East and North Africa Regional Office

Sustainable Innovation, Entrepreneurship and GrowthSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 33

337 The appropriate nature and extent of government intervention in supporting Entrepreneurship and InnovationLeora Rajak and Danielle Crouse, Enterpriseroom

Soci(et)al EntrepreneurshipSaturday June, 18, 09:00-10:30 Waterfront 32

626 The Sustainable Enterprise Continuum: Case Examples from a Croatian and Canadian Context with Application for Teaching and Further ResearchKyleen Myrah1 and Tina Lee Odinsky-Zec2

1Okanagan College, Kelowna, Canada, 2Zagreb School of Management, Zagreb, Croatia

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Posters

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Thursday, June 16, 17:15-18:45Friday, June 17, 17:15-18:45

Welcome to the Poster Area on Level 2!

There will be two timeslots for presentations during the conference. Presenters may choose to be there on one or on both occassions and present their work.

Michael Battaglia from ICSB International Office will manage the Poster sessions.The poster will be up during the whole conference.

53 Implementing the “Be an Entrepreneur” Program in Schools in Catalonia. Lessons learned and future developmentsOscar Sanchez and Jordi Naval, Fundació Escola Emprenedors

65 Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economy: a Case of TaiwanAmy L. Y. Wong1, Mary Pang2, Ken Kamoche3, Graham Shaw2

1Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HK, 2City University of Hong Kong, HK, 3University of Nottingham Trent, UK

126 Cooperation and Innovation in Scandinavian SMEsSherry Robinson1 and Hans Anton Stubberud2

1Penn State University, Buskerud University College, 2Buskerud University College

137 Formation and analysis of a multi-disciplinary Enterprise School for PhD and postdoctoral researchers in North West EnglandRobert Phillips, University of Manchester

174 IMAGEEN Improvement of Methodologies and Governance of European Entreprenurship NetworkWilliam Carslaw, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce Group

197 A Photo Presentation on the Indeginious Society of Kalash and Its Entrepreneurial PerspectiveHaroon Dawood1, Iqbal M. Khan2, Sana Jaleel Mela3

1Sure Entrepreneurship Development Institute Lahore, Pakistan, 2Lahore School of Economics, 3University of Managemnet and Technology Lahore, Pakistan

212 Creating Intrapreneurial Culture for Technological Innovation – A Case Study of Nitttr ChandigarhDhruv Dev Sharma, National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research, Chandigarh, India

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213 The Study of Incubators, Clusters & Innovation in Culture Industry: The case study of Great Nanhai Cultural Living Circles, Taipei CityYen-Dan Lin and Chao-Shiang Li Humanities and Arts College of National Taipei University of Education

238 Determinants of works council’s establishment in family firms – a theoretical and empirical analysis -Petra Moog1 and Nadine Schloemer2

1Siegen University, 2IfM Bonn

262 From Interaction to Organization – A communication science based view on EntrepreneurshipBritta Maria Gossel, Ilmenau University of Technology

265 Green Entrepreneurship Innovation in Self-Organising Ecological System Natural resource Base Sustainabilty and StabilityEnongene Metuge, International non-affiliate member

272 Awarness of innovative business creation from a professional approach: the case of master’s degree students in sciences and technology at Mohammedia UniversityAzzedine Tounés1 and Latifa Horr2

1Chambery Business School, 2University Mohammed V

336 An Exploration of the Impact of Digital Media Technology on Media Access RightsChia-Jung Chung and Chih-Kai Chen NTUE, Graduate Dept. of Cultural and Creative Industries Management

339 Taxonomy of busienss strategy: the analysis of Chinese SMEs’ business strategies in the global environmentK. F. Chan, Theresa Lau, Dennis Tung, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

343 Effect of IT based information systems on closure rates in self-employment: Korean CaseSoonae Jin, Geumjae Jo, Yongwoong Hong, Small Enterprise Development Agency

357 Life and Leisure Industry Development in Taiwan: Five Case StudiesHuang Lan-I, Wang Yen-Wen, Hsueh Jen-Tzu, Industrial Technology Research Institute

360 An Evaluation Model for SMEs Innovation Capability of the Empirical Results in TaiwanHuang Lan-I, Wang Yen-Wen, Chen Tse-Jung, Industrial Technology Research Institute

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376 A Study of Relationships among Creative Personality, entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial attitude of Technical Institute’s Hospitality Management Students in TaiwanYu-Fen Chen1, Tien-Lung Yang, Chen-Mei, Li1Affiliation

382 Researching Entrepreneurship over the Last Decade: A Challenge for the 21st CenturyYounghwan Kim and Taeyong Yang, KAIST

442 Modules to Foster InnovationJose M. Romaguera, Jose A. Cruz, Luis A. Santini, ICSBPR&C

479 Successful Small Business and Entrepreneurial Women in Puerto Rico: What do they have in common? Back to basics.Zulma Quiñones Rivera-Howell1, Caroline Ayala1, Sulmarie Morales2

1Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán, 2Inter American University of Puerto Rico-Sn Germán

480 Successful Small Business and Entrepreneurial Women in Puerto Rico: What do they have in common? (A report of a research study)Zulma Quiñones Rivera-Howell, Caroline Ayala, Sulmarie Morales Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

481 Entrepreneurship in Knowledge-Based Society: A Value-Creation PerspectiveMajid Aramand, LGC School of Global Business, Hannam University

487 Economic Impact Assessment of the government-led new venture firm certification policySenghwan Oh1, Youngkyu Kim1, Chae Yoon Lim2, Jeong-Dong Lee1

1Seoul National University, 2Science and Technology Policy Institute

570 The effect of financing to new venture growthMaria von Busch, Aalto Univeristy (Helsinki School of Economics), Finland

620 INTERACTIVE CRM as important component of the PROSPERITY programZoltán Dr. Árvay, Lauren Consulting

641 In Globalization condition the problems of attracting of foreign investment to development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in AzerbaijanRuslan Atakishiyev, Researcher of Azerbaijan State Economic University

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686 Unleashing enterprising creativity through novel pedagogyPer Blenker, Steffen Korsgaard, Helle Neergaard, Claus Thrane, Aarhus University

754 We Learn By Doing: A Student’s Perspective on Experiential LearningMaeghan Smulders and Kalinga Jagoda, Mount Royal University

816 Solander Science ParkJohan Hedin, SSP

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DoctoralConsortium

Young researcher’s writing workshop

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Doctoral ConsortiumDate: June, 15 Time: 09.00-18.00Room: Waterfront 02

Organizers and chairs:Helle Neergaard, University of AarhusHans Landström, Lund University

Chairs:Per Blenker, University of AarhusPaula Kyrö, Aalto University School of EconomicsClaire Massey, Massey UniversityBengt Johannission, Jönköping International Business School and Linneaus Univ.Norris Krueger, Entrepreneurship Northwest

Young researcher’s writing workshopDate: June, 17 Time: 17.15-18.45Room: World Trade Center, Washington

Organizers:Prof. Dr. Friederike Welter , Jönköping UniversityAssociate Professor Luca Iandoli, University of Naples II

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Specialmeetings

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MeetingsICSB Board MeetingTime: 9.00-17.00Date: June 15, 2011Room: Waterfront 24-25For ICSB members only

ICSB Board MeetingTime: 14.00-18.00Date: June 18, 2011Room: Waterfront 24-25For ICSB members only

Wilford White FellowsTime: 15.30-17.00Date: June 17, 2011Room: Waterfront 32 For Wilford White Fellows only

International Small Business Congress Board MeetingTime: 16.00-18.00Date: June 15, 2011Room: Waterfront 27For ISBC members only

Caucus MeetingTime: 13.30-16.30Date: June 16, 2011Room: World Trade Center, Sydney

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Special meetings


ECSB - Coffee for new and old membersTime: 10.30-11.00Date: June 18, 2011Room: Waterfront Creative Sweden Meeting Point

As a European delegate at the conference, you will be a member of the ECSB. Make yourself acquainted with the ECSB over coffee, at the Creative Sweden Meeting Point.

ICSB - The International Council for Small Business (ICSB) Membership Benefits Time: 17.15-18.45Date: June 16, 2011Room: Waterfront, Creative Sweden Meeting Point

Find out more about the ICSB membership benefits. ICSB President-Elect and ECSB President will be present for the discussion.

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Abstracts

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Encouraging the Creation of University Spin-offs in Southern Europe: An Analysis of the Incubation Strategies Developed by Public Universities in Andalucía


Author(s): University/organisation: Email:

Aceytuno, María-Teresa University of Huelva (Spain) [email protected]

Cáceres, F. Rafael University of Seville (Spain) [email protected]

This communication analyzes the incubation strategies that the uni-versities of Andalusia – a relatively low-income region in the South of Spain–are developing to promote the creation of university spin-offs. We compare them to the incubation models identified in the litera-ture by Clarysse et al. (2005). Our results show that the features of incubation strategies are characteristic of more than one model and most of the strategies are characterized by a lack of resources and/or competences. Given that the analyzed strategies do not fit the typology developed by Clarysse et al., we propose that they could be considered as a pre-strategic stage of the academic spin-off incubation strategies.

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Biotech in Belgium: Sustainable Growth or Friendly Takeover?



Segers, Jean-Pierre PHL University College [email protected]

Biotechnology in Belgium developed over the years into strong region-al clusters of new biotechnology firms with growing (international) success and a large number of strategic (technology) partnerships. The regional biocluster models in Flanders and Wallonia are offering an umbrella for a sufficient amount a time for the Belgian NBFs to make it through to stages in their (technological) life cycle. However, most of the Belgian NBFs reviewed are unlikely to become fully integrated pharmaceutical companies. They rely heavily on partnerships and milestone payments. Seven cases of Belgian NBFs are presented.

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Ten cases of entrepreneurial Organizations from Europe and South America: Growth Opportunities and Challenges



Strocchia Lopez, Marisela Sheridan Institite of Technology

[email protected]

Ahlström Söderling, Ragnar Lind University [email protected]

Bivona, Enzo University of Palermo [email protected]

Bianchi, Carmine University of Palermo carmine.bianchi @unipa.it

Dyner, Isaac Universidad Nacional de Colombia

[email protected]

Galan, Liliana Universidad de La Plata [email protected]

Winch, Graham Plymouth University [email protected]

Regardless of location SMEs adapt more easily to changes in the environment due to their manageable size.

European and South American organizations had same drivers for growth:

Stagnant or falling sales,

Attract new funding,

New international opportunities.

Focusing only in a determined growth strategy –growing by market penetration, introducing a new product or developing a new market is not enough to succeed. Factors such as marketing strategy, leadership, regulations, and resourcing have as much influence as choosing an appropriate growth strategy. It is required an institutional framework for efficient functioning of entrepreneur organizations, accessibility to training, resources and support services.

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Small and Medium Enterprises Development for Wealth Creation, Nigeria Perspectives



Olapojoye, Alade Oyeladun

Most of the countries of the world has suffered so much neglect of their small and medium scale enterprise development and this has resulted into catalogue of economic problems for the country and citizenry.

This scope of this paper is to examine the development of this phe-nomenon small and medium scale enterprises and how their successes can have positive impact on economy how to let loose the spirit of enterprise development for wealth creation.

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Access to knowledge and the necessity to be extraverted: the case of SMEs CEOs in TechnicVallée.



Geraudel, Mickael Montpellier Business School [email protected]

The literature on knowledge absorption proposes a model to analyze a firm’s ability to acquire external resources. Small businesses suffer from a lack of resources and especially knowledge. The actions and networks of the CEO of an SME in their locality will play a key role in their capacity to innovate in their companies. Based on a sample of 106 CEOs of SMEs situated in the Arve Valley in France, the extra-version of CEO is a predictor of access to knowledge. It is concluded that managers should be oriented towards the environment even if it is against their own nature.

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Lessons for the future: Entrepreneurial Discovery and Asian Entrepreneurship in the UK



Dhaliwal, Spinder University of Surrey [email protected]

Deakins, David New Zealand Centre for SME Research, Massey University

[email protected]

High growth Asian entrepreneurial success, in the UK, has been a phenomenon that has been well documented. A traditional approach to this phenomenon has been to see the success from the perspectives of resource acquisition, industrial sector-based and contextualised by the environment. In this paper we argue that an alternative ap-proach based on the lens of entrepreneurial discovery and opportunity recognition, provides more appropriate insights into the nature of Asia entrepreneurship. Having unique access to high growth Asian entrepreneurs, we report on the case analysis of eleven high growth Asian entrepreneurs through the lens of entrepreneurial discovery. We conclude that the study of high growth Asian entrepreneurship offers a new perspective on contextualising entrepreneurial discovery, provid-ing a greater understanding of this phenomenon.

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Intellectual Capital in The Enterprises And A Model Study in An Industrial Zone



Kendirli, Selcuk Hitit University [email protected]

Kilic, Sabiha Hitit University [email protected]

Kendirli, Hulya Cagiran Hitit University [email protected]

Tuna, Muharrem Gazi University [email protected]

The study mainly consists of two parts. The first part includes of theoretical knowledge, the second part includes application-oriented information.

In the theoretical part of the study, intellectual capital and SMEs are emphasized in general. In the study’s application-oriented part, a field research will be done for Corum SME. In this study, the demographic structure of Çorum SMEs, intellectual capital structure and financial performance of this structure related to the reflection of a field re-search will be done. The resulting data will be analyzed in this context. The businesses operating in Çorum Organized Industrial Zone and matching to the definition of SME will be taken in to the research scope. Surveys will be applied by interweavers face to face and each survey will be evaluated individually. After the evaluation, a model will be proposed.

The aim of our study is to evaluate the relationship between compo-nents of intellectual capital in SMEs and the business performance. For this reason, a survey will be conducted for SMEs.

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Advancing immigrant minority entrepreneurship: What really matters, perception or actuality?



de Vries, Huibert Peter University of Canterbury [email protected]

This research considers the importance of immigrant entrepreneurs’ perceptions of their surroundings to their entrepreneurial behaviours. By building on recent research on behavioural patterns of minor-ity immigrant groups this study undertakes a deeper examination of the issues faced by immigrant entrepreneurs with respect to percep-tion and actuality. The study identified that engagement was more prominent than perception as a facilitator of entrepreneurial activities. However, in practice any promotion of entrepreneurial activity by receiving country agencies should consider the issue of perception as an influencer of immigrant entrepreneur’s behaviours, especially in the settlement phase of their entrepreneurial experience.

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Entrepreneurship Development Process among Women: A Critical Study



Singh, Rashmi Indian Agricultural Resaerch Institute, New Delhi

[email protected]

The research paper discusses the various factors in the whole process of entrepreneurship development among women Research design was Ex- post facto with a sample size of 206 women entrepreneurs based in and around Delhi, India. Personal interviews through a structured schedule yielded data. Thematic Apperception Test and Personal Entrepreneurial Competence instrument were also administered. Women entrepreneurs were compared by categorizing them as low profit earners (LPE) and high profit earners (HPE). It is her psychologi-cal makeup which proves to be the mobilizer, she capitalizes on the facilitative factors present around her in social environment, doggedly pursues her aspirations in the face of inhibitive factors and ultimately reaches her dream of economic independence and achieves desired social status. The definition of entrepreneurial performance for women entrepreneurs was predominated by social parameters. They were found to possess good entrepreneurial competence. Slight differences were found between HPE and LPE in terms of some of the thirteen traits assessed.

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Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention and Behaviour of Different Age Groups: A Life Span Cognitive Behavioural Analysis



Karim, Mohammed Shamsul Aston University [email protected]

Hart, Mark Aston University [email protected]

Empirical evidence shows that age has significant influence on entre-preneurial intention and activity. Individuals’ cognitive conditions develop through their lifespan following the ontogenetic and evolu-tionary principles. As a result, factors influencing age related biologi-cal and socialisation process influence economic and other decision making of individuals. However, existing psychological theories used in entrepreneurship (e.g. Theory of Planned Behaviour) consider similar cognitive condition for all individual irrespective to their age groups. Based on the cognitive life span theory (Blates et.el., 1980) we analysed the influence of crystallised intelligence and fluid intelligence of three age groups – young adult, older adult and older age groups. We identified that the balances of two kinds of intelligence for entre-preneurial intention and activity are different at different stages of life span. Our analysis complements the existing entrepreneurial behaviour literature and discusses the potential implication for promoting entre-preneurial career choice.

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Addressing Issues of Job Quality in Micro & Small Enterprises



Joshi, Gopal International Labour Organization, Geneva [email protected]

Background & Problem Statement. Job Quality (JQ) in small enter-prises has been challenging due to several reasons, including lack of awareness and resources among small enterprises (SEs) and nature of their linkages to larger enterprises. In pursuit of competitiveness, link-ages along the value chain have witnessed variations in the levels of JQ. Current financial crisis has further exacerbated the situation.

Approach/method(s) used. Various country cases and survey results have been generated within and outside the ILO. They are being re-viewed to identify the issues required to be addressed in linking JQ to productivity enhancement.

Results. The ILO JQ studies in 2001 have revealed that overall em-ployment status and social protection remain the important issues in its Member States (mostly developing countries) besides dismal work-ing conditions and the huge skills deficit upon entry to the jobs.

Conclusion(s). The paper provides the aspects of JQ that need to be further examined to link its improvement to economic benefits in terms of higher productivity.

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Relational Competence as a Determinant of Knowledge Transfer within Intra-Family Succession



Hatak, Isabella Institute for Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria

[email protected]

Roessl, Dietmar Institute for Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria

[email protected]

In the course of succession there is a high risk that knowledge embed-ded in the predecessor leaves the organization. Due to their informal organization structures and the associated relevance of tacit knowl-edge, the knowledge transfer poses a major challenge for family firms. This paper discusses the challenges of knowledge management within intra-family succession processes of small and medium sized fam-ily firms against the background of the knowledge-based view. As a knowledge transfer is crucial for a successful business continuation, factors that promote the interpersonal knowledge transfer are identi-fied. Since the quality of the relationship between successor and prede-cessor is considered a key determinant of knowledge transfer, the role of relational competence in the knowledge transfer process is analyzed. A laboratory experiment has been conducted in order to test the de-rived hypotheses. In its conclusion, the paper presents the empirically confirmed correlation between relational competence and knowledge transfer within intra-family succession.

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Three Legal Challenges for Small U.S. Businesses that Expand Internationally



Pearce II, John A. Villanova University [email protected]

Cohen, Neal White and Case LLP

Small businesses incorporated in the United States face special legal challenges when they undertake to expand internationally. To avoid violations of American law that can result in heavy fines, individual imprisonment, and sanctions that can force the closing of a business, it is essential that each multinational business have a thorough under-standing of the legal requirements that they face. This paper updates three of the most impinging legal challenges: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, The Alien Tort Claims Act, and embargos.

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Entrepreneurial Creation of Social Value: The Basement for Postcrisis Recovery



Svirina, Anna Kazan State Technical University [email protected]

The paper examines the possibility of entrepreneurial socia value creation regulation taking into consideration that nature of entrepre-neurial activity is social. Existing research on the issue of CSR and social entrepreneurship is overviewed in order to prove social nature of entrepreneurial activity. Then fractal theory based framework for measurement of social valued created by entrepreneur is suggested. On the basis of measured social value some mechanisms for social value creation regulation are introduced, and it is suggested that use of those regulation mechanisms would allow to build a basement for sustain-able development in post crisis period using entrepreneurial intention to create positive social value.

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Assessing Business Enabling Environments: How Gender Changes the Equation


Author: Organisation: Email:

Weeks, Julie R. Womenable [email protected]

There is growing agreement that macro-economic policy alone cannot ensure small business development. Rather, macro-, meso- and micro-enterprise policies should be better integrated, and a more holistic view of the “business enabling environment” (BEE) considered. To-ward that end, several BEE assessments have been developed over the past decade. None, however, considers the gender implications of busi-ness policies, nor the unique legal and cultural constraints frequently faced by women entrepreneurs. To address this shortcoming, several “engendered” BEE assessments have been developed in recent years. Their differing approaches are discussed in this paper. Each has un-covered factors limiting the growth of women-owned enterprises that would have remained undiscovered in a “gender-neutral” BEE assess-ment. Gender-aware BEE assessments can thus lead to more effective policies and programs supporting women’s enterprise development.

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The Entrepreneurial life course of men and women



Wennberg, Karl [email protected]

This paper presents a perspective on entrepreneurship that integrates life course theory and capital theory to derive predictions for how hu-man, social and cultural capital interacts with life course events, shap-ing the likelihood of entrepreneurial entry and exit. The predictions are tested on a random sample whose life courses are reconstructed using archival data. Results provide strong support for our model and suggest a more dynamic view of the entrepreneurial process than is offered by capital theory. Our model challenges the view of entrepre-neurship as an occupational choice driven by the rational decisions of individuals to exploit their human capital.

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16Submission ID: 34


A longitudinal analysis of entrepreneurship variation in small (informal) business sustainability in South Africa, 2007–2010



Ligthelm, André University of South Africa [email protected]

The objective of the study was to investigate the magnitude and reasons of small informal business survival and growth in a competi-tive environment in South Africa. A longitudinal study (2007–2010) shows an attrition rate of 55% among a panel of small businesses es-tablished in 2007. Although a regression analysis confirms the strong predictive value of the human element in small business survival, entrepreneurship variation largely dictates the survival and growth potential of small businesses. Support strategies should be selective and target only businesses with inherent entrepreneurial acumen.

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Improving Entrepreneurial Competency in Low-income Segments. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Development Agencies



Diaz-Pichardo, Rene Ciidir-Ipn Unidad Oaxaca [email protected]

Gutierrez-Garza, Nicolas Tecnologico De Monterrey [email protected]

Arriaga-Muzquiz, Juan Aceleradora De Negocios Egade

[email protected]

Entrepreneurship development has been seen as a route towards eco-nomic vitality and poverty reduction in emerging economies. Micro-enterprises, with less than ten employees, are responsible for most new jobs in those economies. Unfortunately, entrepreneurs belonging to low-income segments frequently lack of enough entrepreneurial competency to survive and grow up. This research aims to evaluate the impact of entrepreneurial development agencies on performance of business organizations at the base of the pyramid with the mediat-ing effect of entrepreneurial competency, particularly, entrepreneurial and market orientations. Structural equation modeling with survey data from enterprises participating in an entrepreneurship education process in Mexico confirm a positive and significant impact of entre-preneurial development agencies on performance, with the mediating effect of entrepreneurial competency, specifically, market-product in-novation and market orientation.

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16Submission ID: 38


Regional Influences on the Emergence of Family and Non-Family Businesses



Bird, Miriam Stockholm School of Economics [email protected]

Wennberg, Karl Stockholm School of Economics [email protected]

This paper integrates insights from economic geography and organiza-tional ecology to the entrepreneurship field by constructing a theoreti-cal framework that theorizes how the regional bed for start-ups may affect family firms and non-family firms in differential ways. Using a rich multi-level data set, we investigate how characteristics of the eco-nomic milieu of regions influence firm births. We find that economic factors such as regional wealth and number of children born strongly affect the number of start-ups of non-family firms. However, the num-ber family start-ups is more strongly tied to the level of small business-es and the political regulatory regime within the municipality. Taken together, our findings indicate that family start-ups are more suscep-tible to the local non-economic context than non-family start-ups.

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Attitudes Towards Future Career Choice



Solesvik, Marina Stord/Haugesund University College, Stavanger Center for Innovation ResearchUniversity of Stavanger

[email protected]

This paper is an explorative research study aimed to investigate inten-tions to become an entrepreneur among Ukrainian students. The study draws on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), self-efficacy theory and risk taking research. The empirical data of this study are derived from a survey conducted at three universities in Ukraine in 2007. Principal component analysis and hierarchical regression techniques were used to analyze data received. The results suggest the capability of the theory of planned behavior to explain variance in the intention to become an entrepreneur. However, the study did not find a support for the extension of these models by other constructs related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, risk-taking.

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Innovation Management and Commercialisation in Small Firms: A Study of OECD Countries


Author(s): University/Organisation: Email:

Mazzarol, Tim University of Western Australia [email protected]

Reboud, Sophie Burgundy School of Business [email protected]

Soutar, Geoffrey N. University of Western Australia [email protected]

This study examines the nature of innovation within small firms across several OECD countries with a particular focus on the relation-ship between formality of the firm’s commercialisation management systems, and the level of R&D intensity. Drawing on a sample of small to medium enterprises (SME) who were engaged in the commercialisa-tion of at least one innovation, the study finds that the issue of innova-tion management in such firms is complex with formality influencing growth in different ways. The findings have implications for both government policy makers and academic researchers.

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Innovation Management and Commercialisation in Small Firms: A Study of Low and High R&D Intensity Firms from Australia and France





This study examines the nature of innovation within small firms across two OECD countries with a particular focus on the differences between firms with low R&D intensity and those with high R&D intensity. Drawing on a sample of small to medium enterprises (SME) who were engaged in the commercialisation of at least one innovation, the study finds that while most OECD countries appear to be seeking to provide similar levels of support for innovation and commercialisa-tion within SMEs such programs need to address the needs of both high and low to mid-tech firms.

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Coaching Liberal Professionals in the Start-up Phase – What Influences its Effectiveness?



Seebe, Irmela Berlin School of Economics and Law

[email protected]

Scheiner, Christian W. University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

[email protected]

Voigt, Kai-Ingo University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

[email protected]

Within the last ten years an increasing amount of publications can be registered within the field of coaching research. Numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of coaching as an instrument to support the personal and professional development of individuals. Audet & Couteret (2005), however, argue that coaching research is still at the beginning. Especially the research on coaching in liberal professions has been widely neglected in scientific research. Within this study in-fluential factors on the effectiveness of coaching in liberal professions during the pre-start-up and start-up phase are identified and analysed.

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A Guide for Developing a process for Managing Workplace Ethics in the Small and Medium Enterprise



Alford, J. Michael School of Business Administration, The Citadel

[email protected]

Bebensee, Mark A. School of Business Administration, The Citadel

[email protected]

The many breaches of ethical conduct and violation of laws by high-profile executives that have been reported in recent years have focused attention on the way firms manage business ethics and company val-ues. The role of ethics management in small and medium enterprises has been overshadowed by the headlines describing the situations of the larger firms. It should be evident from the fact that over ninety per cent of firms in the United States fall into the small or medium size category that there is a need for attention to the activities in the ethics area on the part of the smaller firms. As reported below, more atten-tion is being paid to the importance of managing the ethics process in the small and medium firms. This paper identifies some of the current criticisms of business ethics practices, as well as the bottom-line bene-fits and other benefits of actively managing the business ethics process. Recommendations are then made for practical approaches to develop-ing a program for the management of that process and establishing a formal a code of ethics.

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Workshop: Assessing Your Company’s Ethics Profile



Alford, J. Michael School of Business Administration, The Citadel

[email protected]

Bebensee, Mark A. School of Business Administration, The Citadel

[email protected]

The workshop leaders will provide background on the role of ethical practices in the organization, explain the process for the conduct of the workshop and then invite the participants to evaluate their own organizations. The individual assessments will be reviewed by com-bining the results from each participant into an aggregate assessment across all participants. This will allow the participants to determine how their own assessment compares with others while retaining their own results. This in turn, provides a basis for utilization by the par-ticipants in conducting the workshop in their own organization or in a classroom setting. Permission is given for all participants to use the in-strument in a nonprofit or educational setting. The areas assessed are: Organizational Values, Leadership, Communication of Ethics, Assess-ing the Ethical Climate, Ethics Education/Training, Organizational Support, and Ethical Customer Relations.

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16Submission ID: 49


Inter-organizational supporting services: The case study of Moroccan food retailing and small producers of fresh product



Sabri, Rhita ERFI - Université Montpellier 1 [email protected]

Marjane Holding, one of the great actors of Moroccan food retailing, developed supply channels. It enabled the support of small producers and contributed to the social and economic development of Moroccan farmers and stockbreeders. Our research is interested in exploring a new form of inter-organizational supporting services.

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Client Perceptions of a Women-focused Small Business Program



Orser, Barbara University of Ottawa [email protected]

This study examines the motives of 212 clients of a Canadian women-focused, small business training agency and perceived differences between women-focused and other small business advisory agencies. The study informs about the complex nature of social capital and helps to define ‘feminine ethics of care’ within the SME training con-text. Some respondents spoke about formal means of acquiring skills – professional development or training – while others were interested in informal, personalized approaches such as receiving advice from experienced business owners or staff. Finding suggests the need to de-velop program evaluation diagnostics that reflect women’s voices, such as those captured in the study’s observations.

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Constructing capabilities – a framework for small firms



Hine, Damian University of Queensland [email protected]

Parker, Rachel Queensland University of Technology

[email protected]

Verreynne, Martie-Louise University of Queensland [email protected]

Change is inevitable in all markets, and the capability to build other capabilities remains important for all firms, regardless of size, or sec-tor. Although change matters, the reality for small firms depends upon the velocity of the markets in which they operate. Building on the literature on dynamic capabilities and capability building, we posit a conceptual framework with capabilities as a latent construct, defined by four dimensions; Predominant resources; patterns/routines; focus of learning tasks; and competitive outlook. These dimensions are a func-tion of both market velocity and internal rate of change.

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Born Lucky? A Study of the Birthdates and Ages of Paradigm-Shifting Entrepreneurs



Lange, Julian Babson College [email protected]

Marram, Edward Babson College [email protected]

Murphy, Ian Babson College [email protected]

Marquis, Joel Babson College [email protected]

Bygrave, William Babson College [email protected]

We studied the age of entrepreneurs at the time when they started companies that made significant contributions to the birth and growth of the micro/personal computer industry; we also looked at their birth-dates. The main reason for our study was to test Gladwell’s hypothesis that paradigm changers in that industry were born between 1953 and 1955 and were under 25 years old or younger when they started their ventures. In contrast to Gladwell’s sample of just two compa-nies, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems, and the six entrepreneurs who founded them, our data set comprised 45 companies and 62 entrepre-neurs. Unlike Gladwells’s six entrepreneurs, all of whom were born between 1953 and 1955, our 62 entrepreneurs, including the Gladwell six, were born between 1929 and 1955 and their average age when they started their ventures was 34.

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Poster: 2 Goals with one shot: Promoting entrepreneurship among students in secondary school can beat academic failure and increase future employment chances



Naval, Jordi Fundació Escola Emprenedors [email protected]

Sánchez, Oscar Fundació Escola Emprenedors [email protected]

Kidd-Hewitt, Paul Fundació Escola Emprenedors

Damas, Audrey Fundació Escola Emprenedors

The Foundation Escola Emprenedors, in collaboration with the De-partment of Education of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, has created the “Be an Entrepreneur” program, as a means to system-atically promote entrepreneurial spirit among students in secondary schools.

We think that implementing the Be an Entrepreneur program in Sec-ondary School in Catalonia has been a success. Students learned the basics of creating projects of their own, increased their self-esteem, learned communication skills while improving their English level, in a dynamic and constructive environment. All the students participated in the activity, thus demonstrating its widespread application. Teach-ers showed a high degree of satisfaction with the activity. Plans are in progress to extend this program to more schools in Catalonia, and authors are open to help expand the experience to other countries.

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16Submission ID: 55


Innovation environments and technological inequalities: the importance of a country and specialization effect



Gumbau-Albert, Mercedes University of Valencia [email protected]

Maudos-Villarroya, Joaquin Ivie and University of Valencia [email protected]

Using the EU-KLEMS database we can see the evolution of inequali-ties between different innovation environments from EU countries and USA. We use a shift-share analysis to break down the inequalities so that the importance of either a country effect or a specialization effect is quantified. The results show a technological gap for some environ-ments linked to the greater accumulation of technological capital in most productive sectors considered, however, we find a change in productive specialization explained by a greater fall in the weight of lower technology-intensive sectors in some economies, as well as a greater fall in the weight of some medium technology intensive sectors in other economies, accounting for the reduction of the existing tech-nological gap between different innovation environments.

This work contributes to the economic literature in these respects: first, the use of a new database, that is the EU-Klems database. And second, it applies a methodology (shiftshare analysis) not previously used in the field of technological innovation to quantify the brunt of the sectoral and spatial characteristics in explaining differences be-tween different innovation environments.

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Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification: A Motivation-based Cognitive Approach



Ko, Stephen The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Prior research has shown that cognition enables entrepreneurial opportunity identification, but a motivation-based cognitive approach, which could lead to a better understanding of what differentiates novelty-seekers from others, has received little attention in the en-trepreneurship literature. Drawing from cognitive theory, this study examines the relationships among need for cognition, alertness and entrepreneurial opportunity identification in a mail survey of 197 technology-based entrepreneurs in Hong Kong, China. Results indicate that need for cognition relates positively to entrepreneurial opportuni-ty identification, but that alertness mediates this relationship. Implica-tions for research and practice are also discussed.

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Tracking growth in born globals with low technology and wide customer base



Pandey, Sharadindu Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida India

[email protected]

Majority of the articles discuss the drivers and mechanism of born global firm, but the difference between high tech and low tech born globals is the area less explored yet. The present study attempts to address this gap. The study adopts multiple case analysis approach. Three companies participated in the study. One is soya bean oil producer, second is a sugar company and third is a food company. All companies use low technology production process. All of these companies opted for early internationalization. They were successfully able to build strategic assets, developed high margin business model together with filling up the needs of bottom of pyramid customers and thus creating high social impact.

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Viability of Social Enterprises: A Critical Perspective



Ko, Stephen The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Wong, Ken The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Prior research has examined the emergence and development of social enterprises by focusing on the functional values of social enterprises, but it has ignored the perception of stakeholders on one single, stricken social enterprise, and how negative responses arising from this particular enterprise can spread to other social enterprises. Drawing from the social categorization theory, we develop a model that outlines how a violation of the legitimacy of a single social enterprise results in a bad perception of this stricken enterprise, and which in turn evokes negative responses from stakeholders. Then stakeholders are likely to further conclude that other social enterprises may have similar problems. As a result, they spread their negative responses to other social enterprises as the initially stricken enterprise. These negative consequences can seriously damage a social enterprise and threaten vi-ability of other social enterprises as well. Implications for research and practice are also discussed.

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Family Enterprise



Rahman, Mijanur Bangladesh Krishi Bank [email protected]

This paper proposes Family Enterprise as a means of Enterprising through promoting Familipreneurship for sustainable Poverty Re-duction, Employment Generation and Economic Growth. Familipre-neurship means entrepreneurship of a family gained through Family Environment; it’s a way of life lived through as a Family. Family is the ultimate institution of mankind and is always sustainable as an eco-nomic unit. History started from the family, one has to go back to the family to go back to the future. This paper proposes Familipreneurship Education for Enterprising and urges continuous empirical study on Familipreneurship to capture its salient features and dimensionalities for replication.

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16Submission ID: 65


Poster: Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economy: a Case of Taiwan



Wong, Amy L. Y. Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HK [email protected]

Pang, Mary City University of Hong Kong, HK [email protected]

Kamoche, Ken University of Nottingham Trent, UK [email protected]

Shaw, Graham City University of Hong Kong, HK [email protected]

We use social capital theory to study the rise of entrepreneurs in Tai-wan. We describe how Taiwan’s unique social and economic condi-tions plus traditional Chinese values have influenced the growth of its entrepreneur class. A case-study approach with thematic analysis was used to study thirty-five Taiwan Chinese entrepreneurs. We explored how network ties, relational trust and cultural values worked together to help network members engage in interaction, exchange, mutual support and sharing. We argue that this process has been a key driving force in the economic development of Taiwan, making it one of South East Asia’s industrial power houses.

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Civility: Old Idea — New Imperative For The SME



Desman, Robert Kennesaw State University [email protected]

Small, medium and micro enterprises cannot begin to compete with their larger counterparts on their financial strength alone. They must look to their size, simplicity, and flexibility for competitive advantage. An area that begs for consideration is “civility.” In a world that is becoming progressively less civil, the less-than-large firm can create a refuge from incivility by inoculating the organization with “the golden rule.” Less expensive to implement than other initiatives, such a move can benefit the firm by reducing the costs associated with workplace stress and increasing sales by providing distinctive customer service.

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The Effects of Innovative Capatilities and Technological Entrepreneurhship of Korean Small and Medium-sized Enterprises on Performance of Technology Management



Yoon, Heon Deok Soongsil University [email protected]

Seo, Ribin Soongsil University [email protected]

The effective managerial system of technological innovation is a critical issue to promote sustainable growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study is to confirm the core factors of innovative capabilities and technological entrepreneurship affecting performances of technology and business management of technologi-cal innovation-type firms (INNO-BIZ) in Korea. The management of technology requires them to consider the complex natures of techno-logical innovations influenced by multidimensional factors. Through empirical analysis, the research results imply technology-intensive firms should periodically evaluate the performance of technology management which are the output of technological innovations as well as the reinvestment for ultimate business success. In addition, improv-ing and developing innovative capabilities and technological entrepre-neurship is required in order to continuously and consistently invest resources and supports. These are the crucial methods for securing technological competitiveness of SMEs with less resources and narrow innovation scale.

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Kalash Indigenous Entrepreneurship and the Question of Sustainable Economic Development



Khan, Iqbal M. Lahore School of Economics Lahore, Pakistan

[email protected]

Humair, Salal Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health

[email protected]

This paper examines the cultural determinants of indigenous entrepre-neurship among the Kalash community. This is one of the most color-ful Indigenous Community of Pakistan. The Purpose of studying en-trepreneurship in indigenous peoples is to discover how to help them overcome their isolation and vulnerability in a sustainable manner. Therefore a ‘second wave’ of development needs to be launched and make these communities self-sustaining, and empower them to become entrepreneur which is the path to self-sustainability. It was centuries of mistrust and denial of rights that they confined themselves to a closed communal living, in their remote mountains. They are jealously possessive of their environment and heritage. They lack the courage to open up to the mainstream population and are an un-ambitious soci-ety. The paper concludes with new a concept of developing a practical economy for a sustainable economic development through education and vocational training. This will serve as a first step towards indig-enous entrepreneurship of the Kalash community.

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In Search of the ‘SME Ordinaire’ – Towards a Taxonomy





Clark, Delwyn University of Waikato [email protected]

The majority of businesses within most economies are small to me-dium sized enterprises (SMEs). Academic and policy interest in SMEs has expanded over the past thirty years with small business research forming an important part of the development of entrepreneurship as a field of inquiry. However, much of the recent focus of small business research has been towards what might be described as a “high church” view, embracing the entrepreneurial SMEs that are high-tech, high growth “Gazelle” or “Born Global” firms, often supported by venture capital financing. This paper focuses on the “low church” view of mainstream SMEs and seeks to develop taxonomy for the classification of what we shall call the “SME Ordinaire”. We draw upon the work of Torres and Julien (2005), who recommended the need to denature the small firm and suggested the ‘small business concept’ and its an-tithesis the anti-small business concept.

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From Mao to Market – Entrepreneurs as Institutional Change Agents in China



Smallbone, David Kingston University [email protected]

Welter, Friederike Jönköping International Business School (JIBS)

[email protected]

Jianzhong, Xiao China University of Geoscience, Wuhan

[email protected]

Athough it is widely recognised that institutionalist approaches can provide an appropriate framework for the study of entrepreneurship in hostile environments, they are repeatedly criticised for the lack of consideration given to human agency. In this context two questions are considered in this paper: first the role of human agency in institutional change and secondly the strategies of actors used to achieve institu-tional change. The concept of institutional entrepreneurship (both government officials and entrepreneurs) has been presented as one way of dealing with the role of actors in institutional change, although it is not without its critics. In this context, the paper focuses on the role of entrepreneurs as institutional change agents in China. Following a theoretical review, case study evidence of well-known Chinese entre-preneurs is used to demonstrate a variety of roles.

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Entrepreneurship and Cities: Evidence from the Post-Communist World



Belitski, Maksim Brunel University West London

[email protected]

Korosteleva, Julia - [email protected]

This study investigates variation in entrepreneurship across cities of Commonwealth of Independent States during 1995-2008, utilizing a unique dataset and employing the System Generalised Method of Moments technique. Our findings suggest that banking reform facili-tates entrepreneurship, whereas the size of state discourages it. Our results confirm a U-shaped relationship between per capita income and entrepreneurship. We also find that cities with higher concentration of universities are likely to drive entrepreneurial entry that provides some evidence for the importance of agglomeration economies in terms of higher concentration of knowledge which may lead to intensified ex-change of ideas driving opportunity-based entrepreneurship.

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16Submission ID: 75


Self-leadership, Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Productivity in the Netherlands and the United Arab Emirates



Politis, John Neapolis University Pafos, Cyprus [email protected]

Breman, Paul Utrecht Business School Netherlands [email protected]

The goal of this study is to examine the impact of Self-leadership styles on the dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation in organizations in Dubai and the Netherlands: Innovativeness, Risk Taking and Proac-tiveness. The study also distinguishes the impact of Self-leadership styles and Entrepreneurial Orientation on the dimensions of Creativity and Productivity. A path analysis was performed, applying SEM, using AMOS. The following four hypotheses were tested: H1: The greater the level of ‘opportunity thinking’ thought pattern strategies, the great-er the level of entrepreneurial orientation. H2: The lower the level of ‘obstacle- thinking’ thought pattern strategies, the greater the level of entrepreneurial orientation. H3: The relationship of the ‘opportunity thinking’ strategies with creativity will be stronger than that with the ‘obstacle-thinking’ strategies. H4: The relationship of the ‘opportu-nity thinking’ strategies with productivity will be stronger than that with the ‘obstacle-thinking’ strategies. Overall support was found for hypotheses 3 and 4.

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16Submission ID: 78


Family and Territory Values for Sustainable Entrepreneurship of Loccioni Group and Varnelli Distillery in Italy



Del Baldo, Mara Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Urbino

[email protected]

This study reflects on the specificities of family SMEs relative to val-ues, culture and relationships with the territory (local context). The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the consolidation of stable and durable relations between the family business and the local context depends on the presence of shared values between the members of the family and the stakeholders, both components of civil society within the same territory. Such values are the fruit of a given territory’s civic traditions. They are themselves the result of an anthropological culture typical of the socio-economic environment in which the entrepreneur, the family, and the business are all rooted, in that they are expressions of a culture “of place”.

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16Submission ID: 79


Export Knowledge Absorption and the International Performance of SMEs : How Does the Perception of the Institutional Environment for Exporting SMEs Matter?



Mogos Descotes, Raluca Essca School of Management, Essca Knowledge Research Center, Paris, France

[email protected]

Walliser, Bjorn Nancy University, CEREFIGE Research Center, Nancy, France

[email protected]

The process of export knowledge absorption appears to be a strong predictor of small to medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) international performance. For the 107 SMEs from the steel industry interviewed in our study, the acquisition and assimilation of export knowledge have direct influences on the export responsiveness capacity of SMEs, which then influences their positional advantage and ultimately allows SMEs to achieve higher levels of international performance. The cognitive dimension of the institutional profile for exporting SMEs has a direct impact on SMEs’ export responsiveness, while the normative dimen-sion is a predictor of SMEs’ international performance.

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16Submission ID: 80


Can Cleantech Sustain Green Investments?



Lange, Julian Babson College [email protected]

Marram, Edward Babson College [email protected]

Yong, Wei Babson College [email protected]

Brown, David Babson College [email protected]

Bygrave, William Babson College [email protected]

We studied the financial returns of 52 venture-capital-backed compa-nies that had IPOs between 2000 and 2010. The median IRR for the first round of venture capital was 26.1% with a range from -10.4% to 140.0%. The median IRR on the third round was 24.5% with a range from 8.1% to 184.6%. We found that the returns on venture capital invested in cleantech companies were not satisfactory because the median returns on our study fell way short of the 80% that venture capitalists expect for successful early-stage investments and the 40% for successful later stage ones. To put it in perspective, the median venture capital return of first round investments in Internet companies was 506.9%; in software companies 124.8%; and computer hardware companies 148.9%. We believe that a median annual return of around 25% is not high enough to sustain venture capital investment at its current level.

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16Submission ID: 82


Why are some people behaving or acting entrepreneurially more than others? – Business opportunities in more sense than one



Bjerke, Björn Linnaeus University, Sweden [email protected]

Karlsson, Mathias Linnaeus University, Sweden [email protected]

It is a common statement that in order to be a successful entrepre-neur, you need to identify and exploit an opportunity. However, we find an entrepreneurship research question such as ‘Why are some people identifying and exploiting opportunities more than others?’ too restricted and narrow. We think that formulating the fundamental re-search question in the field of entrepreneurship as ‘Why are some peo-ple behaving or acting entrepreneurially more than others?’ to be more adequate, inclusive and progressive. This paper is providing some possible answers to this second question. It points at the necessity to make a distinction between looking at the world as full of circum-stances versus as full of meaning. As a background to this distinction, differences between behaviour and action, between research aiming for explaining and for understanding, as well as between research accord-ing to the factual, the hermeneutic and the phenomenological tradi-tions are presented.

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16Submission ID: 84


Information and Communication Technology Models of Adoption and Use in Saudi Arabian Small and Medium Enterprises



Skoko, Hazbo Alfaisal University, Riyadh, KSA [email protected] Sturt University, NSW Australia [email protected]

In this study, conducted in 2010, it is applied the original two-stage multidisciplinary qualitative-comparative analysis and the systems theory methods to achieve the objectives:

To develop the ICT adoption model for the KSA SMEs (applying the QCA).

To evaluate the complex and dynamic interactions between organisa-tional context, users, ICT and the environment (applying the Systems Theory methods – STMs).

Outcomes of this study are comprehensive arrays of recommenda-tions for policy makers, economic development, a firm’s performance improvement, and increased use of ICT in a company.

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16Submission ID: 85


Managing creativity and operational demands: The challenge for creative freelancers in the film and television industry



Giroux, Isabelle Ryerson University [email protected]

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study carried out among creative freelancers in Toronto’s film and television industry. The study applied an interpretive methodological approach to ex-amine how freelancers who provide core creative inputs into the film and television production process manage their businesses in order to maximize their creativity as a source of competitive advantage. The results of the study present freelancers’ accounts of how they actually navigate the competing demands of being creative with those of suc-cessfully running a business. To build on this study, further investiga-tion of creative freelancers in Toronto in addition to other prominent areas such as Vancouver and Los Angeles is required. By comparing how a wider range of individuals in the industry balance creativity and running a business, new insights into the management of creative processes in firms across more than one region could be derived.

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16Submission ID: 87


Entrepreneurship Through Acquisition: Anatomy of a Neglected Giant



Hunt, Richard A. Division of Strategic, Organizational and Entrepreneurial Studies at the University of Colorado Leeds School of Business

[email protected]

This article presents a long overdue reassessment of entrepreneurship through acquisition (ETA). Traditionally considered simply a niche occurrence of small company leveraged buyouts, ETA is actually a meaningful contributor to entrepreneurial capacity and business revi-talization. Few large subjects have suffered greater neglect. In redefin-ing ETA, this paper addresses important gaps in entrepreneurship and finance theory by examining Search Funds, an ETA investment vehicle that substantively embodies ETA’s entrepreneurial intents and out-comes. Through this, a coherent conceptualization of ETA is devel-oped, with clear definitions, descriptors and outcome measures that challenge prevailing assumptions of risk-return, firm failure rates and value creation through entrepreneurship.

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16Submission ID: 90


The Role of Family Ownership in Research, Innovation and Productivity of SMEs: A Stepwise Econometric Analysis



Classen, Nicolas Maastricht University [email protected]

Carree, Martin Maastricht University [email protected]

van Gils, Anita Maastricht University [email protected]

Peters, Bettina Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim

[email protected]

Innovation in family-owned businesses exhibits some peculiar features that traditional innovation models might not fully cover. Therefore, this study structurally models and compares the innovation investment decision, the innovation process and the productivity of family and non-family SMEs. Using data from the Mannheim Innovation Panel (MIP) in Germany, we find that family SMEs have a higher propen-sity to invest in innovation. Conditional on investing in innovation, however, family firms do so less intensively. While we do not detect a significant link between family ownership and product innovation output, we observe that family SMEs are less productive compared to non-family SMEs.

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16Submission ID: 91


Why and how do Born Global firms internationalize early and rapidly? From the Business Model perspective



Vinciane, Servantie Facultad de Administración, Universidad de Los Andes / Entrepreneurship Investigation Team, IRGO, Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV

[email protected]

This paper examines the Business Model (BM) of six French Born Globals and explains why and how they had an early and rapid inter-nationalization. Our analysis of the BM together with its fine-tuning renders new understandings of the Born Global phenomenon. The results of this investigation are illustrated by a process-based model of early and rapid internationalization that is derived from five proposi-tions. By using this innovative tool that is the BM, the research aims to make a theoretical contribution to the field of International Entrepre-neurship and a practical contribution for project leaders of future Born Globals.

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16Submission ID: 95


Dynamic Knowledge Networking in the Biotechnology Industry: An Action Research into the Start-up Processes of Consulting Firms



Hashimoto, Setsuko Biop-Buisness Bridge Co.Ltd. [email protected]

Gadnell, Margaretha Conlega Biobusiness Development & Management

[email protected]

Umemoto, Katsuhiro Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

[email protected]

Biotechnology industry has not developed successfully as expected. One reason can be a lack of appropriate human resource. We believe that “knowledge networkers” who can understand both science and business are needed to further develop this important industry which is strongly connected with basic science.

We have conducted an action research into the start-up processes of our own consulting firms from a viewpoint of knowledge networking. We then proposed “Dual Receptor Model”. We conclude that dynamic networking of the knowledge networkers who possess dual receptors is a key success factor to science-based businesses such as biotechnol-ogy.

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16Submission ID: 97


Interpretations of Entrepreneurial Success Factors by Female Entrepreneurs and Executives in a Catch-up Economy



Elenurm, Tiit Estonian Business School [email protected]

Vaino, Evelin Estonian Business School [email protected]

The ranking list of the Top 100 female executives for 2008 served as the basis for studying interpretations of entrepreneurial success fac-tors. Female entrepreneurs and executives who have gained success follow several principles of transformational leadership. Resistance to stress, intelligent, open minded, effective negotiator, and trustworthy were the five characteristics that female entrepreneurs in this sample rated as the highest contributors to successful entrepreneurship. At the same time, they do not consider negotiating skills and being innovative as important for successful entrepreneurship as do females with more limited or missing entrepreneurship experience.

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16Submission ID: 98


Entrepreneurship within social and health care – a question of identity, gender and profession.



Kovalainen, Anne Turku School of Economics, University of Turku

Österberg-Högstedt, Johanna

Hanken School of Economics

[email protected]

This paper aspires to look at two issues, first, how entrepreneurial identity fits into the picture we have of the female social and health care professionals, and second, how the entrepreneurial identity is constructed and how it is changing also the professional identity. Can these two identities be separated, and is that a meaningful question, is one of the points we aim to discuss. Is the role of entrepreneurship just to provide the professional service in the framework of the entrepre-neurial activities, or can we see a new kind of entrepreneurial identity with special features related to the complexity within the provision of services in social and health care?

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16Submission ID: 99


Further Creation of Know-how in the Opportunity Recognition Process



Tegtmeier, Silke University of Lueneburg, Germany [email protected]

This paper models the opportunity recognition (OR) process by inte-grating two schools of thought that have been found to be its drivers: the human capital and the network approaches. By means of qualita-tive content analysis, nine in-depth interviews with individuals who are in the process of developing an opportunity were analysed. Results reveal that OR processes differ significantly depending on the starting point of the venture: an identified opportunity or the self-employment decision. Further, the study identifies both approaches to be contribu-tors in the OR process. The paper discusses propositions derived, and provides future directions for this line of research.

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16Submission ID: 100


Entrepreneurship within organizations: An international study



Bosma, Niels Utrecht University [email protected]

Stam, Erik Utrecht University [email protected]

Wennekers, Sander EIM [email protected]

This paper presents the results of an international comparative study of entrepreneurship within organizations (intrapreneurship) and inde-pendent entrepreneurship. At the organizational level, intrapreneurs have high job growth expectations for their new business activities, as compared with independent young businesses. At the individual level, intrapreneurs are more likely to have the intention to start a new inde-pendent business than other employees. However, at the country level there is a negative correlation between intrapreneurship and early-stage entrepreneurial activity. An explanation for these contrasting outcomes is a diverging effect of per capita income on intrapreneur-ship (positive effect) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (negative effect).

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Public funded training in micro firms – investment in regional development or a waste of taxpayers’ money? A study with the micro service firms in focus



Björklund, Carolina Företagsakademin [email protected]

Holmgren, Carina Mälardalen university/PEER [email protected]

Lundström, Anders Miduniversity/PEER [email protected]

Micro firms are less involved in competence development than larger companies. Only 24% of the employed in micro firms as well as for solo entrepreneurs were involved in competence development in 2008 compared 48–59% of the employed in large companies.

This paper takes its point of departure in an ongoing research project with the purpose to study how competence development interven-tions affect the development of micro firms. The purpose is to analyze effects for participating micro firms on firm, individual and indicator levels. The basis for the research is an extensive EU-funded compe-tence development projects concerning micro firms called Företags-akademin2.

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Acquisition of External Capital at Start-up Stage: Differences between Swedish Female and Male Owned Firms



Yazdanfar, Darush Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences

E-mail: [email protected]

Jahandar, Sara Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University

[email protected]

The objective of the current research is to explore the differences in external capital acquisition of female and male owned firms at start-up stage in Sweden. The results indicate a set of two variables including loans from family members and government grants, which are signifi-cant as to distinguish between female and male owned firms in respect to external start-up capital. The owners´ previous experience and job out of own business influence to a certain extent the use of the finan-cial sources at start-up stage.

Keywords: Female-owned firms; Female entrepreneurship, small busi-ness finance, sources of funding, gender.

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Succession Planning in Woman-Led Family Firms: A Theoretical Perspective



Vozikis, George S. California State University, Fresno

Weaver, Mark Louisiana State University

Dickson, Patrick H. Wake Forest University

Gibson, Brian TOP Education Institute, Australia

The vast majority of the family business literature deals with research topics from a mostly “male” point of view, or deals with issues from a perspective where women play the role of a potential successor or a supportive family member, but not as much from a perspective of the owner and/or the key decision maker of the family business. This paper attempts to lay the conceptual foundations for such a research direction, by identifying distinct family firm characteristics that affect the succession process in a different way when the incumbent is a woman than in the case of a male one.

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Escalation of Commitment in Small Business Sales Management: When Persistence may not be the Best Course of Action



Woods, Jeremy University of Cincinnati [email protected]

A decision making topic of particular interest to both scholars and practitioners is how to make decisions about future actions when confronted with failure. Scholars in both strategy and marketing have looked at this issue, but there has not been a great deal of overlap in these literature streams in the past. This paper attempts to address this gap by uniting the strategy literature on escalation of commitment with the sales management literature on response to failure, proposing a set of lab and field experiments to advance theory and recommenda-tions for practitioners in both fields.

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Successful Strategic Management for Growth-Oriented Timber Haulage Entrepreneurs



Soirinsuo, Juho Department of Economics and Management, University of Helsinki

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of a timber haul-age company and the entrepreneur behind the growth. The purpose of the study was to find out what kind of impact strategic manage-ment has on the growth of profitability. Entrepreneurs’ financial and strategic objectives were studied, as well as growth strategies and their implications. It was found that strategic objectives and chosen growth strategy seem to be key elements for successful growth. Particularly in low profit sectors, management should not focus growth purely on current conditions, but also on seeking other ways to exploit the company’s resources.

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The Linkages between Cognition, Behavior, and Opportunity among High-Growth Asian American Immigrant Entrepreneurs



Kumar ,Suresh U. University of Phoenix [email protected]

Several recent studies have evidenced that Asian American immigrant entrepreneurs of Indian origin have been playing an increasingly important role in the economic growth in the United States. Despite their success, there are few holistic studies on this population. The current study involved an indepth qualitative exploration of entrepre-neurial cognitions and behaviors and cultural factors that are involved with the seeing of and acting upon opportunities for this population. The cases were draw from a population of high-growth Asian Indian immigrant entrepreneurs who have established high-growth firms in the technology industry. The findings of the study indicated that the entrepreneurs obtained the start-up capital primarily from personal savings and through bootstrapping; persued a single known opportu-nity; experienced microentrepreneurial events at prior jobs; executed a lean startup model without realiance on instutional loans; adopted a patient approach in validating the opportunity; split self-effacay into entrepreneurial and technical components; and relied on collective ef-ficacy.

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Government-sponsored intermediaries and joint product development: Evidence from three methods in Japan

Track: Creaive Environments


Takahashi, Nobuhiro Osaka City University [email protected]

This paper examines three methods of promoting the joint develop-ment of new products in Japan. These methods use intermediaries to match companies that have outstanding technology capabilities and companies with a need for such capabilities. The three methods are sponsored by governments or nonprofit organizations, so that the firms do not pay for the matching process, which encourages many firms to participate. The resulting accumulation of data on firms’ technology and the business connections of the intermediaries enable efficient matches: the intermediaries acquire many technology seeds and needs and exploit their business connections to locate suitable partners. The intermediaries also provide advice to firms about match-ing, innovation, and marketing. The three methods in this paper are especially beneficial to small and medium-sized companies that lack connections, information, and planning ability, and cannot afford to spend large amounts of money on locating partners.

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Does culture impact on Social networks of ethnic, small business entrepreneurs?



Madurapperuma, Wasanthi University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

This paper examines ethnic entrepreneurship in Sri Lanka and the UK by investigating the relationship between the characteristics of ethnic business entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial experiences. What is worth noting in this study is comparative perspective of composition of networks across cultures. The research will discuss the key themes such as the extent to which ethnic (immigrant) entrepreneurs are embedded in networks. These results have the potential to be gener-alisable to other similar context, for example South Asians in the US, Canada and Western Europe.

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A gender perspective on career preferences and entrepreneurial self-efficacy



Urban, Boris University of Witwatersrand [email protected]

Gender perspectives on entrepreneurship illustrate that women are less likely than men to start ventures because of the tendency for women to have lower self-efficacy perceptions. The objective of this study was to establish to what extent women perceive self-employment as a viable career choice and what is the strength of their entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The results showed that women believe they have the skills needed to be an entrepreneur and have placed their preference for entrepreneurship as a career choice high on the list of options.

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The impact of global economic crisis on SMEs – does entrepreneurial orientation matter?



Soininen, Juha Lappeenranta University of Technology [email protected]

Puumalainen, Kaisu Lappeenranta University of Technology [email protected]

Sjögrén, Helena Lappeenranta University of Technology [email protected]

Syrjä, Pasi Lappeenranta University of Technology [email protected]

This research examined the role of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in global economic crisis and whether it can mitigate the negative effects of economic crisis both on firm’s oper-ations and on firm’s fi-nancial performance. Results based on a sample of almost 200 Finnish small and medium-sized enterprises indicated that the different dimen-sions of the EO can have diverging effects on how firms are treated by the recession. In general, the more innovative and proactive the firm is the less its operations are affected by the recession and the more risk taking the firm is the more its profitability is affected by the recession.

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Workshop: Searching for Truffles! – Identifying, Creating and Developing Entrepreneurial Opportunities



Léger-Jarniou, Catherine Université Paris-Dauphine, France

Bjerke, Björn Linnaeus University in Sweden

Asplund, Carl-Johan Institute of Technology, University of Lund Sweden.

Harrison, Pegram University of Oxford, UK

Tegtmeier, Silke Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Germany

Kurczewska, Agnieszka University of Lodz, Poland

Kaloussis, Georges Université Paris-Dauphine, France

One common quality associated with entrepreneurs is their ability to identify and exploit business opportunities. This workshop invites attendees at the ICSB 2011 World Conference to join in a discussion of the content, meaning and implication of this statement. Even if it is often stated that opportunities are central to the entrepreneurial process, the connections to how this lead to a new business venture are not obvious. The benefit to participate in the workshop is to meet and argue with a group of researchers in the field of entrepreneurship, a group which is called the Pan European Entrepreneurship Research (PEER) network. This group consists of members from most of the EU countries, members which in combination have a solid experience from theory and practice in the field of entrepreneurship. They have all more or less senior positions at European universities. The PEER network has been running for ten years with annual meetings in Paris.

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South Korean SME’s Entrepreneurship in the Globalizing Economic System focused on Yuyang DNU



Park, Sang-Chul Korea Polytechnic University, Gothenburg University, Sweden

[email protected]@[email protected]

Kim, Sang Ok CEO of Yuyang DNU, Korea [email protected]

The globalization processes have intensified competitions not only between nations but also between companies around the world. With a globalizing economic system, the most of large sized transnational companies (TNCs) could expand their market shares and develop their technological capabilities further. In fact, few SMEs could benefit on global markets under the rapid changing business environment owing to their scarcity of market information, financial resource and techno-logical capability etc. However, some SMEs could succeed in break-ing through their business activities on domestic and global markets by using their unique strengths such as development of components for TNCs and exercising vigorous entrepreneurship in the globalizing economic system. Yuyang DNU represents one of these cases which indicate how a SME made a break through to access to Korean TNCs such as Samsung and LG for delivering its high-tech components instead of simple parts.

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Are Websites Relevant Tools for Actors of the Business Transfer?



d’Andria, Aude Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne

[email protected]

Richomme-Huet, Katia Euromed-Management [email protected]

Business transfer is a main issue at the micro, meso and macroeconom-ic level. Thus, the European Commission has recommended different measures to improve conditions for transfers of ownership and to decrease the opacity of the market and the cost to acquire information. We argue that websites are tools for offering information, professional tools and contact. Utilizing web content analysis, we investigated 56 French dedicated websites to entrepreneurship and small business transfer. The implications of these findings for managerial practice and future research are discussed.

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The influence of the institutional environment on entrepreneurial intentions in an emerging economy



Urban, Boris University of Witwatersrand [email protected]

Shaw, Gordon University of Fort Hare [email protected]

Building on the literature on institutional profiles this paper examines regulatory, normative and cognitive institutional dimensions which may influence entrepreneurial intentions in an emerging market con-text. By accessing relevant theoretical foundations and contextualising the study in an emerging market context, hypotheses are tested using correlational and regression analyses. Results from a sample of 199 respondents indicates that perceptions of favourability of the different institutional profiles were positively but not significantly correlated with entrepreneurial intentions. Public policy makers and market entrants need to be aware of the less than favourable conditions for entrepreneurship in emerging markets, and of the numerous and often conflicting institutional pressures and constraints facing potential entrepreneurs.

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Selection Strategy, Assistance and Performance of Incubation Structures: a French Study



Vedel, Benjamin GSCM Business School [email protected]

Stephany, Eric University of Montpellier

Gabarret, Ines University of Montpellier

This contribution analyzes the role of the incubation process on performance indicators and underlines the effect of the strategy for selecting firms on these indicators. Incubators face pressures to present quantitative results and prove their value. This could lead them to choose developed firms instead of weak but promising projects. In this study, we analyze a group of 177 companies incubated in 64 French incubators using structural equation methodology. We hypothesize that incubators implement adapted strategies to provide the necessary resources and competencies to selected firms, which influences the characteristics of these incubated companies.

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How much does it cost small and medium businesses to comply with New Zealand’s tax requirements?



Namay II, Ricardo Enrico C. New Zealand Inland Revenue [email protected]

Among the challenges facing a small business that expands interna-tionally is the cost of complying with the tax requirements of the host country. To better plan cash flow and to choose the best among a host of options that make tax compliance simple and less costly, a global small business needs to know about a country’s tax compliance costs.

In this paper, the methodological approaches to measuring New Zealand small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs’) tax compliance costs and the change in these over the years are covered and the results presented.

This paper shows that tax compliance costs are larger than tax administration costs and fall disproportionately on smaller busine sses. It however shows as well that on average, New Zealand SMEs experi-enced a reduction in the number of hours it takes them to do their tax. This paper furthermore shows a reduction in the overall level of stress associated with tax.

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Poster: Cooperation and Innovation in Scandinavian SMEs



Robinson, Sherry Penn State University/ Buskerud University College

[email protected]

Stubberud, Hans Anton Buskerud University College [email protected]

This study examines the sources of information deemed highly im-portant for innovation by small and medium businesses as compared to large businesses. It also compares the cooperative partners chosen most often by small, medium and large businesses. Analysis of the data shows that large businesses in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) were more likely than SMEs to obtain information from different sources and to cooperate with a variety of partners. This suggests that entrepreneurs may improve the innovativeness of their firms as they increase the size and range of their networks.

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The reality of strategy-making in small firms – a barrier to entrepreneurship?



Verreynne, Martie-Louise University of Queensland [email protected]

Meyer, Denny Swinburne University of Technology

[email protected]

Simplistic strategy-making processes are used by firms that are single mindedly pursuing a single strategic goal; usually driven by the owner/manager. These processes lead to inertia, and have been viewed as a destructive force in firms – one that affects performance negatively. Yet, in small firms with resource limitations simplicity may be benefi-cial. This paper investigates the importance of this process to small firms. It finds that simplistic strategy-making is related to small firm performance, and that this relationship is more important in small and non-entrepreneurial firms. It highlights the importance and drawbacks of this process to small firms.

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Do Entrepreneurial Companies make good Corporate Citizens? Understanding the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation and Corporate Citizenship



Choi, David Loyola Marymount University [email protected]

Lee, Woojin Chung-Ang University [email protected]

Do entrepreneurial companies make responsible corporate citizens? Are entrepreneurially oriented organizations more socially respon-sible? In this paper, we examine the relationship between companies’ entrepreneurial orientation and their actions toward corporate citizen-ship. An empirical study consisting of 261 South Korean firms utilizing both a single-dimensional and multi-dimensional approach reveals that entrepreneurial orientation does not have direct causal effect on corpo-rate citizenship but has indirect effect through market orientation. Results also indicate that market orientation has full mediation effect between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate citizenship.

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Dynamic capabilities in the international growth of SME: Case study from Finland



Kuuluvainen, Arto Center for Collaborative Research, Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland

[email protected]

The study provides us an interesting example of Finnish SME which was growing very fast during forest industry’s growth. However, firm’s management lacked opportunity search capabilities, and wrongly timed investments meant that the recession hit the firm hard and it almost went bankrupt. The recent history of the firm has been so turbulent, that it suits well for studying dynamic capabilities role in the international growth of SMEs. By introducing a new and opera-tionalised classification for studying dynamic capabilities qualitatively, the study also has some methodological contributions.

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The causes and the effects of innovation in small and medium firms in the province of Salerno



Farace, Salvatore University of Salerno [email protected]

Mazzotta, Fernanda University of Salerno [email protected]

The paper focuses on the factors influencing innovation and its effects in SMEs in a Southern Italian area, where the firms are specialized in traditional sectors, and the small size affects the chance to innovate. The paper investigates if there are cases of SMEs able to develop an innovative capability, using two main factors: human capital and networks; the first one refers to the level of education and the skill of labour, while the latter is considered both inside and outside the firm. As a result, the effects of innovation are a better performance in terms of market share and/or of market power.

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Poster: Formation and analysis of a multi-disciplinary Enterprise School for PhD and postdoctoral researchers in North West England



Phillips, Robert A. Manchester Enterprise Centre, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester

[email protected]

This poster describes the formation and running of a four day resi-dential Enterprise School for PhD and postdoctoral researchers from mainly science and engineering subjects in North West England.

The effectiveness of the training was measured using questionnaires immediately after the school and after an eight month period to ascer-tain if any of the skills they had learned were being used in their cur-rent position after the initial period of enthusiasm had passed, as well as looking at more tangible outcomes such as venture creation.

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Using Think Aloud Protocols in Research on Academic Entrepreneurs



Hannibal, Martin University of Southern Denmark, Dep. of Marketing & Management

[email protected]

This paper explores the potentials of think aloud protocol technique as a complementing research tool to traditional qualitative research techniques.

Recently think aloud protocol techniques have been employed in en-trepreneurship studies. However entrepreneurship studies focusing on how different industrial settings or educational backgrounds influences founder’s behavior has yet to be research via think aloud protocol technique.

The paper lays out a protocol tool aimed at studying the behavior of academic founders emerged in university spin-offs projects and dis-cusses how methodological considerations have been integrated in an instrument. Subsequently a hands-on 11 point inspirational recipe to guide fabrication of an actual tool is presented.

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The impact of entrepreneurs’ planning profiles on firm growth: an empirical analysis



Martín-Sánchez, Víctor UAB [email protected]

Contín-Pilart, Ignacio UPNA [email protected]

Larraza-Kintan, Martín UPNA [email protected]

The convenience of writing a business plan for new firms is still an open debate among entrepreneurs. Indeed, a good planning not only gives to entrepreneurs the possibility to make a deeper reflexion about the path of a future business, but also businessmen themselves. In this paper, we define four different planning profiles for entrepreneurs in order to analyse their characteristics and their differential effect on new venture growth. Our analyses are performed on a representative sample of small new ventures in Navarra (Spain). Results indicate that education and experience play a key role in determining the entrepre-neurs planning profile and that planning activities relate positively with new venture growth.

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Women Business Ventures in Swedish University Incubators: Gender and the commercialization of university research



Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa Halmstad University [email protected]

Politis, Diamanto Halmstad University [email protected]

Despite a growing interest in both women and university academic entrepreneurship there are very few studies addressing women aca-demic entrepreneurship. We address this gap by focusing on university incubators for women’s academic entrepreneurship. We use a unique Swedish database for multivariate statistical tests of the performance of groups of women- and men-led ventures, as well as of groups of women incubatees. We find several significant differences between the groups, but our overall conclusion is that the Swedish incubators in our study do not show any evidence of being able to decrease the gender gap in the commercialization of university science.

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The ability of Credit Guarantee Schemes to improve access to bank lending of SMEs



Valentin, Anke Edinburgh Napier University/Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen

[email protected]

To mitigate credit restrictions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) Credit Guarantee Schemes have been implemented through-out the world. Those schemes take on a part of the default liability of a borrower and therefore lower the risk to the lender. This enables SMEs to get bank loans that they otherwise would not have obtained. Whether Credit Guarantee Schemes really help to improve access to finance of SMEs is a controversial issue. Analyzing the ability of German Guarantee Banks to create a lending relationship between the bank and the borrower, help to reduce information asymmetries and mitigate problems in obtaining bank loans present a new approach to contribute to the current discussion.

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The challenge of being a fair trade soci(et)al entrepreneur



Schwartz, Birgitta Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology

[email protected]

This paper is based on a study of how the CEO of a Fair Trade textile company in Sweden handles and develops her Fair Trade business and which challenges and dilemmas she meets in her interplay with suppli-ers, customers, and NGOs in different contexts such as Sweden and India. The combination of having a vision of changing poor working conditions in India and also make a living on her business raises some dilemmas for the soci(et)al entrepreneur. Some dilemmas regard her own life situation, business matters and others her possibility to make change for Indian workers. The dilemmas show that also in relation to a non-profit context and the business/market context the actors in Sweden and India and their actions are dependent on which values and norms they are familiar with and driven by. This results in a Fair Trade paradox and the Swedish soci(et)al entrepreneur is in the Indian context forced to make business in the profit maximizing logic, a logic that she tries to change with the help of the Fair Trade idea.

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Technological Innovation: The Establishment of Biotech Enterprises in Kenya



McEnrue, Mary Pat California State University, Los Angeles

[email protected]

This paper examines the establishment of biotechnology enterprises in Kenya. It draws from theory and research within the field of entrepre-neurship, on the role of entrepreneurial activity in a modern economy and on government strategies to stimulate the development of high potential ventures. The paper provides current, concise and compre-hensive information on Kenya, biotechnology research and develop-ment and other factors that affect entrepreneurial activity by scientists. It offers recommendations for future research and for modification of existing theoretical models so as to make them more relevant to devel-oping countries.

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Tapping the Innovative Potential of Place



Johnstone, Harvey Shannon School of Business, Cape Breton University

[email protected]

Economic growth and decline occur unevenly over space. Among other things, this unevenness creates a set of depleted communities. Some argue there is little point in trying to rejuvenate these localities, which they see as the very antithesis of modern, thriving environments. However, even if we accept that conventional indigenous develop-ment will be confounded by the circumstances prevailing in depleted communities; entrepreneurial processes are not similarly constrained. Focusing on venture finance - one of the key factors upon which new growth depends, this paper analyzes an innovative entrepreneurial ini-tiative that introduces a new model of venture capital into the context provided by the depleted community.

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Investigating the Applicability of the Firm Life-Cycle Model to SMEs in the Hungarian ICT Sector



Perényi, Áron Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology

[email protected]

Selvarajah, Christopher Faculty of Business and Enterprise, Swinburne University of Technology

[email protected]

Muthaly, Siva Graduate School of Business and Law, RMIT University

[email protected]

This paper investigates the applicability of firm life-cycle theory on SMEs. Companies in the Hungarian ICT sector were surveyed using an established quantitative survey instrument assessing organisational characteristics of firms. Four major points of criticism identified re-garding the application of firm life-cycle theory are reflected upon, and the results of the study are cross-referenced with findings of qualita-tive research investigating the firm life-cycle phenomenon in Hungary. Findings approve of the applicability of life-cycle stages, and show that transitions between stages tend to follow a progressive sequence. Results also indicate stagnation in SMEs, while their decline remains hidden.

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Collective Success or Collective Failure? The Sialkot Football Manufacturing Industry’s Response to International Labor Standards Pressures in the Early 21st Century



Fayyaz, Anjum SDSB LUMS Lahore Pakistan [email protected]

In this article, we make a contribution to the literature on how indus-trial clusters in developing countries respond to corporate responsibil-ity demands from international buyers in Europe and North America. We outline an analytical framework that integrates insights from the global value chain, industrial cluster, and corporate social responsi-bility literatures with the aim of explaining why joint cluster action through industry associations and/or public private partnerships suc-ceed or fail in facilitating cluster-wide compliance with CSR standards. We then use this framework to analyze a case study of how various attempts at facilitating joint CSR action in the Pakistani football manufacturing have consistently failed in addressing international CSR compliance demands. We conclude that this form of collective failure – along with technological changes, lack of innovation, and government failure - can partly explain why the Sialkot has been marginalized in terms of its overall share of world football manufacturing in the last decade.

Key Words: Clusters, Corporate Social Responsibility, Global Value Chain, Collective Failure & International CSR Compliance

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Developing Commercialisation of Innovation in High Technology Industries – Regional Perspective



Pellikka, Jarkko Skenar Oy [email protected]

Malinen, Pasi University of Turku [email protected]

Both researchers and policy-makers have made increasing efforts to identify ways to foster and support entrepreneurship and small tech-nology businesses in modern, dynamic business environments in order to promote economic growth. A process that is recognized as playing a key in this context, particularly in rapidly moving, high technology sectors, is commercialisation. However, a number of important aspects of commercialisation have not yet been subjected to through empiri-cal analysis, including: the nature of the commercialisation process in small technology firms; the firm-related activities involved in the commercialisation process; and ways in which the commercialisation process can be efficiently supported and developed by the regional support organizations. Using twelve cross-cases in high technology industry, the study shows that both internal activities and external support services need to be considered in any attempt to improve the commercialisation process in small technology firms.

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A Multi-Country Strategic Alignment Study: Are SME Leaders’ Decisions Aligned with their Country’s Innovation Environment?



Olson, Philip University of Idaho [email protected]


Volery, Thierry St Gallen University [email protected]

Clark, Delwyn University of Waikato [email protected]

Gough, Newell (Sandy) Boise State University [email protected]

The innovation strategies of SMEs in four OECD countries are exam-ined in order to compare the perceived climate for innovation in each country with reference to government support, regulations and access to markets, infrastructure, skilled labour, management and venture financing. The strategic decision making of the senior managers from these firms in relation to the commercialization of an innovation is also examined. A third purpose is to study the strategic alignment or pattern within each country with regard to: each country’s innova-tion climate and the decisions made by the firm’s leaders concerning innovation management. Country differences were observed among in-novation climates, innovation management decisions made by leaders and alignments.

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Information Networks and Innovation in SMEs: A New Model or a New Perspective



Moreau, Eliane M.-F. Université du Québecà Trois-Rivières, Canada

[email protected]

To help understand the processes that cause firms to innovate, four models of absorptive capacity are compared, along with one innova-tion model. Other aspects that are considered include information sources, absorptive capacity, the knowledge transformation process in innovation, and firm performance. The paper examines the absorptive capacity models of Cohen, and Levinthal (1990), Zahra, and George (2002), Todorova, and Durisin (2007), and the innovation model of Mahroum and al. (2008). The ensuing integrated innovation model is then conceptualized, and the possibility of adjusting it to the particular context of SMEs is discussed. The conclusion sets out the limitations of the study and presents avenues for future research.

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Fostering Entrepreneurship in Emerging Industries: The German Renewable Energy Industry and Lessons for Entrepreneurship Policy



Berg, Holger University of Wuppertal [email protected]

Pietzner, Katja Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy

[email protected]

Volkmann, Christine K. University of Wuppertal [email protected]

Fischedick, Manfred Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy

[email protected]

The paper is dedicated to entrepreneurship policy as a means to establish politically desired industries. A triangle of three vital dimen-sions is developed: legitimacy, the role of institutions and the question of direct vs. indirect measures in entrepreneurship policy are analysed based on a case study of German policy towards renewable energies. Results with regard to entrepreneurship policy are obtained from different empirical sources. Propositions with regard to the improve-ment of entrepreneurship policy theory, further research directions and normative implications are given.

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How Can a Health Care Business Achieve Strategic Elasticity in a Crisis Environment?



Sebestova, Jarmila Silesian University, School of Business Administration in Karvina

[email protected]

Cooney, Thomas M. Faculty of Business, Dublin Institute of Technology

[email protected]

This paper examines the dynamics of a company, where all the planned activities run through this organization, must be coordinated on every level. If an organization is quite small and the owner is not a good manager or coordinator, then the possibility of risk and exit from the market will be increased. In a crisis environment it is critically important for owner-managers to understand the importance of strategic flexibility and this paper contributes to this understanding by examining how Health Care businesses can achieve strategic elasticity in a crisis environment.

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The Performance Implications of a Positional Advantage in Agricultural SMEs



Micheels, Eric University of Illinois [email protected]

Gow, Hamish Massey University [email protected]

Stranton, Darryl

Positional advantage has been shown to be a key driver of firm per-formance (Hult and Ketchen, 2001). SME’s are using many different forms of strategic alliances access markets and create positional advan-tage. Using a unique primary dataset of agricultural SMEs from the USA and New Zealand, we extended this literature, by analyzing the impact of positional advantage relative to their choice of alternative marketing channel structures on firm performance. Our results show performance benefits differ across channel choice and the structure of their positional advantage. The results provide important policy implications with respect to the forms and types of support provided to agricultural SMES in both developed and developing countries.

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Determinants of the Innovation Rent



Hang Do, Thuy University of St Gallen [email protected]

Volery, Thierry University of St Gallen [email protected]



This study investigates the relationship between key organizational ele-ments (inputs, knowledge management, innovation strategy, portfolio management, project management, and commercialization), business planning and the innovation rent. In order to deepen the understand-ing of innovation management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a strategic comprehensive perspective on innovation is ad-opted in examining both high and low-tech enterprises from various industries. This study provides new evidence and insights for research-ers and practitioners. The empirical results from 522 SMEs show that knowledge management, innovation strategy, business planning, portfolio management, project management and commercialization, have a positive, significant relationship with RENT. Conversely, inputs or resource endowment is not perceived a barrier to innovation and the development of a competitive advantage.

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Women’s enterprise – a boost or a detriment to the Scandinavian welfare system?



Ahl, Helene Jönköping University [email protected]

The paper analyzes and compares public policy for women’s entrepre-neurship in Sweden and in the United States, in order to determine 1) if current policy initiatives in Sweden indicates a change in the Scan-dinavian social democratic welfare state regime towards an Anglo-saxon, liberal welfare state and 2) whether current policy for women’s businesses in Sweden indicates a change towards a more equal gender order or not.

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Independent Professionals: Vital but Sustainable?



McKeown, Tui Monash University [email protected]

Leighton, Pat [email protected]

This paper presents the results of a consilience framework to recon-cile the varying definitions, methodologies and purposes of the data collected on independent contracting. The results are a dynamic and multilayered profile as seen through labour market, tax office liabili-ties and consumer statistics. Independent contractors are dynamic, entrepreneurial and complex and defy many of the age, gender and industry stereotypes that law and policy makers confine them to. They challenge established systems of legal, social and government regula-tion and we conclude that the sooner we accept the reality of these moves the sooner these challenges can be answered and opportunities realized.

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Educating for (societal) entrepreneurship



Johansson, Anders W Linnaeus university [email protected]

Rosell, Erik Linnaeus university [email protected]

In more and more countries entrepreneurship education is celebrated as a high-way for future wealth creation undertaken by upcoming generations. However, there is a strong debate in pedagogy over what entrepreneurship education really means. This paper seeks to con-tribute to the ongoing discussion about what is actually possible to accomplish in entrepreneurship education. This is done by examining an effort to introduce education for entrepreneurship in the academic context as well as by comparing this effort with a non-academic effort to train for entrepreneurship. The text draws from teacher’s experi-ences from the academic context (a business school) as well as from the non-academic context. In this way the text represents reflecting practitioners. Similarities and differences between the two contexts are explored trough an arranged student-exchange and reflected upon in this text. The conclusion is that the concept of societal entrepreneur-ship seems to conceptualize education for entrepreneurship better than traditional entrepreneurship emphasizing new venture creation.

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Boards’ advisory role in strategic sme networks



Thorgren, Sara Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

Wincent, Joakim Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

Anokhin, Sergey Kent State University [email protected]

This study focuses on the advisory role of network boards in stimulat-ing network-level entrepreneurial orientation. Results from a longitu-dinal analysis of boards governing 53 strategic small-firm networks support the positive role that board functional diversity and board insider/outsider diversity play in supporting entrepreneurship. Further, board group tenure and network age moderate the diversity relation-ships (functional and insider/outsider) in opposite ways. The effect of functional background diversity on network entrepreneurial orien-tation is stronger in younger networks and networks with tenured boards. The impact of board insider/outsider diversity is weaker in tenured board groups and stronger in more mature networks.

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Mapping the Entrepreneurial Mindset of Life Science Academics



Castillo Holley, Alicia University of Western Australia [email protected]

Watson, John Universtiy of Western Australia [email protected]

The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of life science academics (LSAs) views concerning the commercialization of academic research, and to organize those views in a systematic way. A qualita-tive research methodology was used, based on in-depth interviews with six technology transfer officers and twenty seven LSAs selected using a purposeful, snowball sampling. Through open codification and categorization, we establish four major categories of LSAs (non-entrepreneurs, semi-entrepreneurs, pre-entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs) and thirteen subcategories. Our analysis suggests that LSAs navigate through these categories based on a combination of personal charac-teristics, project characteristics, and available support systems.

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How different strategic alliances affect manufacturing competitive priority and firm performance: an empirical study of SMEs



Hung, Shiu-Wan the Department of Business Administration of National Central University, Taiwan

[email protected]

Hung, Shu-Chi the Department of Business Administration of National Central University, Taiwan

[email protected]

James Lin, Ming-Ji the Department of Business Administration of National Central University, Taiwan

[email protected]

This study examines the relationships between manufacturing competitive priorities and firm perfromance under the mediating effect of the intension of strategic alliances, using path analytic ap-proach to assess the magnitude and significance of these relationships. We surveyed SMEs in Taiwan’s electronic industries and collected 71 samples. The results showed that qualiy and flexibilit priorities dierectly impacted firm perfromance, but cost priority influenced firm perfromace through the adoption of strategic alliances. Also, we demonstrated that strategic alliances significatly positive affected firm perfromace. This study indicates the intercompany and intracompany collaboration are all important for SMEs to meet the challenges of globalization competition.

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Implementing the SIV model on an Intensively Innovation-oriented Enterprise: The Case of Autoadapt AB



Abouzeedan, Adli University of Gothenburg [email protected]

Klofsten, Magnus Linköping University [email protected]

Hedner, Thomas University of Gothenburg [email protected]

One of the major deficiencies in the existing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) performance evaluation models is the fact that they lack a clear coupling to the issue of innovation and its impact on performance. A possible candidate model which could achieve this is the Survival Index Value (SIV) model. The model has a parameter incorporated in its structure, the technology-intake. This parameter can be used as an indicator of the degree of innovativeness of the firm. Previous works using the model looked at general performance without specific focus on innovation activities of the firm and without relating that to aspects of survival and growth. In this paper the aim was to demonstrate the ability of the SIV model to indicate a positive overall performance due to the intensive investment of a selected firm in innovation activities.

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Clusters – a tool for the advance in competitiveness of SMEs (case study: the Czech Republic)



Abrham, Josef Universtity of Economics, Prague [email protected]

Vosta, Milan Universtity of Economics, Prague [email protected]

Clusters and their influence on regional economic competitiveness are very relevant topics. Their significance grows in the context of globali-sation of the world economy. Despite the unifying effect of globalisa-tion, there exist substantial differences between countries and regions from the point of view of specialisation, competitiveness and industrial dynamics. The objective of this contribution is to evaluate the cluster support mechanisms in the Czech Republic and to weigh up the pos-sibilities for using clusters within the framework of economic policy. The auther explains, at the same time, the significance of clusters as factors in macro- and microeconomic competitiveness.

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The Underestimated Context



Lindmark, Leif Stockholm School of Economics [email protected]

The basic argument for this paper is that importance of the context is underestimated in entrepreneurship research. Thus the aim of the paper is to present a general framework for analyses of the interaction between the entrepreneur and the context, and to apply the framework to three Swedish “industries” with very different conditions for private ventures. Two of the industries, Health care and Education, were cho-sen to specially elaborate on the importance of the political context for entrepreneurship. An overall conclusion is that theory development is needed to better integrate the entrepreneur and the context.

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A Contingency model of Entrepreneurial Entry Strategies: the role of Motivation and Resource Availability



Rotemberg-Shir, Nadav Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Creation, Stock-holm School of Economics

[email protected]

Wennberg, Karl Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Creation, Stock-holm School of Economics

[email protected]

While current theorizing on entrepreneurial entry strategies has tended to focus on either motivational factors or creative strategies of re-source utilization, little attention has been given to the contingencies where by differences in motivation and resources will lead to divergent types of entry strategies. This paper outlines and tests a contingency model suggesting that the interaction of motivation and resource avail-ability will affect not only the probability of entry, but also entrepre-neurs’ type of entry strategies. Our model helps explain under what conditions differences in motivation and resource availability will lead to various types of entry strategies.

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Poster: Improvement of Methodologies and Governance of European Entrepreneurship Network, (IMAGEEN)



Carslaw, William Birmingham Chamber of Commerce Group

[email protected]

Supported under the INTERREG IVC Innovation & the knowledge economy, Regional Initiative Project, the project led by Lyon Chamber of Commerce brings together seven European partners to explore their approaches in supporting new Entrepreneurs, share this best practice, and work with local policy makers to improve the governance and delivery of Enterprise Support in the future.

The key outcome is to:

Develop a range of materials which are available to both policy mak-ers and practitioners across the EU in how to influence and implement these approaches locally. www.imageen.eu

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Entrepreneurship, innovation and actor constructed regional innovation systems



Kalantaridis, Christos University of Bradford [email protected]

Bika, Zografia University of East Anglia [email protected]

This paper sets out to explore the influence of entrepreneurs in the configuration of regional innovation systems and the incidence of innovation. In doing so, it introduces ashift in emphasis towards the micro-dynamics of innovation systems: advancing the exploration of actual relationships between the regional production subsystem and the knowledge generation subsystem as part of actor-constructed regional innovation systems. The paper ultimately introduces a Schumpeterian corrective to existing theoretical constructs: advancing an entrepreneurial perspective of regional innovation systems.

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Challenging established patterns of entrepreneurship: entry regulation and unorthodox entry in the German skilled crafts



Haverkamp, Katarzyna Institute for Small Business Research at the University of Goettingen

k.haverkamp @wiwi.uni-goettingen.de

A cross-section of the German active labor force is used to explore educational biographies that led to employment and self-employment in the skilled crafts sector and to compare the effects of different educational decisions on career advancement and income. The career patterns in the sector have traditionally been governed by the German Crafts and Trade Code imposing a mandatory educational standard on individuals wanting to become entrepreneurs in one of the regulated professions. However, these are increasingly challenged by unorthodox entries as the regulatory framework is continuously relaxed.

The analysis shows that individuals holding similar professional degrees but not following established patterns of vocational training, instead entering the sector of skilled crafts after dual training in other sectors of economy, experience higher income but are less inclined to become entrepreneurs. These results suggest that the regulatory frame-work strengthening coherent vocational paths may have a positive impact on individual decisions on self-employment.

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The Emperor’s new Clothes: Rendering a Feminist Theory of Entrepreneurship visible

Track: Gender and Entepreneurship


Neergaard, Helle Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected]

Hedebo Frederiksen, Signe Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected]

Marlow, Susan de Montfort University, UK [email protected]

This paper argues that to progress our understanding of the influence of gender upon women’s entrepreneurship, it is essential to incorporate critical feminist analyses into the extant literature. Despite increasing recognition that gender has a crucial effect upon enterprising activity behaviours, there has been little analytical development of this associa-tion through the utilisation of feminist theorising. This paper supports and illustrates this argument through a critical literature review which explores the extant evidence to assess how, and to what extent, femi-nist theories inform research pertaining to women’s business owner-ship. Previous reviews have largely addressed feminist theorizing as either one of several dimensions shaping female entrepreneurship or have been highly selective focusing upon a limited number of journals. Accordingly, we argue that a more comprehensive review is needed to build a solid foundation for new theoretical endeavours to increase our understanding of the relationship between gender and feminism in entrepreneurship. Using the Systematic Literatu

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Thinking global but selling local? How networks influence the Glocalisation of small businesses



Gruber-Muecke, Tina University of Linz [email protected]

This contribution raises the following question: How can international portfolio entrepreneurs use alliances and networks more productively for glocalisation and mitigate the risks of strategic alliances? This study used the Herold Business, which was accessed during December 2009. Usage of the filters, “industry’, and ‘retail’, yielded 1200 small firms which was taken as the population frame. During the allocated time-period of 2 weeks for data sourcing, firms were contacted by email of which 191 agreed, translating into a response rate of 15,9%. I found three dimensions of social capital; results indicate that these dimensions are distinct and have differential effects on internationali-zation for small Businesses. These components are personal relations which the owner has, strategic relations with Investors or Strategic partners and intercompany relations. Overall this paper underlines that the concept of network competence has impact to the internation-alization process of the small firms.

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SMEs on alternative market. Does innovativeness of the sector determine company’s capital structure? – analysis of SMEs entering NewConnect market in Poland



Mikolajczyk, Bozena University of Lodz

Kurczewska, Agnieszka Unversity of Lodz [email protected]

The paper models the capital structure of companies entering the NewConnect (NC) market, an alternative trading system regulated by the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Two seminal and competing capital structure theories, i.e. pecking order theory and static trade off theory are discussed, as well as their relevance for explaining the behaviour of the entrants representing the IT, financial services and construction sectors. The results obtained show that the type of the sector where a firm operates may determine its capital structure, however more advanced studies are needed.

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Entrepreneurship education – does it matter?



Nilsson, Torbjörn Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

This paper addresses an answer to the question: does entrepreneurial education lead to establishment of new firms?. The research in the paper was based on a survey with a questionnaire. The respondent sample was former students at Luleå University of Technolog) and the questionnaire was sent to two different groups of respondents, a Respond group (who had passed an entrepreneurial education) and a Control group (who had not passed an entrepreneurial education). The respondents had the same educational background unless the entrepreneurial education. In addition to the survey three (short) tele-phone interviews were performed. The paper shows that individuals attending entrepreneurial education are more prone to start firms, to start several firms and to create larger firms, compared to the Control group. The telephone interviews show in addition to this that there is an entrepreneurial thinking amongst the persons interviewed.

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Problems in innovation: a cross-country comparison



Robinson, Sherry Penn State University/ Buskerud University College

[email protected]

Stubberud, Hans Anton Buskerud University College [email protected]

The capacity to innovate and adapt to change is crucial to the per-formance of individual businesses, and by extension, national eco-nomic growth. Innovation is frequently viewed as the key to success as business performance has been linked to overall innovativeness. SMEs dominate the economic landscape in most countries, but they face great challenges in innovating due to their small size and limited resources. This study uses data from the Eurostat Community Inno-vation survey to more closely examine innovation by examining the problems experienced by small, medium-sized and large businesses in twelve European countries.

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Propensity of university students in the Region of Antofagasta -Chile to create enterprises



Romanì, Gianni Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile/ Entrepreneurship and SME Center.

[email protected]

Didonet, Simone Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile/ Entrepreneurship and SME Center

[email protected]

Contuliano, Sue-Hellen Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile/Entrepreneurship and SME Center

[email protected]

Portilla, Rodrigo Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile/Entrepreneurship and SME Center.

[email protected]

This paper aims to discuss the propensity or intention to create enter-prises of university students in the Region of Antofagasta, Chile, and to analyse the factors that influence the step from desirability to inten-tion. For that purpose, a survey was taken of 681 students, obtained from a stratified probabilistic sample. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and a binary logistical regression to ascertain the factors that affect the step from the desirability to the intention to create an enterprise. The results show that 76 percent of the students have the desire to create their own enterprise, of which less than a third has the intention. Standing out among the variables that have a significant and positive influence is the curriculum, while the desire for a high level of income and escaping unemployment are factors that have a negative influence on the intention, as well as the perception of the lack of an appropriate partner and their own high level of financial risk. Also, being a woman has a negative influence on the intention to create an enterprise.

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Refreshing the Entrepreneurs that other Business Schools cannot reach? The implementation of Sustainable Self-Facilitated SME Learning Networks



Carr, James Aberystwyth University [email protected]

Fuller-Love, Nerys Aberystwyth University [email protected]

Howells, Anne Aberystwyth University [email protected]

Langstaff, Lesley Aberystwyth University [email protected]

This paper presents research findings at the end of the second year of a three year cross-border SME learning networks programme, a unique innovation that has created and developed six business learn-ing networks, three in South East Ireland and three in West Wales. The primary goal of the programme is to increase the competitiveness, creativity and innovation capacities and capabilities of entrepreneurs and owner-managers of SMEs and micro-enterprises, thereby enabling them to respond to the challenges of the Innovation Economy. This is a particularly difficult undertaking for many of the participants as they operate in sparsely populated rural areas in Ireland and Wales.

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Innovation Management of SMEs in the Creative Sector in Flanders and the Netherlands



Nauwelaerts, Ysabel Lessius University College/Catholic University Leuven

[email protected]

Hollaender, Iris University of Applied Sciences Utrecht

[email protected]

SMEs represent a very important part of the European economy today, and within this SME group the creative sector is recently one of the fastest growing sectors. Our paper studies the innovation manage-ment of 105 creative SMEs in Flanders and the Netherlands, based on the innovation diagnostic instrument, developed by Mazzarol & Reboud (2006). On the side of the ‘innovation climate’ we identified many stimulating factors such as the well developed infrastructure and proximity of logistics and suppliers and an innovative and stimulating life style in the global area of Flanders and the Netherlands. However, we identified many restricting legislations and regulations that seem to hamper seriously most creative SMEs. Above that, many creative SMEs fail to find sufficient access to capital to invest in their growing innovative activities. We observe that the Dutch creative SMEs find more easily access to external financial resources and governmental support and subventions than their Flemish colleagues.

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Beyond “shades of green” – opportunities for a renewed conceptualisation of entrepreneurial sustainability in SMEs: a literature review



Levinsohn, Duncan Jönköping International Business School [email protected]

Brundin, Ethel Jönköping International Business School [email protected]

Sustainability entrepreneurship (SuE) is an emerging field that is linked to “sustainable development” (SD). The SuE literature is reviewed in the light of alternative understandings of sustainable development, noting that current conceptualisations of SuE are strongly influenced by studies of “green” entrepreneurship, and less so by the extensive SD literature. It is therefore argued that SuE research needs to recognise both the importance of an extended understanding of SD theories, and the “embedded” nature of sustainability entrepreneurship. By recog-nising the importance of “place” in SuE/SD research, it is suggested that the unique contribution of SMEs can be recognised and devel-oped.

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The Importance of Creative Industries for Local Economic Growth – with evidence from five regions in Finland



Wulff, Sampsa University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Kinnunen, Oili University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Voutilainen, Päivi Univeristy of Eastern Finland [email protected]

In this study, we shall take a look at companies in the creative sector that are situated in five different regions in Finland. We shall examine the role that these kinds of companies have for local economy and how this position differs from that of more “traditional” kinds of business. The research presented in this paper is based on a statistical package provided by Statistics Finland. The data gathered represents the situation in the years 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2009. From preliminary results that we presume that the role of creative industries for local economy and employment is significant.

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Drivers of female entrepreneurial activity across countries: choice or barriers?



van der Zwan, Peter Erasmus School of Economics [email protected]

Verheul, Ingrid Rotterdam School of Management [email protected]

Thurik, Roy Erasmus School of Economics [email protected]

This study investigates whether women and men make different choic-es or perceive different barriers to entrepreneurship. We use data from 2009 for 36 countries. We see entrepreneurship as a process consisting of several stages. Our results suggest that it is choice rather than bar-riers that explains the backward position of women in entrepreneurial involvement. Men are at an advantage in the early stages of entrepre-neurship, suggesting that women are less likely than men to choose for an entrepreneurial career. However, women and women do not differ regarding their chances of continuing their entrepreneurial career once they are involved in entrepreneurship.

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Entrepreneurship in Entrepreneurship Education – Practices in Finnish Basic and Secondary Education Level



Ruskovaara, Elena Lappeenranta University of Technology

[email protected]

Pihkala, Timo Lappeenranta University of Technology

[email protected]

Rytkölä, Tiina The Centre for School Clubs [email protected]

Seikkula-Leino, Jaana Lappeenranta University of Technology

[email protected]

The aim of our paper is to present practices Finnish teachers take as entrepreneurship and enterprise educators. The empirical study builds on a survey including responses from 167 teachers working in basic and secondary schools. The survey was conducted as a web-based questionnaire and the quantitative data was analyzed by SPSS soft-ware. We present what are the average amounts of using different methods and practices, also variances and frequencies will be present-ed. By explorative factor analysis we find some interesting groups of entrepreneurship / enterprise actions that will also be presented.

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China Peril or China Mania? Entrepreneurs’ “host” country perceptions, social interactions, and internationalization



Goxe, François Université Paris-Dauphine, Paris, France [email protected]

This paper examines how entrepreneurs’ perceptions of a foreign country prior to internationalization are affected by social interac-tions with peers and other actors during initial approaches of that country and what consequences do these evolving perceptions have upon internationalization decision and later developments. Specifi-cally, we follow a social-cognitive perspective at the intersection between international entrepreneurship (study of how cross-border opportunities are identified and exploited by entrepreneurs); cognitive (how entrepreneurial perceptions and motivations are formed at home and in host countries) and socialization (the process through which individuals learn the values, norms, beliefs and behaviors of societies, organizations or groups) literatures. This perspective is employed in an exploratory qualitative study of nascent international entrepreneurs in China. Our findings show processes of cognitive reinforcement and cognitive dissonance leading to various internationalization decisions. Propositions are made and discussed along with implications for research and practice.

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Transitional Processes And Governance Issues In Small Family Businesses: An Analytical Framework



Antoldi, Fabio Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore [email protected]

Ghezzi, Daniele M. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore [email protected]

This paper aims at answering the following questions: (a) how do the different interests of internal stakeholders, the values that lead their decisions and the assignment of organization roles to actors impact on successful continuity of small family businesses? (b) How can these three elements (stakeholders, values, roles) be taken into consideration in designing effective governance systems for managing their transac-tion processes? Starting from a real case history, we provide a theoreti-cal framework to design effective governance systems in small family business facing generational transition. A stakeholder interpretation of corporate governance is adopted. Stakeholders’ interests, values and their different organizational roles are included in the analytical frame-work. Our work fills a void in previous research by providing both a comprehensive diagnosis framework and effective tools for interven-tion; these tools’ practical applicability contributes to disentangle fam-ily businesses’ governance issues and provides small business owners useful guidelines for managing transitional processes.

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Poster: A Photo Presentation on the Indeginious Society of Kalash and its Entrepreneurial Perspective



Dawood, Haroon SURE Entrepreneurship Development Institute

[email protected]

Jalil Mela, Sana SURE Entrepreneurship Development Institute

[email protected]

Khan, Iqbal M. Lahore School of Economics

[email protected]

Across the Hindukush Mountains, reside the Indigenous Kalash Kafar tribes jealously possessive of their environment and culture. They celebrate three festivals in a year which was the biggest tourists’ at-traction but it faded over the years due to 9/11. It is not just a pastoral society the main source of survival is subsistence farming, fruit col-lecting, wine making, and making female ornaments and dresses as handicrafts.

The survey conducted showed that this Indigenous Community has a potential to produce Entrepreneurial Ventures. They require vocation-al training integrated with entrepreneurial education to maintain their original skill. The results indicate positive Entrepreneurial Intentions, thus through capacity building they can become self sustaining.

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Regional innovation and development: A latent growth model of regional innovation determinants



Örtqvist, Daniel Luleå University of Technology

[email protected]

Holmgren, Maria Magdalena Luleå University of Technology

Maria.Magdalena.Holmgren @gmail.com

Krueger, Norris Entrepreneurship Northwest

[email protected]

We propose arguments supporting regional innovation to be depen-dent upon the simultaneous influence of movement of citizens and the industry structure within the region. We tested our model and hypotheses on a four year longitudinal data from official registers on the complete population of 290 Swedish municipalities. Results support that regions with a high industry concentration gain innova-tion activity from increases in both in- and outflows of citizens from the region. Results on regions with a low industry concentration are inconclusive but indicate, in support of our arguments, that such regions gain relatively more from stability in the region.

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Nature of Crises in Family Businesses



Classen, Christina Leuphana University Lueneburg; Department of Entrepreneurship and Start-Up Management

[email protected]

Many surveys show the high impact of family businesses on the economy of many nations. Nevertheless crises endanger the further existence of a company. The coupling of the independent but overlapping systems “family”, “business” and “ownership” characterizes the family businesses´ organization.

This draft of a working paper analyzes the nature of crises in family enterprises referring to the specific organizational structure and discusses different types of crises in contrast to family firms and non-family firms. The distinction is based in the organization’s structure. In addition, a framework of different dimensions of crises in family businesses is developed.

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Education as Determinant of Motivation and Performance of Women – Owned Small firms. Evidence from Poland



Mizgajska, Hanna Poznan University of Economics [email protected]

The purpose of the study is to diagnose the relation between education of women owners and factors affecting their decision to set up a busi-ness. Furthermore, the study researches the impact of education and participation in training courses on the performance of the companies. The research concerned the operation of companies from 2005 to 2007 in Wielkopolska province and 109 women-managed enterprises were polled. The study confirmed the hypothesis that education and professional experience of women were decisive in prioritizing by them the external and internal factors which impacted the decision of setting up a company. The study showed that a significant factor influencing company growth and company performance was training courses.

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Collaboration with Science as a Source of Innovation for SMEs in Poland



Mizgajska, Hanna Poznan University of Economics [email protected]

Wsciubiak, Lukasz Poznan University of Economics [email protected]

The aim of the article is to provide answers to the following questions:

Do SME of a low- and high-technology profile cooperate with research units?

What is the form, range and intensity of this collaboration?

The evaluation of cooperation between small and medium-sized enter-prises and research units has been presented against the background of research commercialisation in Poland as well as innovative activity diagnosis of SME representing both high-tech industries and tradi-tional lines of business. The paper is based on results of questionnaires obtained from 44 enterprises representing high-tech industries and 73 companies representing traditional lines of business. The research into the collaboration concerns the years 2005–2007 and involves small and medium-sized enterprises from the Wielkopolski and Kujawsko-Pomorski regions.

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Knowledge transfer flows in the life science communities: conceptual model development and empirical examination



Gerbin, Ani University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine

[email protected]

Drnovsek, Mateja University of Ljubljana Faculty of Economics

[email protected]

In this paper we expand the existing research on knowledge transfer from academia to the business sector in life sciences. We develop a comprehensive individual-level conceptual model in which we dis-tinguish between the “traditional” and the “new-type” knowledge transfer activities in assessing their role in formal and informal sharing of scientific knowledge. We provide a broad perspective on knowledge flows, by considering both the individual and environmental determi-nants of different forms of collaborative efforts among researchers. The study contributes to the ongoing debates on the impact of com-mercial considerations at academic institutions on adherence to the norms of open science.

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Supporting Independent Professionals – Some of the Psychological Sources



McKeown, Tui Monash University [email protected]

Leighton, Pat [email protected]

This paper presents the first set of results of the Entity Solutions IPro Index (ESII), the leading benchmark survey for identifying trends, issues and attitudes of IPros in Australia. Based on prior research indi-cating the important role that personality traits have in determining a positive emotional state at work, the ESII examines the five key areas of lifestyle (overall job satisfaction), well-being (engagement, psycho-logical and emotional aspects), commitment to current client (work-place), perceived support from current client (workplace) and trends (current issues). Our results provide a foundation for developing further understanding of the emotional experiences of those working outside of the traditional employer–employee relationship and in do-ing so. The descriptive results are derived from 365 responses gathered in an online survey conducted during June and July 2010 from IPros working in Australian organisations.

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Small business owner’s capability to manage regulation and its relationship with compliance



Battisti, Martina Massey University [email protected]

Deakins, David Massey University

Perry, Martin Massey University

Bensemann, Jo Massey University

Smallbone, David Kingston University

In this paper we argue that the cost or impact of regulation is not de-termined solely by the regulation itself. It is mediated by the capability of business owners to manage regulation. Building on face to face, in-depth interviews with 111 small business owners and a further twelve key informants, we explore the factors and processes that influence small business capability to manage regulation and investigate the re-lationship between the capability to mange regulation and compliance with regulation.

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Influences of Gender Labelling of Entrepreneurship on the Entrepreneurial Career Aspirations of Educated Women in Bangladesh – A Comparative Study of Employed Women and Housewives



Huq, Afreen School of Management RMIT University Melbourne, Australia

[email protected]

The whole notion of how gender labeling of entrepreneurship impacts upon entrepreneurial aspirations of the growing group of educated, urban based women in developing economies have been unrecognised in entrepreneurship literature. Drawing on the “5M” framework suggested by Brush, Bruin and Welter (2009), this study explores factors affecting the entrepreneurial career aspirations of educated urban women in Bangladesh, where society’s notions of impropriety often keep women off certain occupations including entrepreneur-ship. In-depth interviews were conducted with 72 “potential” women entrepreneurs, consisting of 35 employed women and 37 housewives. The findings reveal that the socio-cultural and institutional context play important role in influencing the perception and aspiration about business-ownership by women.

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Factors Influencing the Development of SME Clusters: Evidence from Pakistan



Fayyaz, Anjum LUMS, Lahore [email protected]

Mian, Sarfraz SUNY-Oswego [email protected]

Ul Islam, Faheem

This paper explores various factors that influence the development of small and medium enterprise (SME) clusters and how their perfor-mance can be measured by using a proposed set of variables derived in this study. The research employed data obtained from various “di-agnostic studies” conducted on 20 clusters covered by the UNIDO’s cluster and networks development initiative in Pakistan. We rate the success or failure of cluster development approach in Pakistan by categorizing the clusters into ‘HOT’, ‘WARM’ and ‘COLD.’ This categorization was based on variables such as application of cluster development methodology, presence of trained Cluster Development Agents (CDA), creation of social capital, key characteristics of clusters, ownership of partner agencies, involvement of governmental agencies and the role of interest groups such as industry chambers or associa-tions in these clusters. These variables are derived from the literature and assigned weights in accordance with their relative importance determined while applying the UNIDO cluster development method-ology. The paper concludes with a strategy to convert ‘COLD’ into ‘WARM’ and ‘WARM’ into ‘HOT’ clusters.

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The Study of the Relationship between the Growth of Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Environment



Feicheng, Lu Feiyang vocational and technical college

[email protected]

Entrepreneurs are the main force to create new jobs, to promote social and economic development and pioneers of human civilization. How to create the highest quality business environment for entrepreneurs to grow more rapidly, healthy and sustainably is the inevitable respon-sibly of families, schools, societies and governments. In this paper, the growth process of the entrepreneurs is divided into four stages: screening seeds, stimulating sprouts, cultivating sprouts and bearing fruits. This paper also analyzes the impact of creation of each stage on the growth of entrepreneurs from China’s national conditions. based on that classification of the differnet stage, some analysis and disussion regarding the relationship between growth of entrepreneurial environment can be made.

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Poster: Creating intrapreneurial culture for technological innovation – a case study of nitttr chandigarh



Sharma, Dhruv Dev National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research, chandigarh, India

[email protected]

These days’ modern organizations have to become learning and in-novative and provide continually modified and new products to their clientele. The present case study pertains of National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research (NITTTR), Chandigarh (India). NITTTR is engaged in providing training to teachers from polytechnics and engineering colleges of India. On getting a sched-ule administered on a sample of faculty, the present case study con-cluded that there is continuously improving intrapreneurial culture in NITTTR and it is providing innovative products to its most demand-ing clients. This study has widespread implications for NITTTR as well as similar organizations in view of creating an intrapreneurial culture for innovation.

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Poster: The Study of Incubators, Clusters & Innovation in Culture Industry: the case study of Great Nanhai Cultural Living Circles, Taipei City



Yen-Dan, Lin Humanities and Arts College of National Taipei University of Education

[email protected]

Chao-Shiang, Li Humanities and Arts College of National Taipei University of Education

[email protected]

The soft power of culture and creativity becoming the primarily com-petitive strength to be developed by global cities-to establish the city’s cultural brand is desperately in need of involvements of the cultural industry and the creative entrepreneur. In the first year, we reviewed the references and analyzed the case through PEST and SWOTS, and then we interviewed related “stack holders” in the second year.

The conclusion specified that, in regard to the city culture and industry development, correct selection and proper use of the policy and strat-egy acts as an important role on development of the cultural and social economy in the era of creative economy.

Keywords: Culture Industry, Incubators, Clusters & Innovation, Great Nanhai Cultural Living Circles

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Identity and very small firms networks: the case of craft firms



Thevenard-Puthod, Catherine Irege – Universite De Savoie Catherine.puthod @univ-savoie.fr

Picard, Christian Irege – Universite De Savoie Christian.picard @univ-savoie.fr

Investigations into the networking activity of SME have become common in the management literature. Nevertheless, there are very few studies concerning the different forms taken by networks of craft firmS. In this context, this paper will provide additional knowledge on networks of craft firms, in terms of shapes and link with the identity of these companies. The analytical framework used is a cross between the literature on strategic networks and the literature on crafts. Firstly, literature on strategic networks provides five dimensions to analyze the shape of networks. Secondly, literature on Craft firms offers an analytical tool to analyse the profile of the identity of the very small firm. This framework identifies two extreme types of craft firms: traditional craft firms and entrepreneurial craft firms. The empirical data collected, based on ten case studies, allow the identification of two major types of networks (proactive one and defensive one) and a link between the identity profile of the craft firm and the shape of the network to which it belongs;

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Innovation Behaviour of High Impact Firms in Rural Regions



Forster, Michael Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship [email protected]

Ziltener, Andreas Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship [email protected]

The present paper shows that high-impact firms have proficiency in market knowledge and market cultivation, are conscious of and focused on business and innovation strategy, exhibit strong leadership, reflected in their corporate culture as well, display an above aver-age rate of innovation in this narrow field of business, tie and foster entrepreneurial spirit in their corporate culture based on strategy, and last but not least are committed to performance. It is interesting that processes or structural issues return to the agenda as very important when firm leaders have to determine future business segments or build up distinctive resources and competences.

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Culture, Migrants, and Risk Taking: The Case of the Biotechnology Sector in China



Laroche, Nicolas Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont Université

nicolas.laroche@ u-clermont1.fr

Hénaut, Pascale Soluscience [email protected]

Romond, Pierre-Charles Conception ingéniérie et développement de l’aliment et du médicament, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont Université

P-Charles.ROMOND @u-clermont1.fr

Using a quasi-experimental design on forty-two biotech Chinese enterprises, we study differences in entrepreneurial orientations between home-grown and returnee Chinese entrepreneurs. We evalu-ate the influence of the external culture on financial and innovative risk taking. Our methodology excludes institutional and national biases and introduces a method to quantify innovativeness. Returnees are more often financed by venture capital and develop more radical innovative products. We conclude that the returnees have been influ-enced by the external culture during their time spent abroad and share more characteristics with occidental entrepreneurs than with mainland Chinese.

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How Does Engendering Creativity Compare to Vocationally Based Methodologies When Encouraging Enterprising Behaviour Among Early School Leavers?



Byrne, John D. Dublin INstitute of Technology [email protected]

Cooney, Thomas Dublin Institute of Technology [email protected]

Osaghae, O.G. Dublin Institute of Technology [email protected]

Stratford, Brinn Brian Stratford Associates brianstratfordassociates.co.uk

It is understandable that educators should wish to encourage entre-preneurship in trainees, particularly in times of economic recession. Two fundamental misapprehensions are frequently manifest in their approach, however: that a majority of trainees possess the qualities necessary to build and sustain enterprise and that individual creativity plays a central role in successful entrepreneurship. This paper explores current thinking in regard to fostering entrepreneurship and contrasts this with views expressed by educators. It posits that an approach based on vocational suitability is likely to be considerably more ef-fective in fostering entrepreneurship than one based on developing creativity.

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Rural entrepreneurship: Between place and space



Korsgaard, Steffen Aarhus University [email protected]

Müller, Sabine Aarhus University [email protected]

Tanvig, Hanne Copenhagen University [email protected]

This paper proposes a distinction between rural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship in the rural. While the latter is incidentally located in a rural area, the former engages with the localised resources of the rural area. We argue that rural entrepreneurship in this form holds promise for a better use of rural resource-bases as well as for sustain-able economic development. On the basis of an exploration of the spatial dynamics of rural entrepreneurship we develop propositions concerning rural entrepreneurship as a distinct form of entrepreneurial activity, emphasising bricolage, mixed embeddedness, capped growth and the realisation of multiple forms of value. Furthermore, the paper argues for a more central role for spatial qualities in entrepreneurship research.

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Workshop: Business Competence for Doctoral Students in Life-Science



Jones-Evans, Dylan University of Wales [email protected]

Yoo, So-Jin University of Wales [email protected]

Malinen, Pasi University of Turku /BID [email protected]

Paasio, Antti University of Turku /BID [email protected]

Peura, Kirsi University of Turku /BID [email protected]

Hedner, Thomas University of Gothenburg [email protected]

Mack, Kaarl University of Gothenburg [email protected]

Lassila, Olli University of Turku / TuBS [email protected]

Rosenberg, Susanna University of Turku / TuBS [email protected]

Objective of the workshop is to discuss entrepreneurial and innovation needs of PhD students and to define best practices and approaches in business education for students in life-science. In the workshop will be presented the preliminary results of best practice research conducted in Erasmus project Innovation and Growth – MBA Programme for Doc-toral Students; main objective of the project is to create a transnational joint MBA programme for doctoral students in University of Turku (FI), University of Wales (UK), and University of Gothenburg (SE) to focus on the untapped potential of universities in transferring knowl-edge from the university to the society. In the workshop is presented successful methods, learning tools, and contents suitable for educa-tional programmes for doctoral students. Workshop is suitable for educators and practitioners, as well as researchers and policy-makers with focus on supporting entrepreneurship and business competence education in higher education. Workshop is conducted as a panel dis-cussion including contributor presentations and expert comments.

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Contributing to the sustainability of South African family farms: An investigation of family harmony



Van der Merwe, Stephan North-West University, Potchefstroom Business School

[email protected]

The primary objective of this study was to empirically explore the determinants of family harmony in small and medium-sized fam-ily farms. Data from 244 questionnaires from 36 family farms were collected and analysed. An Oblimin oblique rotation was performed on the principal components of the exploratory factor analysis. Three factors describing the theoretical dimensions of the dependent variable Family harmony and the independent variables Existence of family forums and Conflict management were extracted. The results indicate that Family harmony among family members is related to the Exis-tence of family forums and Conflict management. Practical recommen-dations are suggested to improve family relationships in family farms.

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Deconstructing the Motives of Constructing an Intermediary between Public Services and Private Entrepreneurs



Andersson, Lena Linköping University [email protected]

Intermediary organisations constructed as a link between public ser-vice providers and business entrepreneurs is a phenomena which we know very little of. Given the difficulty of relating concrete effects to investments made in business support ventures, we need to know more about the specific arguments behind this organisational construction. When deconstructing the arguments behind one particular venture, several lines of reasoning unfold, revealing motives founded on miscel-laneous legitimating elements. The analysis reveals a situation where striving for legitimacy is sometimes more important than actual results and where the private entrepreneur is both the target and the role model.

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Crossing an Imaginary Crevasse – How do Academic Founders Make Sense of Their Business Project?



Hannibal, Martin University of Southern Denmark, Dep. of Marketing & Management

[email protected]

This paper explores the displayed entrepreneurial behavior of novice and seasoned academic founders through two dimensions. Firstly the paper explores how the introduction of a commercial environment influences founder’s values and norms. Secondly the logics evoked by novice and seasoned academic entrepreneurs are compared. We hone in on how exogenous role demands are incorporated in academic entrepreneur’s role identity and how this influence the evoked log-ics that circumscribe their entrepreneurial behavior. Findings suggest that academic role identities are persistent compounding to a barrier to new venturing for novice academic entrepreneurs while seasoned entrepreneurs perceive their academic identity as a valuable resource in enacting their new venture.

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The role of gourmet restaurants for culinary innovations and developement of small-scale food firms



Johansson, Sara [email protected] [email protected]

Pettersson, Lars Swedish Board of Agriculture andJIBS, Jönköping University

[email protected]

There is a growing interest in haute cuisine around the world. Gour-met restaurants are often assumed to attract visitors who seek unique experiences, thereby stimulating turnover on related markets. In culi-nary markets there is also a growing interest in the geographical origin of food products. Consequently, success of haute cuisine restaurants is likely to depend on access to local food producers that produce prod-ucts with unique attributes. This study explores the location pattern of gourmet restaurants in Sweden using the White Guide. The empiri-cal analysis focuses on the relationship between haute cuisine restau-rants and small-scale food firms in local markets.

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Learning Orientation of SMEs and Its Impact on Firm Performance



Frank, Hermann WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Research Institute for Family Business

[email protected]

Keßler, Alexander Institute for Management and Entrepreneurship, University of Applied Sciences of WKW, Vienna

[email protected]

Mitterer, Gerald Neuwaldegg Consulting Group, Vienna

[email protected]

Weismeier-Sammer, Daniela

WU, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship

[email protected]

Learning orientation (LO) is defined as an organization’s attitude towards learning. To understand the importance of LO for SMEs we investigate the impact of LO on performance. In multiple regression analysis we utilize data from 228 SMEs. We elaborate on LO with a focus on SMEs, examine the performance impact of LO in the context of environmental dynamism and hostility, and explore the implications of interactions between LO, environmental dynamism and hostility for performance. Our results suggest that a high level of LO results in bet-ter performance. However, dynamic and hostile environments absorb performance effects of a high LO.

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Policy Programmes to promote Entrepreneurship and Innovation: A study of the state of the art, design and impact issues



Brulin, Göran Linköping’s university, HELIX [email protected]

Ellström, Per-Erik Linköping’s university, HELIX [email protected]

Klofsten, Magnus Linköping’s university, HELIX [email protected]

Svensson, Lennart Linköping’s university, HELIX [email protected]

Europe 2020 strategy EU puts forward three mutually reinforcing pri-orities smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. A main driving force are innovation programmes. Our understanding of programme-driving will always be tentative but can be improved. Analysis of programme-driving provides an alternative way of tackling the problem. It is an approach that enhances the understanding – contextually, practically and theoretically. Rather than heading for final, concrete and one-dimensional often quantitative knowledge we should get used to the fact that our understanding always will be fragmentary and imperfect though, on a higher level! Knowledge on innovation programme-driv-ing should improve innovation institutions/practices/ethos in different respects.

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Innovation Incubators – a return to the past?



Johannessen, Tor A Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration

[email protected]

Little research has been made in order to ascertain the effect of incubators. Substantial amounts of money are spent on establishing and maintaining incubators. Could this money have been spent more wisely? This paper is reporting the findings from the early stages of a study of a university incubator. The underlying hypothesis was that the survival rate of ventures in university incubators is higher than for non-incubated ventures. Studying the effect of incubators is challeng-ing due to the different characteristics of the ventures in these incuba-tors. We recommend further research, including more variables, such as competence of the incubator management.

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Mentor and mentee attitudes in mentoring for entrepreneurs with foreign background



Pervik, Jimmy ALMI Företagspartner / Bussinesspartner

[email protected]

Henningson, Thomas Qahos [email protected]

Hultman, Claes M Swedish Business School, University of Örebro

[email protected]

A national governmental mentoring programme for entrepreneurs with a foreign background from 56 different countries was launched in Sweden in 2009. The purpose is the follow-up of mentor and mentee attitudes to participation in this programme. Data is based on extensive nationwide telephone interviews with participating mentors and mentees. Additional in-depth interviews were made to gain a better understanding.

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An explanation of academic women’s entrepreneurship through multilevel institutional interactions



del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, María University of Granada [email protected]

Cooper, Sarah Y. University of Edinburgh [email protected]

Bojica, Ana Maria University of Granada [email protected]

Adopting an institutional multilevel approach, this paper explores the factors which affect academic women’s decision to create spin-off ven-tures. Specifically, we analyze how the social (macro-level) and univer-sity (meso-level) structures influence and interact with the individual factors to explain these women’s decision to become entrepreneurs. Using the Universities of Edinburgh and Granada as case-study labo-ratories, we find that the macro-structures which frame gender roles within society generally inhibit women’s entrepreneurial orientation and that the current programs and policies of the universities do not always stimulate academic women’s entrepreneurship, as they do not fit the specificity of their different contexts.

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Corporate Restructuring through Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestments – The experimental dynamics of a northern Swedish industrial district



Eliasson, Gunnar KTH [email protected]

Peterson, Christer Umeå School of Business, Umeå University

[email protected]

We address the increasingly common problem of industrial trans-formation of regions facing radical environmental change, making existing, often neglected, industrial structures obsolete.

We observe how trading in the M&As markets have broken up the two dominant industries in Örnsköldsvik (once forest industry giant MoDo and sophisticated engineering firm Hägglunds). Using the theory of an experimentally organized economy, a micro based macro analysis explains how failed strategies at the ownership and financial levels have caused an almost complete take over by foreign investors, but also how local engineering knowledge has made the foreign owners choose to stay and averted regional stagnation.

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Small business management capability development in the home furnishings industry



Nel, Pieter Unitec New Zealand [email protected]

Simpson, K. Unitec New Zealand [email protected]

This paper describes a research project into the role of a public sector industry training organisation in the development of generic man-agement capability in the small and medium enterprises sector of a specific New Zealand industry. The project set out to define key concepts and terminologies, to review past efforts undertaken to assess the effectiveness of generic business enterprise management. A range of models to measure the return on investment is also presented. The paper concludes that the presence of major data gaps negates any pos-sibility of definitive answers to the question of business management capability enhancement, and proposes an agenda for further research into the topic.

Keywords: entrepreneurship, education, return on investment, industry training organisation, management development.

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Poster: Determinants of works council’s establishment in family firms – a theoretical and empirical analysis –



Moog, Petra Siegen University [email protected]

Schloemer, Nadine IfM Bonn [email protected]

This paper analyzes the question why employees in small and medium-sized family firms establish works councils more rarely than their counterparts in non-family firms. In order to examine this question, hypotheses are derived based on the theory of sociological neoinstitu-tionalism. Under this view, the decision of employees to initiate works councils is not a rational one, but driven by societal and internal insti-tutions. Our empirical findings support this view for family and non-family firms. That implies that the rare occurrence of works councils in family firms cannot be explained by surplus effects, but by a strong singular effect of owner-management.

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Cooperation between family businesses in the New Zealand wine industry – is it a case of do or die?



Woodfield, P.aul University of Auckland, NZ [email protected]

Nel, Pieter Unitec New Zealand [email protected]

Early pioneer families set the stage for a new culture in wine market-ing. Their collegiality has cultivated what is now New Zealand Wine-growers which oversees the industry. This article has three distinctive primary constructs – family, markets and cooperation. These areas are analysed to ascertain how medium-sized family winegrowing busi-nesses have evolved, and how these businesses proceed when their next logical growth step would be to merge with, or raise finance from, an outside partner. By focussing on the interrelationships between the constructs, the article aims to present entrepreneurial coopera-tion alternatives to this innovative but traditional industry. Data was retrieved from an electronic survey, interviews, literature, statistics and reports.

Key words: wine industry, family business, entrepreneurship, marketing

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Different approaches to opportunity process and their consequences for teaching practice



Kyrö, Paula Aalto University School of Economcs, Finland

[email protected]

Kurczewska, Agnieszka University of Lozd, Poland [email protected]

Osei Bonsu, Nana Aalto University School of Economcs, Finlan

[email protected]

On the basis of the theories of Cantillon, Mises and Kirzner we iden-tify three different approaches to opportunity process: search, discov-ery and, action. We argue that the differences in understanding what opportunities are have effect on how to learn and teach opportunity competences. Then by investigating how students understand what opportunities are with respect to these different approaches we elabo-rate what this means for learning and teaching practices. The results indicate that rather than using uniform methods in teaching we should try to combine different approaches to enable students to learn venture creation competences.

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Eco-entrepreneurship in developing countries: the case of renewable energy sector in Bolivia



Pansera, Mario Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

[email protected]

Agudo, Angel Francisco Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

[email protected]

Pascual, Felix Jose Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

[email protected]

The change towards a sustainable economic system represents a big challenge for the present as well as next generations. Such a proc-ess requires important long-term changes in technologies, lifestyle, infrastructures and institutions. In this scenario the innovation process is a crucial element for fostering sustainability as well as an egalitarian development in developing countries. For those reasons the concept of Eco-Innovation System is introduced and further considerations are provided for the case of less-developed countries. The paper illustrates that sustainable development is possible by exploiting local poten-tial and traditional knowledge in order to achieve at the same time economic growth, social equality and environmental sustainability. In order to prove such an assumption a specific case study is described: The renewable energy sector in Bolivia. The case study summarizes many important dimensions of the innovation process in developing countries such as technological transfer, diffusion and adaptation, social dimension and development issues.

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Pushed into serial entrepreneurship



Sundin, Elisabeth Linköping University [email protected]

Tillmar, Malin Linköping University [email protected]

Entrepreneurs are talked of as “the heroes of our times” and more he-roic than all others are the entrepreneurs who engage in more than one venture. This paper aims to advance entrepreneurship theory through showing empirically that serial entrepreneurship, or rather serial-start-ups, isn’t necessarily a deliberate choice. This is illustrated by three se-lected cases, which we have followed through longitudinal qualitative studies. Theoretically, our analysis has profound implications, since it questions the notion of start-ups as a measure of economic success of individuals, regions or nations. The paper also explores the previously understudied exit-part of the entrepreneurial process.

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Legitimacy of growing a farm? A case study of entrepreneurial identity construction of two farmers



Hytti, Ulla Turku School of Economics, Univer-sity of Turku

[email protected]

Stenholm, Pekka Turku School of Economics, Univer-sity of Turku

[email protected]

Akola, Elisa Turku School of Economics, Univer-sity of Turku

[email protected]

It is often taken for granted that most small firms aim to grow. Less emphasis has been given on the growth of farms. The aim of the paper is to investigate how growth as a business goal is accommodated in the identity construction of Finnish farmers. Our study contributes to research on firm growth and rural firms by viewing farms as growth businesses. In addition, the paper participates in the discussion on en-trepreneurial identity construction in the context of farming and how this is connected to understanding of growth among farmers. Practical implications are linked to presenting farms as potential growth firms.

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The risks of growing fast: Does fast growth have a negative impact on the survival rates of firms?



Hartog, Chantal EIM Business and Policy Research [email protected]

de Kok, Jan EIM Business and Policy Research [email protected]

Zhou, Haibo University of Groningen [email protected]

Fast-growing firms are associated with several macro-economic ben-efits. High growth may, however, be risky if fast employment growth leads to a mismatch between organizational size and structure, putting the firm at risk of exiting due to firm death. This paper examines the relationship between (fast) employment growth in the recent past and exit due to firm death. We use a longitudinal enterprise database that contains employment information for virtually all Dutch enterprises from the private sector between 1993 and 1999. The results show that a U-shaped relationship exists between firm growth and the exit rate due to firm death.

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Institutional entrepreneurship and climate friendly innovations in agricultural production



Stål, Herman Umea School of Business [email protected]

For the legitimization and diffusion of eco-innovations policy has an important role to play (cf. Kemp 1997; Porter van der Linde 1995; Rennings 2000) and is in this paper approached as an example of institutional entrepreneurship. The paper explores Swedish policy activities aiming at GHG reduction in the agricultural sector. A qualitative case study of the attempts to develop political strategies was conducted. The results show that policy activities perform differ-ent functions in relation to existing eco-innovations and that legitimi-zation is dependent upon how well eco-innovations can be theorized according to existing political goals.

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Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Nature Based Tourism – The role of Institutional Profiles in Northern Norway and Northwest Russia



Iakovleva, Tatiana University of Stavanger [email protected])

Bay-Larsen, Ingrid Nordland Research Institute in Bodø

Kharitonova, Galina Institute for Economic Studies at Kola Science Center

Didyk, Vladimir Institute for Economic Studies at Kola Science Center

This study focuses on sustainable business development in protected areas (PA) in Northern Norway and Northwest Russia. Based on the three-dimensional institutional profile model we have studied the countries’ institutional profiles with the help of regulative, cognitive and normative dimensions. Qualitative interviews were made with tourist operators, NGOs, local, regional and national authorities in the environmental and tourist sectors. Our findings reveal that regula-tion in relation to PA, legislation, and governmental programs play an important part in the development of sustainable nature based tourism in both countries. Several cognitive and normative aspects are also of importance, such as competencies and skills of entrepreneurs and authorities, education, development of business concepts and nature protection. Based on these findings, implications for policymakers and practitioners are suggested.

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Entrepreneurship discourses in the Finnish policy texts



Heinonen, Jarna TSE Entre, Turku School of Economics [email protected]

Hytti, Ulla TSE Entre, Turku School of Economics [email protected]

The study focuses on a Finnish special feature in entrepreneurship policy-making – a cross-sectional entrepreneurship policy programme. The aim is to understand what kind of roles and mission entrepre-neurship and entrepreneurs are given in the policy texts. A discourse analysis was conducted based on selected policy texts related to the entrepreneurship programmes in 1999, 2003 and 2007. Our analysis demonstrates the changing focuses, measures and key actors involved in the policy texts. The results are informative for theorizing about entrepreneurship policy in promoting entrepreneurship. The chapter contributes to entrepreneurship policy discussion by offering fresh insights on the intersection between entrepreneurship literature, policy texts, and the social reality

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Person-Related Determinants of Founding Success over the First 6 Business Years



Muelenz, Cornelius EBS Universtity for business and law

[email protected]

Kissel, Dorothea EBS Universtity for business and law

[email protected]

Klandt, Heinz EBS Universtity for business and law

[email protected]

This study investigates the relation between broad (BIG5) and specific personality traits (self-efficacy, need-for-achievement, procrastina-tion), human capital (branch experience, product experience) and entrepreneurial success (turnover) over the first six years of business. A retrospective online-questionnaire was applied representing a dynamic, quasi-longitudinal approach. BIG5 traits (emotional stability, extra-version, conscientiousness), specific personality traits (self-efficacy, procrastination) and human capital (branch experience, product experience) showed moderate relations (r=.14 to r=.21) with success. Human capital was more important in the earlier, personality traits more in the later years of business. The impact of all person-related determinants increased over time (multiple regression: R-squared=.014 to R-squared=.063).

Keywords: personality traits, human capital, person, longitudinal, entrepreneurial success.

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Auditing and Non Audit Services: Analysis of SME-auditor Relationships in Different Regions



Svanström, Tobias BI Norwegian Business School [email protected]

Boter, Håkan Umeå School of Business [email protected]

The purpose of the paper is to examine how the relationship between SMEs and their auditor varies between regions. Audit literature, regional and network studies are used to set up hypotheses on differ-ences between rural regions and the metropolitan urban region. Survey data from 421 SMEs are analyzed and findings support those rural regions, especially those with a strong entrepreneurial culture and tight inter-organizational links have a trust-based SME-auditor relation-ship and here the auditor assumes the role as a business support agent providing valuable strategic advice. The SME-auditor relationship is weakest in the urban region where the auditor’s role is limited.

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The Value of Social Control in Small Medium Firms’ Partnerships



Kocollari, Ulpiana University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

[email protected]

Nigrisoli, Chiara University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

[email protected]

Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) build relationships with other firms to achieve greater external economies of scale, market strength, or exploit new opportunities. Frequently these relationships rely more on social constrains than on formal controls to avoid opportunistic behaviour. The aim of this study is primarily investigating the func-tioning of SME’s long-term partnerships. In particular this research analyses the most widespread forms of SME’s partnerships and the use of the main elements of formal and social control. The general conclusion of this study is that partnerships are an important issue for small medium enterprises. Considering the general control configu-ration related to each type of partnership, social aspects prevail. In particular, the findings of this suggest that the use of social control in SMEs’ partnerships is positively correlated to a good evaluation of the relationship.

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Small Business Ownership and Gender Differences in the Wake of Public Sector Transformation – The Case of the Veterinarians



Appelkvist, Jenny Linköping university [email protected]

There is hope that the transformation of the public sector will lead to an increase in the number of female entrepreneurs. But the question is if there is a level playing field for men and women? In this article a gender perspective is applied to a mapping of women’s business ownership in the veterinary sector. The importance of intertwined processes of public sector transformation, the feminization of a profes-sion and an expanding industry are highlighted. More specifically the article illustrates that even though there has been a shift in gender bal-ance and women now dominate as veterinary-medicine students there is differences between male and female owned businesses in size of business both in terms of number of employees, profitability, turnover and assets.

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An increase of women’s entrepreneurship – A longitudinal study in the wake of the Public Sector’s transformation



Sköld, Birgitta Linköpings University [email protected]

This conference-paper concerns women’s entrepreneurship in the wake of the Public Sector’s transformation. The study is conducted in the Swedish welfare state, a context where this transformation is perhaps especially salient. The aim of the study is to examine if and where women’s (and men’s) entrepreneurship has increased across female-dominated industries affected by this gender-related transformation. The paper describes the method used and the results obtained from the initial part of a study in progress. The design of the study has a quanti-tative and longitudinal approach based on official registers supplied by Statistics Sweden. The period of investigation is 1993–2006, a period of an ongoing privatization and competition in the Swedish Public Sector.

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World-Class Entrepreneurship- and Innovation Programmes in Sweden – Focus on Gender Perceptions



Ulvenblad, Pia Halmstad University [email protected]

Blomkvist, Marita Halmstad University [email protected]

Hansson, Agenta Halmstad University [email protected]

This paper seeks to advance the understanding of how world class entrepreneurship- and innovation programmes in Sweden, ranked as world class programmes, are gendered. Three focus groups interviews with a total of 19 female students have been conducted. The analysis is inspired by a “doing gender” perspective. The preliminary results show that the education programmes have a male domination both in terms of students, teachers and guest lectures. Also the image of the entrepreneur that is presented during the education programmes is expressed in the focus groups to have a male dominance, in literature as well as success-stories presented during the education. This implies that the traditional gender construction and gender segregation pat-terns, both vertical and horizontal, is manifested.

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Educational and Occupational Biographies of Company’s Founders – An Analysis of Personal Longitudinal Data with GSOEP



Heimann, Anna University of Lueneburg, Germany

[email protected]

Tegtmeier, Silke University of Lueneburg, Germany

[email protected]

This paper makes a contribution to entrepreneurship research by analyzing the educational and occupational biographies of company’s founders. The central question that motivates this paper is: Are there any patterns in the educational and occupational biographies of com-pany’s founders? A reproduction of the biographies allows us to com-pare the individual biographical progressions among each other and to cluster them concerning their similarities respectively dissimilarities. For the present analysis, data of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) are used. The data originated seven types of founders which we named and broadly described as follow: (1) “Experienced University Graduates”, (2) “Inexperienced / Low Experienced Univer-sity Graduates”, (3) “Inexperienced / Low Experienced Homemakers”, (4) “Experienced Professionals”, (5) “Low Experienced Non- / Profes-sionals”, (6) “Experienced Late Bloomer” and, at last, (7) “Experi-enced Seniors”. A typology of founders can help policy makers and counselors to find target-group-specific solutions to support founders.

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Poster: From Interaction to Organization – A communication science based view on Entrepreneurship



Gossel, Britta M. Ilmenau University of Technology [email protected]

To develop a theoretical basis for future research, the following work presents a first step into the field of entrepreneurship research from a communication science based point of view. According to the con-ception of entrepreneurship as creation of organizations and to the observable emphasis on the communication aspect within the scientific debate on organizational theory, it suggests a theoretical link between both disciplines. On the basis of Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems, who defined “interaction” and “organization” close to the construct of communication, a description of entrepreneurship and the deriva-tion of new research questions will be presented.

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(Work)Life after work: Understanding barriers to older entrepreneurship in London



Kibler, Ewald Turku University [email protected]

Wainwright, Thomas Kingston University [email protected]

Kautonen, Teemu Turku University [email protected]

Blackburn, Robert Kingston University [email protected]

The ageing of the population in advanced economies has increasingly attracted scholarly and policy interest. However, contemporary studies have neglected the effect of barriers on older entrepreneurs at the nas-cent and early firm stages. The paper seeks to build upon the limited, recent qualitative older entrepreneur literature, and uses detailed data to provide new insights into the barriers facing older entrepreneurs, and how they have been overcome. We argue that if older entrepre-neurship is to flourish in Britain, policies and support initiatives need to become sensitive to the diversity of older entrepreneurs’ employ-ment background and barriers.

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Poster: Green Entrepreneurship Innovation in Self-Organising Ecological System Natural resource Base Sustainabilty and Stability



Metuge, Enongene Kush Consultants (Papyrus) [email protected]

The main purpose of this original culture entrepreneurship research study is to critically examine one aspect of bounded knowledge analysis to synthesis in control mathematical modeling of an all in the memory endowed mind green entrepreneurship bioautomaton composite dynamic technology of the totality of genes, species and ecology systems environmentaly generated potential. This is a self-organizing system whose automata is a chemical automata technology for hormone control that promotes growth and value added to SMEs best practice in creative regeneration. These technologies may replace selfish genes modification biotechnologies in creative destruction. The choice is ours!

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The Interaction between Financial and Human Resource Slack and its Effect on Venture Performance: Evidence from European High-Tech Ventures



Paeleman, Ine Ghent University [email protected]

Vanacker, Tom Ghent University [email protected]

We study how the interaction between financial and human resource slack affects venture performance. For this purpose, we use a large-scale longitudinal database covering detailed information on privately-held technology-based ventures located in six European countries. Re-sults show that the effects of both financial slack and human resource slack on venture performance are inverse U-shaped. More significantly, the interaction between financial slack and human resource slack is negative. Our findings indicate that having both high levels of financial and human resource slack or low levels of financial and human re-source slack are detrimental for venture performance. We discuss these findings from both academic and practical points of view.

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Future proof: Female entrepreneurs in the Turkish Cypriot Family Business



Howells, Karen European University of Lefke [email protected]

This paper examines the challenges surmounted by Turkish Cypriot female entrepreneurs in a family business context. The research meth-odology includes quantitative and qualitative analysis to find out the specific issues of female entrepreneurs in the family business. Results indicate that the female entrepreneurs enjoy the challenges of entrepre-neurship, and are positively motivated to commence their enterprises. As in the West, they experience difficulties relating to family commit-ments, but they are very well supported by their extended families. This research will contribute to the understanding of entrepreneur-ship and gender issues in regions where the patriarchal system is very strong.

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Innovativeness of SMEs in conditions of transformation in Poland: the results of an empirical study



Kmieciak, Roman Silesian University of Technology, Poland

[email protected]

Michna, Anna Silesian University of Technology, Poland

[email protected]

Męczyńska, Anna Silesian University of Technology, Poland

[email protected]

This paper describes a study that investigates the relationships be-tween innovativeness, employee empowerment, IT capability and firm performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland. Using correlations analysis and multiple regressions modeling on a sample of 109 SMEs, we find that innovation activity of SMEs is posi-tively related with technological turbulence, climate for innovation, investments in innovation and using IT in internal communications; innovation activity and IT competency have a positive effect on firm performance; and subjective measures of firm performance are signifi-cantly correlated with objective ones.

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Business games: What are their potential for entrepreneurial learning?



Bornard, Fabienne Chambery Business School, France [email protected]

Parmentier, Guy Chambery Business School, France [email protected]

Entrepreneurship can be understood as a continuous learning pro-cess based on observation and experimentation. To contend with the constraints of lack of time and too much information, entrepreneurs use simplified action strategies that they must constantly bring into question in order to adapt them to the complexity of their working environments. Business games are based on learning through actions, which would be similar to an entrepreneurial learning process. Would the use of these business games, initially designed to train managers, be relevant for entrepreneurial education? This paper examines in the literature on entrepreneurial learning and learning in business games, the similarities between these two processes, in order to propose a framework for use in the training and the support of entrepreneurs.

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Poster: Awareness to innovative business venture from a professional approach: the case of master’s students in sciences and technology at Mohammedia University



Tounés, Azzedine Chambery Business School [email protected]

Horr, Latifa University Mohammed V

Despite the increase in entrepreneurship education, it is surprising to note the lack of research devoting to its impact on students (Honig, 2004). The aim of this article is to analyze the effects of entrepreneur-ship programs on the entrepreneurial skills of master’s students in the Mohammedia Faculty of Science and Technology (Morocco). The objective was to help the students who wished to create their own businesses or transfer their innovative ideas to the world of industry.

Students’ entrepreneurial learning was considered using a constructive-collective paradigm. The conceptual framework was based on an approach through skills, complemented by the Piaget’s model. The process of constructing business plans is essential for finalizing busi-ness creation projects (Barringer & Gresock, 2008; Kraus et al. 2006).

Six business creation projects in the food industry sector were set up from the method adopted that could be developed with different con-ditions and time limits.

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Explaining the Differences in Entrepreneurial Activity between a Managed and an Entrepreneurial Economy: Policy Lessons from Japan and the Netherlands



Okamuro, Hiroyuki Hitotsubashi University [email protected]

van Stel, André EIM Business and Policy Research [email protected]

Verheul, Ingrid Erasmus University Rotterdam [email protected]

We investigate the differences between a more ‘managed’ economy, Japan, and a more ‘entrepreneurial’ economy, the Netherlands. In the former type of economy, large and incumbent firms play a dominant role, exploiting economies of scale in a relatively certain economic environment. In the latter type, small and new firms play an increas-ingly important role, introducing new products and services in highly uncertain economic environments. Our empirical analysis suggests that, in spite of higher levels of entrepreneurial activity in the Nether-lands, the institutional framework in the Netherlands is considerably less favourable to entrepreneurship, compared to Japan. On the other hand, cultural differences explain a substantial part of the difference in entrepreneurship rates between the two countries.

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Ethnic entrepreneurship in reverse in the UK: Is there gender bias in access to finance for South Asian women entrepreneurs?



Hussain, Javed Birmingham City University [email protected]

Matlay, Harry Birmingham City University [email protected]

Scott, Jonathan M. Teesside University [email protected]

Whittam, Geoff University of the West of Scotland [email protected]

This paper investigates whether there is a gender bias in access to ex-ternal finance for South Asian women; specifically, do they experience greater credit constraints than their male counterparts? The analysis suggests that there are considerable differences amongst Asian women in terms of the importance of different sources of finance, experiences and their perceptions of banks. The findings suggest that banks, policy makers and support agencies should recognize the important role of Asian female entrepreneurs and develop bespoke financing policies to alleviate finance barriers for this important emerging niche.

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Stereotype threat, stereotype lift, role models and entrepreneurship. Do gender stereotypes influence students’ entrepreneurial intentions?



Max, Sylvain Burgundy School of Business; University of Grenoble

[email protected]

Ballereau, Valérie Burgundy School of Business [email protected]

Entrepreneurship is stereotypically associated with male characteris-tics (Gupta, Turban, Wasti, and Sikdar 2009). The negative stereotype stating that “Men are better entrepreneurs than women” is commonly shared and has detrimental effects on women’s entrepreneurial inten-tion (Gupta and Bhawe 2007). Moreover women are under-represent-ed in entrepreneurship and media. The present study first intends to analyse whether gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship on the one hand could inhibit women’s entrepreneurial intentions (stereotype threat; Steele and Aronson 1995) and on the other hand favor those of men (stereotype lift; Walton and Cohen 2003). Then, the impact of role models (that is, a counter-stereotypical model) in reducing detri-mental effects of negative stereotypes on their target was examined.

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Information and Communication Technology Spanish Gazelles: A Competitiveness Analys



Agudo, Ángel Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected]

Pansera, Mario Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected]

Iglesias, Santiago Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [email protected]

Due to the difficult economic situation, which has led to dramatic job losses in Spain, the companies with high growth potential are seen as a promising alternative to resume economic growth. A sample of companies in the information and communications technology sector sets up the basis of this comparative analysis of the characteristics of gazelles versus the standard firms. Also this study shows, by means of a cluster analysis, the determinants of gazelles along the different stages of their development. This will lead to a better understanding of gazelle businesses, from which to develop incentives to increase the number of them.

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Going Abroad Challenges of the Traditonal Food and Beverage Manufacturing SME in Kyushu, Japan: a Case Study Approach



Cheung, Yau-sum Barbara Kyushu Sangyo University [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible strategies of in-ternationalization of the traditional food and beverage manufacturing SME in Kyushu. With culture-bounded nature, internationalization of traditional food business is not easy. Case studies research was carried out to analyze the factors that were likely to determine the success of internationalization. We found that product innovation would be an important strategy, and this required the R&D collaborations with universities or public research centers. As SME’s overseas business partners, international distributors/agents also played crucial roles. Trade fairs organized by the public organizations provide opportuni-ties to meet their potential partners.

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What Sustainable Entrepreneurship Looks Like: An Exploratory Study from a Student Perspective



Richomme-Huet, Katia Euromed-Management [email protected]

De Freyman, Julien Groupe ESC Troyes

Despite growing interest in social, green and sustainable entrepre-neurship, education and training programs that address the needs of sustainable-motivated individuals are scarce. This paper reports on the results on a study on 36 students in a specific course, namely “Entrepreneurship, Green Economy and Corporate Social Responsibil-ity”. The study identifies a significant gap in this new training and the perception of the students in their capacity to become a sustainable entrepreneur.

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Movie Stars in Lecture Halls: Are entrepreneurship students prone to narcissism?



Gustafsson, Veronica Jönköping International Business School

[email protected]

The present study aims at empirically testing the proposition concern-ing the narcissistic behaviors exhibited by students of business admin-istration/management/ entrepreneurship. The paper investigates the strength of narcissistic behavior in bachelor- and master-level students and discusses (a) pedagogical implications of students’ narcissistic tendencies and (b) implications for students’ future career in entrepre-neurship and management. The study also aims at finding out whether differences in narcissistic scores can be explained by socio-demograph-ic variables (e.g. culture; level of education, etc). An important ques-tion is whether a border-line be drawn between a healthy amount of self-efficacy (which successful entrepreneurs possess) and unhealthy narcissism.

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The Role of Female Academic Entrepreneurs in the Acquisition of the Resources and Capabilities Required for the Success of University Spin-offs



del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, María University of Granada [email protected]

Ruiz-Arroyo, Matilde University of Granada [email protected]

Bojica, Ana Maria University of Granada [email protected]

Welter, Friederike Jönköping University [email protected]

The aim of this research is to explore the role of academic women entrepreneurs in the development of university spin-offs. Literature on academic entrepreneurship has focused mainly on the factors that promote new venture creation, but few studies have analyzed the devel-opment of existing ventures. Specifically, this question remains unex-plored in the case of academic women’s entrepreneurship. This work analyzes the actions performed by women academic entrepreneurs and their role in the success of spin-offs they founded, considering not only the university but also the socio-cultural contexts in which academic entrepreneurship takes place. Using multiple-case analysis, we found different profiles with different levels of involvement in the actions per-formed in order to attract resources or develop capabilities for the firm. The results show not only that the context influences women’s actions, but also that their participation in spin-offs has a “bottom-up” effect on the different contexts in which they act.

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Applicant Attraction to the Socially-Responsible Small Business



Dyer, Linda Concordia University [email protected]

Donia, Magda Concordia University [email protected]

In an experimental design, we tested the hypotheses that firm size and a socially-responsible corporate identity are related to applicant at-traction, and that social responsibility is a greater advantage for small firms than for large firms. Data from 362 participants, who rated their interest in a position in the hotel industry, showed support for the attractiveness to applicants of an environmentally-aware corporate identity, but there was no difference in the attractiveness ratings of small versus large firms. Similarly a socially responsible identity was found to be equally advantageous for small as for large firms.

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Entrepreneurial Intentions of Higher Education Students in Finland – a Longitudinal Study



Varamäki, Elina Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Finland

[email protected]

Tornikoski, Erno ESC Saint-Etienne, France [email protected]

Joensuu, Sanna Seinäjoki University of Applied Science, Finland

[email protected]

Viljamaa, Anmari Seinäjoki University of Applied Science, Finland

[email protected]

Ristimäki, Kari Seinäjoki University of Applied Science, Finland

[email protected]

The objectives in this paper are treefold: (1) to compare the entrepre-neurial intentions and its antecedents between bachelor level students in different study years and by students in different fields of study, (2) to analyse whether entrepreneurial intentions develop from 1st year to 3rd year of study and (3) to analyse what kind of factors have a possible effect on changes in entrepreneurial intentions. The empirical context of our study consists of bachelor level students in Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences in Finland.

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An Ear to the Ground: The Role of the Voice-of-the-Consumer in Firm Survival for Startups



Englis, Paula D. Berry College/Nikos, U. of Twente [email protected]

Englis, Basil G. Berry College/Nikos, U. of Twente [email protected]

Ratinho, Tiago Nikos, U. of Twente [email protected]

Groen, Aard Nikos, U. of Twente [email protected]

Many high tech entrepreneurial firms tend to focus on their techno-logical capabilities and to develop products that “pushed” in to the marketplace. In doing so, the firm and its downstream value-chain members give scarcely a thought to the consumer until after the prod-uct is in the hands of the user. There is much debate about the role of business planning and new venture creation and success. Here, we ex-tend this debate investigate the impact of incorporating the “voice-of-the-consumer” (VOC) into business planning as it affects firm survival using longitudinal data from a sample of incubated spin off firms.

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Entrrepreneurship Education as Part of Corporate Responsibility



Ruostesaari, Marja-Leena Turku University [email protected]

Seikkula-Leino, Jaana [email protected]

Troberg, Eliisa

This article aims at explicating the relationship between corporate social responsibility (hereafter CSR) and entrepreneurship education from the company point of view. Corporate responsibility consists of economical, social and environmental responsibility. The focus of our paper is on corporate social responsibility. The major research questions are: Is entrepreneurship education (hereafter EE) part of corporate responsibility? What is the contribution of CSR in entrepre-neurship education? Does entrepreneurship education as part of the stakeholder network and corporate social responsibility bring added value to the company? We have reviewed literature of corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship education in order to find out whether the company reports are indicating a connection between CSR and EE or not. The findings suggest ways how entrepreneurship education will be beneficial to both business and educational society.

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Entrepreneurial Environment Dilemma in Puerto Rico: a Challenge of Self and System



De Hoyos, Moraima University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus/Case Western Reserve University

[email protected]

Romaguera, Jose M. University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez Campus

[email protected]

Carlsson, Bo Case Western Reserve University [email protected]

Perelli, Sheri Case Western Reserve University [email protected]

This study addresses the unexplained stagnant entrepreneurial envi-ronment in Puerto Rico despite average or above average entrepre-neurial potential, capabilities and intentions compared to other high-income countries. Analysis of interviews with public, private and civic sector leaders and both successful and less successful entrepreneurs suggest a pervasive lack of support for entrepreneurs from formal or-ganizations charged with entrepreneurship development and a failure of entrepreneurs themselves to develop networks to support venture startup and sustainment.

Key words: Networking; entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial environ-ment; individual network competencies; Puerto Rico

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Wanting to be green: A preliminary exploration of entrepreneurial intent and sustainable business ventures



Jasinski, Dale Quinnipiac University [email protected]

Dunn, Steven University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh

[email protected]

Relatively little attention has been paid in the entrepreneurship lit-erature to the actual creation of new ventures that are launched with sustainability as a primary focus. The purpose of this research is to examine if entrepreneurial intent for sustainable business creation differs from that of generic entrepreneurial intent. We modified the Thompson (2009) measure of entrepreneurial intent for purposes of sustainable entrepreneurship. The new instrument was administered to three samples: undergraduate students, graduate students, and work-ing adults. Preliminary data analyses suggest support for the notion of a higher level of intent amongst all three samples than for generic entrepreneurship.

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The Relationship between Goal Setting and Career Advancement: A Case of Women Employees in Kenya


Authors University Email

Kavoo-Linge, Teresia United States International University

[email protected]

Sikalieh, Damary United States International University

[email protected]

VanRensburg, Willy North-West University Mafikeng Campus

[email protected]

This paper investigated the relationship between goal setting and career advancement among women employees in Kenya. The study was a survey carried out among women employees of the Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE) member organizations. The study involved 400 women participants drawn from 32 FKE member organizations in 14 sectors. Data were collected using a self administered question-naire. Descriptive statistics like the mean, and standard deviation and cross tabulations were used to analyze data. The results showed very low cases of goal setting among women employees in Kenya. This research paper contributes a practical view to the issue of the fac-tors that lead to women’s career advancement in Kenya. The issue of women’s advancement in Kenya requires attention because the women need a better representation in decision making positions.

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Comparing Entrepreneurial Criteria of Students in Germany and China within the Pre-start-up Process



Ruda, Walter Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences, Campus Zweibrücken, Germany

[email protected]

Martin, Thomas A. Ludwigshafen University of Applied Sciences, Germany

[email protected]

Ascúa, Rubén Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional Rafaela, Argentina

[email protected]

Gerstlberger, Wolfgang ZMG German Center for Entrepreneurship, Germany

[email protected]

Danko, Benjamin University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

benjamin.danko @zmg-institut.de

The paper emerges from the international empirical research project “Starting up Businesses and Entrepreneurship by Students” (GESt-study). It compares start-up ambitions and entrepreneurial criteria of students in Germany and China within the pre-start-up process. The used questionnaire is based on a theoretical reference framework of student start-up propensities. Because of the subject- and process-oriented nature of the analysis, student requirements can be analyzed target group-differentiated. The results implicate students in Germany being hindered particularly by their comparatively high risk avoidance and students in China with their stronger intrinsic start-up motivation lacking especially in basic entrepreneurship sensitization.

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SME identity and homogeneity – are there meaningful differences between micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises?



Pett , Timothy Wichita State University [email protected]

Wolff, James Wichita State University [email protected]

This study examines entrepreneurial orientation, learning orientation, information technology competency, firm profitability and growth, with respect to differences exhibited among three size categories – mi-cro, small and medium – within the SME classification. The results of our examination reveal significant differences among the three catego-ries on some of the dimensions but no differences on others. Further, the pattern of similarities and differences may lead to useful sugges-tions for SME managers. The implications with respect to practice and further research are discussed.

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Sustainability: A Paradigmatic Shift in Entrepreneurship Education



Amatucci, Frances M. Slippery Rock University [email protected]

Pizarro, Nelson Evergreen State College [email protected]

Friedlander, Jay College of the Atlantic [email protected]

In this article we propose that sustainability represents a paradigmatic shift away from traditional theories and models in entrepreneur-ship education. This ‘call to action’ argues that it is imperative that entrepreneurship scholars and practitioners adopt sustainability in academic curricula and consulting support programs. We describe the evolutionary development of sustainable entrepreneurship driven by challenges and opportunities. The challenges involve the current en-vironmental, economic and social crisis, which leads government and societal stakeholders to pressure businesses for action on a wide spec-trum of issues. Opportunities involve the incorporation of sustainable practices which create a competitive advantage for long-term survival. We also provide a case study of an academic institution which has incorporated sustainability principles into its curriculum.

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Action Research to Assess the Use of the Business Model as a Concept for Young Business Leaders in the Construction Sector


Authors: University/Organization: Email:

Verstraete, Thierry University of Bordeaux Bordeaux Management School

[email protected]

Jouison-Laffitte, Estèle University of Bordeaux [email protected]

Kremer, Florence University of Bordeaux

Hlady, Martine University of Bordeaux [email protected]

Boncler, Jérôme University of Bordeaux

Boucher, Thomas University of Bordeaux

Bousquet, François University of Bordeaux

Dondi, Jean University of Bordeaux

Meiar, Alain University of Bordeaux [email protected]

Papin, Christophe University of Bordeaux

Scipion, Fabrice University of Bordeaux

The notion of the Business Model first appeared with the Internet start-ups. The team that led the present research has worked on its theorization for many years in this context, relying on empirical inves-tigations based on action research. With the current work, the team departs from a start-up context to assess the utility of their theories, translated into tools, for young established business leaders in the con-struction sector. An innovative action research, involving 11 research-ers and 5 young business leaders, has answered the following research question: can the BM be of use to young business leaders in the construction sector? The answer to this question is positive. However, aside from its contributions, this research presents limitations (mov-ing beyond the diagnostic framework towards counseling, the need to systematize the BM presentations,…) that call for new research.

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Twofold nature of informal capital for entrepreneurial growth: an enabler or a damper?



Murzacheva, Ekaterina National Research University Higher School of Economics

[email protected]

The paper has a core objective to analyse the effect of informal capital on the quality of early entrepreneurial activity. It is certified that entrepreneurial growth can be hampered by wrong financing incen-tives. Informal capital triggers off negative effects under the specific institutional environment. The contribution of the paper lies in the classifying the role of informal investments according to the impact on the entrepreneurial processes. Assuming the combination of infor-mal investments with human capital factors (revealed with the use of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database), informal capital initiates changes in the perspective of entrepreneurial activity towards lost ef-ficiency and sustainability.

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Internet and new Technologies Appropriation Level in Exporting or Potentially Exporting Colombian Smes



Vega, Ricardo Politécnico Grancolombiano [email protected]

Rojas, Sandra Politécnico Grancolombiano [email protected]

The purpose of this work was the identification of the ways that SMEs, exporting or potentially exporting, used in the application of ICTs combined with Internet. About methodology, the study was a descriptive non experimental research; the instrument used was a survey sent via the website encuestafacil, the sample was 1000 export-ing or potentially exporting SMEs with subsamples proportional to the Colombian main cities population. Finally, the main findings were: 60 percent of the enterprises used the Internet in order to communicate their promotions, discounts, and other sale incentives. 80 percent of them knew their businesses positioning in the Internet. Most of the companies were interested in their daily number of visitors because they wanted to use this information in order to select possible clients and implement customers’ retention and recuperation strategies. 64 percent of the firms did not do e-commerce

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Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: A Literature Review



Müller, Sabine Department of Business Administration, Aarhus University

[email protected]

This literature review examines how entrepreneurship and regional development has been previously addressed in the literature. Regional Studies and Entrepreneurship are two fields with their own distinct literatures. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to pro-vide an overview of the landscape of an interdisciplinary field; show its evolution and progress over the past decade and synthesize its findings by combining the insights of the two literatures. A systematic search is conducted in the respective leading journals of entrepreneurship and regional studies. A total of 130 peer-reviewed articles are reviewed. The findings indicate that the debate is highly contemporary.

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Strategic Thinking Capability: Conceptualization and Measurement



Jelenc, Lara University of Rijeka [email protected]

Swiercz, Paul M. George Washington University [email protected]

Strategic Thinking Capability is a complex attribute required of each top manager in a successful firm. The lack of strategic thinking capa-bility is immediately recognized because it plays the most important role only when firms are challenged by the need to differentiate them-selves from competitors. The features of highly developed strategic thinking capability are not well articulated discussed in the literature he article presents the review of the literature and seeks to better elucidatea process oriented definition of strategic thinking capability. A further contribution towards the measurement is suggested in the form of the ten theoretically generated constructs of strategic thinking measurement.

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To Get Them on Board – The Role of Communication for Attracting Stakeholders to Incubator Businesses



Billström, Anders Halmstad University [email protected]

Ulvenblad, Pia Halmstad University [email protected]

Winborg, Joakim Halmstad University [email protected]

This paper seeks to develop the understanding of how entrepreneurs in new businesses in business incubators handle communication for convincing stakeholders. Eight cases with ten face-to-face in-depth in-terviews have been conducted. The results show that the entrepreneurs often have a deliberate plan when they present their new business to stakeholders. However, some also adapt according to the situation. In situations when the entrepreneurs have succeeded to convince the stakeholder they have planned for the meeting in a better way by also trying to find out the needs of the counterparts. In situations then the entrepreneurs failed to succeed in convincing the stakeholder this depended mainly on (i) the planning, (ii) the format of the presentation and (iii) the lack of other-orientation.

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Perspectives of SMEs Within and Outside of Clusters: A Comparison between Supply Chain Management Strategies and Performance



Didonet, Simone Universidad Católica del Norte [email protected]

This study seeks to determine if small-to-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) suppliers participating in clusters led by large firms incorpo-rate supply chain management (SCM) practices and present better performance than SMEs outside of clusters. The specific interest of this study is not to analyze the characteristics of SCM in these contexts, but to investigate if there is a fit between SMEs and SCM considering different environments and pressures from clients. The methodol-ogy consisted of a survey with 300 SMEs in the northern region of Chile. The analysis is based on a quantitative approach and the binary logistic regression technique was used to examine the data. The results show some differences that favour SMEs within cluster in terms of the level of SCM integration, especially in relation to clients and internal integration. No significant results were founded in terms of perfor-mance.

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High performing SME – human resource practices and the organizational learning process



Wolff, James Wichita State University [email protected]

Pett, Timothy Wichita State University [email protected]

Markova, Gergana Wichita State University [email protected]

We propose that high performing SMEs are an outcome of an organi-zational learning process moderated in a significant manner by strate-gic human resource practices. Organizational learning is presented as four elements – learning orientation, market orientation, entrepreneur-ial orientation, and absorptive capacity. Underlying the elements and facilitating the effectiveness of the learning process are the concepts of trust, effective communication, information sharing, and collaborative decision-making among SME individuals. The underlying elements directly relate to the strategic human resource practices undertaken by SMEs influencing greatly its ability to effectively translate environmen-tal cues into learning by which the firm is able to successfully adapt.

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Saving Tax Payers Money: Selecting Start-up Support Projects Based on the Market Failure Theory



Staak, Thorsten Otto von Guericke University [email protected]

Günzel, Franziska Otto von Guericke University [email protected]

During the last years major market-oriented economies have installed differently designed promoting institutions. Most of them declare in their statutes ‘correcting market failure’ as a fundamental goal re-garding start-up support. But recent studies have shown that other economic goals outrank this aim. To resolve this existing dichotomy between the motivation and the practical design of public intervention is the goal of this paper. To this end, we develop, using the Analyti-cal Hierarchy Process, a decision tool, which incorporates the market failure theory as its foundation. With this study, we contribute to the public policy research by introducing a new multi-attributive decision model as well as to the entrepreneurship arena by introducing the Analytical Hierarchy Process as a methodology that can be used to structure and solve complex public policy decision problems.

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Regional Development under Consideration of Companies´ Location Planning Decisions



Hiller, Melanie University of Ulm [email protected]

Stehr, Christopher German Graduate School of Management & Law (GGS)

[email protected]

Companies’ decision for a location is one of the most long-term and cost-intensive investments. Companies have to consider many quan-titative and qualitative indicators as well as chances and risks in the future assuring a sustainable successful business environment. Ap-proved locations, such as existing cluster structures, attract further companies in a particularly way. Aspects like structural criteria, their innovation-friendly environment and interesting tax policies,[1] decide not just about long-term investments but also about the future chances of whole districts. Furthermore, global risks such as demographic development, energy policy and climate change (e.g. EU: Region 2020) complicate the future chances in some areas in the world. These processes establish also metropolises and global cities as well as region as new actors in an active role. Existing measuring instruments can describe and compare homogeneous areas such as global cities. They often don´t consider the above mentioned future risks and finally fail in considering the heterogeneity of regions with rural parts.

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Examining Franchise Systems Start-ups in France: A Replication Investigation



Sié, Laurent Groupe ESC PAU [email protected]

Pett, Tim W. Frank Barton School of Business [email protected]

Jauffrit, Marc Groupe ESC PAU [email protected]

The use of franchising is a widely accepted business model for eco-nomic growth and prosperity. Franchise systems are based on the notion that one can monetize the success of an initial business concept by extracting the value of the process and providing direction for others to follow. Few studies that investigate how systems are created Floyd and Fenwick (1999) developed a model of franchise system development. This paper replicates this franchise development model in France to determine the generalizability of it using a qualitative methodology. The findings from this study report mixed support for the model.

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Becoming an expert: the role of goal orientation and role models in developing entrepreneurial comptence



Markowska, Magdalena Jönköping International Business School, Sweden

[email protected]

Even though the importance of role models for learning and career progression is well established in the literature, the mechanisms of this influence remain under-theorized. Based on analysis of publicly avail-able narratives by and about renowned gourmet chefs/entrepreneurs this paper develops a fine-grained model specifying how goal orienta-tion and role models influence actions directed towards competence development and potential expertise attainment. Specifically, I find that learning-oriented entrepreneurs engage in numerous trial-and-error activities to foster their entrepreneurial mastery and use role models as source of inspiration, while outcome oriented entrepreneurs suffice with imitative behaviors and see role models as contenders.

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Entrepreneurial Buyouts as a Distinct Entry Mode to the Entrepreneurial Process



Greidanus, Nathan University of Manitoba [email protected]

Kenworthy, Thomas Suffolk University [email protected]

Entrepreneurial Buy-outs offer a path for individuals to run their own business via acquiring an existing business. Despite the prevalence of practitioner-style books and articles espousing the benefits of these buy-outs, there remains a paucity of empirical and theoretical work on this topic. To encourage further research into this area the present pa-per draws on a traditional entrepreneurship process model to develop a series of propositions regarding Entrepreneurial Buy-outs. Based on the extant literature we propose that in comparison to traditional entrepreneurial start-ups, entrepreneurial Buy-outs reduce difficulties in opportunity identification, provide greater sources of financing op-portunities, and reduce uncertainty.

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Emerging Student Entrepreneurship – From Ideas to Opportunities Comparative Study in France, Germany, and Sweden



Asplund, Carl-Johan University of Lund, Sweden [email protected]

Léger-Jarniou, Catherine Université Paris-Dauphine, France

[email protected]

Tegtmeier, Silke University of Lueneburg, Germany

[email protected]

This paper models the phenomena of how an idea about starting a business develops into a tentative business idea and later a com-pany. Following a longitudinal approach that includes standardized questioning, interviews as well as journal notes, we collected data from master students in France, Germany, and Sweden (four in each country). We applied an abductive method with qualitative content analysis. The key results reveal that it consists of four iterative, inter-related sub processes: discovery, articulation, reflection, and enactment (DARE) that capture the entrepreneurial activities, induced by the individual background. The paper discusses propositions derived and provides some future directions.

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Business R&D and Path Dependence: explaining Finland and Sweden’s Performance, 1981-present



MacKenzie, Niall G Institute for Innovation Studies, University of Wales

[email protected]

The paper looks at Business R&D performance of Sweden and Finland since 1981 until the present day. It analyses key institutional changes in both countries, arguing that their impressive performances are in part due to policy decisions taken at various junctures in the post-war period. The paper also assesses the development of policy towards SMEs in both countries and its effect on SME performance in innova-tion measures. It finishes with key lessons for other countries.

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Technical Manpower Training Strategies for Small and Medium Enterprises Through Innovation and Incubation Centers-Taiwanese Experience



Lin, Dah-June Kai-Nan University [email protected]

Innovative service, research and development programs have been the winners’ key for global competition. In current world market, hi-tech products are short life cycle. New products are spur out speedy and constantly. Facing the fierce international competition, most of our small and medium enterprises are difficult to satisfy their long term innovative and R&D needs. The innovation or Incubation Centers are becoming the best strategy for them to develop new products or new technologies and to train well practical technical talents. In this paper, the author uses multiple research methods, including articles review, case study and expert interview to develop innovative services and R&D strategies through Innovative Center Program, Small and Medium Enterprise Incubation Center Program. Then, proposes some conclusions and suggestions for governments, educators and entrepre-neurs to enhance innovative R&D abilities and technical manpower training strategies for small and medium enterprises.

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How to measure entrepreneurial learning through entrepreneurial intention



Varela, Rodrigo V. Universidad Icesi [email protected]

Soler, Juan David Universidad Icesi [email protected]

Peña, Alba Tatiana Universidad Icesi [email protected]

This article describes Universidad Icesi students regarding percep-tions, values, attitudes and intentions towards entrepreneurship and the process of business creation. It allows understanding the entrepre-neurial activity, identifying differences between careers, gender, level of studies, professional and familiar background. Also, it provides information about the interests the students have in working in family enterprises and the motivations to become entrepreneurs. But mainly, the study helps evaluate the impact of the educational model on the students towards entrepreneurship. Additionally, it shows the key areas that need improvement in the educational model as well as new concepts that should be incorporated.

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Coopetition as an Entrepreneurial Strategy: an Exploratory Study of UK Biopharmaceutical SMEs



Gurău, Călin GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France [email protected]

Lasch, Frank GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France [email protected]

This paper investigates the specific characteristics of R&D coopeti-tive projects developed by UK biopharmaceutical SMEs, interpreted from the perspective of an entrepreneurial strategy. The coopetitive approach represents a necessity for companies involved in highly dy-namic industrial sectors, characterized by a high level of competition. Based on the analysis of primary data collected from 24 UK SMEs, involved in 19 coopetitive agreements, the study identifies the specific stages of the entrepreneurial approach, and the specificity of manage-rial strategies, depending on the type of coopetitive agreements. As in the case of entrepreneurial strategies, the coopetitive projects are characterized by uncertainly, risk and complexity, requiring from the participating managers opportunity identification and creation, risk-taking, problem solving and value creation skills.

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Emerging green-technology entrepreneurs: entrepreneurial pathways to growth in the hybrid and plug-in hybrid/electric vehicle space



Holmberg, Stevan R. American University [email protected]

Green-technology entrepreneurs using new paradigms are creating radical and disruptive vehicle eco-innovations. This paper focuses on green-technology entrepreneurs innovations, largely based on new computer, electronic and battery competencies that are challenging large automobile manufacturers’ traditional competencies. Six criti-cal external environmental determinants are facilitating new eco-technology innovations: three push determinants – technology, U.S. federal government and U.S. state/local government; and three pull determinants – demonstrated corporate entrepreneurial success, mar-ket and plug-in hybrid and electric infrastructure. The role of strategic alliances in entrepreneurial ventures initial stages and path-dependent growth strategies are illustrated. Tesla Motors, Inc. illustrates green technology and the use of strategic partnerships.

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Entrepreneurial civic action. An Axiological Approach



Sene, Ismaël ESC Rennes School of Business [email protected]

In this conceptual paper, we will show to what extent entrepreneurial civic action, as a collective action, can come under Management re-search, even if its particularity involves a multi-disciplinary approach. A detour via economic anthropology is useful to suggest a typology of entrepreneurship distinguishing civic entrepreneurship from two other major fields: social entrepreneurship and business entrepreneur-ship. On this basis it will be possible to examine in greater detail the consubstantial concepts of civil entrepreneurship and common goods. Lastly, we shall attempt to formulate the generic principles of entrepre-neurial civic action.

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Searching for Opportunities and Opportunity Discovery: an Extension of Bhave’s (1994) work



Chelly, Amine EDC Paris [email protected]

Opportunity Identification (OI) is a central question to understand-ing the entrepreneurial phenomenon. Several studies have emerged in recent years to enrich the debate on OI and especially on entrepreneur-ial opportunity identification processes. We try in this paper to extend Bhave’s (1994) work on OI processes by focusing on the factors that affect both searching for opportunities and opportunity discovery processes. Based on two in depth case studies of Tunisian entrepre-neurs, we show the impact of prior knowledge, past experience, social networks and motivations on OI processes.

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Finding the Right One: Forming Successful Advisor Relationships in Small Firms



Packalen, Kelley Queen’s School of Business, Queen’s University

[email protected]

Dyer, Linda John Molson School of Business, Concordia University

[email protected]

Entrepreneurs rely on advisors to various degrees, yet the types of owners who use advisors and the conditions under which advisory relationships are successful are poorly understood. In this paper we re-port on the use of advisors among 85 small business owner-managers in rural Ontario Canada. We find that owners’ attachment styles pre-dict the use of advisors, that advisors who are family or friends elicit more disclosure-based trust than advisors who are at arm’s length, and that both disclosure- and reliance-based trust correlate to satisfaction with advisors and perceived usefulness of their advice. We also find that satisfaction with advisors in general and the perceived importance of outside advice are linked to satisfaction with business growth. Im-plications of these findings are discussed.

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Poster: An Exploration of the Impact of Digital Media Technology on Media Access Rights



Chung, Chia-Jung NTUE, Graduate Dept. of Cultural and Creative Industries Management

[email protected]

Chen, Chih-Kai NTUE, Graduate Dept. of Cultural and Creative Industries Management

[email protected]

Researches on information technology or media access rights have increased noticeably in these years. While the remarkable success of Taiwan’s information technology is a marvel to the world, the media access rights seem seldom to be noticed or discussed under the ad-vantages of technology development. Thus, this work tries to explore if the technology development will make an impact on media access rights. As a result, this work suggests that the availability of media access can be positively affected by technology and will enrich national competitiveness.

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Workshop: The appropriate nature and extent of government intervention in supporting Entrepreneurship and Innovation



Rajak, Leora Enterpriseroom [email protected]

Crouse, Danielle Enterpriseroom [email protected]

One of the measures adopted by the South African government to redress the massive inequalities left by apartheid is a Black Economic Empowerment scorecard against which businesses must assess their contribution to empowering black people. The Enterprise Develop-ment (ED) element of this evaluates a business’s support to growing black owned SMEs.

The aim of the session is to discuss and interrogate best practice mod-els for government-encouraged and supported ED in diverse environ-ments, in order to answer the question: Is government support of ED, in the form of legislation and incentives, an effective means to develop a vibrant, sustainable and innovative entrepreneurial environment?

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Decision to Buy a Business in Urban Entrepreneurship: A Process Perspective and Contextual Influence



Lee, Edwin HKBI [email protected]

Lau, Theresa Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Chan, K.F. Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

This paper examines the decision making process of buying a business in urban entrepreneurship. A conceptual framework is developed to explain the buying behavior with reference to strategic decision mak-ing process. The: rational, emotional and dependent decision making process is hypothesized to relate to decision outcome of buying a busi-ness. When making a strategic decision which involves a large amount of money, other contextual factors also affect one’s decision. Among them, economic environment, relevant experience and investment bud-get are of particular importance. This paper also examines how the contextual factors affect the decision outcome of buying a business. By understanding the interrelationships, we can make a theoretical and practical contribution to the field of urban entrepreneurship, illustrat-ing how entrepreneurial decision making process and the contextual factors are linked to the outcome of buying a business.

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Poster: Taxonomy of Business Strategy: The Analysis of Chinese SMEs’ Business Strategies in the Global Environment



Chan, K.F. Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Lau, Theresa Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

Tung, Dennis Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]

After China’s entry into the WTO, most SMEs are being driven to change their business strategy to cope with globalization. The study is conducted with an objective to identify what types of strategies are adopted by SMEs to cope with the new environment. To achieve such aim, a questionnaire survey was designed based on strategy choice school and was carried out in 2008. Factor analysis suggests three types of strategies are valid: market-based, development-based and guanxi-based strategy. The study offers theoretical and empirical sup-port to the taxonomy of strategies used by Chinese SMEs in the era of globalization.

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Student Partnerships for Innovations in Engineering Entrepreneurship Development (SPIEED): Developing Entrepreneurial Competencies in 21st Century Engineers



Sawyerr, Olukemi O. California State Polytechnic University

[email protected]

Dong, Winny California State Polytechnic University

[email protected]

Emerson, Sandra California State Polytechnic University

[email protected]

Student Partnerships for Innovation in Engineering Entrepreneurship Development (SPIEED) is a year-long program in which engineering and business students partner to fully commercialize a product they create from a new technology. The paper examines three research questions: What do students learn? How do students learn? Is there incremental learning that occurs between formulating and executing the plan to commercialize an original technology? The paper pres-ents evidence from student reflection papers which indicates that the program enables students to develop the full range of entrepreneurial competencies; however, the competencies developed in each stage of the program appear to differ, thus suggesting the presence of incremen-tal learning.

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What does socially responsible venture capital look like? A cross-cultural comparison of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) considerations in cleantech venture capital



Isaksson, Anders Umeå School of Business [email protected]

Archer, Geoffrey R. Royal Roads University [email protected]

Through a content analysis of the corporate communications of more than 400 venture capital and private equity firms in Canada, Sweden, the UK and the U.S., we investigate how environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors manifest. These firms’ websites are scored on an thirteen point scale (our dependent variable). Our main independent variables are country, type of investor (early vs. later) and investment preferences. Overall, our research indicates a rather low degree of social responsibility amongst professional investors. Still, our hypotheses are confirmed: Countries differ; and, both later-stage and cleantech-focused investors demonstrate more concern for and integration of ESG.

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Poster: Effect of IT based information systems on closure rates in self-employment : Korean Case



Soonae, Jin Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

Geumjae, Jo Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

Yongwoong, Hong Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

The number of self-employed in Korea is very high compared to other OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. This paper provides a description of government policy that has been introduced to address problems relating to self-employment in Korea, specifically by exploring relationships between the use of IT based systems and closure rates. The purpose of this study is to iden-tify whether high utilization of the commercial/business areas informa-tion system is connected to improvements in the decrease of closure rates. This paper concludes with a discussion of the system’s limita-tions, possibilities for improvement, and possibilities for adoption in other countries.

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Research on startup success factors of micro business: A case study on small business entrepreneurship



Yongwoong, Hong Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

Geumjae, Jo Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

Soonae, Jin Small Enterprise Development Agency [email protected]

High price and domestic recession in Korea were threats to the busi-ness’ survival of small and medium enterprises(SMEs). This paper sug-gests micro business owner be potential hidden champions. We search micro business’ values through case study research of small but strong hidden champions. In order to do so, examine success type of hidden champions and the influence of entrepreneurship on growing up in business. We further define startup key factors which are helpful to at-tain in-growth value of the firm by finding business survival strategies and the results and also focus on Korean government policy for micro business support. .

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Supportive tasks of the board of directors in family business succession



Ikäheimonen, Tuuli Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), School of Business

[email protected]

Pihkala, Timo Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), School of Innovation

timo.pihkala@

Ikävalko, Markku Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), School of Business

In this paper we study board activities from the perspective of family business sustainability by focusing on the support role of the board in family business succession context. Despite the relatively long interest on succession research there are still several challenges. In this paper we review earlier literature on board’s roles and board’s participation to the succession process. This theoretical base we reflect on presented case of a Finnish family business where the board has had multiple tasks along the whole succession process. As a conclusion we suggest that, besides succession planning, the board has varying supportive tasks during the succession. Further we suggest that these roles de-velop along the succession process and that acknowledging these roles would benefit family businesses.

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Women Entrepreneurship: A Re-Structuring and Re-Evaluation of the Environment Instead of Lasting Deficit Assumptions



Roski, Melanie University of Wuppertal [email protected]

Halbfas, Brigitte University of Wuppertal [email protected]

Volkmann, Christine University of Wuppertal

A close gender-differentiating investigation of environmental fac-tors has resulted in the essential need to broaden the research focus. Accordingly, we develop three relevant environmental dimensions: ‘Private conduct of life’ and ‘action-guiding stereotypes’, ‘manifest structures’.

Such re-structuring requires a more balanced consideration of all dimensions and enables us to develop a three-level framework of envi-ronmental embeddedness: Starting with the dimensions, we deduce the levels ‘fields of individual relevance’ and ‘manifestations / impact on gatekeepers and the market’. Thus the effects of changes in the envi-ronment can be targeted in a more differentiated, agent-centred way and suitable research designs can be developed.

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Learning and bonding: An examination of alumni network ventures



Broström, Anders Division of Economics, Royal Institute of Technology

[email protected]

Baltzopoulos, Apostolos Division of Economics, Royal Institute of Technology

Recognising higher education activities as a potential source of both social and human capital generation, the purpose of this study is to investigate the special case of new firms where higher education expe-riences link the founding team and the initial employees together. The concept of such alumni network ventures (ANVs) is studied utilising data on the full population of firms in Sweden. In particular, we anal-yse (1) the determinants of ANV creation, (2) the relative performance of ANVs and (3) the spatial relationships between ANVs and the higher education institution where these networks were generated.

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Founding Team Gender Structure and the Effects of Spouse Teams on New Venture Performance in Sweden



Box, Marcus Centre for Entrepreneurship, School of Business Studies, Södertörn University, Sweden

[email protected]

Larsson Segerlind, Tommy Centre for Entrepreneurship, School of Business Studies, Södertörn University, Sweden

Team entrepreneurship, gender, and spouse teams receive increasing attention. In earlier research there have been two ways to classify the literature on venture team formation: as a resource-seeking behavior, or as a manifestation of interpersonal attraction, where trust and so-cial relationships are already established, for example in spouse teams. In the study it is argued that the two perspectives should be seen as complementary. The analysis is based on a unique material, consisting of non-interrupted series of prospective longitudinal data that covers 1,500 start-ups in Sweden. Our results show that the presence of a spouse founding team has a positive effect on venture performance, but that ventures founded by women as well as mixed gender teams in general have a smaller probability to survive.

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What Difference does Business Coaching Make to Entrepreneurs’ Firm Performance and Future Growth?



Crompton, Bernadette M. RMIT University, Australia [email protected]

Smyrnios, Kosmas X. RMIT University, Australia [email protected]

Forming part of a large-scale mixed-methods investigation where busi-ness coaching positively impacted entrepreneur’s self-efficacy and firm performance, this paper aims to extend and corroborate these findings by examining entrepreneurs’ business coaching experiences. Thirty-nine participants were interviewed to collect additional data based on eight themes: need to engage business coaches; being part of training or peer groups; contribution of coaching to growth; coach’s style; coach tools and frameworks; outcome measurement; and memorable experiences of business coaching. This study affirmed that entrepre-neurs’ business coaching experiences link favourably to firm perfor-mance and growth. Entrepreneurs valued business coaches’ experience and knowledge, but maintained that a trusting relationship was vital to success. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of quali-tative approaches, suggesting that business coaching acts as a non-direct influencer of firm performance and effectiveness, with benefits intangibly measured according to entrepreneurs’ need and perceived outcomes.

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A Case Study in Public Entrepreneurship: Ethiopian Businesses in Israel



Heilbrunn, Sibylle Ruppin Academic Center [email protected]

The aim of this article is to contribute to the endeavor of operational-izing and assessing the research of small firm’s embeddedness. We hope to contribute to the existing literature by investigating form and degree of embeddedness of women entrepreneurs belonging to a marginal minority group in the periphery.

A comprehensive questionnaire was administered in 2006 to a sample of 372 Arab-Muslim women entrepreneurs in the Northern and South-ern “Triangle” of Israel, using a snowball convenient method.

The vast majority of Arab women entrepreneurs are “over-embedded” within their minority ethnic milieu in the periphery.

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Poster: Life and Leisure Industry Development in Taiwan: Five Case Studies



Huang, Lan-I Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

Wang, Yen-Wen Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

Hsueh, Jen-Tzu Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

The development of SMEs is an important political issue in Taiwan, the economic development transfer from manufacture industry to service industry in recent years, especially in life and leisure industry. The culture and creative SMEs, local charm economy, and experience economy are core factors in the life and leisure industry. This study analyses the key success factors of the life and leisure industry by five case studies in Taiwan. By take five cases to compare, we develop a framework with four dimensions, which includes core value, factor of recreation and experience marketing, peripheral industry support, and the innovative transformation. The results of case study indicate the core value contain the history and spirituality, creative craft, and traditional artisan technology; the factors of recreation and experience marketing contain the culture experience, arts, education and learning, and experience economy; the factors of peripheral industry support contain the external linkage, relative industries linkage, and internal support.

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From Communal Entrepreneurship To International Networks: The Case of the Chettiars In Asia



Tan, Rani Singapore Management University [email protected]

Tan, Wee-Liang Singapore Management University [email protected]

The Chettiars were pioneers in microfinancing in Asia. They began as communal entrepreneurs in their clan but grew beyond their domestic borders. Despite their smallness and resources, they were able to inter-nationalize. This paper reports a study into their internationalization examining the manner they were able to successfully venture abroad. We found that their unique socio-cultural factors served as enabling factors for their internationalization. These include a family culture of training the sons for the business, embracing business best prac-tices, replicating domestic social structures overseas and the Chettiar community abroad. The social structures extended overseas provided the social support network for Chettiars leaving their homes and the overseas Chettiar community provided the networks for international expansion.

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Poster: An Evaluation Model for SMEs Innovation Capability of the Empirical Results in Taiwan



Huang, Lan-I Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

Wang, Yen-Wen Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

Chen, Tse-Jung Industrial Technology Research Institute

[email protected]

The development of Innovative SMEs is an important political issue in many countries, and considered as the critical element to create sustained competitive advantage and continuous growth. The study examines a new measure dimension in enterprise level overcomes the difficulties found in other industrial analytic measures which is more meaningful in SMEs policy development. The ultimate goal of this paper is to develop an evaluation model for SMEs innovation capabil-ity and improve the effectiveness of the government resources execu-tion make for SMEs. We develop the framework by seven dimensions to evaluate the SMEs’ innovation capability with AHP method. These dimensions include four major dimensions：innovation strategy, in-novation capability, innovation management, and innovation perfor-mance, and the minor dimensions：innovation materializer, innovation input, and knowledge management. In addition, we add the innovative personnel training factor in the innovation input dimension by case analysis.

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When critical mass can become a mess: A contingency model of regional innovation dynamics



Örtqvist, Daniel Luleå University of Technology/CiiR [email protected]

Ylinenpää, Håkan Luleå University of Technology/CiiR [email protected]

A common argument for why some regions perform relatively worse in developing innovations is that they lack sufficient critical mass to compete relative other regions. We use a five year longitudinal data of Swedish municipalities and adopt a lagged hierarchical regression tech-nique with a population-averaged negative binomial estimation model to test the influence of regional population size on regional innovation. Results support a non-linear, inverted u-shape, relationship between population size and regional innovation. Further, results also suggest that the regional level of education support can mitigate the negative effects of a too large population.

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Hypernorms for a Corporate Code of Ethics – for the Entrepreneurial Internationalization of Small and Medium Sized Companies



Herold, Timo University of Ulm [email protected]

Stehr, Christopher German Graduate School of Management & Law (GGS)

[email protected]

With regard to the economic globalization, there are no obligatory rules at the global level. The problem for a company is determining which norms and values the company should follow. Should it comply with norms of the country of origin or with norms of the host coun-try?

In this paper, norms will be developed and justified. For this reason, international regulations such as the human rights or the labor stan-dards of the International Labor Organization (ILO) will be consulted. Norms for global corporate ethics will be derived from these codes. To verify and falsify respectively the established norms, the method of ex-pert interviews is used. The interview partners are experts in the fields of religion, culture and persons from non-governmental organizations and company representatives.

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Towards a typology of incubators based on HRM



Bakkali, Chaffik Montpellier 1 University, MRM – ERFI

[email protected]

Messeghem, Karim Montpellier 1 University, MRM – ERFI

[email protected]

Sammut, Sylvie Montpellier 1 University, MRM – ERFI

[email protected]

The fact that there are major differences between one incubator and another has resulted in many authors working on multiple typologies. Although these typologies are relatively common in the literature, they all tend to use the same classification criteria (objectives of the struc-tures, funding, etc.). In this article, we hope to broaden the viewpoint to human resource management (HRM) within incubators. We defend the theory that the differences between incubators are not only found at the level of their objectives or their funding, but also at the level of their HRM policies. Through conceptual reflection, we thus propose HR management that is specific to each type of structure, based on Pichault and Nizet’s configurational approach (2000), as well as on Mahé de Boislandelle’s social mix (1993).

Key words: business incubators, typology, HRM.

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The influence of the entrepreneur’s actual behavioral control and psychic distance stimuli on the export mode choice of Vietnamese SMEs



Dung, Ngo Vi Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam and Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium

[email protected] and [email protected]

Janssen, Frank Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium

[email protected]

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between environmental characteristics, entrepreneurial characteristics and SMEs’ export be-havior and, more precisely, the mediating or moderating effect of the entrepreneur’s characteristics on the influence of environmental factors on the export mode choice of SMEs. Based on a dataset of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Viet Nam, by applying binomi-nal logistic regression and Hayes and Matthes’ (2009) computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression, we find that the entrepreneur’s actual behavioral controls and orga-nizational factors are determinants of SMEs’ export mode choice in an emerging economy (Viet Nam). We find no evidence that psychic distance (geographic distance and psychic distance stimuli) influences the export mode choice of Vietnamese SMEs. Finally, entrepreneur’s actual behavioral controls do not play the mediating or moderating role in the relationship between psychic distance and SMEs’ export mode choice.

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A longitudinal perspective of portfolio entrepreneurship: Portfolio creation and growth in a developing economy



Malfense Fierro, Antonio C. [email protected]

Kiviluoto, Niklas

This study was longitudinal, inductive and qualitative, focusing on 10 portfolio entrepreneurs over a two/four year period in Lilongwe, Malawi owning a combined total of 37 firms.

Results indicate that the theory regarding the portfolio development/growth process developed in the West can be applied to this develop-ing context. We contribute necessity as a rationale for diversification and growth of portfolio groups. We also highlight the role of the fam-ily business as both a rationale for diversification and as an emergent/eventual business form. We propose a model to describe the process of portfolio business group development and growth in developing nations.

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Transmission or Re-socialisation? An Investigation of Transgenerational Entrepreneurial Potential in a Scottish Family Firm.



Bika, Zografia University of East Anglia (UEA) [email protected]

This paper sets out to explore the transgenerational potential of a Scottish family firm in times of growth and in doing so it introduces a shift in emphasis from value transmission (role expectations) to value negotiation (role enactment). In multigenerational family firms suc-cession failures are associated with inadequate internalisation of the preceding generations’ values, whilst succession successes are closely connected to a re-socialization process of the preceding generations alongside a range of fair exit options for those who refuse to partici-pate in it. Successors are now emerging as being the focal point in the analysis of multigenerational family business succession planning and the managerial tribulations of how to create transgenerational value.

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Educational Migrants and Transnational Entrepreneurship: The Case of Nigerian Fashion SMEs in London



Bika, Zografia University of East Anglia (UEA) [email protected]

Jimoh, Morayo University of East Anglia (UEA) [email protected]

This paper investigates the business start-ups of young ethnic entre-preneurs in the fashion industry and their characteristics. The research is exploratory in nature and therefore, a case study method of data collection was used, including in-depth interviews with five entrepre-neurs in the fashion industry residing in London. Finding out how the interviewees have constructed the reality of their business activities led to the emergence of two key findings: the influence of their educational background and intergenerational differences was established along-side the fact that they did not gain competitive advantage from their transnational networks and kinship ties to their country of origin. Confronting the impact of migrant and ethnic networks on African entrepreneurship, the former appear to be stronger.

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The importance of social capital development for small and medium Latin-American enterprises: viewed within the context of corporate social responsibility and innovation.



Maldonado, Stellla Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

[email protected]

del Pilar Acosta, Maria Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

[email protected]

Contribution of SMEs to the economy and social welfare in Latin America is widely recognized from different social perspectives. Social capital, defined as the integrated network system which comprises the SMEs is a fundamental tool which can be used to guarantee sustain-able development and long term business permanence. This article explores one way in which sustainable growth through network for-mation can be achieved for SMEs. It is argued that social capital, cor-porate social responsibility and innovation rely on networks based on trust and/or shared identity and therefore are within the same scope of action. In order to analyze three different sized, SMEs, the case study approach was adopted. One point of view suggested by this research is that closed networks improve knowledge transfer and therefore in-novation. An important contribution of the present work shows that a valid approach to CSR in SMEs depends upon its relationship to social capital.

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The role of the environment and other contextual factors in both hindering and enabling entrepreneurship in a developing nation



Malfense Fierro, Antonio C. University of Edinburgh [email protected]

The research identifies environmental factors enabling or hindering the venture creation and operation of firms owned, by 24 portfo-lio entrepreneurs in Malawi. Results indicate that the most relevant environmental factors are: 1.) Regulation and the outcomes of poor regulation 2.) Cultural and societal elements including corruption and 3.) Competition/ lack of it (causes).

Certain environmental conditions act as both enablers and hinderers. The recommendations for policy makers is: they should focus on dis-mantling some regulatory burdens identified, facilitate and inculcate a culture of business ethics, and that skills training programs should first focus on the wider population, not the entrepreneur.

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Benefits of firms from internship?: Current situations of entrepreneurship education and internship in Japan



Hori, Kiyoshi J.F. Oberlin University [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: What are the benefits of firms accepting students for internship? Entrepre-neurship education is not so popular in Japan at the moment as a small business policy issue, but many universities already introduced some sort of entrepreneurship education and internship. In every entrepreneurship education program, learning something at outside classroom like internship in a company plays an important role, as well as normal lectures in classroom. In Japan, while universities think that internship is good for their students because it makes the participated students motivated, many of the companies have rather negative perceptions to educational interactions with schools including student internship because they do not see the needs of interactions. Finally, four possible answers of what are the benefits of firms accept-ing students for internship would be described. Companies are not just contributors in internship relationship.

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Using Internal Contracts to Promote Intrapreneurship in the Public School System: Hopeless Half-Measure or Promising Hybrid?



Westerberg, Mats Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

Nilsson, Kent Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

Fältholm, Ylva Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

In this paper we explore the use of a novel governance form – inter-nal contracts – in the Swedish public school system, in terms of its effect to promote intrapreneurship in the organization. We studied a public school that during the time period 2007–2010 was a test case, by performing interviews with management and staff and through a questionnaire measure entrepreneurial behaviour and other relevant aspects in this school and two control schools. The results show that the internal contract gave the school room to act entrepreneurially and that it is a promising organizational tool for renewing the public sector.

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Workshop: The performance of incubators and incubatees



Virtanen, Markku Aalto University, School of Economics

[email protected]

Johannessen, Tor Aase Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration

[email protected]

Iske, Paul Louis Maastricht University [email protected]

Shirokova, Galina St. Petersburg University [email protected]

The purpose of this workshop is to contribute to the current incuba-tor research and practice by generating ideas, discussion and proposals for new research on incubation process, the performance of incubators and the development of their tenants.

The questions raised in the workshop include:

• Are the failure rates in incubation lower than without incubation process?

• Do the incubators speed up the growth process?

• How do we measure the outcome of incubators?

• What is a proper method to rank the incubators?

The results of the workshop could also give ideas and understanding for allocation of resources that foster entrepreneurship and growth.

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Poster: A Study of Relationships among Creative Personality, entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial attitude of Technical Institute’s Hospitality Management Students in Taiwan



Yang, Tien-Lung Department of Business Education, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC

[email protected]

Chen, Yu-Fen Department of Accounting, Information Chihlee Institute of Technology, Banciao, Taiwan, ROC

[email protected]

Li, Chen-Mei Department of Hospitality Management, MingDao University, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC

[email protected]

This study discussed the relationship among creative personality, entrepreneurial opportunity and entrepreneurial attitude of hospitality management students in Taiwan. This study adopted qualitative meth-od, and conducted questionnaire survey. A total of 676 valid question-naires were retrieved, and the data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analyses. Results showed that originality of the creative personality has a significantly positive correlation with all dimensions of entrepreneurial opportunity and entrepreneurial attitude, while entrepreneurial opportunity has partial mediating effect on creative personality and entrepreneurial attitude. In addition, 77% of the hospitality management students hope to start their own business. The gender, grade level, student status (full-time or part-time), and work experience have significantly different effects on the various dimensions of the entrepreneurial attitude.

Keywords: Creative Personality, KAI, entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial attitude.

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The stigma of incompetence: The spoiled identity of scientist-entrepreneurs



Rajamäki, Heidi University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Eriksson, Päivi University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

The widely adopted view holds that the scientist-entrepreneurs have excellent scientific capabilities, but they lack business skills and experi-ence. To gain complementary capabilities they collaborate with uni-versity technology transfer offices and government commercialization programs. In spite of the good intentions these programs can cause problematic situations. Recent studies on professional competence show how the affirmative action programs may mark participating individuals with a stigma of incompetence resulting in significant prob-lems regarding their future success.

Informed by Goffman’s theory of social stigma we develop a research agenda that has important implications for entrepreneurs and policy-makers. Recognizing the stigmatizing aspects of the support programs can guide the decision makers and entrepreneurs.

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Canadian Independent Industrial R&D Institutions and their Impact on Entrepreneurial Innovation and Advancement of SMEs



Tesfayohannes, Mengsteab Siegmund Wies School of Business, Susquehanna University, PENN, USA

[email protected]

The complementarity of Knowledge creation and knowledge application and commercialization is important for social, economic and techno-logical development. This means, innovation, design, development and commercialization of new products and processes are vital push factors of socio-economic development, entrepreneurial innovation and techno-logical advancement. This is particularly true in the case of the indus-trial sector. Government support for research and development (R&D) needs to follow this trend. In Japan, Germany and the USA, Independent Research and Development Institutions (IRDIs) are the major R&D per-formers and effective providers of customized research, innovation and technological assistance specifically to the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) engaged in manufacturing activities. In Canada and other OECD countries, SMEs play a dominant role. Therefore, the outreach activities of IRDIs are extensive, and their collaboration and partnership with aca-demic institutions (universities and colleges) and government owned and operated R&D establishments and SMEs are solid. The Canadian expe-rience has been studied and results have shown that IRDIs in Canada are not well nurtured and their position has so far remained marginal. This approach should be changed as the intermediary role that IRDIs would provide is essential particularly for SMEs.

Key Words: Government Funding, SMEs, R&D Institutions, R&D Performers, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Application and Commercialization, Innovation and Technological Development.

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The Implications of Total Quality Management in South African Small Industries



Tesfayohannes, Mengsteab Siegmund Wies School of Business, Susquehanna University, PENN, USA

[email protected]

This study aimed to identify and explore the critical factors affecting the implementation of TQM attributes in South African Small and Medium Enterprises engaged in manufacturing activities. I established research hypothesis (by adopting from earlier surveys in this area) and conducted a sample survey in the industrial hub of Johannesburg metropolitan area to test the established hypothesis and analyze the survey results. Specifically the study deals with the following research questions: (a) what are the most implicating factors in the process of implementing TQM to South African SMEs? (b) What are the appro-priate managerial approaches that could be applied for the successful implementation of TQM attributes? The study identified several fac-tors concentrated around firms’ capacity or internal resourcefulness. I attempted to identify feasible managerial and operational implications for the successful implementation of TQM for continuous improve-ment particularly for SMEs in emerging economies like South Africa. Finally, I provided some recommended prospects for further research.

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Poster: Researching Entrepreneurship over the Last Decade: A Challenge for the 21st Century



Kim, Younghwan KAIST [email protected]

Yang, Taeyong KAIST [email protected]

Entrepreneurship research has recently been highlighted by many researchers. However, there is no widely accepted categorization of the different themes of entrepreneurship research. In this paper, we pro-pose a new conceptual framework for the entrepreneurship research domain, and classify 1,810 articles published in six prominent entre-preneurship journals over the last decade into sixteen research themes. The results show that the focus of entrepreneurship research has moved from the entrepreneurial process to a social context. The differ-ences in research trends between U.S. journals and European journals are considered. In addition, the six journals are found to have unique characteristics of entrepreneurship research.

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The ambivalent question of the health of entrepreneurs: pathogenic factors versus salutogenic factors



Torres, Olivier University of Montpellier South of France

[email protected]

Mondelus, Rose-Myriam Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier [email protected]

This paper deals with a subject rarely covered in research into entre-preneurship and SMEs: health in general, and that of the employer in particular. Throughout this paper, the author will describe what he refers to as the fundamental equation for entrepreneurial health, opposing on the one hand the pathogenic factors that characterise work conditions (stress, overwork, solitude and uncertainty) and, on the other, salutogenic factors (internal locus of control, optimism and endurance) that are the basis of the entrepreneurs’ belief system. In conclusion, the author will reveal the project for the creation of AMAROK, the first observatory for the health of entrepreneurs and directors of SMEs, which hopes to become a practical response to the lack of data, statistics and knowledge, both theoretical and empirical, in this field, in France or abroad.

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Entrepreneurial attitude: the glue for societal entrepreneurship



Berglund, Karin Mälardalen University [email protected]

Tillmar, Malin Linköping University [email protected]

A point of departure is taken in the development of entrepreneurship in Swedish schools and the increasingly strong emphasis that is made on entrepreneurial attitude. It is argued that a traditional understand-ing of entrepreneurship, as a business activity, has been, and still is contested in many educational contexts. Although, talking about entrepreneurial attitude seems to gain acceptance and legitimacy, since it is constructed in line with a broad understanding of societal entre-preneurship, something that imbues society and is part of transforming its structures. A translation is made of the meaning ascribed to entre-preneurial attitude from pre-school teachers, who mean that children are “true” entrepreneurs. Arguably, the lessons learned from children may have great impact for adults who are interested in exploring their entrepreneurial selves.

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To play or not to play: that is the question



Berglund, Karin Mälardalen University [email protected]

Tillmar, Malin Linköpings University [email protected]

To understand the creative force involved in entrepreneurship it has been argued to compare entrepreneurs with creative children. In fact, it has even been argued that entrepreneurs should be regarded as “homo ludens”, in contrast to “homo economicus”. In this line entre-preneurship is argued to be part of the mundane embedded in every-day life, rather than describing outstanding spectacles. Acknowledging that entrepreneurship emerge in-between people we find the notion of play intriguing to look further into. The “playing human” could arguably be one way to understand how entrepreneurship is “done”, clearing the way for theorizing on entrepreneuring. Likewise, we also view gender as an in-between people issue. People do gender inasmuch as they do entrepreneurship. The aim of this paper is twofold; to ana-lyze the “play components” of entrepreneurship and to scrutinize these components from a doing gender perspective. This is done through an explorative comparative case-study.

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A Long-term Perspective on Business Mortality: The Case of Sweden During the 20th Century



Box, Marcus Center for Entrepreneurship, School of Business, Södertörn University

[email protected]

Gratzer, Karl Center for Entrepreneurship, School of Business, Södertörn University

[email protected]

Macro- and micro perspectives of the behavior of firms should be viewed as complementary. Explanations that relate to structural and environmental phenomena often ignore or reduce the actions of en-trepreneurs. Micro studies on entrepreneurship can explain why some firms are successful and others fail. But the micro approach often dis-regards factors in the environment that limit, or open up, possibilities for firms. We make these factors visible, and contribute to integrating explanations from both levels. The article is based on an analysis of nine birth cohorts (generations) of firms, adding up to a total of over 8,900 firms established in different years in twentieth century Swe-den that are followed over several decades. The article questions the scope of a micro oriented perspective, which is mainly focused on the individual and on entrepreneurial competency, for explaining busi-ness terminations, and shows that a multiple cohort approach can be superior to other research approaches.

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Changing the Teachers’ thinking and action – Entrepreneurial Teacher Education



Gustafsson-Pesonen, Anne Aalto University School of Economics Small Business Center

[email protected]

Remes, Liisa Aalto University School of Economics Small Business Center

[email protected]

Many often it has been reported that the greatest obstacle in Entre-preneurship Education are the teachers and their attitudes towards the Entrepreneurship. We wanted to change teachers’ thinking and pedagogical actions in Entrepreneurship Education and hence taught them Entrepreneurship Education. In this process the educator used Entrepreneurial learning method studied earlier by herself for example in her theses (Remes 2001; 2003).

It has been studied by several researchers (e.g. Gibb, Kyrö) that En-trepreneurship Education needs to be taught entrepreneurially. This in fact makes the education entrepreneurial. Haahti (1989) has followed the historical text sources and has found the first meaning of entre-preneurship which was Action. Teaching entrepreneurship only by the knowledge-based method does not effect on the character and the nature of entrepreneurship and actually may cause negative conse-quences. Vice versa to teach whatever subject entrepreneurially effects on values, attitudes, action habits and thinking that will promote entrepreneurship.

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Factors Influencing Product Innovation in Micro Finance Institutions in Kenya: A Case Study of MFIs Registered With the Association of Microfinance Institutions



Mbogo, Marion Department of Accounting and Finance, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya

[email protected]

Ashika, Caroline Chandaria School of Business, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya

[email protected]

Previous studies show that microfinance institutions play a vital role in the economic development of many developing countries through provision of a wide range of financial products and services to the poor, low-income households and micro and small enterprises. Unfor-tunately, majority of these studies have concentrated on the growth of the MFI institutions. This has resulted in little research on determi-nants of MFIs product innovation within the industry. Consequently, this paper investigated the factors influencing product innovation in MFIs. Analysis of the data confirmed that legal environment, competi-tive pressure, liquidity and risk management challenges had greatest influence on MFI innovation.

Key words: MFIs, product innovation, legal environment, competitive pressure, organizational factors.

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How do Japanese manufacturing SMEs facilitate transfer of skills?



Kubota, Norio The University of Shimane [email protected]

This paper aims to compare between Japanese and German casting SMEs in order to highlight problems in facilitating transfer of skills in Japanese manufacturing SMEs.

According to my own comparative analysis, specific capabilities in the shop/factory floors are highlighted as the Japanese manufacturing SMEs’ strengths.

On the other hand, two issues are shown clearly from the comparative analysis.

First, Japanese manufacturing SMEs need to enhance the scientific ap-proach like German manufacturing SMEs. Japanese specific capabili-ties in the shop/factory floors could be obstacles for the development of the new technologies.

Second, Japanese SMEs should create human resource development system to foster core manufacturing personnel.

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Nonprofits and Social Entrepreneurship Intentions: Examining the Role of Organizational Attributes



Tan, Wee-Liang Singapore Management University [email protected]

Yoo, So-Jin University of Wales [email protected]

Little is known about social entrepreneurship in nonprofits, especially the factors that influence social entrepreneurship intentions of these organizations. This study explores the direct effect of the organiza-tional attributes (commercial experiences of CEO, organizational level of entrepreneurial orientation and collective efficacy, resource avail-ability and social cause) on the nonprofit organization’s intention to start a social enterprise. We find that nonprofits led by CEOs with commercial experience, with high collective efficacy and organization innovativeness are more likely to evince intentions to start a social en-terprise. Whilst it might have been thought that the nonprofits’ social causes may have a negative effect on social entrepreneurship, it was found to have a positive influence. Contrary to expectations, resource availability was not significant to intentions; neither was risk-taking. Hence, nonprofit organizations keen to foster social entrepreneurship are advised to seek to align any social entrepreneurship activities to their social causes and develop internal

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Towards Understanding Women Entrepreneurship in MENA Countries



Hattab, Hala The British University in Egypt [email protected]

Over the past years there has been increase in the number of women entering self-employment driven by the transformations occurring everywhere. These changes created economic opportunities for women who are willing to own and operate businesses. Middle Eastern women were no exception.

The main purpose of this research is to get a thorough understand-ing of women entrepreneurship in the Arab countries participated in Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Cycles for 2009 and 2008.

Due to the lack of literature on women entrepreneurship in Middle East, the researcher recommends developing theories exploring women entrepreneurs based on the particularities of MENA countries.

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An Index of Entrepreneurship Measure



Bianchi, Annamaria University of Bergamo [email protected]

Biffignandi, Silvia University of Bergamo [email protected]

A new index of entrepreneurship measure based on M-quantile regres-sion methods is introduced. Using this index we investigate the impact of the entrepreneur’s human capital and some business’s characteristics on entrepreneurship. The empirical evidence suggests that an entrepre-neur’s related business experience before start-up provides an advan-tage to the entrepreneur more than education does. Previous start-up experience has a positive impact during the start-up of the business. Women face greater difficulties than men during the first years of operation, but once the business is established they perform as good as men.

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“Entrepreneurial Technology Scouting” – A New Theory Driven Method in Generating Higher Levels of Spin-off Activities at Universities



Sassmannshausen, Sean Patrick

University of Wuppertal, Germany

[email protected]

For many years, Universities have supported spin-off activities. There has been success, but many professors still haven’t developed any entrepreneurial intentions. We have run a four year program to encourage entrepreneurial spirits among professors in order to lever-age the quantity and quality of spin-off activities. We report on our experience, following a single case approach. We found that profes-sors can be categorized into five distinct groups, according to their attitudes towards commercialization of research. To increase entrepre-neurial intentions across faculty, each group should be addressed in its own way. Following Shane’s theory, we help professors in identifying new opportunities by developing entrepreneurial intentions based on individual prior knowledge and by delivering guidance for meaningful applied research.

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The Vitality of Welfare Service Enterprises



Tarvainen, Tiina University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Organizational vitality is a force which enables organizations to grow, compete and succeed. This paper introduces organizational vitality based on the literature and compares these findings to the growing field of the welfare service sector. The data were collected from ques-tionnaires addressed to welfare service entrepreneurs in Finland. The results show similarity between the findings from the literature and the data. Although there were similarities between these findings there were some essential divergences. However, these findings should be analyzed more deeply in the context of the welfare organizations, that have been especially vital.

Keywords: Organizational vitality, welfare service enterprises, Finland

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A Model of Entrepreneurial Performance in Clusters: Lessons from the French Competitiveness Clusters



Bonnafous-Boucher, Maria Chair of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Advancia, ESCP Europe and HEC

[email protected]

de Géry, Catherine Chair of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Advancia, ESCP Europe and HEC

[email protected]

Laviolette, Eric Michael Chair of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Advancia, ESCP Europe and HEC

elaviolette@ advancia-negocia.fr

The aim of this paper is to analyze the determinants of entrepreneurial performance in French competitiveness clusters. Based on two case studies, we propose an analysis of the major determinants on which business support policies can be designed. Emphasis will be placed on practices of governance, university-industry interface and entrepre-neurial capabilities.

Key words: Entrepreneurship, Performance and Clusters

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A comparative analysis of the factors affecting the propensity to innovate in small businesses: The case of Sweden and Norway



Lopez Rizzo, Humberto University of Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne

Humberto.Lopez @malix.univ-paris1.fr

In the present paper, a Logit model was used to determine the impacts that different hampering factors have on the propensity to innovate in small businesses. The results show that the expensive skilled labor and the lack of skilled labor have a deeper impact on the innovation pro-pensity of the Norwegian businesses. On the other hand, the problems with financing reduce the chances of the Swedish small businesses to innovate. Then, we tested, with a dummy variable, the Schumpeterian hypothesis of market power. There is no significance for the Swed-ish firms, but the Norwegian firms show positive influence on their chances to innovate.

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Ownership and High-Growth Firms



Bjuggren, Carl Magnus Linköping University and Stockholm School of Economics/EHFF

[email protected]

Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov Dalarna University and the Ratio Institute

[email protected]

Johansson, Dan The Ratio Institute [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether firm ownership – family, or private non-family – matters for being a high-growth firm (HGF). Firm growth is measured in terms of absolute employment growth, relative employment growth and as a combination of abso-lute and relative employment growth (the so-called Birch-index). We find that family ownership decreases the probability of exhibiting high growth. Changing ownership from family to private non-family increases the probability of being a HGF, whereas a change from private non-family to family ownership decreases the probability of being a HGF. The results are robust, irrespective of measurement of firm growth, suggesting that ownership and changes in ownership are important determinants of rapid firm growth.

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Corporate Social Responsibility in Family vs. non-Family Enterprises: An exploratory study



Campopiano, Giovanna Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

Cassia, Lucio Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

De Massis, Alfredo Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

This paper examines the CSR motivations and actions in twenty-five selected teaching cases. We develop a literature-based research frame-work used to classify the research findings of our study and enable a direct and easier identification of the resulting patterns emerging from our sample. A cross-case analysis enables us to point out evi-dence on the behavioral practices adopted by firms and on the causal link between the CSR motivations and actions, identifying four main emerging patterns in the behavior of firms investing in corporate social responsibility. Then we reconsider these patterns in light of the distinc-tion between family and non-family enterprises.

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Take ‘em in: Embedded Business Support to overcome critical junctures in academic spin-off teams



Loebel, Holger Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Geissler, Mario Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Kaminski, Sandra Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Zanger, Cornelia Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Countless governmental programs are set in place to enable the tech-nology transfer of academic research results into the marketplace. This paper provides a detailed look on the early phases of the technology transfer process by reviewing relevant literature on support structures and entrepreneurial opportunity identification. With an inductive case-study-based approach, the authors propose to introduce business support in research teams in a very early phase to enhance the technol-ogy transfer process. This support, which can be implemented in two different collaboration models, helps to overcome critical junctures that technology transfer or spin-out teams have to face in the course of their project work. Thus, the paper enriches the available knowledge on technology transfer processes from both a theoretical and practical perspective.

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Venture capital investments in the development of clean technologies: early conceptualization and estimation of the effects



Isaksson, Anders Umeå School of Business [email protected]

Aim of this research is to analyze cleantech venture capital investments in Sweden. Some questions are: Does venture capital financing affect the growth of cleantech firms? Are cleantech firms different in any other way from other venture capital financed firms or firms in general (for instance in terms of size, profitability and financial stability)? What kind of cleantech firms are more likely to face an equity gap? Dataset based on total VC population in Sweden. Every portfolio firm from the total population of VCs in Sweden has been screened, catego-rized, measured and analyzed.

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The impact of family ownership and TMT composition on SMEs’ financial performance: An empirical study



Campopiano, Giovanna Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

Cassia, Lucio Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

De Massis, Alfredo Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

Kotlar, Josip Università degli Studi di Bergamo

[email protected]

By using agency theory and the resource-based view of the firm as a platform, we propose a research framework that jointly explores the effects of family involvement in ownership and TMTs on the perfor-mance of SMEs. The evidence on 787 SMEs shows that performance improves as family involvement in ownership increases when initial family ownership is small, but that ownership dispersion among fam-ily members negatively affects performance. Family involvement in the TMT does not always matter. However, when family ownership is highly concentrated, and family managers and externally recruited professionals coexist in the TMT, firm performance is additionally jeopardized.

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Successional transmission between predecessor and successor: the role of personal network and absorptive capacity in the French family business



Rejeb, Nada Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax - Tunisia

[email protected]

Maalaou, Adnan ESG Management School - Paris [email protected]

The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of cognitive and relational factors on the transmission success of family firms.

We developed and tested a model linking the successor’s personal network and the successor’s absorptive capacity to the success of the transmission process.

Results of a case study carried out on a French transportation com-pany underline the relevance of the two categories of factors for the transmission success.

We contribute to previous work by blending in a single model two theoretical perspectives: a social perspective and a strategic perspective of the successional transmission factors of family firms.

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Conceptual Framework for Domain Knowledge Management in Networked SMEs



Le Dinh, Thang Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

[email protected]

Moreau, Éliane Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada

[email protected]

Domain knowledge is defined as the knowledge of the area to which a set of theoretical concepts is applied and is fundamental to all disci-plines. Since information systems are the foundation for conducting business today, domain knowledge of information systems plays a vital role in the transition from traditional enterprises to networked enterprises, especially for small and medium enterprises (SME). This paper aims at proposing a conceptual framework for domain knowl-edge management in the context of networked SMEs. Firstly, the paper introduces the review of literature on knowledge management (KM). Secondly, it presents the integrated approach for KM in networked SMEs. Thirdly, it continues with the conceptual framework for knowl-edge creation, storage, transfer and application. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of upcoming future directions.

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Exploring the relationship between the Millennium Development Goals and social entrepreneurship opportunities in South Africa



Strydom, Retha University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

[email protected]

Lombard, Antoinette University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

[email protected]

Pretorius, Marius University Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

[email protected]

The future of South Africa’s democracy is challenged by how its politi-cal freedom is to be transformed into economic and social freedom. As signatory to the Millennium Declaration in 2000, South Africa has adopted the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as its social development agenda. Despite progress made, poverty, unem-ployment and the need for faster economic growth remain key chal-lenges for development in South Africa. It is the premises of this paper that social entrepreneurship can play a meaningful role in economic transformation and inclusive growth of vulnerable people, particularly women. Social entrepreneurship should drive economic activities that will provide the future freedoms as intended by achieving the MDGs. This paper will focus on the potential role of social entrepreneurship in achieving the first three MDGs regarding poverty, education and empowerment of women.

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Mainstreaming Gender in Entrepreneurship in a Regional Context



Westberg, Hanna Triple Steelix, innovation system for the development of SME. Affiliated to Department of Work Science, Gothenburg University, Sweden

[email protected]

The original study Gender Mainstreaming in Entrepreneurship is based on an action research approach, and in this paper the content, processes, and results will be discussed in relation to entrepreneurship in a gender perspective and in a regional context. The male domi-nance, both in theory and practice, the gendered power relations and existing norms contribute to restrain change and development both in the field of mainstreaming gender in entrepreneurship, and in actions towards a gender equal labour market. The knowledge of how social capital and gender marking in the entrepreneurial field interacts lays a foundation for future research and practice.

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Soci(et)al entrepreneurship and different forms of social enterprises



Gawell, Malin Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute (ESBRI)

[email protected]

For many years there has been a discussion on definitions and issues at stake in entrepreneurship research. Adding the attribute social or societal to entrepreneurship or to enterprise does not clarify the phe-nomenon in the emerging field of social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. In this paper the definitions and issues at stake of this field is grounded to empirical studies conducted between 2001 and 2011 in a Swedish setting. The overall aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the emerging field without diverting critical discus-sions on tensions and priorities.

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From business opportunity to action: What lies in between?



Geissler, Mario Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Jahn, Steffen Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Loebel, Holger Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

Zanger, Cornelia Chemnitz University of Technology

[email protected]

The study addresses factors leading to the exploitation of business op-portunities of male and female entrepreneurs. In general, results show that the intention to exploit a specific opportunity is influenced by the overall number of perceived opportunities and the expected financial returns associated with the opportunity exploitation. In more detail, gender differences occur. For women it turns out that there is a posi-tive relationship between expected satisfaction and opportunity exploi-tation. By contrast, for men attitude towards an own venture creation is an important driver of exploitation intention. Surprisingly, for both groups no significant influence of self-efficacy was observed.

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Effect of Open Innovation Practices on SMEs Innovative Performance: An Empirical Study



Parida, Vinit Luleå University of Technology [email protected]


Frishammar, Johan Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

Several studies suggest that open innovation (OI) practices positively influences innovation efforts of large and small firms. However, few studies have investigated implication of adapting OI in the SMEs context. In this study, we address the research gap by investigating the effects of four in-bound OI practices on innovative performance based on data from 252 technology-based SMEs. Our results reveal that different OI are beneficial for different innovation performances. For instance, technology sourcing is linked to radical innovation, while technology scouting is linked to incremental innovation. Based on our study, it seems worthwhile to further study OI issues in SMEs.

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Formulating the differences between entrepreneurial universities: a performance based taxonomic approach



Peter W. Moroz Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada

[email protected]

Kevin Hindle Center for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Community, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia

[email protected]

Robert Anderson Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada

[email protected]

This paper explores entrepreneurial university typologies with the objective of developing an empirically justified, performance based taxonomical regime. Consideration is given to the need for providing a valid, reproducible and simple means for classifying entrepreneurial university types in order for comparison and contrast. We find that international patterns in university commercialization data confirm the existence of skewed performance by a small cohort that is responsible for producing the majority of outcomes in each nation. This pattern is used to develop a taxonomic regime for classifying entrepreneurial universities into a top performing set and a set comprised of all other universities.

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Innovation and competitiviness in entrepreneurial SMEs



Orengo Serra, Karen L. Faculty of Business Administration,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus

[email protected]; [email protected]

Picón Garcia, Nora Faculty of Business Administration, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus

[email protected]

The current study aims to describe the relationship between innova-tion and business competitiveness from the distributor’s perspective and in the context of manufacturer-distributor relationships. The study examines three cases of Puerto Rican distributors of professional pre-mium aesthetic products in the United States and Caribbean markets. A qualitative methodological case study approach was used. A semi-structured questionnaire combined with personal interviews, industry reports and published studies in journals were the main sources of primary and secondary data. The strong relationships developed over time with manufacturers enable distributors to provide input into product innovations, which are eventually adopted and implemented by manufacturers.

Key words: cooperative innovation, distributor-manufacturer relation-ships, aesthetic industry, SMEs.

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Lost in Transition? On the Managerial Vacuum of Business Succession in Family Businesses



Freiling, Jörg University of Bremen [email protected]

Gersch, Martin Free University of Berlin [email protected]

(Why) Does a managerial vacuum, i.e. a temporal neglecting of mana-gerial tasks, occur in case of inter-family business succession? We em-ploy latest insights of entrepreneurship theory to address this research question. By an evolutionary view, we shed light on both content and process issues of the managerial vacuum. Having specified four entrepreneurial functions, namely innovation, market making, internal coordination, and risk management, we develop causal relationships and first research propositions as a benchmark for ongoing research.

Keywords: Business Succession; Managerial Vacuum; Entrepreneur-ship Theory; Dominant Logic.

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Strategic innovation and information technology in microfirms



Bourdon, Isabelle University Montpellier 2 Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire

[email protected]

Jaouen, Annabelle GSCM – Montpellier Business School

[email protected]

This research intends to understand the impact of a strategic innova-tion on microfirm business model, and to analyse the organizational and strategic impacts of the changes created by such an innovation. Our research is based on Business Model approach (Johnson, Chris-tensen, & Kagermannand, 2008), which recently proved its concep-tual efficiency in strategic analysis. The survey is based on single case study about a French microfirm which is specialised in local economic news and legal advertisement. The results show that the company has reinvented his business model using IT and change the competition rules in the sector. Second, we highlight the difficulties encountered by the firm to implement IT. This conducts us to think about the double dimension innovation – adaptation of the business model in microfirm context due to the specificity of microfirm market. We also develop a discussion on the management of change.

Key-words: Microfirm, Business Model, innovation, Internet, extranet, information technology.

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Commercialization of clean technology – towards a combined micro- and macro-level framework



Avdeitchikova, Sofia CIRCLE/Lund University [email protected]

Coenen, Lars CIRCLE/Lund University [email protected]

New technology and technological change are considered crucial in-struments to cater for sustainable development. The processes of tech-nological change however normally are lengthy and have uncertain outcomes. One of the reasons is the huge inertia of existing systems and the unwillingness of powerful regime actors to move into new directions. This paper presents a discussion of how our understanding of commercialization and diffusion of clean technology innovations can be developed by combining the micro-level literature, concerned with entrepreneurial strategies and actions, and macro-level literature, concerned with the dynamics of socio-technical change.

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Gender and entrepreneurship in the horse-related industry



Forsberg, Lena Luleå University of Technology [email protected]


Abrahamsson, Lena Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

In this paper, we examine the horse-related industry in terms of entre-preneurship and gender. Based on reports of the industry, a mapping of the entire sector (N = 7 504) and a questionnaire (N = 520) we find that the industry is portrayed as female gendered, but dominated by men. However, we also find evidence that the industry is changing gen-der, as women dominate among younger entrepreneurs. The strongest motives for the horse-related entrepreneurs (regardless of gender) are realizing a dream and being able to combine interest with work. We also found that entrepreneurs in this industry mainly network inside the industry.

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Developing Enterprising Graduates: Stakeholder Involvement, Investment and Expectations of Entrepreneurship Education



Matlay, Harry Birmingham City University, UK [email protected]

As a dynamic concept, entrepreneurship has been adopted by a wide range of stakeholders, to describe a variety of socio-economic, edu-cational and cultural activities, situations and perspectives. In this context, entrepreneurship education has become crucial to the national economy. This study seeks to extend prior research by exploring the impact that stakeholder can have on developing enterprising graduates in the UK. Specifically, extant theory from entrepreneurship education literatures and longitudinal empirical evidence are employed to inves-tigate the dynamics of developing graduate entrepreneurs in UK HEIs and the extent of stakeholder involvement/investment in this impor-tant aspect of entrepreneurship education.

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The Impact of Women Entrepreneurs on a Male Dominated Business Environment: A Pan-European Perspective



Matlay, Harry Birmingham City University, UK [email protected]

Beginning with the mid-1970s, the number of women entrepreneurs owning and managing their own ventures has increased consider-ably in both industrially developed and developing countries. Based upon the preliminary results of 81 longitudinal case studies of women entrepreneurs in Europe, we conceptualise and contextualise the rapid rise of female entrepreneurs within the wider socio-economic, cultural and political context of an ‘enlarged’ Europe. It emerges that that a wide variety of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors have contributed to the rapid growth in women starting and managing small businesses in the tour-ism industry in Eastern, Central and Western Europe.

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Theorising soci(et)al entrepreneurship: The legacy of Schumpeter, and the potential contribution of Tarde



Palmås, Karl Chalmers University of Technology [email protected]

In recent discussions on social and societal entrepreneurship, there have been calls for the discipline to make better use of general theories of entrepreneurship. As Schumpeter’s legacy looms large in the study of society-related aspects of entrepreneurship, this paper attempts to add the work of Gabriel Tarde to the discussion. In Tarde, we not only find a social scientist profoundly interested in innovation; we also find a theorist who understands society as an ongoing entrepreneurial accomplishment. The text thus compares the two entrepreneurship theorists, and concludes with some notes on where a Tarde-inspired shift may lead soci(et)al entrepreneurship scholars.

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New Business Models for International Performance – A Longitudinal Study of Internet and Marketing



Vanyushyn, Vladimir Umeå University [email protected]

Boter, Håkan Umeå University [email protected]

Bengtsson, Maria Umeå University [email protected]

This paper uses a two-wave design to examine how the Internet as a marketing channel has contributed to the internationalization process and international performance of small and medium sized manufac-turing enterprises in Sweden. The results suggest that many firms do not acknowledge the Internet as a source of competitive advantage or performance gains and consider it a form of infrastructural technol-ogy. On the other hand, the results highlight complex interrelationship between firm’s international enthusiasm and its ability to benefit from the use of online channels in the international context.

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Enacting Soci(et)al Entrepreneneurship – Challenges and Practices



Joannission, Bengt Linnaeus University [email protected]

Bergman, Fredrik Macken [email protected]

The paper presents a close up study of the emergence of a social enterprise in the Swedish context, characterized by strong private, public and voluntary sectors. The main mode used to furnish the ad-opted practice perspective with adequate accounts is a diary dialogue between the two authors, one being the founder of the instigator of co-operative, the other being a researcher. The joint diary reveals a turbu-lent organizational reality filled with ideological as well as operational tensions that leave little time for reflection. Strong commitment among internal as well as external stakeholders conditions both the efficiency and the legitimacy of the social enterprise.

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Interventions to Foster Innovation: Lessons Learned from the Process of Designing and Implementing Methods from the Business Sector Amongst University Students



Cruz, José A. University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez

[email protected]

Romaguera, José M. University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez

[email protected]

Santini, Luis A. University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez

[email protected]

Innovation is an area of interest for practitioners, researchers, educa-tors and policy makers around the world. Many methods have been developed for stimulating and fostering innovation, some of them are developed by the academic sector and others by the business sector. However there appears to be a gap between the methods developed and used in industry versus those in academia. This difference is the motivation for this study. This paper presents the process of designing a series of educational modules to foster innovation, based on method-ology developed and utilized by the private sector. It discusses how the educational modules were implemented with university students and the preliminary results obtained. The implications of the results and areas for future research in innovation are also shared.

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Poster: Modules to Foster Innovation



Romaguera, Jose M. ICSBPR&C [email protected]

Cruz, Jose A. ICSBPR&C [email protected]

Santini, Luis A. ICSBPR&C [email protected]

The proposed poster will depict and describe a trilogy of educational modules, designed to effectively and efficiently foster innovation among university students from all faculties. The flow of the modules, the particular interventions that were developed for each module will be graphically presented. This work is part of a research effort to adopt practices developed in the private sector to foster innovation and apply them to academia.

The conceptual model utilized by the researcher, the methods evaluat-ed, the criteria of selection, and the trilogy of the educational modules will be presented.

The educational modules consist of three parts with a specific em-phasis. The 1st module is about the Identification and Generation of Problems, the 2ndfocuses on the Evaluation of Problems through Solu-tion Generation and the 3rd module has the goal of helping students evaluate Ideas with Commercialization Potential by using a feasibility criteria.

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Alliance Engagement. A Strategic View from the Back to Face the Future of SMEs



Guadalupe Diaz Durand, Karla

University of Leipzig [email protected]

Rietdorf, Ute University of Leipzig [email protected]

Dornberger, Utz University of Leipzig [email protected]

Competing only with one’s own resources is meant to abandon op-portunities and available resources from others. In this context many authors have emphasized the use of inter-firm cooperation as an effective solution to confront the global business environment. Suc-cessful development in some economies, mainly in Asia and Europe, was based on effective linkage participation between SMEs. However, recent studies show that there is a less significant trend among SMEs to be involved in alliance engagement compared with large companies. This paper focuses on the identification of factors that influence the al-liance engagement of SMEs, particularly in developing countries such as Mexico. In the analysis of these factors, three stages of alliance en-gagement are considered: future alliance engagement (FAE), current al-liance engagement (CAE), and intensity of alliance engagement (IAE). Based on factor analysis and different regression analysis results, this paper proposes a framework composed of four influential factors to encourage alliance engagement of SMEs.

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Early Internationalization in New Ventures – What Role do Team Dynamics Play?



Hauser, Christian Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship (SIFE), University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur

[email protected]

Moog, Petra Universität Siegen [email protected]

Werner, Arndt Institute for SME Research Bonn (IfM Bonn)

[email protected]

The role of team size and team dynamics (increasing or decreasing) in the internationalization process of new ventures has received only little attention. Our study analyses how team formation and the in-tertemporal dynamics of team membership in the early stages of new ventures affects young firms propensity to internationalize. We base our analysis on the resource based view as well as on matching theory to generate new insights in this field regarding productivity effects. We test our hypotheses with a data set of start-ups using regression models. The paper provides evidence that new ventures started in teams will overcome barriers to internationalizion easier than single person start-ups. Moreover we can show that a variation in team size and especially a decrease in team size enhance the productivity of the management and thus increase the probability to internationalize.

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Export Performance of Chilean Technology Intensive Suppliers



Torres, Isabel University of Leipzig [email protected]


Firms’ internationalization is the process of adaptation to the contexts of the international markets. Such adaptive capability of the firms is expected to cast dynamic effect on their performances. This dynamic capability develops within the firm through a complex mix of learn-ing that the firm generates through the trial-and-error handling of its internal processes (e.g. product innovation) as well as from external processes (e.g. market servicing). The more diversified processes the firms manages, the more the firms develop higher-order coordination capabilities in them, which retains and increases firms’ competitiveness in changing contexts. This proposition has been tested with data from 64 Chilean firms, who are the suppliers of technology-based products to customers in large scale Chilean industries. Results confirm that more diversified firms are more capable of handling more culturally and institutionally diversified markets contexts, which yield more improved international market performances for them.

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Combining Entrepreneurship with Public Service in Nigeria: Effects on Public Servants, Family and Public Service



Obamuyi, Tomola Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria

[email protected]

The study explores the effect of involvement in personal business by public servants (PS) in Nigeria on occupational stress, family relations and organizational commitment. The study employed both univari-ate and bivariate statistics for the analysis based on the data gathered from a sample of 880 PS in Nigeria. It compares a sample of PS who are in simultaneously self-employment (N = 306) with a control group of PS not in simultaneously self-employment (N = 574). The results demonstrate that the PS with personal business are more committed to the public service and exhibit less occupational stress compared to their counterparts without such entrepreneurial activities. The PS with personal business(es) were pushed into entrepreneurship in order to achieve better quality of life. Based on the research findings, the study proposes improved working conditions for the public servants and the need for the government to develop entrepreneurial public service in Nigeria.

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Opportunity Recognition among Intentional and Nascent Entrepreneurs



Bergmann, Heiko University of St. Gallen / University of Hohenheim

[email protected]

This contribution applies and tests an extended version of a measure of opportunity recognition recently proposed by Gregoire, Shepherd, and Schurer Lambert (2010) in a large-scale survey among intentional and nascent entrepreneurs. Statistical analyses confirm the reliabil-ity and partly the unidimensionality of the opportunity recognition measure. This paper also investigates determinants of the extent of opportunity recognition. As expected, entrepreneurial education has a positive effect on opportunity recognition only for people with profes-sional experience. Progress in the entrepreneurial process is positively related to opportunity recognition. The analysis is based on data from the 2011 Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS) in Germany.

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Combination of regional characteristics for start-up activity in Switzerland



Wagner, Kerstin Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship, HTW Chur

[email protected]

Becker, Katharina Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship, HTW Chur

[email protected]

Kronthaler, Franz Research Institute for Economic Policy, HTW Chur

[email protected]

This study assumes that the combination of the determinants, which are considered to have an impact on firm formations rates, influences regional start-up activity. To test this assumption, Swiss regions are classified with the help of cluster analysis according to their regional characteristics favouring firm formation. Second, the different catego-ries of regions are tested with regard to differences in their firm forma-tion rates. The results show that regions with an overall high potential have high start-up rates, whereas regions with a low potential have low start-up rates. Furthermore, the combination of factor endow-ments seems to be important as well. Completely different regional combinations of factors can lead to similar high or low start-up rates. Not only single factors have the ability to influence firm formation rates. It is also the combination and interrelationship of the various parameters which can be important for different types of regions. Policy makers should not only take single factors into consideration. Rather should they focus on their specific determinants.

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Conceptualizing Gender and Entrepreneurial Learning – A Review of Literature



Abrar, Ayesha University of Essex [email protected]

Rauf, Asma University of Essex [email protected]

Gohar, Madiha University of Essex [email protected]

This study is a conceptual exploration of entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs from disciplinary and methodological perspec-tives. It provides a holistic review of literate in order to describe the current landscape of gender based research within entrepreneurship filed with respect to entrepreneurial learning. The paper also aims to identify the opportunities and new vistas for further research in rela-tion to gender based research within field of entrepreneurial learning. The conceptualisations from non-entrepreneurship studies on learning of female entrepreneur view female entrepreneurs as an adult learner only hence overlooking the role of entrepreneurial context in such learning. Studies from filed of entrepreneurship has recognised the role of context and environment in regional and geographical terms. This review suggests that there is meagre baseline knowledge of the entrepreneurial learning of women entrepreneurs and that qualitative researches are needed in order to generate more grounded knowledge on the subject matter.

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The Strategies of Environmental-Technology Entrepreneurs Towards a Sustainable Transition



Kishna, Maikel Utrecht University [email protected]

Negro, Simona Utrecht University

Hekkert, Marko Utrecht University

This study focuses on the strategies of entrepreneurs with respect to the innovation system in which they are embedded. Entrepreneurs are crucial to bring new technologies to the market and can there-fore contribute to sustainable transitions. Entrepreneurs that exploit environmental-technology innovations through firms, i.e. environmen-tal-technology entrepreneurs (ETEs), are of great importance. In the analysis of technological transitions innovation scholars have used two different perspectives: the multi-level perspective (MLP) and the tech-nological innovation systems (TIS) framework. Based on these frame-works, it is argued that ETEs will face specific barriers and therefore need specific strategies in order to survive. The novelty and extent of diffusion of their technology is related to these barriers and therefore taken into account. A first case study of entrepreneurs in the Dutch greenhouse horticulture sector has just been completed. Therefore, this paper is still very much work in progress; some preliminary results are presented.

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Societal entrepreneurship as identity and strategy orientation of incubators and science parks



Lindhult, Erik Mälardalen University [email protected]

The paper argues that the identity and strategic orientation of incu-bators and science parks can be clarified by recognizing these agen-cies as societal entrepreneurs. The aim is firstly a clarification of the character of societal entrepreneurship, particular in relation to the social entrepreneurship. The paper analyzes the dimensions of societal entrepreneurship and develops an understanding of incubator/science parks actors as societal entrepreneurs. Secondly, a strategic framework is developed: The 7P framework – product, process, person, platform, partnership, performance and propagation. This framework is dis-cussed based on empirical material from the incubators and science parks studied.

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Networking, exportshares and innovation in Swedish manufacturing SMEs



Ahlström Söderling, Ragnar Lund University/ Department of Busniss Administration

[email protected]

Tsung Ying Shih, Tommy Lund University / Center for East and Southeast Asian Studies

[email protected]

In this paper we examine a group of Swedish SMEs in a peripheral region, their export shares and innovative activities. Moreover we look at the network contacts that aid SMEs to innovate and export. Networks are particularly important for SMEs to grow and develop as their small size and often lack of resources put them at a disadvantage in the development and commercialization of innovation as well as export promotion. SMEs face difficulties, such as access to markets, capital, and skilled labour. Efficient networking can be a way to reduce such barriers. Networking allows smaller firms to exploit the benefits of smaller scale and greater flexibility with economies of scale and scope in larger markets – both on a national and global scale. The aim of this paper is to better understand relationship between innovation, export and changes in network structures.

Keywords: Innovation, Export, Networks.

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Organizational Perceptions of Regional Infrastructure Investments: The Role of Local Embeddedness



Eriksson, Jessica Umeå University [email protected]

The distinctive conditions in a region can both support and hinder renewal by determining the view on economic activity and the per-ception of opportunities. One such condition is the embeddedness of organizations in local institutions, relationships and structures. A positive view of embeddedness prevails in the literature, however, embeddedness may inhibit renewal if organizations become “overem-bedded”. This paper explores the relationship between local beliefs in a community, an organization’s local embeddedness, and the view of opportunities in relation to a regional infrastructure investment. The data is based on telephone survey in a region experiencing a major regional infrastructure investment.

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Corporate entrepreneurship and cooperation as predictors of young SMEs’ international orientation



Sáez-Martínez, Francisco J. University of Castilla-La Mancha

[email protected]

González-Moreno, Angela University of Castilla-La Mancha

[email protected]

Díaz-García, Cristina University of Castilla-La Mancha

[email protected]

The objective of this paper is to analyze how corporate entrepreneur-ship activities and cooperation influences the probabilities of young SMEs to develop an international strategy and how this influence evolves overtime. Using a panel data of 206 start-up SMEs we study how size, group membership, innovation, strategic renewal and coop-eration with different agents affect the probabilities of these firms to export within their first three years of activity and five years later.

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Workshop: Cross-sector collaboration and opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation in weaker regions



MacKenzie, Niall G University of Wales [email protected]

Jones-Evans, Dylan University of Wales

Ylinenpaa, Hakan Lulea University of Technology

[email protected]

Wincent Joakim Lulea University of Technology

The workshop addresses how cross-sector collaboration such as Triple Helix collaboration and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) may be used for exploiting opportunities for entrepreneurship and innovation in weaker regions. The workshop looks at possibilities for developing the scope for enhancing the interfaces and synergies amongst regional innovation actors. It is aimed at opening dialogue on how to explore practical ways of strengthening the ties between business, academia and government using a number of case studies and professional ex-pertise of the panel and workshop attendees.

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Small Firms’ Business with China – Perceived Challenges and Opportunities



Zhang, Ya Linköping University [email protected]

Öhrwall Rönnbäck, Anna Linköping University [email protected]

China, being one of the world’s fastest growing economies, is a market of interest also for SMEs. However, SMEs’ limited resources for devel-opment make export to emerging markets a challenging activity. This paper investigates the challenges SMEs in a developed country that do business with China are facing, and if they need support. A survey was conducted to SMEs in a region with limited domestic market. The results from 293 respondents showed that the right contacts and part-ners are critical for market entrance, and support from public agencies might abridge the road for SMEs to navigate in the new market.

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Knowledge spillovers promoted by Knowledge Intensive Business Services: An Empirical Study



Fernandes, Cristina Instituto Superior de Linguas e Adeministraçao de Leiria (ISLA) and NECE – University of Beira Interior

[email protected]

Ferreira, Joao University of beira interior [email protected]

Marques, Carla University of tras os montes e alto douro

[email protected]

Knowledge is increasingly perceived as a central factor for company competitiveness. With the transfer of knowledge one of the core func-tions of knowledge intensive business service (KIBS) companies, the objective of our research incorporates analysis on how the transfer of knowledge takes place between the higher education sector and the KIBS universe. Our empirical results demonstrate that cooperation between KIBS and universities occurs independent of their location (rural or urban) and typology (professional or technological). We fur-thermore found that rural KIBS have increased their levels of graduate employment faster than their urban KIBS peers.

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Social vs. For Profit Entrepreneurship – Quantitative analysis of demography and human capital



Guerra dos Santos, Daniela

IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon

[email protected]

Mendonça, Joana IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon

[email protected]

Amaral, Miguel IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon

[email protected]

The current study focus on differences between social and for-profit entrepreneurship extending research beyond individual traits and focusing on human capital particularly on social entrepreneur’s general and specific education background. The results conclude that social entrepreneurship is less gendered than for-profit entrepreneurship. Also education per se and the type of education influence the choice of creating social or for-profit enterprise. Humanities education back-ground influences the most the creation of a social enterprise, and economic education background has a greater impact on taking part in for-profit enterprises. These results may be fruitful to draw important public policy implications on higher education.

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Export intensity and export scope of European SMEs – What role do different types of innovation play?



Hauser, Christian Swiss Institute for Entrepreneur-ship (SIFE), University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur

[email protected]

Hogenacker, Jens University of Cologne [email protected]

Wagner, Kerstin Swiss Institute for Entrepreneur-ship (SIFE), University of Applied Sciences HTW Chur

[email protected]

Based on regression analysis this study investigates the link between different types of innovation activities and export activities using data obtained by the European Commission covering 1,600 European SMEs from the manufacturing sector. Our findings provide strong evidence that innovation seems to improve significantly the export intensity as well as the geographic export scope of SMEs. However, the empirical findings also reveal the heterogeneous effects of differ-ent types of innovations on firm’s exports. They highlight that firms performing both process and product innovation and firms performing only product innovation show both significant higher export intensity and broader geographic export scope. However, in the case of firms performing only process innovation there is no such evidence.

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Back to the Future: Teaching Creativity in the classroom, are entrepreneurship students different?



Schmidt, Jacqueline John Carroll University [email protected]

Soper, Jack John Carroll University [email protected]

The more we advance in the study of entrepreneurship the more we are aware of the original importance of creativity in entrepreneurship. This study compares the scores of students in an entrepreneurial pro-gram to those of students in required public speaking class on creativ-ity inventory and divergent thinking tests. Findings discuss if practice in divergent thinking exercises increases students’ confidence in their creativity and their ability to generate a greater number and range of ideas and if students who enroll in entrepreneurship programs perceive themselves more creative and do better on divergent thinking exercises than students not enrolled in these programs.

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Serving Global Consumers with a Local Mind Set: An Investigation of Customers’ Perception of Offshore Call Centres’ Services



Khan, Hina Northumbria University [email protected]

Rodrigo, Padmali Northumbria University [email protected]

Koku, Paul Sergius Florida Atlantic University [email protected]

This study investigates the attitudes of UK consumers toward offshore call centres. Three research hypotheses were developed to investigate to what extent consumer attitude towards offshore call centres are in-fluenced by their attitude towards Country of Service Origin (ACOSO) perceived service quality (PSQ) and perceived risk (PR) that a consum-er attaches to offshore call centers. Data were collected by a self ad-ministered questionnaire from 283 consumers from three geographic locations of UK. The consumers’ attitude towards call centre services based in five countries namely Canada, Mexico, India, the Philippines and China were evaluated. The findings revealed that the consumer attitude towards offshore call centers tend to be negative and differ according to Country of Service Origin. Thus, even though the overall attitude towards offshore call centres were negative, compared to their attitude towards British call centres, the magnitude of negativity vary as British consumers perceived that British followed by Canadians are best in terms of providing a quality service.

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Creating a New Venture Using the App Store: There’s No App for That!



Jasinski, Dale Quinnipiac University [email protected]

McGrath, Griffin Forrester Research [email protected]

Dunn, Steven University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh [email protected]

iPhone applications have become very successful despite the lack of in-formation available on the market and the trends that are occurring in the development process. This paper aims to review both past research and current qualitative and quantitative application data to determine if there are any factors that are prevalent in the iTunes App Store that lead to success. The development of the iTunes App Store, the mobile application industry and future are discussed to give background and perspective to the project. Finally, the methods of research and impor-tant findings and business implications are discussed.

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Entrepreneurship Development Program for Afrocolombian Women Displaced by Political and Economical Violence



Varela Villegas, Rodrigo Universidad Icesi [email protected]

Martinez Romero, Ana Carolina Universidad Icesi [email protected]

The Colombian government and some nongovernmental organizations (NGO) are interested in helping women who have been victims of forced displacement, by the violence in Colombia, to develop entre-preneurial activities that will help them to improve family income and in that way reinsert them in the social tissue. These institutions were not ready to provide the required training and for that reason they contacted the Centre for Entrepreneurship Development at Universi-dad Icesi to design and implement a program specifically oriented to them. This article describes the process, the variables, the difficulties, the activities, the learned lessons and some results when a specific program for afrocolombian women was implemented. The experience confirms Gibb idea that there is not unique solutions in entrepreneur-ship education and that every program has to consider very carefully the characteristics of the population to be covered and the conditions of the environment.

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Poster: Successful Small Business and Entrepreneurial Women in Puerto Rico: What do they have in common? Back to basics.



Quiñones Rivera-Howell, Zulma

Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

Ayala, Caroline Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

Morales, Sulmarie Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

This paper identifies traits of the entrepreneur and strives to construct a profile of factors that characterize successful female small business owners and entrepreneurs. The cultural context influences behavior, personality, development, and the way entrepreneurs behave. This paper addresses successful women who have used their ability to keep their businesses going, despite the economic crisis. In this ongoing research, two hundred successful women who have been in business over ten years and have managed to survive the economic crisis will be surveyed and some interviewed. Excelling in a scenario where sub-stantial barriers difficult success implies that these women may have a blend of social support and personal characteristics that contribute to their ability to succeed.

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Poster: Successful Small Business and Entrepreneurial Women in Puerto Rico: What do they have in common? (A report of a research study)



Rivera-Howell, Zulma Quiñones

Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

Ayala, Caroline Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

Morales, Sulmarie Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán

[email protected]

This research examines and identifies personality traits and behavior patterns of successful female entrepreneurs and constructs a profile of other factors that characterize female small business owners and entrepreneurs in Puerto Rico. The project examined characteristics that account for the success that these women achieved. Excelling in a climate of substantial barriers and economics crisis to success, test the concepts that these women have a blend of social support and person-al characteristics that contribute to their ability to succeed. The study will focus on successful women who have been in business for ten-plus years and have managed to survive the economic crisis of that period. This research aims to make a theoretical contribution to the field of entrepreneurship and the Caribbean region.

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Poster: Entrepreneurship in Knowledge-Based Society: A Value-Creation Perspective



Aramand, Majid LGC School of Global Business, Hannam University

[email protected]

In the entrepreneurship literature value refers to the creation of social values or economic values. This study, however, draws on a wider range of values to include personal, group, and social values such as creativity, excitement, fun, achievement, power, wealth, relationship, tradition, friendship, equality and unity. In the context of knowledge-based societies, this study identifies entrepreneurial activities that create these values. Then in this context, entrepreneurship is viewed as a knowledge-creation and knowledge-exchange mechanism to create value for the entrepreneur and for the users. This viewpoint enables practitioners and scholars to have a more holistic understanding about entrepreneurship.

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Entrepreneurial intention among seniors: An application to French entrepreneurs



Bourguiba, Malek Nancy university [email protected]

Maalaoui, Adnan ESG Management School [email protected]

Safraou, Imen ESG Management School [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to understand the intentions of senior entrepreneurs. This is fulfilled through the investigation of explana-tory variables of this phenomenon and results in the elaboration of an explanatory model. The main contribution of this study is of a theo-retical nature as it proposes a conceptual framework for this category of entrepreneurs, too often left aside.

The exploratory study consists of semi-structured interviews with 32 senior entrepreneurs.

The analysis is conducted in three stages: preliminary analysis, main data analysis with description of findings and interpretation of results. (Wanlin, 2007).

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The Quest towards Finding Social in Social Entrepreneurship: Analyzing Contradictory Institutional Logics at Contexts of Social Entrepreneurship



Aygören, Huriye Jönköping International Business School [email protected]

Social entrepreneurship is a heterogeneous organizational field which on one hand builds upon highly established institutions/organizational forms and on the other continuously experiences new emergent com-binations. Responding to this empirical opportunity, this study aims to explore the institutional context of social entrepreneurship. First the repertoires of organizing modes and manifested tensions among those are examined. Following, strategies taken by the actors and dimen-sions of agency are briefly analyzed. Finally, it is suggested that social entrepreneurship might better be seen as an institutional field under construction where institutional work is going on at multiple sites and where different conceptions of agency take more visible charge at some works/sites.

Key words: social entrepreneurship; institutional logics; relational agency; institutional work.

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Explanatory Factors for Small Firms’ Sustainable Growth: Developing an Assessment Model for Established SMEs



Uddenberg, Anders Linköping University [email protected]

Öhrwall Rönnbäck, Anna Linköping University [email protected]

Almesåker, Gunnar Linköping University [email protected]

This paper investigates factors that can explain sustainable growth in established small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Deducted from previous research, tentative explanatory factors serve as a base for constructing a model for assessment of an SME’s growth poten-tial. Applying the assessment model on 150 companies did not result in a clear pattern of factors that are most important for long-term profitable business development and growth, but showed important overall differences between financially strong companies and weaker ones. These results can be a base for further refinement of factors that should be taken into account for sustainable growth in SMEs.

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How Do Firms Choose Legal Form of Organization?



Cole, Rebel A. DePaul University [email protected]

We use data from the Kauffman Firm Survey to analyzes how U.S. firms choose legal form of organization (“LFO”). We find that one in three chooses proprietorship, while almost as many choose limited-lia-bility company and corporation. Fewer than 10% change LFO during their first four years. Those that do change disproportionately move to more complex forms, primarily from proprietorship to a form with limited liability. Our analysis of the firm’s initial choice of LFO reveals that a firm is more likely to choose a more complex LFO when the firm is more complex as proxied by a number of measures.

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Epicentric Growth Model



Meléndez Delgado, Edwin Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico

[email protected]

This strategic growth model for the micro enterprise is designed through a technique denominated epicentric. This growth model uses as base the quantum physics theory to explain the growing move-ment of the micro enterprise as the model is implemented. The model also derives from the assumptions that the business has a delineated strategic plan. The growth is dynamic as a ripple that advances gaining terrain as the business expands. It will be possible to measure efficacy and efficiency of each growth strategy applied to the enterprise and complement, improve or even change them as the results are docu-mented. This model takes into consideration the business’ situations as a starting point instead of the selection of one strategy as a base, giv-ing the micro enterprise person a clear guide of how its growth and the selection of growth strategies must be taken, parting from its present business reality.

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Poster: Economic Impact Assessment of the government-led new venture firm certification policy



Oh, Senghwan Seoul National University [email protected]

Kim, Youngkyu Seoul National University [email protected]

Lim, Chae Yoon Science and Technology Policy Institute

[email protected]

Lee, Jeong-Dong Seoul National University [email protected]

In this paper, we evaluate the additional effect of the government-led venture firm certification policy. The core of this policy is the certifica-tion of qualified firms by the government who is a credible third party. By gaining the public recognition of these certified venture firms in the economy and in the society, the government wants to resolve the issue of information mismatch in the market. Methodologically, to deal with the selectivity issue, we adopt a propensity score matching estimator. According to the results of analysis, certification of venture firms tends to affect the survival and the growth of venture firms especially during the early years of venture firms.

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Building Knowledge on the Business Model Concept: a Methodological Perspective



Jouison-Laffitte, Estèle Universtiy of Bordeaux [email protected]

The “Business Model” appeared with the Internet start-up phenom-enon. Nowadays, interest in this concept is shared by a community of researchers. Nevertheless, the BM still suffers from a lack of recogni-tion within the academic community. There is a need for rigorous re-search to provide the concept with valuable theoretical roots and build knowledge through empirical studies based on recognized research methodologies. Such research should improve knowledge on BMs and not just use the BM to improve knowledge on other subjects. Our ar-gument is based on a methodological review of the BM literature and it is an example of empirical research.

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Workshop: How do you REALLY grow an entrepreneurial ecosystem?



Krueger, Norris Entrepreneurship Northwest [email protected]

In the past year, evidence has exploded that entrepreneurial activity is absolutely critical to a strong economy. But if entrepreneurial activity is so, why is it that we have seen such little work that translates our research findings into practical advice?

Ten years of data (a million respondents over 10 years and dozens of countries) from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor reinforces there that entrepreneurial activity has three very clear predictors that we need to recognize and translate into policy recommendations.

We will explore the practical implications for policy at the micro, meso and macro level.

Workshop Participants Scheduled: Norris Krueger (chair), Helle Neergaard, Malin Brannback, Freiderike Welter, Karl Wennberg. Jonathan Levie [invited]

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Learning to Think Like An Entrepreneur: Why Does Entrepreneurship Education Work … or Not



Krueger, Norris Entrepreneurship Northwest [email protected]

Neergaard, Helle Aarhus University [email protected]

For entrepreneurial education to be effective requires transformative learning at a very deep level. It requires dramatic changes in how we organize what we know. Experts organize their knowledge far dif-ferently, often in ways that are clearly not obvious to novices. Entre-preneurship education and training is no different indeed, our best pedagogical efforts are solidly constructivistic.

Imagine the ability to match pedagogical exercises to learning needs at a deep transformative level. Eventually we will be able to not only identify which of our tools serve to make which specific cognitive changes.

This study takes the first step in that direction.

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The effects of Relationship Banking on the Debt Structure and Financing Cost of SMEs in Korea



Kim, Moon-Kyum Soongsil University [email protected]

Asymmetric information problems lead SMEs take the ways in which they raise debt capital differ significantly. In other words, SME financ-ing through commercial banks often involves a long-term relationship. This study has several features differentiating it from other relation-ship banking researches. First, this study has used only non-public SMEs in analysis. Second, we tested if there is any difference in effects of the relationship banking according to the capitalization size and ages of SMEs. Lastly, how the relationship banking affects not only the level of financial cost, but also the performance of SMEs are in-vestigated, which would be the first attempt to relate the relationship banking to company performance like profitability and growth.

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Managing cultural diversity – Challenges for Small Firm Internationalisation



Hynes, Briga University of Limerick [email protected]

An accumulation of scholarship is steadily amassing that takes cog-nisance of the inherently contextualized and complex nature of firm small firm internationalisation. Despite progress there is a lack of em-phasis on the influence of cultural contexts on small firm international market success. Consequently, the internationalisation strategies of entrepreneurs are not fully understood and can be better supported by developing a deeper understanding of the impact of cultural variables pertinent to international entrepreneurship and how they can be man-aged. This study investigates how culture impacts on and challenges the internationalisation process of 15 small firms and poses policy implications.

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Entrepreneurial Risk Recognition: New Findings on the Neglected Child of the Entrepreneurship Family



Baldegger, Rico School of Business Administration Fribourg (CH)

[email protected]

Schueffel, Patrick School of Business Administration Fribourg (CH)

[email protected]

Although it is established that uncertainty is an integral part of entrepreneurship previous studies have generally focused on the op-portunities inherent in the entrepreneurial process rather than on the risks. We analyze risk recognition aspects of international ventures by comparing the extant literature on opportunity recognition and risk recognition and investigating the behavior towards risk in empirical case studies among five international ventures. We find that both types of recognition capabilities can be explained by identical concepts and propose a model on risk recognition in international ventures. Our framework provides insights into the evolution of risk recognition ca-pabilities in international ventures and therefore contributes to a more precise understanding of behavior of international ventures in times of economic crisis.

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Destination 2010 – how did they get there? A study of entrepreneurial infrastructure developments within the sparsely populated region of Jämtland, Sweden



Jacobsson, Mattias Umeå University, Umeå School of Business

[email protected]

Arbuthnott, Andrew Umeå University, Umeå School of Business

[email protected]

This research paper aims to improve understanding of entrepreneur-ship within sparsely populated regions. Within the paper entrepreneur-ship is recognised as a place bound and collective socioeconomic phe-nomena, coupled to the development of local business environments (e.g. Johannisson 1987, 2004; Amin 1999; Malecki 1994, 2009). The studied empirical phenomenon is a pioneering infrastructure project Destination 2011 that has been created between Jämtkraft/Skanska, and run within the sparsely populated Jämtland region. The Destina-tion 2011 case shows how, in wake of natural disasters, monitoring national and regional policy propositions may improve recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities. From this study, new insights are developed in regards the recognition and initiation of entrepreneurial acts. Finally, with specific relation to sparsely populated regions, this paper provides implications for recognising opportunities that may aid regional infrastructure developments.

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Making of Household Entrepreneurs: Lived Experiences of Pukhtoon Women Entrepreneurs from Peshawar, Pakistan



Gohar, Madiha Entrepreneurship and Innovation Group, Unversity of Essex

[email protected]

Rauf, Asma Entrepreneurship and Innovation Group, Unversity of Essex

[email protected]

Abrar, Ayesha Entrepreneurship and Innovation Group, Unversity of Essex

[email protected]

Aim of this paper is to explore the impact of institutional forces shap-ing the entrepreneurial process of women entrepreneurs in a Pukhtoon society of Peshawar, Pakistan. Development of enterprises is the result of interaction of entrepreneurial process and institutional environ-ment (Ahmedi 2003). Entrepreneurship (process) and entrepreneurs (individuals) are embedded in the institutional context that varies across societies. Focusing on micro level this study adopts institu-tional approach to explore the entrepreneurial process occurring in the household environment. Household is embedded in the social, local, regional and environmental networks where entrepreneur acts as an agent of change, however, context determines the circumstances under which entrepreneurial choices called ‘agency’ are made (Jamali 2009). Women are ascribed the role of home makers in many societ-ies particularly Pukhoon society where they are given special status of home makers. Due to this central role they are mainly affected by institutional forces at household level.

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Innovation: Differences between Developed and Developing Economies



Kassicieh, Sul U of New Mexico [email protected]

De Gouvea, Raul U of New Mexico [email protected]

Montoya, Manuel U of New Mexico [email protected]

The strong relationship between innovation and competitiveness of firms and industries are leading nations to focus on how to generate, foster, and sustain innovation. Several parameters affect the innovative milieu in these countries and range from capital availability to scien-tific research and infrastructure. The paper will list these parameters and analyze what developing countries have to do to enhance their economies based on innovation and knowledge.

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Workshop: Building Cross Disciplinary International Entrepreneurship/Innovation Programs Across Multiple Universities



Clouse, R. Wilburn Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Western Kentucky University

[email protected]

This workshop will describe a process designed to connect the con-cepts related to entrepreneurship to students who are enrolled in classes outside of the field of business. Courses designed and taught by professors outside of business will infuse entrepreneurship into courses all the way from the performing arts to atomic engineering. The de-velopment will involve the entrepreneurship faculty member working closely with the faculty member outside of business. Problem based learning cases will be discussed in order to connect the future with the past..Back to the Future.

The process will not only involve one campus, but will involve at least 20 other universities from across the nation. Syllabi from all universi-ties will be shared in order that all universities can share in the value of the joint venture. The universities will share in a communication network using WebEX where are members can see and talk electroni-cally with each other.

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Small Business Owner-Managers’ Perceptions of Corporate Governance



Nakara, Walid A. GSCM-Montpellier Business School

[email protected]

The governance of small firms is at the heart of current debates on cor-porate governance. The present exploratory study sheds light on both the perception and the practice of governance in small businesses, with a particular attention to innovative biotech environments in France. Who are the key actors of governance? What governance are we talk-ing about? What are the main expectations and obligations of the owner-managers? Are there any compromises and what is the stake? The answers to these questions and the lessons learned from the case of Biotech industry are beneficial to performance and both theory and practice of corporate governance and innovation management.

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Open Learning Within Growth Businesses – Lessons From Sweden



Klofsten, Magnus Linköping University [email protected]

Jones-Evans, Dylan University of Wales [email protected]

Understanding the factors behind successful enterprise policy interven-tions is critical in ensuring the development of effective programme development. This paper analyses an academic-industry initiative in Sweden developed to support knowledge-intensive businesses expand their operations. Through interviews with participants, it examines the origins and motivations behind the creation, management and devel-opment of the programme. It finds that future policy interventions in enterprise development must cultivate an open style of learning which engages directly with participants, is based on a process of informality and flexibility, reflects the needs of businesses and includes engaged programme leadership based on a successful entrepreneurial track record.

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Sustainable innovation: What can we learn from Linnaeus and his integration of nature and economy?



Frankelius, Per Örebro University [email protected]

This paper is about innovation derived from nature. The approach is a journey into the works of Carl Linnaeus. The majority still think of Linnaeus as a botanist. This study led to an alternative interpretation. Linnaeus made scientific contributions as much to economic theory as to botanical theory. He for example contributed with his own defini-tion of economy, and he contributed with empirical penetration of na-ture as the path to value-adding (economic) processes. In this paper a new model based on Linnaeus’ work is presented. Linnaeus approach can be useful also today.

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Small Firm Innovation in Non-Clustered Regions: Comparing High and Low Agglomeration Regions



Abubakar, Yazid A. Essex Business School, University of Essex

[email protected]

Mitra, Jay Essex Business School, University of Essex

[email protected]

We explore ways in which high technology firms develop new prod-ucts in ‘high’ and ‘low’ agglomeration regions. The literature on the geography of innovation suggests that is the search for external factors that explain innovation in regions with high concentration of firms, often referred to as ‘high agglomeration regions. External factors influ-encing innovation in ‘low agglomeration’ regions are rarely studied.

Based on a survey of 52 SMEs in the Silicon-Fen and 48 in Essex elec-tronic and software industries were carried out with a view to deter-mining the nature of new product development in the two sub-sets; We found that in developing new products small, innovative firms in low agglomeration regions can be characterised as ‘imitator’s when com-pared to those in high agglomeration. However, there are similarities in that small firms in both regions are more influenced by knowledge spillovers over pecuniary knowledge, and by international knowledge relative to local and national sources.

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“Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish“ – The Part of Emotion in Entrepreneurship Education



Fendt, Jacqueline ESCP Europe Business School & Ecole Polytechnique CRG CNRS

[email protected]

This inquiry concerns emotion in the process of entrepreneurial be-coming, studies both theoretically and empirically, among 170 gradu-ate students of 22 different nationalities at a French elite business school. Emotion emerges both in the individual process of becoming, and in all stakeholder interaction (education, coaching, mentoring, bootstrapping, and fundraising. We argue that an important source of entrepreneurial agency, energy and creativity is the inner condition of the enterprising student, his or her constructed realities and identity. We purport that to understand and work with emotion in entrepre-neurship education can facilitate cognition, creativity, unleash energy and generally enable serendipity.

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Entrepreneurship and Situationism: Creating Spaces of the Possible



Fendt, Jacqueline ESCP Europe Business School & Ecole Polytechnique CRG CNRS

[email protected]

Bureau, Sylvain ESCP Europe Business School & Ecole Polytechnique CRG CNRS

[email protected]

Our malaise with reigning unified thought about entrepreneurship ed-ucation methods led us to experiment with novel pedagogic elements. We work with techniques originally applied by Dadaists and refined by the Situationists International (SI) around Guy Debord, namely the dé-tournement (re-use of pre-existing artistic elements in a new ensemble) the creation of situation, and the dérive (drift; technique of rapid pas-sage through varied ambiences). We report on experimentations with such populations as students, nascent entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs, and evidence the relationship between such theories and methods and certain challenges encountered in entrepreneurship education and in entrepreneurship as a life experience.

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Globalisation of Finance: Analysis of the Impact of Exchange Rate Deregulation on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Development in Nigeria



Obokoh , Lawrence Ogechukwu Department of Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Lechukwu2001 @yahoo.com

Ehiobuche, Chris Berkeley College, Garret Mountain Campus

cne@ BerkeleyCollege.edu

The Nigerian government deregulated the foreign exchange market after the adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1987 which was the basis for the liberalization of trade and the financial market. The SAP was prompted by the economic downturn experienced in the early 1980s that resulted in Nigerian’s balance of payment problem. The ensuing liberalised trade necessitated the deregulation of the foreign exchange market, removal of import and export restrictions in order to encourage competition, improve effi-ciency in domestic production in order to stimulate exports of locally manufactured goods.

The analysis revealed a very high sensitivity of the performance and cost of operation of SMEs to exchange rate fluctuations. The result further revealed that SMEs efficiency did not improve neither were they able to take advantage of the liberalised trade to export their products.

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Industry Type and Business Size on Economic Growth: Comparing Australia’s Regional and Metropolitan Areas



Mardaneh, Karim Ballarat [email protected]

While the main body of literature regarding small-to-medium enter-prises is focused on formation and growth, there is insufficient re-search about the role of both (a) firm size and (b) location on econom-ic growth. The role of firm size and industrial structure on economic growth has been examined by some researchers. Pagano (2003) and Pagano and Schivardi (2000) identified a positive association between average firm size and growth and Carree and Thurik (1999) found evi-dence that the low number of large firms in an industry could lead to a higher value added growth. The current study attempts to investigate the impact of industry structure and businesses operating within these industries on economic growth. This paper uses “k-means” cluster-ing algorithm to cluster Statistical Local Areas. Regression analysis is utilised to identify drivers of economic growth. Preliminary results suggest that size of business may act as a driver of economic growth but the impact could vary based on location.

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The Effect of the Structure of Tunisian Entrepreneurial Team on Performance: The Role of Strong Ties



Krichen, Kamel University of Sfax - Tunisia [email protected]

Chabaud, Didier University of Avignon - France [email protected]

This study investigates the impact of demographic diversity variables (age, gender, and functional background) and social structure variables (i.e. tie strength) on entrepreneurial team effectiveness. Using informa-tion collected through a questionnaire, administrated to 202 entre-preneurs representing 51 entrepreneurial teams, this study shows that functional and demographic diversity is not significant for entrepre-neurial team effectiveness, whereas the network constraints based on strong ties do have a significant effect on team effectiveness. Thus, be-ing conscious of the different factors associated with team effectiveness encourage the accompanists to provide assistance, which facilitates the team building process.

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SMEs Innovate to Create the Future



Aubrey, Chuck Anderson Packaging Inc. [email protected]

The six sigma approach to managing, assuring and improving quality has taken on world-wide proportions. It has been with us now, public-ly since 1988 when Mortorola won the Malcolm Baldrige Excellence Award. In the Americas, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, six sigma is generating significant breakthrough results. Six sigma has emerged from a combination of past techniques and approaches such as Statis-tical Process Control, Total Quality Management, Quality Circles and Participative Management. Keys to an effective six sigma process are in the details. It uses five steps called DMAIC or Define, Measure, An-alyze, Improve (Implement) and Control. These include clearly defined roles for leaders. Strategy and customer needs prioritze opportunites that are necessary to determine performance improvement opportuni-ties. Lean manufacturing, also know as lean enterprise has brought together all of the “lean” concepts developed around the world. With the goal of identification and elimination of non-value added activites. These two approaches, six sigma and lean are very powerful.

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Workshop: Exploring the learning challenge to small firms’ competency development. Towards a bottom-up aproach?



Lundström, Anders Miduniversity, Sweden [email protected]

Gibb, Allan

Berbenni-Rehm, Caterina

Björklund, Carolina

Holmgren, Carina

Micro firms are less involved in competence development than larger companies. Some conclusions are that the price for education is higher for small businesses and that management and business education is designed around the norms of the large company and not suitable for the need of learning in small firms. The purpose of the workshop is to create knowledge exchange between practitioners, policy makers and researchers interested in the issues of training and competence development in small firms, and micro firms especially. Two different training initiatives and new research will be presented as input to the discussions.

Contributers: Allan Gibb, professor, United Kingdom. Caterina Berbenni-Rehm, Dr, PROMIS@Service Sarl, Luxembourg. Carolina Björklund, project leader Företagsakademin, Sweden. Carina Holmgren, Phd student Mälardalen University, CEO of PEER (Policy Entrepreneurship Evaluation Research). Leader of the workshop: Anders Lundström, professor Miduniversity, Sweden.

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Influence of Social Networks on Internationalization of Russian SMEs



Shirokova, Galina St.Petersburg State University [email protected]

Storchevoy, Maksim St.Petersburg State University [email protected]

The paper is devoted to the influence of the social networks onto internationalization of Russian entrepreneurial firms. Although the majority of researchers assume that social networks play a key role in the process of internationalization of SMEs, the authors made an alternative claim questioning that influence. On the basis of analysis of three cases of Russian entrepreneurial firms authors found that social networks do play a much less important role in the internationaliza-tion process than it is usually assumed in the literature. The most important factors in expanding international business networks are honest business practices that establish trust and commitment in the relationships of international business partners.

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Campus Entrepreneurship Education: A schumpeterian approach to breeding academic entrepreneurs at German Universities



Asghari, Reza Entrepreneurship Center, Technical University of Braunschweig/Ostfalia University

[email protected]

The main question in this paper is how could universities, and in par-ticular German universities, improve their entrepreneurial education program to increase the entrepreneurial output for economy. In this context it is also necessary to prove the social-political framework of entrepreneurial policy of German universities.

On the basis of the Schumpeterian theory of entrepreneurship we develop a theoretical framework of entrepreneurship education and highlight the main characteristics of an evolutionary training concept. The theoretical framework derived from Schumpeter’s concept is used to analyze empirically in how far the entrepreneurship programs of business schools are based on Schumpeterian concept.

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Entrepreneurs as Social Deviants: Building a Framework



Tomczyk, David Quinnipiac University [email protected]

Ross, Lauren Quinnipiac University [email protected]

We propose to merge the entrepreneurship literature with the sociol-ogy literature, creating a framework upon which additional research, both qualitative and quantitative, may be built. We begin with a dis-cussion of the limited existing entrepreneurship literature on entrepre-neurs as deviants. We then delve into the relevant sociological litera-ture, presenting the classical and current theories of social deviance with discussions of how they relate to entrepreneurship. We present several propositions for further exploration and then conclude with a discussion of potential next steps for academic, public policy, and practitioner research.

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Economic Entrepreneurship, Startups and Their Effects on Local Development: The Case of Sweden



Westlund, Hans KTH and JIBS [email protected]

Olsson, Amy KTH [email protected]

This paper studies the connections between entrepreneurship and local development at the municipal level in Sweden 2000-2008. Data on startups in six branches is used to study impacts on population and employment growth. In contrast to previous research, our results indi-cate that for several branches, startup effects on growth may be higher in low density areas than urban agglomerations. We also offer one of the first empirical studies of the influence of local norms, networks and other spacebound assets on entrepreneurship propensity. We find that this “local Entrepreneurial Social Capital” (ESC) is highly correlated with startup frequency in Swedish municipalities.

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Role of higher education in promoting entrepreneurship education across disciplines in tanzania



Kalimasi Kilasi, Perpetua Mzumbe University [email protected]

This paper explores the role of higher education in fostering entre-preneurship education across disciplines. Some models have been explored and the model that best suit the Tanzanian context has been suggested. Efforts shown so far and challenges that institutions face, have been highlighted. Entrepreneurship has been widely spread in terms of centers based on business schools and as ‘add-on’ to non business. Hence, unclear strategies for its incorporation across facul-ties and insufficient resources are the challenges. The paper argues that the suggested model may suit the Tanzanian environment. However more research is needed to evaluate its impacts to different careers.

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Fair copy? Lobbying to stop the transfer of technology



Macdonald, Stuart University of Sheffield [email protected]

An influential industry lobby – an odd alliance of the pharmaceuti-cal, tobacco and creative industries – has persuaded governments that copying is bad. Illicit copying stifles creativity and impedes technology transfer to developing countries, it argues. Yet, this is a modern view. Innovation is now perceived as springing from invention as part of a managed process within the organisation. The more information the organisation has and the more secure its ownership of this informa-tion, the more innovation. So, the information required for innovation has come to be property, to be guarded through intellectual property rights. The IPR system, expanded and fortified, now spans the world, demanding international compliance. The lobby has had a part in creating this system, is fundamental to its operation, and works to maintain it. This paper looks at how the lobby works, and suggests that a victim of its efforts may be innovation itself.

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Bahraini SMEs: Why Think Local? Think Global Challenges Facing Bahraini SMEs and Internationalization



Al-Rabeei , Husain Bahrain Training Institute [email protected]

Scott, Jonathan M. Teesside University [email protected]

This paper investigates the main challenges faced by Bahraini Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and analyses how the inter-nationalization of their markets could play a vital role in helping to overcome or mitigate some of those challenges. Two focus groups were conducted: the first discussed challenges to the growth of SMEs and internationalization issues with small business; and the second focus group comprised the representatives of different small business sup-port organizations in Bahrain to seek their opinion of challenges facing Bahraini SMEs. The study is exploratory in nature, and is an attempt to fill a gap in the research area of SMEs in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

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Poster: The Effect Of Financing To New Venture Growth



von Busch, Maria H. Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland [email protected]

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of financing to new venture growth. The research tries to answer what the effect of the different financing possibilities, including government and EU support on new venture growth processes is. The EU and national governments introduce entrepreneurial assistance programmes to support enterpris-es and to facilitate their growth. The fundamental idea with these pro-grammes is that government intervention is needed to help enterprises to overcome challenges and that a financial gap exists in the market.

The research looks at two groups of companies which receive funding through two programmes; the first one for young and innovative com-panies and the second for rapidly growing companies (new ventures). Only high-technology companies are examined in these programmes. The research uses a multi-disciplinary theoretical framework and tries to extend the understanding of the resource related dimensions of growth processes in the area of SME financing.

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Attribution Style Differences Among Entrepreneurs



Harvey, Paul University of New Hampshire [email protected]

Sohl, Jeffrey University of New Hampshire [email protected]

Attribution theory provides a useful framework for identifying and un-derstanding the entrepreneur’s decision to, and the process of, raising external equity capital for seed and growth financing. Identification of these traits might differentiate successful entrepreneurs from others and provide guidance in the development of public policy to facilitate entrepreneurial development and provide information to practition-ers who are considering an entrepreneurial endeavor. Results suggest that the locus of an individual’s attribution style (internal vs. external) influences both the propensity and ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities and that a tendency toward externalization of blame for negative outcomes was common among entrepreneurs.

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Gender Implications of the Global Financial Crisis; A Focus on Uganda



Owomugasho Ndikuno, Daisy

Create Impact Alliance [email protected]

Uganda’s approach to women in development is ineffective in improv-ing equity particularly among investors. Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been working to make women active partners in the devel-opment of her economy, with efforts more pronounced since the com-ing into force of the current regime in 1986. Government’s endeavors’ since then have been the integration of women into the development process by careful design of mainstream programmes, and also in instituting separate programmes for women to benefit them along with the entire population.

This paper assesses the effects of customs and investment policies on women in Uganda by addressing some of the critical gender imbal-ances and factors affecting the economic empowerment and draws conclusions regarding effects which promote, and those that hamper the full participation of women in various aspects of investment and development activities.

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Cases of successfully partnership between Venture Capital companies and technological firms of Argentina



Ascua, Ruben PRODEM-Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento + UTN Rafaela

[email protected]

The main goals of this paper are, first to identify how the process of venture capital investment decisions operates and second, to verify the conditions under which certain ventures have been successfully man-aged to become partner with venture capital. This study was carried out from three argentine companies of technological base, born global and fast growth, and from two venture capital companies.

It was possible to infer that the entrepreneurs with larger and better educative capacities and business track-record, are in better conditions for acceding to venture capital. As well, the near institutional context simultaneously operates like nexus and trainer of linkages between entrepreneurs and capital investors. This network influences positively in accessing to venture capital. Also, the mutual knowledge between both parts as well as training process previous to formalize partner-ship requires a period of maturation relatively large to reduce agency conflicts, to diminish initial cultural differences and to promote a successful partnership.

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A Review of Social Entrepreneurship Research and Outline of Academic Dialogues



Pierre, Anne Mid Sweden University [email protected]

Von Friedrichs, Yvonne Mid Sweden University [email protected]

Wincent, Joakim Luleå Technical University [email protected]

In a state-of-the-art review of the field, we highlight the significant attention and importance of social entrepreneurship. We specify dif-ferent issues discussed, core contributions in the literature, and outline certain areas of discussion. Overall, we notice that the concept is used in diverse ways in the literature and that much research has been invested to understand how to define social entrepreneurship, charac-teristics of the social entrepreneur, but also specific dialogues in areas such as marketization of NPOs, social innovation frameworks, com-munity development and how to solve social challenges. The systemat-ic literature review further point out a set of emerging discussions that warrant future attention. In addition to identifying room for future unique contributions, our hope is that this bibliographic study should contribute to scholars interested to contribute to this growing field of academic research by reducing ambiguity in how to develop incremen-tal contributions that tie into, and builds upon, previous research.

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Measuring the rοle of trust and confidence in SMEs’ use of accountants and other advisers

Track: Emerging forms of entrepreneurship and innovation


Schizas, Emmanouil ACCA Global emmanouil.schizas @accaglobal.com

Jarvis, Robin Brunel University / ACCA Global [email protected]

Qualitative research has indicated that professional competence and social rapport may jointly determine the ability of accountants to offer value-added services to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We attempt to validate these results using a sample of 1,777 SMEs in six countries. Factor analysis highlights two influences on advice-seek-ing that correspond to notions of ‘trust’ and ‘confidence’ and which are further validated using hypotheses derived from the literature. We consider ways of measuring the dimensions of trust and competence that underlie the use of business advisers and of estimating the ability of market segments to support a value-added offering.

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Small business scams: a preliminary overview and investigation



Weber, Paull C. Curtin University (Western Australia)

[email protected]

Schaper, Michael T. Curtin University (Western Australia)

[email protected]

Teo, Stephen Curtin University (Western Australia)

[email protected]

Geneste, Louis Curtin University (Western Australia)

[email protected]

This paper provides an overview of the current level of understand-ing about scams perpetrated against small businesses, and also reports on a preliminary study which highlights various forms of the phe-nomenon. A scam is a form of fraudulent, illegal activity that invites potential victims to accept an offer which leads to the loss of financial, organisational or personal resources. The limited research evidence available to date suggests that small businesses are particularly vul-nerable to this type of criminal activity, are less likely to report such events, are likely to be subject to repeat attacks, and are particularly susceptible to online approaches. The ten cases reported in this paper are suggestive of a relatively high level of occurrence and a surprisingly high level of ignorance of the risks that these scams represent. A future research agenda is outlined.

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Service Innovation – Intended Strategy or Fall-back Plan?



Forster, Michael Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship [email protected]

Ziltener, Andreas Swiss Institute for Entrepreneurship [email protected]

The paper shows that two-third of all 1159 interrogated companies in our sample pursues a service innovation strategy, but only six percent of these rank among the highly innovative companies. Highly innova-tive companies in the manufacturing industry still pursue an R&D-based innovation strategy and have a corresponding high impact on entrepreneurial success. Manufacturing companies with a lower level of innovation capabilities choose service innovation strategically as fall-back plan. As expected, innovation output of these firms and its contribution to entrepreneurial success is lower in comparison to inno-vative firms. So a coppler should stick to his last.

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Competence Ambidexterity and New Product Performance for Small Firms



Ali, Abdul Babson College [email protected]

As firms increasingly rely on new product development for competi-tive advantage, managers understand the need to build appropriate competencies to develop more new products. This study aims to reconcile conflicting recommendations in the literature about techni-cal and marketing competency by suggesting that small firms need to develop varying levels of ambidexterity in both competencies for different types of new product developments. This paper has empiri-cally observed that building a synergistic combination of technical and marketing competency helps small firms improve performance of radical innovations while developing a balance combination of the two competencies assists firms enhance performance of incremental innovations.

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Wind Beneath My Wings: Factors Affecting the Transformation of Women-Founded Businesses into Gazelles



Clark Muntean, Susan Ball State University [email protected]

Women who engage in productive entrepreneurial activity translate market opportunities, ideas, creativity and skills into high impact, high growth ventures. This in turn generates job creation and economic prosperity. Factors that both stimulate and enhance the productivity of women entrepreneurs have been understudied. I argue that three institutional and cultural factors influence the decision calculus of women in founding and growing their businesses: legal and social status, institutional presence and domestic support. I find that coun-tries that provide the requisite institutional and cultural support enjoy higher levels of opportunity-based entrepreneurial activity overall rela-tive to countries that lack this support.

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The impact of “flow” on the quality of life, productivity, and self-rated success of entrepreneurs



Sherman, Cynthia L. Claremont Graduate University [email protected]

Kauanui, Sandra K. Florida Gulf Coast University [email protected]

A survey of entrepreneurs in southwest Florida and southern California examined the relationship between entrepreneurs’ “flow,” or optimal experiences and their subjective well-being, quality of life, productivity, and definitions of success.

Flow is a cognitive state of full concentration and attention that has been shown to lead to positive outcomes such as employee engage-ment, intrinsic motivation, and better performance. In this study, flow was positively correlated to greater well-being, quality of life, and productivity. We also found a strong relationship between flow and the intrinsic factors that entrepreneurs use to define success. Entrepreneurs also defined success by extrinsic factors. Flow was also correlated to extrinsic factors, however the relationship was stronger with intrinsic factors.

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Agripreneurs and/or Agriculture Science Teachers?: An examination of Agribusiness students Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientations and Aspirations



Esnard, Talia University of Trinidad and Tobago [email protected]

The purpose of the study is to advance a social cognitive theoretical (SCT) understanding of entrepreneurial intentionality. The study found most students had favorable entrepreneurial attitudes orientations (EAOs) and entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) with significantly higher EIs means for men in comparison to women in the case of the latter. Their perception of situational contexts showed significant relation-ships with EIs but not EAOs. The agribusiness program had a positive but insignificant effect on both EAOs and EIs while ESE had both direct and mediating effects between situational contexts, agribusiness programs, EAOs and EIs. Findings and implications are discussed and recommendations provided.

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Towards a Typology of Born Again International SMEs



Catanzaro, Alexis MRM - University of Montpellier 1

[email protected]

Messeghem, Karim MRM - University of Montpellier 1

[email protected]

Sammut, Sylvie MRM - University of Montpellier 1

[email protected]

A new type of internationalized firm has recently come to light in the field of international entrepreneurship: Born Again Global firms (Bell, McNaughton and Young, 2001). These firms are characterized by sudden and rapid internationalization after exercising their activity on the domestic market alone. By cross-referencing the results of the two main articles on this subject with the literature on internationalization, we show the need to take into account the considerable diversity to be found in Born Again Global firms. By separating the terms Glo-bal and International, we propose a new terminological framework for Born Again International firms, making it possible to distinguish those that become international solely through export (Born Again Exporter) from those that also become international through the assets of their value chain (Born Again Global). In addition, our reflections raise questions regarding the role of Born Again International firms in the field of entrepreneurship.Finally, we propose a new definition for international entrepreneurship.

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Identifying and Developing Vocational Skills for Adopting Indigenous Entrepreneurship Ventures by the Kalash Community



Khan, Iqbal M. Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

Jalil Mela, Sana SEDI [email protected]

Mohsin, Ali Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

Nasrullah, Madiha Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

Indigenous communities all over the world are undergoing a transfor-mation, merely, as a result of active government involvement further influenced by development authorities. This research paper under-stands the importance of developing the skill sets of Kalash indigenous community to support adoption of entrepreneurial ventures in future. It highlights; how indigenous societies are engaging and enhancing their traditional skill sets, how development agencies are playing a role in developing a vocational program for the aboriginals. The survey depicts some areas of concern that can provide an impetus for a voca-tional development strategy. It also recommends Pakistan Vocational Training Council (PVTC) to develop and teach certain programs from their existing portfolios.

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Entrepreneurial Intentions among Indigenous Kalash People



Khan, Iqbal M. Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

Zaheer Asghar, M. University of Management and Technology

[email protected]

Ahmed Khan, Asfand Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

Nouman, Aleena Lahore School of Economics [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the intentions of an indigenous community Kalasha towards Entrepreneurship using Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. Being the Indigenous minority, the community faces a challenge for survival. This provides an opportunity for the researchers to exploit the circumstances and study the intentions of such a community towards Entrepreneurship. For this reason, primary research was conducted where Entrepreneurial Intentions Question-naire (EIQ) and detailed interviews were conducted from the Kalasha people to explore their intentions towards Entrepreneurship. The results exhibit sound intentions by the people to start a venture of their own. For Kalasha, the dilemma remains the same like many other Indigenous communities of the world. These include: a lack of start-up capital and infrastructure, negligible governmental support and an improper education system in the geographical area. All of these prob-lems are resulting in cultural and social annihilation of the Indigenous Kalasha.

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Gender a Challange in Regional Entrepreneurship Policy – a Northen Example



Kremel, Anna Mälardalens högskola [email protected]

Gender is one of the three criteria’s in the structural funds. Gender is often seen as a goal and not as an instrument to archiving economic growth, which is the superior goal for regional development. Econom-ic development is something that often is thought of as being solved first before working with equality.

Entrepreneurcentre, a project in the north of Sweden, and the program Success Express is one example on how to stimulate women entrepre-neurship in the Regional Fund Program. The question is if the Success Express has contributed to economic growth. To determine to what extent the Success Express has contributed to economic growth four variables of success were put forward and then analyzed statistically. Data were collected through interviews with over 600 entrepreneurs in the North of Sweden, all entering the project Entrepreneurcentre.

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Poster: Interactive CRM As Important Component of the Prosperity Program



Árvay, Zoltán Hungarian SBA [email protected]

Interactive CRM is a new development which is based on interactive media terminal and plaza systems and networks. This service provides opportunity for SMEs to access global market and register the effectiv-ity of thier advertisements and provides sales and turnover generation. Interactive CRM besides the traditional CRM parameters provides about 10-15 natively new (age, gender, action-path and termina-tion and characteristic times,..) additional parameters and hundreds of potentialy effective binary relation parameters. These data can be collected on the network about the customer profiles, information and buy actions. By OLAP analisys of the collected customer information SMEs can enhance very effectively their marketing campaignes and sales both on the interactive terminals and in their shop network.

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Technological Capability Development as Result of the Entrepreneur’s Search for Innovation in the SMEs in Colombia



Cuero Acosta, Yonni Angel University of Leipzig [email protected]

Un Nabi, Noor University of Leipzig [email protected]


Technological capability (TC) development is not only a firm-level issue in capability development and growth, rather it is similarly important in getting advanced in the catching-up process and improv-ing national-level competitiveness. This is even more important in the case of the developing nations. Previous works on TC have been based on large firms from the developed as well as from emerging countries, which generally paid not much attention to the TC development in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs). TC development in SMEs is especially important, as the SMEs are the nurturing grounds of in-novation. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of TC development in SMEs and its impact on the innovation capability of the SMEs, with particular reference to the SMEs from Colombia. This paper shows that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and absorptive capacity (AC) of the firms have significantly contributed to the TC development in the SMEs in Colombia.

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Re-evaluating the Role of the informal Sector: The Role of Household Enterprises in Poverty Reduction and Employment Creation in Rwanda



Abbott, Pamela University of Aberdeen, UK and Institute of Policy Anaysis and Research-Rwanda

[email protected]

Rwirahira, John Institute of Policy and Analysis-Rwanda

[email protected]

This paper reveals that the household enterprises (HEs) play an impor-tant role in income generation and employment creation. However, the Government’s policy and institutional framework focuses largely on creating an improved environment for business investment and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). In addition, there appears to be co-ordination issues of initiatives that aim to stimulate entrepreneurship and a greater need to recognise that HEs need support targeted to their specific needs. It is suggested that the Government explore coordinat-ing policy measures that recognise the importance of HEs for achiev-ing Vision2020 and Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategies objectives.

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Leaving the numbers behind: Qualitative growth, business platforms and motivations of women entrepreneurs



Dalborg, Cecilia Mid Sweden University [email protected]

von Friedrichs, Yvonne Mid Sweden University [email protected]

Wincent, Joakim Luleå University of Technology [email protected]

This study is a response to the lack of research on qualitative growth and women’s entrepreneurship. Using a sample of 191 women en-trepreneurs, this study suggests that qualitative growth is manifested in a striving to grow, to secure building blocks on different business platforms, may unfold to accomplish growth in different forms: sur-vival, stability, work creation, appreciation and personal development. Although the extrinsic platforms of survival and stability are the most common growth platforms among women entrepreneurs, all forms can be characterized by equally high growth aspirations. Each of the platforms is associated with distinct and unique building blocks that women entrepreneurs try to put together and solve in order to grow their companies. Women entrepreneurs also move between the dif-ferent platforms, from the growth of extrinsic platforms to intrinsic platforms, when the building blocks of those platforms have been established and secured. Variables such as profits and ownership may explain such a transfer of growth ambitions.

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Workshop: The Sustainable Enterprise Continuum: Case Examples from a Croatian and Canadian Context with Application for Teaching and Further Research



Myrah, Kyleen K. Okanagan College [email protected]

Odinsky-Zec, Tina Lee Zagreb School of Economics and Management, www.zsem.hr

[email protected]

During this workshop session, a new conceptual model, the sustain-able enterprise continuum, will be presented. The workshop will apply this new continuum to 10 mini case studies, from both a Canadian and Croatian context, presenting a diverse spectrum of activity that supports an inclusive rather than exclusive view of the present and future of social entrepreneurship.

This session will provide participants with:

1. Training on how to use the sustainable enterprise continuum and a take-away presentation that can be edited and adapted for immediate classroom use.

2. Clear steps on joining our research initiatives and partnerships for upcoming journal submissions and book chapter development

3. Ongoing network support post-conference via workshop leader blogs to track progress and usage of tool with updates and new applications

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Academic entrepreneurship and regional growth. Evidence from Italian spin-offs



Iacobucci, Donato Polytechnic University of Marche

[email protected]

Iacopini, Alessandro Polytechnic University of Marche

[email protected]

Micozzi , Alessandra Polytechnic University of Marche

[email protected]

Orsini, Simone Polytechnic University of Marche

[email protected]

Academic spin-offs are new companies that evolve out from universi-ties as a result of the process of technology transfer from research to commercialisation of new products or services. This paper analyses the experience of Italian spin-offs, from their first introduction in 1999, with specific regard to the following aspects: the early growth and their impact on local economies. The empirical analysis refers to a sample of 210 spin-offs set up between 2000 and 2006. Quantita-tive analysis is based on annual reports after three, five and seven years from set up. The paper discusses the role of spin-offs on regional economies highlighting qualitative and quantitative aspects of this phe-nomenon.

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Bridging the global and the local? Multinational enterprises, labor market mobility and localized learning



Ebersberger, Bernd Management Center Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

[email protected]

Herstad, Sverre J. NIFU STEP Oslo, Norway [email protected]

Lehtoranta, Olavi VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Espoo, Finland

[email protected]

The paper investigates how multinational enterprises link territorial innovation systems to external information, knowledge and networks. As the corporate networks of multinationals span different business contexts, their employees are exposed to richer knowledge flows and broader social networks than are the employees of uninational firms. Much of these resources follow the individual employee. Hence, the presence of multinational network nodes which are linked to the economy of location through the labor market may represent an important empirical manifestation of the “local buzz-global pipe-line” metaphor. Using the Finnish Innovation Survey, and longitudi-nal employer-employee data (1995 to 2004) covering all employees in Finland, we find that labor mobility inflows from MNEs impact innovation performance, whereas mobility inflows from uninational firms do not.

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Showcasing successful social entrepreneurship



Ndeta, Philip Learning and Development Kenya [email protected]

This is a practitioner paper attempting to showcase the work of Learning and Development Kenya, a local NGO based in Nakuru and improving lives through education.

The paper highlights the circumstances that led to the formation of the organization - to address major problems that were affecting children from poor families in Rhonda community.

Causing change is a process and needs a beginning - a story, an ex-ample, an early taste of success - something along the way that helps a person form the belief that it is possible to make the world a better place. Success stories from the social project have been enumerated.

Typical challenges encountered by social entrepreneurs as they strive to make the world a better place and the way forward to overcoming them have been highlighted, including the development of a variety of strategies to ensure financial sustainability for project continuation.

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Firm growth, Quality and Entrepreneurship



Ook Rhee, Chong Department of Economics, Seoul Women’s Unviversity

Chan Kim, Ki Department of Management, Catholic University

Seok Song, Chang Department of Management, Songsil University

This paper can’t find the role of entrepreneurship in determining the relation between the firm growth and the increment along quality lad-der empirically. Korean quality programs have no impact on increas-ing sale, and CEO’s passion on quality program doesn’t decrease two kinds of defect ratio except factory defect ratio. The finding that although CEO’s passion and the interaction effect of CEO passion and employer passion except factory defect ratio are statistically insignifi-cant and negative in determining defect ratio may imply that there exists Penrose effect in going up along the quality ladder.

Key Words: firm growth, quality, entrepreneurship, Penrose effect, PPM, Single PPM

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Developing Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intent: A Case on Social Entrepreneurship



Jesselyn Co, Mary Henley Business School, University of Reading

[email protected]

Cooper, Sarah School of Business and Economics University of Edinburgh

[email protected]

The paper aims to determine whether entrepreneurial self-efficacy is developed in students participating in the Social Enterprise module and how this affects their career intentions. The assessment measures focused on estimating the student’s sense of personal competency in both general skills and their understanding of and capacity to under-take entrepreneurship; asked questions about their envisaged career path; and examined the frequency of behaviours believed to be ante-cedents of entrepreneurship before and after taking the module. The results show that taking the module has affected self-efficacy but not intent. Based on the findings, implications on educational policy are discussed.

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Perceived Obstacles, Gender, Education, and the Willingness for Academic Entrepreneurship



Ebersberger, Bernd MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria

[email protected]

Pirhofer, Christine MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Austria

[email protected]

This paper explores the determinants of academic entrepreneurship. In particular it investigates the effects of gender, and supplementary management education on academics’ willingness to start up a com-pany. The analysis is based on a survey of academics. Controlling for academic achievement, field of science, and perceived hampering factors we find that female academics show a significantly lower pro-pensity to have a high willingness to start up. Our results indicate that supplementary management education does not in general have a sig-nificant effect on the willingness to start up. Yet, for female academics supplementary management education exerts a significantly positive effect almost offsetting the gender effect.

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Workshop: How entrepreneurship and innovations can be stimulated in rural areas



Kremel, Anna

Leijerholt, Ulrika

Klofsten, Magnus

Wincent, Joakim

Reynolds, Paul D.

Soudavnaya, Victoria

The purpose of the workshop is to contribute to the understanding of how integrating entrepreneurship and innovations in rural areas can stimulate profitable new start-ups and innovations.

The workshop will start by a short presentation by Ulrika Leijerholt, Business Consultant at EntreprenörCentrum, about EntreprenörCen-trum and of how the project deals with entrepreneurship and innova-tions in rural areas. After the introduction there will be a panel debate. The three contributor’s Professor Magnus Klofsten, Linköping Univer-sity, Professor Joakim Wincent, Luleå University of Technology, and Professor Paul D. Reynolds, Professor Paul D. Reynolds, Babson Col-lege and London Business School, and Victoria Soudavnaya, who is an innovator and has experience from EntreprenörCentrum, will discuss the topic from their point of view. The leader of the workshop will be PhD student Anna Kremel, who follows the project. The workshop will focus on the discussion of the main question, how entrepreneur-ship and innovations can be stimulated in rural areas. There will be time for questions.

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Poster: In Globalization condition the problems of attracting of foreign investment to development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Azerbaijan



Atakishiyev, Ruslan Azerbaijan State Economic University

[email protected]

The author write about importance of attracting foreign investment to the Republic of Azerbaijan. According his works in all the years of 2005-2009 investments towards the country’s economy were 56 501,2 million dollars by all recourses of which 28 936,3 belong to foreign investment.

Finally, he gave a number of proposals to facilitate SME’s access to sources of foreign investment:

1. Simplifying of attracting of foreign investment;

2. Defining of the cluster of products which will be produced around the country and to direct SME to development of this sphere and etc.

3. Specialize entrepreneurship, especially involved in small and me-dium entrepreneurship on the basis of integration and economic rela-tions etc;

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Healthcare Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Medical Students



Reeves, Corey University of South Florida College of Medicine

[email protected]

Tufts, Matt University of South Florida College of Medicine

[email protected]

Starnes, Thomas University of South Florida College of Medicine

tstarnes @health.usf.edu

Marshall, Jr, William G. University of South Florida College of Medicine

[email protected]

In the evolving global healthcare systems, there is a substantial need for specialized education to equip medical students with the knowl-edge and skills of innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship in the areas of patient access, safety, quality of care, satisfaction, and afford-ability, to improve outcomes and meet societal goals for care of the populace. Currently, medical school curricular and time requirements do not allow for integration of this focused type of education into the traditional curriculum, and therefore, a solution was needed to fill this gap.

At the University of South Florida College of Medicine, a co-curricular interdisciplinary program was developed to meet this need by provid-ing a unique and innovative medical student educational program focused on innovation, entrepreneurship, leadership, and business in a concise, concentrated curriculum utilizing the faculty and resources of the Center for Entrepreneurship and the Colleges of Business, Medi-cine, and Engineering to train future physician healthcare leaders.

Keywords: Innovation, Entrepreneurship

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Networking women entrepreneurs – a fruitful base for business growth?



Bogren, Maria Mid Sweden University [email protected]


Rennemo, Øystein North Trøndelag University College

[email protected]

Widding, Øystein Norwegian University of Science and Technology

[email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to explore what kinds of contacts and networks women see as supportive in their role as business leaders and for their willingness of business growth. Our approach is to investigate the context of women entrepreneurs’ and the various kinds of support-ing social networks they are part of. Questionnaires were sent to wom-en entrepreneurs in Mid-Sweden and Mid-Norway about supportive assets and willingness for growth. The result shows 1) that personal networks are seen as a more supportive asset than business networks, 2) that personal contacts with other entrepreneurs are regarded valu-able and 3) that women entrepreneurs willing for new networking al-ready have a more heterogenic network than those who don’t express this willingness. The contribution from this study is to provide more detailed insight into the kind of networking giving access to resources important for women leading businesses to grow.

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A Comparison of Copreneurs and Other Family Business Owners on Perceptions of Community Social Responsibility



Welk, Kara North Dakota State University [email protected]

Fitzgerald, Margaret North Dakota State University [email protected]

Muske, Glenn North Dakota State University [email protected]

Copreneurs, or couples jointly operating a business, represent a grow-ing portion of family business (Fitzgerald and Muske; 2002; Mar-shack, 1993). Given copreneurs goal of work/life balance, interest in a third dimension, community social responsibility (CSR) or the contri-butions provided by a business to the community beyond the prod-ucts and services offered, might also arise (Besser, 1999). This study explores the differences between their socially responsible behaviors of copreneurial and other businesses using the Sustainable Family Busi-ness Theory (SFBT) and the National Family Business Survey (NFBS). Business manager, business, community, and family characteristics are analyzed and results discussed.

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Entrepreneurship Development, Business Ownership And Women Empowerment In Nigeria



Ademokun, Foluke Africa Leadership Forum [email protected]

Ajayi, Olumide Africa Leadership Forum [email protected]

Owing to the critical role of entrepreneurship in economic empower-ment of the perceived disadvantaged segment of the population of which women form a larger part in the Nigerian context. This study investigates the factor(s) that motivates women to be entrepreneurial and the characteristics of women business owners in Nigeria using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathering procedures, to collect relevant information from both primary and secondary data sources.The finding shows that the need for independence is the main reason women start a business. Also the study results conform to exist-ing literature on characteristics of Nigerian women entrepreneurs.

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Feminine entrepreneurship in Switzerland



Rossi, Mathias School of Business Administration (HEG-FR)

[email protected]

Borter, Silna School of Business and Engineering Vaud (HEIG-VD)

[email protected]

Sansonnens, Marie School of Business and Engineering Vaud (HEIG-VD)

[email protected]

Nowadays, women entrepreneurs represent an underexploited po-tential of the Swiss economy. Although entrepreneurship represents a rapidly expanding phenomenon, women nevertheless meet specific difficulties which explain this lack of exploitation by the economy. The present article proposes a typical profile of the woman entrepreneur in Switzerland through the obstacles which they meet as well as through the existing initiatives to exceed stereotypes by taking into account their specificity.

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Dynamics of Entrepreneurship Development in Kazakhstan

Track: Emerging forms on entrepreneurship and innovation


Dostiyarova, Alima KIMEP [email protected]

This paper is an overview on dynamics of entrepreneurship develop-ment in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is one of the successfully develop-ing countries in the post-soviet area. The main view of the economy, government policy and its impact on economic growth and entrepre-neurship development in Kazakhstan during twenty years of indepen-dence were observed. The data for analyses were used from different sources: government statistics, Kazakhstan Entrepreneurship Develop-ment Fund (DAMU), reports of Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) and World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Fact-book, Kazakhstani Policies and other sources. The study did not find a strong correlation between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rate and rate of entrepreneurship change; rate of GDP and rate of production output produced by small businesses and entrepreneurship. However, there is an opportunity for further research to investigate qualitative and quantitative factors, which influence the entrepreneurship devel-opment in a country.

Keywords: Kazakhstan, entrepreneurship, economic growth, correla-tion analysis.

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Entrepreneurship, Male-Female Dichotomy: Evidence from Nigeria



Abiola, Idowu Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology, Ogbomoso. Oyo State, Nigeria

[email protected]

This paper studies the impact of changes in perspectives regarding male entrepreneurs in female-dominated sectors on the society. Trades which hitherto were believed to be absolutely preserved women oc-cupation (hair braiding and bean cakes/buns frying) were considered. Results revealed that they do so in order to be gainfully employed and the male entrepreneurs in the women sectors actually earned income which reduced unemployment and increased standard of living. They were actually competing favorably with their female counterparts and are becoming accepted in the society as their services (hair braiding) were sought after even much more than those of the females.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Financial Performance (FP): Case of French small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)



Bnouni, Imene University of Valenciennes [email protected]

The aim of this research is to better understand the relationship be-tween CSR and FP in the context of French SMEs. This relationship has been widely studied in the context of large companies (Orlitzky, 2005, 2008; Jamali, 2008; Lindgreen and al, 2009) but has been ignored in the other context. To achieve our objective an exploratory study was conducted on 80 profitable SMEs. Our contribution is both theoretical and practical. In the first part, our work contributes directly to improving the analysis of the relationship between CSR and FP. The second component revealed two observations: the first one suggests the existence of a positive, but marginal relationship, the second one underlines different and complex relationships between the various components of the CSR and FP.

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Regulations and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries



Alvarez, Claudia University of Medellin (Colombia) [email protected]

Urbano, David Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]

Amorós, José Ernesto Universidad del Desarrollo (Chile) [email protected]

This paper attempts, by contrasting the developed versus the develop-ing countries, to examine whether the regulation affects entrepreneur-ial activity. Institutional economics is used as theoretical framework of this research. The empirical analysis is based on an unbalanced panel data set for 50 countries over the period 2004-2009, using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) as the main database. The find-ings show that regulations have different impact on entrepreneurship according to country’s development. While in developed countries, legislation support to business variable is positively related with entre-preneurship; in developing countries this relationship is negative.

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The Rise of Medium-Sized Enterprises in Europe. Beyond the Dualistic Model: Small vs. Large Firms



Demartini, Paola University of Rome 3 [email protected]

Palazzi, Federica University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” [email protected]

The crucial issues raised by the MSEs include their relative efficiency in comparison with the overall economy, and their role in sustainability and long-term prospects for European countries and regions, which are based strongly on the presence of manufacturing MSEs.

This paper, in particular, investigates the pre-existing relationship be-tween the growth processes of medium-sized Italian family businesses and the corresponding financing policies they adopt. The survey reveals interesting variables that could explain the financial behavior of medium-sized enterprises: objectives, preferences, past experiences, the financial culture of the entrepreneur or entrepreneurial group, time and the characteristics of the development project.

Key words: Medium-sized Enterprises; Family Businesses; Financing Policies.

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Does Rapid Growth Coincide with Innovation? An Examination of Gazelles in Sweden



Gabrielsson, Jonas Lund University [email protected]

Politis, Diamanto Halmstad University [email protected]

Galan, Nataliya Halmstad University [email protected]

This paper examines the role of gazelles in the innovation economy. We use primary data collected from a survey to rapidly growing firms in Sweden to analyze how they work and function in the innovation system in which they are embedded. We also analyze the extent to which they are involved in innovation and other development activities and whether their involvement is associated to continued firm growth.

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Failure is the Mother of Success ... Only When Learning Occurs: A Theoretical Framework of Entrepreneurial Learning from Failure



He, Fang The George Washington University [email protected]

Tsai, Han-Huei The George Washington University [email protected]

Hyun Lee, Jung The George Washington University [email protected]

Businesses fail. Despite the folklore wisdom that failure is instrumental to success, little has been done within the entrepreneurship tradition. Building on Experiential Learning Theory, we introduce a theoretical framework to understand how entrepreneurs learn from personal and observed failure. We argue that concrete experience of failure provides the raw material for transformation, both via internal reflection and external experimentation. Transformed experience is then distilled into abstract concepts, from which entrepreneurial knowledge, a key ele-ment to venture success, is created. This learning process is dominated by exploration strategy and influenced by entrepreneurs’ goal orienta-tion. Theoretical and pedagogical implications are discussed.

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What can be learned from cluster evaluation studies for cluster theory and future cluster policy? First results of a survey of the empirical literature on cluster performance



Lehmann, Stephanie University of Göttingen [email protected]

This paper presents first results of a review of the empirical litera-ture on the effects of industrial clusters on firm, cluster and regional performance. The aim of the analysis is to contribute to the literature on the stated topic by summing up the different findings and derive further implications for research and policy. It is argued that the cluster concept includes some novel aspects. Thereafter empirical work examining cluster effects on firm and regional innovation activity and output is presented and summarized. Results show in many cases that cluster-firms and cluster-regions perform better considering innovation output but that cluster composition and especially corporate activities play an important role. In addition increased innovation activity is not necessarily reflected in the growth of number of patents. Nevertheless findings can hardly be compared due to the great variety in cluster identification and research design. Policy advices therefore need to be given with care. Future research in this field needs to be conducted at more disaggregated spatial and industrial level.

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Towards the Social Enterprise Network



Galgana, Joel R. BayangPinoy Organization, Inc. [email protected]

A more effective mechanism to bridge the socio-political, economic, and digital divides can be achieved through closer international collaboration between North and South social entrepreneurs and the integration of emerging network mechanisms.

The social enterprise network (SEN) will address key issues in social development by leveraging developments in business/enterprise and social/technical networking. It will enable the smallest entrepreneur to “reach up” to the largest corporations in the most viable manner possible. Along the way, peer entrepreneurs will participate according to their respective interests, means and capabilities.

• The micro-entrepreneur in the remotest village will be connected to and be accessible globally.

• Empowered by information, communication, distribution and commercial infrastructures, he will have access to the most profitable consumer markets.

• He has the means to become an ultimate niche producer, and be connected by an efficient network of entrepreneurs and supply chains to the best markets.

It is happening now.

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Development of Entrepreneurial and Marketing. Capabilities in New Technology Based Firms: A Quasi Longitudinal Study



Shahid Qureshi, Muhammad

IBA, Karachi, Pakistan [email protected]

Kratzer, Jan Technical University Berlin [email protected]

Mian, Sarfraz University of Oswego [email protected]

Entrepreneurial firms carry out marketing in a innovative, opportu-nistic, proactive and risk assumptive way. Over a period of time the marketing practices i.e. combination of knowledge and skills develop in to capabilities. These marketing capabilities have been identified as one of the important ways firms can achieve a competitive advan-tage. These marketing capabilities are influenced by various factors i.e. Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and strategic orientation. The impact and influence of these antecedents vary as the organisation moves from its infancy to growth and maturity. The following research tests the impacts of various antecedents during the various stages of the life cycle of the new technology based firms (NT-BFs). To conduct the longitudinal study, the NTBFs were grouped in to four categories temporally i.e. (1) less than 2 years, (2) 3 to 4 years, (3) 5 to 8 years and (4) more than 9 years. This allowed a quasi longitudi-nal observation to find out and compare the changes over time.

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The relation between firm’s informal network, knowledge transfer and innovation



Marra, Marianna Aston Business Scholl [email protected]

This paper sets out to explain how a small and medium enterprise (SME) accelerates its ability to learn and innovate relying on its infor-mal network of relationships to enhance the information exchange and the knowledge transfer. We seek to identify the challenges provided by the external and internal informal network of relationships, through which a SME may develop unique and firm-specific capabilities and competences. The paper concludes with a discussion of the insights generated by the findings and directions for future research.

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Developing a Local Industry Joint Marketing Management Framework – Lessons from Government View



Chia-Shen, Chen Taiwan University [email protected]

Kuo-Ching, Lin Taipei University [email protected]

As most local industry firms in Taiwan are small scale, limited resourc-es, lack of professional management and marketing methods, so the government started to develop the accesses to promote actively in joint marketing in 2007. However, the unclear accesses orientation and lacking ideal accesses management model affect the outcome of joint marketing. In this regard, we comparing Japan, Thailand and Taiwan in case study. We suggest redefine accesses position, establish access management norm, select access position and construct performance evaluation mechanism in building access section. And we propose constructing product selection mechanism and review the classifica-tion of assisting industry in assist industry section. Finally, set grading managerial responsibility in accesses, establish OTOP brand licensing and application systems, develop OTOP brand marketing strategy in operation management section.

Key Words: Local specialty industry, One Town One Product, Joint marketing

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Poster: Unleashing enterprising creativity through novel pedagogy



Blenker, Per Aarhus University [email protected]

Korsgaard, Steffen Aarhus University [email protected]

Neergaard, Helle Aarhus University [email protected]

Thrane, Claus Aarhus University [email protected]

To capture the talent of the next generation, novel educational mea-sures are needed and teachers have to become more entrepreneurial in their choices of effective teaching interventions. This presentation presents a framework for altering the mindset of students to unleash their innate enterprising creativity based on the premise that educa-tional environments can cultivate students’ belief in their entrepreneur-ial potential, but unfortunately often fail to do so1. First, we argue that the standard business planning oriented teaching methods are not applicable across contexts, and that new entrepreneurship teaching paradigms are needed. Second we propose a logic of entrepreneur-ship teaching that emphasizes the dynamic interplay of identity and opportunity creation. Thirdly, we present a framework of teaching interventions designed to stimulate identity transformation towards an entrepreneurial mindset.

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Technology-Driven Small and Medium Enterprises as a Tool for Industrialization of Developing Countries



Byaruhanga, Joseph K. Uganda Gatsby Trust [email protected]

This paper describes a model of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) development implemented by Uganda Gatsby Trust which is based at Makerere University, Uganda. The Trust works with technology-driven SMEs because they can transform quickly and so create jobs for many people and contribute to poverty reduction while increasing impact on local and national economies. The Trust used a careful combination of Business Development services and credit to enable hundreds of SMEs in Uganda to achieve annual growths of 14% in job creation, 18% in profitability and 20% in fixed assets. If the Trust’s efforts are repli-cated in thousands of SMEs, it will lead to rapid economic growth and industrialization of developing countries.

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SME strategic management and innovation – a comparative study between Finland and China



Huang, Zheng University of Tampere, Finland [email protected]

This research addresses innovation strategy management concerning a number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The phenom-enon of SME innovation has captured the interest of many scholars, there is a growing consensus that innovation system approach are important for fostering innovation in developing countries as well as developed countries. This paper is trying to make a valuable contribu-tion to current thinking which fills the blank of contemporary schol-ars’ topic. The objective of this study is to obtain a deep insight into innovation trajectory in Finnish companies and in comparison with Chinese companies, focusing on the major similarities and differences where across the regional areas. The study attempts to examine the critical driving forces of innovation and to explore different innova-tion patterns based on the empirical studies. The analysis provides a conceptual framework to describe innovation activities on the back-ground of country-specific, especially identifying various internal and external factors determinant the innovativeness of SMEs.

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Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship: For-Profit and Non-Profit Partnerships for the Dissemination of Solar Power into Rural Sub-Saharan Africa



Willans, Simon Energy For Opportunity (NGO) [email protected]

Munro, Paul University of Melbourne [email protected]

Energy For Opportunity’s Community Charging Station (CCS) model provides a concrete example of how the non-profit and for-profit sec-tors can be merged to effectively serve bottom of the pyramid markets. Markets such as those in rural Africa often remain outside the reach of traditional business models, especially regarding the introduction of new technologies. This paper summarises a case study analysis of the Energy For Opportunity CCS in Kamabai, Bombali District, Sierra Leone. This CCS operates through a social enterprise model, creating significant revenue and employment while serving as a focal point in the community for the introduction of solar powered products. Re-search was conducted over a twelve month period and included active participation, unstructured interviews with people involved with the CCS and quantitative analysis of financial records generated as part of the project.

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Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship & Innovation



Nembaware, Christine Chrios Trust Foundation (CTF) [email protected]

Economic crisis, local and world, has made us look at entrepreneur-ship with new eyes, thinking outside the normal box and encour-aged us to pursue every available idea, to build something fiscally sound, profitable, sustainable for generations, whilst uplifting the marginalised, women, youths and physically challenged members of our society. We believe the model we have created is one that can be successfully duplicated in other areas of the world. The birth of the COACRC will place it in a position to transform the lives of countless people, at the same time rebuilding our economy whilst creating work and nurturing talent.

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Human Capital Characteristics and Internationalization of Manufacturing SMEs: The Case of Indonesia



Sari, Diana Universitas Padjadjaran IndonesiaMonash University Australia

[email protected]@monash.edu

This study is an empirical research investigation on the role of hu-man capital of SMEs owner-managers in internationalization process. Drawing on the literature on human capital and internationaliza-tion as an incremental process, we connect these important areas of research using a structural equations model that includes international business skills (IBS) and Management Know How (MKH) and three dimensional constructs of internationalization comprising interna-tional performance, market and time. We aim at understanding which variables determine the SMEs internationalisation. It is then tested through an analysis on a sample of 241 SMEs. The empirical findings provide support for the association of IBS to the three internationaliza-tion constructs, but not to MKH and internationalization constructs. Interesting findings are found in this research as it is applied in devel-oping economies such as Indonesia.

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Co-patenting between University and Industry: evidence from Italy



Parente, Roberto Salerno [email protected]

Petrone, Michele Basilicata Innovazione

Cerrato, Daniele Cattolica Di Milan

This paper focuses on academic patents owned by business compa-nies and investigates the factors affecting the industry involvement in academic research aimed at obtain new patents. The focus is on co-patenting, i. e. those patents in which university professors are inventors, while business companies are patent applicant. In particular, we investigate if the co-patenting between academicians and compa-nies is affected by two main factors: the academic research quality and the regional industry structure. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 300 patents produced by university professors as inventors. We have selected professors belonging to seven Italian Universities. In summary, the results of the analysis, suggest that factors related to the regional context, rather than factors related to the academicians’ performance assume a major role in promoting business involvement in academic research activities that will end in a new patent.

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Soci(et)al entrepreneurship from a Quality Management perspective



Åslund, Anna Mid Sweden University [email protected]

Bäckström, Ingela Mid Sweden University [email protected]

Wiklund, Håkan Mid Sweden University [email protected]

The purpose of this paper was to visualize and describe a general social/societal entrepreneurship process and to describe essential parts within the processes with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the features of the phenomenon. By studying the area from a Qual-ity Management view and with a focus on processes this study shows a proposed visualization of the soci(et)al entrepreneurship development processes. The visualization shows processes, activities, output, input, and the value to the customer within soci(et)al entrepreneurship. The process starts with various unidentified needs and ends in the soci(et)al values. The study focused on literature that was found through databases, previous knowledge within the area and from other scien-tists. The results were confirmed in literature that describes social or societal entrepreneurship cases. This is an attempt to contribute to the understanding of soci(et)al entrepreneurship and help practitioners to understand their work and develop within the field.

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University spin-offs: Still small after all these years



Bengtsson, Lars BTH [email protected]

This study shows a pattern of modest size and growth rates among a sample of Swedish university spinoffs (USOs) after on average 25 years of existence. However, not only firm size and growth might indicate the importance of USOs’ commercial impact. The study provides some evidence that technological knowledge associated with the USO are transferred into use through licensing and/or copying by other firms or through the founders’ extra-USO activities by licensing other related technologies and/or founding other firms.

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Implication of life cycle theory in biotechnology industry



Malik, Uru The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

[email protected]

Hine, Damian The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

[email protected]

Bioscience has promised much in human health, agriculture, environ-mental and industrial improvement. After 35 years however, biotech-nology as an industry is yet to deliver on many of its promises. The reality is that biotechnology is a science driven, but market based industry. Since its inception in 1976 with Genentech the business model and evolution of this industry has remained a hot topic among analysts, pundits and scholars alike. A range of ideas from differ-ent fields has influenced the analysis of organizational and industry change, from child psychology to evolutionary biology. This study is guided by the central research question: To what extent has the change experienced in the biotechnology industry impacted on and been im-pacted by business models in operation over time? The USA has been chosen for our study because it is the most mature industry and it has high quality data repositories. We learnt about the life cycle stages of biotechnology firms and the evolution of this industry and our fur-ther studies will help us to assist biotechnology industry to achieve consisten.

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Green Business Case “Individual Waste Water Package Plant Business in Areas of Outside Sewer Networks” – a SME Approach



Salmi, Anne-Marie Aalto University, Aalto School of Economics, Small Business Center

[email protected]

Tuomala, Heimo Bluehut [email protected]

This study investigates the green business development case in Finland, which was born as a result of the Onsite Wastewater System Decree (OWSD) entered into force in 2004, changed in 2010 and totally reno-vated in 2011. The study concentrates on the SME companies produc-ing and selling equipment and services related to the individual waste water package plants. The business development is observed as a SME based business opportunity with great potential, but heavily influenced by the external factors like the legislation, the political climate and the recent economic recession. The business development is measured by new product performance indicators.The results show the real business volume of this niche green business field, the overall business develop-ment trend and SME managers’ experiences and understanding about the external factors during the operational years of the decree in 2004 –2010

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Business Closures as a Key to Future Success in Private Care Sector



Sievänen, Noora University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Hujala, Anneli University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Rissanen, Sari University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

Littunen, Hannu University of Eastern Finland [email protected]

The aim of the paper is to consider how information on business clo-sures could be utilized in order to enhance and support sustainable en-trepreneurship and growth in the expanding private care sector. Lately there has been a considerable increase of entrepreneurial exits from this sector. The results of this preliminary study show that the business closures of care enterprises occur at diverse stages of entrepreneurship and that financial problems are not the main cause for such exits. In the future, it will be crucial to analyze the branch-specific features of business closures in the care sector by considering these closures in the frameworks of theoretical entrepreneurial models.

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Workshop: Establishing commercial spaceflight in Sweden – Spaceport Sweden as a platform for collaboration and innovation across creative industries



Nilsdotter, Karin Spaceport Sweden [email protected]

The purpose of the session is to inform and inspire the audience about the development in an emerging new space industry as well as the creative industries and further expand on, exemplify and engage the audience in a discussion about the vast opportunities cross-fertilizing the both industries to create new products and services globally.

Presenters:

• Spaceport Sweden (Swedish Space Corporation, Swedavia, ICE-HOTEL, Progressum)

• The Swedish Governments Council for Creative and Cultural In-dustries

• Hyper Island – school focusing on leadership, entrerprenaurship and creativity

• The artistic director at ICEHOTEL – Arne Bergh

• Adventurer and astronaut in waiting

• VisitSweden/communications company

• Actor; Henry Bronett – actor, TV-producer, author, business leader

• Dominic Power – professor and reseracher focusing on the cultural and creative industires

ICSB.indd 708 2011-06-07 08.19

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The Factors of SME Cluster Developments in a Developing Country: the case of Indonesian clusters



Mawardi, Mukhammad Kholid Brawijaya University [email protected]

Choi, Ty Sydney Business School [email protected]

Perera, Nelson Sydney Business School [email protected]

Since cluster development factors become a critical issue in the debate of the industrial cluster literature, several scholars have attempted to seek the variables that influence the cluster growth. This paper presents the case of the wood furniture cluster of Bukir-Indonesia to explain the development of SME clusters by identifying its influential factors. We utilize the model proposed by Parrilli (2009) that includes collective efficiency, social capital, and policy inducement variables to explore the driving factors of this cluster growth. Based on the quali-tative approach, this case study found that collective efficiency and social capital affect the development of SME cluster being studied, while policy inducement provides limited contribution to the growth of this cluster.

ICSB.indd 710 2011-06-07 08.19

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The Game of Innovating a Game – Building the Team



Pietilä, Irmeli HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Sciences

[email protected]

This paper examines the team building process of an independent game development project targeting App Store. Its aim is to find out, whether the actions of independent game developers follow effectual logic. In this single case study data is collected with a variety of online tools. The commitments of the stakeholders are analyzed using the lenses of affordable loss, trust and play. The findings suggest that stakeholders are committed to a transformative process rather than one having a predetermined goal. This study contributes to the field by showing that not only expert entrepreneurs, but also expert gamers adopt effectual logic.

ICSB.indd 712 2011-06-07 08.19

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International Corporate Entrepreneurship: Motives, Processes and Performances



Choi, Ty Sydney Business School [email protected]

This paper attempts to validate and put the empirical data onto a test to the entrepreneurial internationalisation model developed by Jones and Coviello (2005). Whereas the model was developed to conceptu-alise internationalisation as the entrepreneurial behaviours of Interna-tional New Venture (INV) (Oviatt and McDougall, 2004), this paper implanted conceptualisations of International Corporate Entrepreneur-ship into the model to test its applicability. This paper also asserts that regardless whether it is INV or ICE, performances of international entrepreneurial activities shall be measured against pre-internationali-sation motives of a firm. The research finds inherent links between the motives of international entrepreneurial activities, the manifestations (processes) and outcomes (performances). The paper thereby sug-gesting performances measure against motives is an alternate, though rather more meaningful way of measuring performance of entrepre-neurial activities’ effectiveness to a firm.

ICSB.indd 714 2011-06-07 08.19

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Motivational Patterns of Biomedical Entrepreneurs



Shaver, Kelly College of Charleston [email protected]

Davis, Amy College of Charleston [email protected]

Kindy, Mark Medical University of South Carolina [email protected]

Messal, Carrie College of Charleston [email protected]

The present research compared the motive patterns of high technol-ogy nascent entrepreneurs to those of biomedical professionals. Data were obtained from the Panel Studies of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (both PSED I and PSED II). In the combined dataset of 1,759 individu-als, 347 high technology respondents answered 14 questions about their reasons for choosing one career over another. An additional 32 respondents whose current occupation was in the biomedical field also completed the career reasons items. Results showed a significant Group x Motive interaction, confirming our expectation that motive patterns of biomedical professionals would differ from those of other high technology nascents.

ICSB.indd 715 2011-06-07 08.19

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Tracking gender in entrepreneurial development processes in Pakistan



Achtenhagen, Leona Jönköping International Business School

[email protected]

Zehra, Khizran Jönköping International Business School

[email protected]

The main purpose of this paper is to critically assess the context and policy environment for the recent development of women’s entre-preneurship in Pakistan. The paper highlights the fact that Pakistani women have been the passive recipients of various opportunities and programmes related to welfare and development, e.g. related to skill training, but the political commitment needed for achieving a funda-mental change of the role of women in society is only slowly emerging. The Pakistani system has traditionally favoured large companies rather than SMEs and entrepreneurs, which has resulted in an economic contribution which is only slowly accelerating. Though there are some positive trends for empowering women entrepreneurs, the gender gap actually appears to be increasing in Pakistan.

ICSB.indd 716 2011-06-07 08.19

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Creating Dignity in the Informal Sector of South Africa through Business Development Incubation



Reed, Sharon [email protected]

Neosho119 is committed to the creation of Dignity in the Informal Sector of South Africa through Business Development Incubation.

This paper introduces The Vuka Mentorship Programme and its three programmes: “Create a solid Business Idea”, “Implement a solid Business Idea” and “Grow you’re Business”, each Programme targets Businesses in a specific stage of development and aims to assist entre-preneurs to overcome problems experienced by the majority of SME’s in South Africa.

In closing I provide some background research into South Africa’s Informal Sector and other relevant topics.

ICSB.indd 717 2011-06-07 08.20

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One Style Fits All? Integrating Achievement Motives in the Transformational Leadership- Dependency-Creativity Linkage



Kollmann, Tobias University of Duisburg-Essen [email protected]

Stöckmann, Christoph University of Duisburg-Essen christoph.stoeckmann@ icb.uni-due.de

Krell, Patrick University of Duisburg-Essen [email protected]

Despite the importance of employees’ creativity as a means to foster innovation and competitive advantages there is still a lack of knowledge about its antecedents. Transformational leadership is an approach aiming at stimulating and encouraging employees’ creativity. However, contradictory empirical findings indicate that the relation-ship is more complex than a simple direct effect. This study adds to the understanding of this linkage by analyzing mediating and moder-ating effects. Taking into account that the effect of transformational leadership on creativity is circumvented by its dependency enhancing effect, we integrate the mediating effect of dependency on the leader. Drawing on “interactionist” approaches to creativity, we propose that the achievement motives are important moderators in the leadership-dependency-creativity linkage.

ICSB.indd 718 2011-06-07 08.20

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Fostering Women Enterpreneurship as Panacea to Poverty Reduction in Developing Economy



Akpoyomare, Oghojafor University of Lagos [email protected]

Olufemi, Olayemi University of Lagos [email protected]

Damilola, Agbalajobi Redeemer’s University [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of women entrepre-neurship on poverty reduction in Nigeria. The paper draws on survey data from 190 female entrepreneurs currently engaged in their busi-nesses in Ogun State, Nigeria. Results indicate that apart from the contribution of women entrepreneurs to reducing poverty, women also perceive their involvement in entrepreneurship to contribute to employment creation, skills and economic development. This study provides novel and unique contributions regarding research interest that is hardly been studied empirically.

Keywords Fostering, Women, entrepreneurs, poverty reduction, devel-oping economy, employment creation, entrepreneurial skills

ICSB.indd 720 2011-06-07 08.20

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Gendered Poverty? Womens Perceptions of Money in Dar Es Salaam



Fauzia, Mohamed Open University Of Tanzania [email protected]

This paper argues that poverty is gendered in the sense that men and women experience poverty and respond to it differently. It further explores that giving women access to money alone as a solution to their poverty is unrealistic as this addresses only part of their poverty concerns. The paper discusses the perception gap that exists between micro-credit agencies and their clients on the understanding of money. It argues that while micro-credit agencies view money as a pathway out of poverty, their clients see the money as a way for leveling out a number of poverty related issues facing them.

ICSB.indd 721 2011-06-07 08.20

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Gender and Growth Aspirations in Small Business Growth



Tundui, Hawa Mzumbe University [email protected]

This study uses the Bourdieu’s theoretical framework to explore gender differences in owner-managers’ growth aspirations. The study covers 310 owner-managers from Tanzania. The results indicate that owner-manager’s growth aspirations are being influenced by childhood socio-economic status, social environment, role models, ethnic back-ground and education level. Furthermore, the analysis has shown that there are significant gender differences in relation to growth aspira-tions. Results have shown that women are unlikely to aim high as compared to men. These differences are the result of different social-ization experiences, which lead women to develop different perception towards the world, and eventually different business aspirations.

ICSB.indd 722 2011-06-07 08.20

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Bringing Innovation to the Health Care Sector: Modeling Optimal Cost Distribution for Telestroke Services in Germany



Günzel, Franziska Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg

[email protected]

Tomczyk, David Quinnipiac University [email protected]

One of the growing trends for healthcare is the rate of innovation. Telestroke, a cost-effective, new innovation, is one of those innova-tions but its implementation in Germany is hampered due to a lack of long-term financial support. Currently, the parties involved in the investment are not the parties that save money in the aftercare process. Using a Stackelberg model, this paper introduces an alternative model for determining how much each participant contributes to the cost of implementing the innovation using a value-based, rather than cost-based, decision-making process. We conclude with discussion regard-ing how to generalize the model to other innovations.

ICSB.indd 724 2011-06-07 08.20

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The Perspective of Practical-based in Entrepreneurship – The Life Narrative of Chinese Clinic Director Fu



Li, Shang-Jen Dept. of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

[email protected]

Liu, Shang-Yu Dept. of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Wang, Tzu-Ling Dept. of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Chang, Yao-Chung Dept. of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Taiwan, R.O.C.

The presentation of innovation and entrepreneurship is a major factor in sustaining the on-going function of today’s organization, society and economic system. In the early stage, scholars took an objective viewpoint to study entrepreneurship and regarded it as a static picture. However, it yielded miscommunication in some parts of entrepre-neurship. For such concern, we took the position of practical-based to interpret the story of Fu, who is a Chinese medical doctor, clinic manager and an entrepreneur as well.

From his story, we found that:

1). It’s entrepreneuring not static entrepreneurship.

2). Entrepreneur is an ordinary man rather than an hero.

Fu’s narrative redirects our understanding about what entrepreneur-ship is.

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Regional variations in the environment for entrepreneurship development: a tale of three cities in China



Jianzhong, Xiao China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)

[email protected]

Smallbone, David Kingston University(UK) [email protected]

The aim of paper is to examine regional differences in entrepre-neurship and SME development in China, focusing on the role of institutional factors and the role of the local state. Following an overview of entrepreneurship development in China and the role of the national state influencing this process, the paper focus on se-lected three cities in China where represent the different development level(Chengdu,Lanzhou and Shenzhen). As well as providing new em-pirical data on entrepreneurship in China, the paper contributes to the emerging literature on entrepreneurship in transition environments, which emphasises the role of institutions and local state. It analyzes the characteristics and performance of surveyed small enterprises in the three cities. The key questions in the paper are: what are the re-gional difference for small business characteristics and performance in the three cities? What are the local policies with regards to SME devel-opment in the three cities? The paper also contributes to the emerging literature on the regional variations in entrepreneurship development.

ICSB.indd 730 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: Kiruna – a City in Transformation



Nordmark, Marianne

The city of Kiruna wouldn´t exist was it not for the sake of the iron ore. Kiruna grew in pace with the founding of the LKAB mining company. The city transformation is considered to have begun in 2004 when LKAB submitted a request to Kiruna Municipality for a revision of the then current comprehensive plan from 1994 for central Kiruna. The reason was that the mining activities were judged to affect the city’s buildings within a foreseeable future.

An EU-financed research program is currently being carried out di-rected towards the city transformation and focusing on infrastructure and settlements with the vision of creating attractive living environ-ments for the residents of Kiruna.

By means of concrete examples illustrate the possibilities and chal-lenges the city transformation offer Kiruna as a community situated in a sub-arctic region, with its sparse population and long stretches to the next major communities.

Panel Participants:

• Representative from the mining sector

• Representative from Kiruna Municipality

• University representative

ICSB.indd 734 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: The Role of Web 2.0 Applications in Social Entrepreneurship



Palin, Gary Elon University [email protected]

Ajjan, Haya Elon University [email protected]

Palin, Lori Social Entrepreneurship and Education Consortium

[email protected]

Web 2.0 applications, such as social networks, blogs, wikis, tweets have played a pivotal role in addressing social issues communicating instant updates, dialogues and interactions. Web 2.0 applications pro-vide many opportunities to social entrepreneurs to extend their reach, collaborate, organize ideas, and obtain financial support. The goals of this workshop will be to extend knowledge regarding the role of Web 2.0 applications in supporting social entrepreneurship, share examples of successful applications of Web 2.0 in the arena of social entrepre-neurship and discuss integrated strategies to develop best practices of Web 2.0 as a key success factor in social entrepreneurship ventures.

ICSB.indd 735 2011-06-07 08.20

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Increasing the Competitive Strengths of Tanzanian Tourism Firms – The Strategic Role of Information Technology



Elly, Tumsifu University of Dar es Salaam Business School

[email protected]

Boter, Hakan Umeå School of Business, at Umeå University

[email protected]

This study investigates the relationship between information tech-nology (IT) and firms competitive advantage. A conceptual model hypothesizing relationships amongst human and IT resources and their influence on firms’ capabilities and competitive advantage is conceived. Market and resource based views are applied to investigate what differentiate firms’ performance as they deploy IT. Confirma-tory factor analysis is used to validate the model and test the hypoth-esized relationships using 217 cases of SMTEs in Tanzania. Findings demonstrate that IT value depends on both IT and human resource. The industry specific skills, knowledge, experience and managerial IT skills, knowledge and experience determine firm performance, only the general business skills, knowledge and experience. Also operational ef-fectiveness and strategic positioning determine competitive advantage but integrity and innovation efficiencies do not. We add the concept “extended firms’ IT resources and competences” the vendors, services and expertise that complement IT resources and competences owned and controlled by firms.

Key Words: Information technology, competitive advantage, capabili-ties competences

ICSB.indd 739 2011-06-07 08.20

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Implementation of a Learning Region to Sustain Innovation and Entrepreneurship



Zollo, Giuseppe University of Napoli [email protected]

Iandoli, Luca University of Napoli [email protected]

Ponsiglione, Cristina University of Napoli [email protected]

Autorino, Giuseppe Città della Scienza S.p.A [email protected]

De Crescenzo, Erika Città della Scienza S.p.A [email protected]

Imperiale, Edoardo Città della Scienza S.p.A [email protected]

The aim of the paper is to investigate the implementation of a Region-al Innovation System (RIS), in the Campania Region, an Italian Region characterized by a medium-low innovation capability. The paper focuses on a comparative analysis using the data of the Regional In-novation Scoreboard 2009 and the analysis of services provided by the most innovative Italian Regions. The paper states that the low perfor-mances of Campania Region Innovation System (CRIS) are due to the lack of actor that act as Catalyst between researcher. The paper sug-gest that it is necessary a strong action of the Regional policy maker to build an effective environment where such services can develop.

ICSB.indd 741 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: Emerging Journalism Innovations and the Role of the Academy



Palin, Gary Elon University [email protected]

Ferrier, Michelle Elon University [email protected]

Palin, Lori Social Entrepreneurship and Education Consortium

[email protected]

Technological change, coupled with changes in audience behavior, has created upheaval in the media industry. Journalism and mass com-munication programs in higher education have adapted by provid-ing students with cross-platform skills through media convergence courses. However, as the market shrinks for jobs in traditional media industries, students need to be prepared with entrepreneurial skills and knowledge to find opportunities and create a living. This workshop explores these new realities, examines areas for innovation, pres-ents exemplars and invites participants to help identify the skills and knowledge required to build a curriculum around digital/journalism entrepreneurship for future communication graduates.

ICSB.indd 742 2011-06-07 08.20

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‘Working Talents’: Religion, Gender and Entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe



Sunungurai, Dominica Chingarande

University of Zimbabwe [email protected]

Religion is playing a very important role in promoting women’s entre-preneurship and economic empowerment in the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God Africa (ZAOGA FIF) church where women are encouraged to venture into businesses in the form of what is termed talents. Teach-ings on entrepreneurship grounded on the scriptures in ZAOGA (FIF) have targeted women, knowing gender gaps in formal education and formal employment and have ultimately economically empowered women to own assets for themselves, their households and for the church cumulatively leading to national development. The argument made is that a faith based model of entrepreneurship has worked in promoting women’s economic empowerment.

ICSB.indd 744 2011-06-07 08.20

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The Role of Gender in Family Firm Succession: Case Studies from France



Fattoum, Salma Inseec Business School [email protected]

Byrne, Janice Em Lyon [email protected]

There is evidence to suggest that women are rarely considered as succession candidates (Ip and Jacobs, 2006; Martin, 2001; Dawley et al, 2004). However, the role that gender plays in succession has received little attention in the literature (Martin, 2001; Wang, 2010). Those studies that have addressed gender reveal a clear gender bias in successor selection with daughters being less likely to be chosen as a successor (Vera and Dean, 2005; Wang, Barrett, Walker and Redmond, 2008). No systematic research has yet been directed towards understanding the contextual and individual factors that bouy woman into leadership positions, pointing towards an interesting and ripe area for serious study (Sharma, 2004). Equally few studies are directed towards understanding the contextual factors that prevent women from taking leadership positions in family business. There is a real danger that gender bias could lead to potential successors being ignored or undervalued, which could create a situation where potential successors are not ‘groomed’ and failure becomes in-built (Wang et al, 2008).

ICSB.indd 746 2011-06-07 08.20

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From a Stationery Retailer to a Software and Logistics Business: How Innovation Fundamentally Transformed a Traditional Small Business Into a Growth-Oriented Knowledge-Based Business



Bukula, Septi M. Osiba Research, Johannesburg, South Africa

[email protected]

The so-called ‘mom-and-pop’ businesses are not generally associated with much innovation and growth orientation. It is uncommon to find a small ‘mom-and-pop’ business being fundamentally transformed into a growth business, especially within a very short space of time. This case study discusses how a small, loss-making traditional stationery re-tailer in South Africa developed and deployed an Internet-based inno-vation that transformed and re-launched the business into a profitable and growing venture. It demonstrates the importance of innovation and use of technology to enhance competitiveness and sustainability in small business. It also underlines the need for support programmes that encourage small businesses to use technology to strengthen their competitiveness and growth prospects.

ICSB.indd 749 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: “If she can – so can I” – Role models as a strategy for increasing the number of women entrepreneurs



Thorstensson, Gunilla, Tillväxtverket [email protected]

Schönenstern, Henrietta Tillväxtverket [email protected]

Weeks, Julie Womenable, USA.

Ahl, Helene Encell

Wagner, Camilla

In the workshop the importance of role models for developing women´s entrepreneurship is described and exemplified, and comment-ed by experts and researchers in the field of women´s entrepreneurship. A journalist who cover businesses and write about women entrepre-neurs and at top levels multinationals gives her view about the role of media. Results and experiences from different actions are explored, discussed and exchanged, which will give the participants new ideas and perspectives to bring home to their context, to learn from or de-velop further. Many countries amongst the EU member countries now work with projects and actions connected to role models and making women entrepreneurs more visible.

ICSB.indd 751 2011-06-07 08.20

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Poster: We Learn By Doing: A Student’s Perspective on Experiential Learning



Smulders, Maeghan Mount Royal University [email protected]

Jagoda, Kalinga Mount Royal University [email protected]

The paradigm shift in educational models coupled with renewed calls for hands on leaning has triggered the necessity of focusing on effec-tive integration of experiential learning methodologies into undergrad-uate curriculum. This paper outlines the effects of applying experien-tial learning methodologies through a student group called Students In Free Enterprise (SIFE) in a Canadian University. A six-week project called Snatch The Pebble (STP) was created to teach military wives how to start their own business. The results show that STP provided hands on experience to the students through trial and error tactics and collaborative working ethics.

ICSB.indd 754 2011-06-07 08.20

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Businesswomen Discussing Growth – What Are They Talking About?



Haugum, Margrete Trøndelag R&D Institute [email protected]

Mørkved, Britt Paula North Trøndelag University College

[email protected]

Lilleenget, Kari Sagen North Trøndelag University College

[email protected]

Dalborg, Cecilia Mid Sweden University [email protected]


Growth in business is a burgeoning area of research worldwide. Previ-ous research shows however that research results and conceptualiza-tion don’t seems to fit very well for entrepreneurs and the practitioners mean that the wrong questions are raised. Using a sample of 852 busi-nesswomen, our intention is to study how they understand the notion of growth and their growth intention. It is often argued that businesses run by women voluntarily remain small. To understand what affects the entrepreneurs’ intention to growth we use the Theory of Planned Behavior. Analysis of empirical data shows that there is a high growth intention in women’s companies but growth is not always synonymous with economic measurable expressions. Growth involves development of the entrepreneurs themselves as development of the company and the market. Most important factor for growth intention turned out to be entrepreneurs’ own attitudes, followed by perceived control (self-efficacy).

ICSB.indd 758 2011-06-07 08.20

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From Military to Entrepreneurship: The Canadian Perspective



Smulders, Maeghan Mount Royal University [email protected]

Jagoda, Kalinga Mount Royal University [email protected]

Today’s society has to consider the impact of the complete withdrawal from Iraq and the future of the active duty troops will have on the global economy. Governments need to support military entrepreneur-ship and should provide programs to aid the transition from military service to the civilian workforce. This paper attempts to address this developing concern and investigates how labor market conditions and other external factors affect on the probability of personnel moving into self-employment. It also investigates the barriers and problems of transition from active duty to self-employment.

ICSB.indd 759 2011-06-07 08.20

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Entrepreneurship as driver of market or institutional change for sustainability? – Varieties of sustainable entrepreneurship



Lindhult, Erik Mälardalen högskola [email protected]

Guziana, Bozena Mälardalen högskola [email protected]

There is a need for further illuminate the nature of sustainable entre-preneurship and its role in a widened ecomodernisation orientation also including institutional conditions. The paper provides an assess-ment of the arguments concerning character of sustainable entrepre-neurship with a particular focus on the institutional entrepreneurship involved in sustainable entrepreneurship, based on an analysis of a survey from the Swedish environmental technology and cleantech sec-tor. The results show that the market conditions as well as regulatory and policy factors influence to a great extent the ecoprenuerial devel-opment.

Key words: entrepreneurship, ecoentrepreneurship, key drivers, envi-ronmental technology, cleantech

ICSB.indd 761 2011-06-07 08.20

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Main Drivers and Performance of Eco-Innovation



Lee, Mi Kyung POSCO [email protected]

Bae, Zong-Tae KAIST [email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to identify influencing factors of eco-innovation activities and performance. This paper is composed of two phases: case studies and statistical analysis. Case studies on five successful eco-innovation projects drew findings on eco-innovation drivers. Based on literature review and case studies, the research model and six hypotheses were generated for statistical testing with 83 samples. The results from statistical analysis supported hypotheses on drivers of eco-innovation activities and performance, such as regulation severity, perceived regulation advantage, diversity of market demands, technological capability, environmental system capacity, and environmental marketing capacity. A firm’s motive for eco-innovation corresponding to regulations was a crucial influencing factor both on innovation activities and performance. Market demands and environmental marketing capability have stronger relationship with innovation activities, while technological capability and environmental system capability have stronger relationship with innovation performance.

ICSB.indd 762 2011-06-07 08.20

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Explaining Business Formalization Processes With a Gender Perspective



Olomi, Donath R. University of Dar-es-Salaam Business School, Tanzania

[email protected]

Nchimbi, Mariam I. University of Dar-es-Salaam Business School, Tanzania

[email protected]

Utou, Justina L. University of Dar-es-Salaam Business School, Tanzania

[email protected]

This study sought to explore and explain the role that gender plays in business formalization processes. It adopted a Straussian grounded theory approach with female and male participants that are busi-ness operators, selected through theoretical sampling from education, furniture, food vending, personal services and trade sectors in Dar-es-Salaam and Coast regions of Tanzania.

Findings suggest that the key driver of the motivation, decision and process of formalizing a business is an operator’s perceived meaning and worth or “conceptualization” of formalization. This conceptual-ization phenomenon is in turn informed by the operator’s awareness of role, perceived benefits and procedures for formalizing a business. For individuals with unfavorable personal contexts, such as most females, their motivation, decisions and process of formalization are also influenced by more powerful significant others’ (such as spouses) conceptualization of formalization. This is because the latter inspire, exert pressure on or must sanction the former’s decisions.

ICSB.indd 763 2011-06-07 08.20

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Small business owners’ exit intentions



Battisti, Martina Massey University [email protected]

Okamuro, Hiroyuki Hitotsubashi University

Behavioural intentions have proven to be a good predictor for actual behaviour, particularly when the behaviour is rare, hard to observe or involves unpredictable time lags. Exit mode choice is considered equivalent to the behavioural intention to sell, pass on or liquidate the firm. Using recent original survey data on small business owners in New Zealand, we empirically investigate if Shapiro and Sokol’s model of entrepreneurial intentions is applicable to small business owners’ in-tentions to exit their business. Estimation results of multinomial logit analysis only partly support Shapiro and Sokol’s model. While some of the attitudinal components of the model are significantly related to exit mode intentions, the direction of the relationship is unexpected. Business owners in our sample who intend to sell their business or pass it on perceive themselves as having a low amount of control to act on their decision and are not very confident that they are able to act on their choice of exit mode.

ICSB.indd 766 2011-06-07 08.20

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Work-Life Balance in Small Business: The Impact of Firm and Family Milestones



Williamson, Amanda Massey University [email protected]

Lewis, Kate Massey University

Claire Massey Massey University

There is increasing interest from governments around the world in the establishment of work-life balance polices – on the basis that they can help workers achieve happier and healthier lives, while assisting a firm’s performance. While initially the concept was developed for large firms, in recent times the scope of these types of policies has included the small business sector. This paper explores the concept of work-life balance in small businesses in New Zealand as the basis for a larger project which is currently underway. Results showed that the owner-managers interviewed in this study experienced role conflict between their work and life domains. While they exploited the flexibilities of being self-employed to allocate time to their different responsibilities, key events prompted the interviewees to select different work-life bal-ance strategies. These strategies were often inconsistent with conven-tional notions of ‘balance’. This suggests that for the owner-managers of small firms, work-life balance is fluid and commonly not ‘balanced’ at all. This confirms the notion that work-life balance in the context of small business is unique and needs to be conceptualised, and accepted, as such.

ICSB.indd 768 2011-06-07 08.20

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The Entrepreneurship Program at Universidad Nacional del Litoral



Andrés, María Fernanda Universidad Nacional del Litoral

[email protected]

Matozo, Eduardo Universidad Nacional del Litoral

[email protected]

This paper attempts to share the experience developed at Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) at the implementation of the Entrepre-neurship Program. This Public University is located in the city of Santa Fe, Argentina and has 50.000 students.

Since the last decade the UNL is generating actions to support and en-courage the creation of new ventures that tend to strengthen regional development and to build up the entrepreneurship spirit among their students.

The Entrepreneurship Program at UNL is an initiative that aims to boost entrepreneurship in the region and promote new venture cre-ation since 2003. From that date forward the program has developed a vigorous activity and an accelerated progress.

ICSB.indd 774 2011-06-07 08.20

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Effective Learning Mechanism for Sustainable Innovation



Yoon, Jeewhan George Washington University [email protected]

Kang, Jae Hyeung George Washington University [email protected]

El Tarabishy, Ayman Geroge Washington University [email protected]

Park, Sang Chul Korea Polytechnic University [email protected]

As innovation becomes one of the key elements for organizational success, a growing emphasis on innovation brings our managerial attention to understand antecedents for sustainable innovation. Based on social learning theory, we focus on individual learning, one of key motivators for innovation, and explore the theoretical mechanism explaining antecedents that influence individual learning. Specifically, we examine the team learning and individual efficacy as important mediators between team efficacy and individual learning relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for understand-ing how team efficacy, individual efficacy, and team learning behavior make significant contribution to the individual learning.

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Workshop: Promoting SME participation in R&D programmes



Hytti, Ulla ECSB [email protected]

Promoting SME participation in R&D programmes –workshop is organised by the Mapeer SME project carried out within the FP7 of the European Commission. The project covers all the EU Countries and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The workshop participants will participate in validating the findings from the study and innovating new measures that help to overcome the barriers. The participants will be given a possibility to influence European policy-making on R&D issues and to make suggestions for new measures in existing or new R&D programmes for the benefit of SMEs across Europe. New ideas or en-dorsement to the current measures are welcomed.

ICSB.indd 791 2011-06-07 08.20

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Innovative environments and clusters – a discussion on the meeting of theory and practice



Park, Sang-Chul Korea Polytechnic University

Williams, Ylva Stockholm Science City Foundation

Scheibe-Lorentzi, Anette Electrum Foundation and Kista Science City AB

Strong, competitive and innovative environments and clusters are often described as key components on the political agenda for re-gional growth. The significance of boundless regional leadership, the importance of creating new pictures of the world around, motivation, commitment and the ability to take swift action are topics that are continually being discussed worldwide. Can several cluster initiatives cooperate in order to create a larger critical mass and increased com-petitiveness? What is the secret behind some of the successful, innova-tive and creative environments?

Welcome to an intriguing discussion with the following participants led by the County Governor of Stockholm, Per Unckel.

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Developing an Entrepreneurship Curriculum in Egypt: The Road Ahead



Sheta, Ashraf American University in Cairo [email protected]

This project addresses the need for an institutional program for entrepreneurship education in Egyptian universities. The vision is to foster an entrepreneurial and innovative culture through a world-class curriculum, delivered to the highest standards, in all Egyptian public universities by the year 2014.

The novelty of the project lies in the fact that it is the first time there is an effort to establish a comprehensive framework for entrepreneurship education in the Middle East region which surely needs to enhance en-trepreneurship and innovation culture. This can also be a pilot project for drastic improvements in the educational system, as well as being a model PPP between the MOHE and the MCSBE.

ICSB.indd 796 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: Egypt – Back to the Future: The Entrepreneurial Mindset Unleashed



El Tarabishy, Ayman ICSB [email protected]

Sheta, Ashraf MCSBE [email protected]

Gohar, Amr MCSBE [email protected]

Farrouk, Khalled MCSBE [email protected]

The Middle East Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (MCSBE) is very pleased to provide this workshop. The workshop will first present an assessment on the situation in Egypt as not just being a revolution but more of a cultural change that has been in motion for over 30 years now.

Some believe that the continuing wave of unrest and potential revolu-tion in the middle-east is due largely to the accumulated disgust with generations of dictators who have done little to address the needs of their populations. Others attribute the changes we are seeing to the use of new social media to organize popular unrest. Each of these views has some merit but a more important force for change has been the dramatic increase in the population of unemployed youth over the past twenty years.

What does create new jobs? The real engine of GDP growth—and new jobs—is innovation. And crucial to innovation is the role of the entrepreneur.

ICSB.indd 798 2011-06-07 08.20

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Workshop: The International Council for Small Business (ICSB) Membership Benefits



Battaglia, Michael icsb [email protected]

Cooney, Tom ecsb [email protected]

Bradley, Don icsb [email protected]

The International Council for Small Business (ICSB) is a global orga-nization represented by international members. This discussion based presentation will address membership in ICSB, benefits attached to that membership as well as topics of interest that you can get involved in, particularly with relation to the affiliate structure. ICSB President-Elect and ECSB President will be present for the discussion. Partici-pants will be encouraged to proactively ask questions and engage with the presenters to gain a greater understanding of the synergy between ICSB and its affiliates. As part of the presentation, new members will also be introduced to the ICSB network of 11 country-based or regional affiliates and international members representing over 70 dif-ferent countries. This introduction will include network contacts and information concerning new affiliates like ICSB China-Mainland.

ICSB.indd 799 2011-06-07 08.20

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Is a Gazelle Focused SME Strategy the Lynchpin for South Africa’s New Economic Growth Path?



Mazwai, Thami University of Johannesburg [email protected]

Phaho, David University of Pretoria [email protected]

Since the dawn of the democratic order in 1994, the South African government has initiated a myriad of public policies to stimulate economic growth and global competitiveness. A specific focus was made on Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME’s) are key en-gines to economic development due to their proven role in wealth and job creation. In spite of these policy initiatives, economic inequality, wide spread poverty underpinned by unemployment persist in the country. In this paper, in light of a newly proposed growth strategy, to put a direct and specific emphasis on supporting the development and sustainability of high growth SME;s (so called Gazelles) focusing on innovation and exports in specific economic sectors. This class of SME’s has been shown to create a disproportionate number of net jobs as compared to other firms in both emerging and advanced economies. To that end we propose an institutional framework to drive the devel-opment and sustainability of these politically desirable firms.

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Entrepreneurial Intention Promoted by Perceived Capabilities, Risk Propensity and Opportunity Awareness: A Global Study



Zali, Mohammad R. University of Tehran [email protected]

Ebrahim, Mahdi University of Tehran [email protected]

Schøtt, Thomas University of Tehran, University of Southern Denmark

[email protected]

A person’s intention to act entrepreneurially is a strong predictor of entrepreneurial action, especially starting a firm. This begs the ques-tion, what explains EI? People’s intentions have been considered con-sequences of their personal traits, demographic background, cognitive make-up, and their context. Here we combine these approaches into a two-level model to account for how intention is shaped by individual and cultural conditions around the world. We hypothesize that inten-tion is promoted by perceived capabilities, risk propensity and aware-ness of opportunities, and that these are affected by demographic attributes. We find that people’s EI is promoted by their risk propen-sity, opportunity awareness and especially their perceived capabilities. This entrepreneurial mindset is shaped by demographics and also by their cultural context in the way that traditionality, more than secular-rationalistic culture, promotes perceived capabilities, and also in the way that self-expressionism, more than materialistic culture, enhances perceived capabilities and opportunity awareness.

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National Entrepreneurial Activity Affected by Framework Conditions: a Global Study based on GEM data



Razavi, Mostafa University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship

[email protected]

Schott, Thomas University of Southern Denmark, Dept of Entrepreneurship and Relationship

[email protected]

Akhavan, Ali University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship

[email protected]

We investigate the effect of institutional framework conditions on the rate of entrepreneurship for 79 nations. The data are from the GEM adult population surveys (TEA) and national expert surveys (20 frame-work conditions). By multivariate regression we find combinations of framework conditions that significantly and simultaneously affect TEA .Factor analysis extracts 4 underlying factors for these conditions, called structure, instability, enhancement and culture and attitudes. Then, structural equations modeling confirms the hypothesis that TEA is significantly affected by culture and attitudes factor, while enhance-ment is an underlying condition of it. However, structure and instabil-ity factors have negative relationships with TEA.

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Entrepreneurs’ Innovation and Confidence in Innovation (Evidence Based on GEM-Iran Data)



Zali, Mohammad Reza University of Tehran [email protected]

Elyasi, Ghanbar Mohammadi University of Tehran [email protected]

Nochian, Nastooh University of Tehran [email protected]

Alizadeh, Mehdi University of Tehran [email protected]

This article tests the hypothesis that entrepreneurs’ confidence in innovation has a positive effect on their innovation. The sample is 550 owner managers selected from the population of owner manag-ers of GEM-Iran 2010. Organizational Innovation Confidence Index (Mean=2.28) is measured by six questions asking whether the organi-zation that they work in is likely to buy products or services that are new to the organization (Beta=0.87), use new technologies in their daily work for the first time (Beta=0.94), and use new products and services that will improve their working life (Beta=0.85). Innovation (Mean=2.33) is measured by two questions asking if all, some, or none of the customers consider the product or service new and unfamiliar (Beta=0.25) and for how long the technologies or procedures required for the product or service have been available (Beta=0.37). Using structural equations modeling, we conclude that there is a positive ef-fect of organization innovation confidence on innovation (Beta=0.38). Therefore, the Iranian owner managers who have more confidence in innovation act

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Entrepreneurs’ education and training enhancing competencies and performance: A global study



Schøtt, Thomas University of Southern Denmark

[email protected]

Sedaghat, Mahdokht University of Tehran [email protected]

Around the world, people’s training in entrepreneurship tends to make them entrepreneurially competent in terms of capable, opportunity-aware and risk-willing, as evidenced recently. Here our hypotheses are: Around the world, entrepreneurs’ formal education and training in starting a business tend to enhance their competencies and their per-formance in terms of innovation, export and growth-expectation. To test these hypotheses we use the GEM adult population survey in 2008 in the 36 countries, where questions focused on entrepreneurial train-ing. The method for testing is multivariate modeling, where the effects of formal education and entrepreneurial training upon competencies, innovation, export and growth-expectation are estimated. Our con-clusions concern entrepreneurs around the world. Training enhances competencies, and education facilitates training and thereby indirectly promotes competencies. Entrepreneurs’ formal education and entre-preneurial training both have direct positive effects on their perfor-mance in terms of innovation, exports as well as growth-expectation.

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Poster: Solander Science Park is a world leading center for research and business development in forest industry based biorefining technology.



Hedin, Johan SSP [email protected]

The Solander Science Park is a local initiative from the Industry, com-munity and university to grow more business in the region of north Sweden. The focus is how to turn the fossil society into a bio society and use the waste from the forest as feedstock. It is also important to use infrastructure that is already in place.

Solander Science Park today hosts companies that are in the progress of solving some of the difficulties that exist to turn biomass into new fuels in a very efficient way. Land use is important so the efficiency in the process is critical. Using biorefineries and thermochemical conver-sion are the best ways of doing this today.

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Workshop: Entrepreneurship and Innovation in India



Smallbone, David ICSB

Bhushan, YK Indian Council of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ICSBE)

Manimala, Mathew Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India

Mitra, Jay University of Essex [email protected]

India’s emergence on the world economic stage is now well document-ed. Changes in the Indian economic landscape are marked by paradox and promise, by privilege and deprivation, by rapid growth and insti-tutional paralysis, and by technological excellence and skills shortages. Underpinning much of this change is the evolution of entrepreneurship and innovation in an environment of uneven growth. This workshop aims to explore and discuss some of the drivers of entrepreneurial development in India as the country positions itself as a key player in the new economic world order.

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Workshop: Policy Implications of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Findings in Middle East and North African Countries



Joekes, Susan International Development Research Centre Middle East/North Africa

[email protected]

Hattab, Hala GEM

Mansouri, Faysal GEM

Hadad, Majd GEM

Omet, Ghassan University of Jordan

Al Fusail, Taha Ahmed Sana’a University

Daoud, Yousef Birzeit University

Developing countries in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region have only relatively recently recognized the important role of entrepreneurship in advancing their economies (within the last decade).

The extent of youth unemployment in these MENA countries is a very serious issue. The private sector is not large enough and growing fast enough to absorb large numbers of new job-seekers on an annual basis. Promoting entrepreneurship offers at least a partial solution to employment and economic growth challenges, but until the availabil-ity of GEM data, there was limited evidence in MENA countries to underpin advocacy efforts and concrete policy initiatives.

This workshop theme is very timely given the recent political and social unrest in a number of the GEM-MENA countries, the immedi-ate precipitation of which was the action of a frustrated young en-trepreneur in Tunisia. Panellists will also comment on the interaction between the political and social upheaval and the role of entrepreneur-ship in developing MENA countries.

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Workshop: Creating knowledge of entrepreneurship and small business policy – how to do it.



Lundström, Anders Growth Analysis [email protected]

Vikström, Peter Growth Analysis

Storey, David University of Sussex

Crijns, Hans

Fink, Mattias

Azin-Sanchez, Javier

The first phase of IPREG work was to describe what countries are do-ing then they are doing entrepreneurship and innovation policies, see Lundström, Almerud and Stevenson, 2008 for a summary of the re-sults from research in twelve different European countries. The second phase of the IPREG work is to built upon the networks established in earlier research and deliver clear evidence-based research recommen-dations designed to improve the impact of entrepreneurship and SME policy in participating countries. Our main focus will be in the area of entrepreneuership and SME policies.

During the last year a number of European countries have participated in a project with the aim to answer the following questions:

• What are the total costs devoted to entrepreneurship and SME policy?

• What are countries and regions doing then they are doing entrepre-neurship and SME policy?

• How are regions and countries taken in to consideration the con-text then formulating measures in these policy areas?

In the workshop we will discuss the experiences of this research project.

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Organizational Learning in SMEs’ Strategic Management: A Descriptive and Systemic Approach



Filion, Louis Jacques HEC, Montreal [email protected]

Lima, Edmilson Universidade Nove de Julho - Brasil

[email protected]

Based on biographical methods and author’s argumentation and previ-ous empirical researches, the paper begins by presenting some basic ideas concerning organizational learning founded on systems theory. It then uses Checkland’s (1999) soft systems methodology (SSM) to propose a descriptive model of organizational learning, based on the negotiated root definitions of partner entrepreneurs in a new venture creation – a SME. Following this, it presents two systemic models to help show the preponderance of small business owner-managers, and the role of organizational learning as a determinant of strategic man-agement and development in SMEs. The conclusion offers some final considerations and suggestions for future research.

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Workshop: Creating the incubators of the future!



Henecke, Hans Buiness Region Skåne

Region Skåne is at the forefront in Sweden when it comes to creating exciting and stimulating business incubators. During the ISBC confer-ence in Stockholm, a workshop will be held during which important issues will be discussed concerning the role of incubators in creating growth companies for the future. Hans Henecke, Head of Business Development and CEO if Business Region Skåne, is key note speaker and will share concrete examples, as well as giving visionary outlooks on the topic. As an entrepreneur, you are welcome to come and share your experience and give input to the discussion that will mark an important start for new thinking within incubator development.

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Workshop: Does the Nordic model lead to more innovative and sustainable entrepreneurship and a more entrepreneurial and sustainable society? What do researchers, entrepreneurs, politicians think?



Ekberg, Thomas

The work shop will discuss the Nordic welfare society and the effect it has on entrepreneurship and the transition in to a more sustainable society. The driving forces for entrepreneurs, companies, consumers and politicians to act more responsible will be the starting point for this discussion. Focus will then be on the action of the public sector and the effect these actions have on the development of entrepreneur-ship, companies and on consumer behaviour. What are the results – in theory and practise – and how does “the Nordic model” compare with other models of society? What are the benefits? Draw-backs? The workshop will deal with questions that are important at society level in all countries. The speakers represent academy, politics and compa-nies.

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Workshop: Innovative Competence through Co-Production – Experience from the Knowledge Foundation



Hjalmarsson, Dan Swedish Agency for Growth Analysis

Vogel, Olle Knowledge Foundation

Joki, Mikael Eskilstuna Elektronikpartner AB

Wiktorsson, Magnus Mälardalen University

Öjmertz, Birgitta Swerea IVF (Research Institut)

Frankelius, Per Örebro University

We know that growth and prosperity in modern society is connected with innovative capacity. But what is such capacity, how does it de-velop and how can different actors make use of it?

This seminar is about experiences from the program “Expert compe-tence for innovation”. The return on public investment has been be-yond expectations, because companies have made impressive progress thanks to the program. During the seminar we focus on two tracks: methods for developing new intelligent products and radical produc-tion improvements.

The secret behind success was creation of innovative competence through the synthesis of two kinds of competences: The companies’ knowledge of market needs and researcher’s knowledge about what is possible to do. But more important: Many policy-makers focus on co-operation between companies and academia in concrete research projects. However this program shows that there is one factor far more important than specific research projects and their “publication results”.

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Workshop: SME development within the energy sector – driven by carbon-neutral issues



Schilling, Michael

The workshop is built up by presentations of projects and SME:s together with a business incubator which clearly are good examples of the possibility within the stated subject, hence to create economic growth in SME within the energy sector. It will focus on the awaken-ing of the energy sector and its importance for innovation and growth, and will also try to establish what driving forces you are steered by as innovative companies. The objective is that participants and visitors gain insight into the innovations that Sweden and the Region Gävle-borg can offer.

• Swedenergy is Sweden’s national association for electric power companies.

• Gävle Energi AB is a municipal energy company that provides a wide range of services for the region.

• Movexum AB is the regional business incubator that delivers pro-fessional support and finance capital for the commercialization of innovations.

• Solarus AB develops modular solar thermal systems with three types of collectors.

• Solar Wave AB focuses on solar systems that contribute to sustain-able energy production and purification.

• Nilar AB

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Workshop: Stockholm Royal Seaport – Driving Innovations for Future Energy Systems



Schilling, Michael

The workshop presents the Stockholm Royal Seaport. A new sustain-able city district will be built in the Stockholm Royal Seaport over the next twenty years. The district will grow into a modern, innovative and environmentally sound neighbourhood with 10,000 new dwell-ings and 30,000 new office spaces. There is an environmental focus on energy-efficient transportation, efficient energy consumption and re-cycling. One of the goals is to make the Royal Seaport carbon-neutral by the year 2030 through efficient energy consumption, eco-efficient transportation, local eco-cycles, and the promotion of healthy life-styles.

As the leading energy company in the region, Fortum is heavily involved in implementing Stockholm’s new sustainable city district. Fortum is involved in all fields of development, including basic infra-structure, innovations, and developing an environmentally friendly lifestyle for the residents.

Fortum and ABB have teamed up with several partners to develop a large-scale research and development arena for the area’s smart grid. Within the arena, Fortum and ABB aim to develop leading smart grid concepts for energy-efficient housing integrated with local renewable power generation, charging of electric vehicles, energy storage, and energy-aware consumer behaviour.

Developing an environmentally sustainable city district with an urban environment requires an emphasis on technological innovations.

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Workshop: Knowledge intensive entrepreneurship: Results from the AEGIS-EU project



Malerba, Franco KITeS Bocconi University [email protected]

The AEGIS project aims to analyze knowledge-intensive entrepreneur-ship and related strategies and policies from a variety of disciplines and research methodologies such as economics, organization theory, strategic management, finance, economic history, economic geography, sociology, science and technology studies, and policy studies.

Coordinator: Franco Malerba KITeS Bocconi University

Speakers:

Maureen McKelvey University of Gothenburg: Knowledge inten-sive entrepreneurship: what it is

Yannis Caloghirou NTUA Athens: The AEGIS survey of knowledge intensive entrepreneurship in Europe

Esin Yoruk SSEES,UCL, London: Entrepreneurial propensity of in-novation systems

Hartmut Hirsch-Kreinsen University of Dortmund: Knowledge intensive entrepreneurship in low tech sectors

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Workshop: The Bruce Kirchhoff Memorial Seminar


Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa Halmstad University [email protected]

Garnsey, Elizabeth Centre for Technology Management, University of Cambridge

[email protected]

Bruce A. Kirchhoff, Ph.D., one of the entrepreneurship field’s true pioneers, passed away on May 1, 2011 at the age of 73. Bruce served as distinguished professor of entrepreneurship at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). Over the course of his decades-long academic career, Bruce published more than 100 articles on entrepreneurship, economic development, and strategy. He was cited by INC magazine as one of the top 16 entrepreneurship researchers in the United States.

“The Bruce Kirchhoff Memorial Seminar” will try to honor the life’s work of Bruce Kirchhoff by discussing some of his ideas and achieve-ments. In the spirit of Bruce Kirchhoff the seminar will include impli-cations not only for academics seeking to extend theory, but also for both practicing entrepreneurs and policy-makers interested in entre-preneurship and small business development.

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Working With or Against the System – Ethical Dilemmas for Entrepreneurship in Ghana



Sackey, Jocelyn Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

[email protected]

Fältholm, Ylva Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

The aim of this paper is to address entrepreneurship and ethics from the perspective of the Ghanaian entrepreneur in SMEs in order to extend our understanding of issues influencing entrepreneurial behav-iour in developing economies such as Ghana. Our study specifically addresses four typical situations where business ethics are challenged: (1) when searching for business information, (2) when applying for registration/certification/licensing, (3) when competing for business contracts and financing, and (4) when dealing with tax authorities. Relying on in-depth case-study data from 33 entrepreneurs (comple-mented by interview data from 11 representatives for governmental support structures), the paper is concluded by identifying some impor-tant challenges to overcome for economies such as the Ghanaian in order to build a more effective market economy.

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Workshop: Responding to the Economic Crisis: Small Business Lessons



Bukula, Septi Osiba Research CC, South Africa [email protected]

Kelly, Dan Canadian Federation of Independent Business, Canada

Mitsui, Itsutomo Japan Academy of Small Business Studies, Japan

Lister, Christian Genesis Initiative, UK

This panel will discuss both the impact of the recent economic and financial crisis on small business in various countries as well as com-ment on the successes and failures of various responses by govern-ments. Specific focus will be given to measures that may be helpful for governments to consider in addressing future crises to assist small and medium-sized firms.

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Workshop: Financing entrepreneurship and SMEs and innovation in the EU



Engelbrecht, Per.Ove Enterprise and Industry, Euro-pean Commission

[email protected]

Ummenhofer, Matthias Equity Fund Investments, European Investment Fund

Helgesson, Staffan Creandum

European Union SME policies – Financing SMEs and innovation: Mr Per.Ove Engelbrecht, Head of Unit, Financing Innovation and SMEs, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) – Financial Instruments: Dr. Matthias Ummenhofer, Head Equity Fund Investments, European Investment Fund

The use of EU funding in Sweden – sharing good practices: Staffan Helgesson, General Partner, Creandum, Gunnar Casserstedt, CFO, Karolinska Development

Open Debate

Moderator: Mr Per.Ove Engelbrecht, Head of Unit, Financing Innova-tion and SMEs, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

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Workshop: Microfinance for entrepreneurship development



Salgado Fernandez, Monica Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

[email protected]

Aguglia, Ricardo European Investment Fund

Dayson, Karl University of Salford

Engelbrecht, Per.Ove Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

Introduction: Dr Karl Dayson, Director of sociology, University of Salford

Facilitating the access to microfinance in the European Union: Monica Salgado Fernandez, Financing Innovation and SMEs, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

The role of the EIF in microfinance: Ricardo Aguglia, European Invest-ment Fund

Microfinance in Sweden – sharing good practices: Joyce Kimwaga Lundin, Mikrofinansinstitutet (tbc)

Open Debate

Moderator: Mr Per.Ove Engelbrecht, Head of Unit, Financing Innova-tion and SMEs, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

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Authors

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Authors


AAbbott, Pamela 623Abiola, Idowu 664Abouzeedan, Adli 170Abrahamsson, Lena 429Abrar, Ayesha 460Abrar, Ayesha 506Abrham, Josef 171Abubakar, Yazid A. 520Aceytuno, María-Teresa 5Achtenhagen, Leona 716Ademokun, Foluke 648Agudo, Angel Francisco 242Agudo, Ángel 280Aguglia, Ricardo 838Ahl, Helene 751Ahl, Helene 159Ahlström Söderling, Ragnar 13Ahlström Söderling, Ragnar 465Ahmed Khan, Asfand 612Ajayi, Olumide 648Ajjan, Haya 735Akhavan, Ali 812Akola, Elisa 245Akpoyomare, Oghojafor 720Al Fusail, Taha Ahmed 824Alford, J. Michael 43Alford, J. Michael 44Ali, Abdul 600Alizadeh, Mehdi 813Almesåker, Gunnar 484Al-Rabeei , Husain 567Alvarez, Claudia 666Amaral, Miguel 473Amatucci, Frances M. 304Amorós, José Ernesto 666Andersson, Lena 224Andrés, María Fernanda 774Anokhin, Sergey 166Antoldi, Fabio 196Appelkvist, Jenny 257Aramand, Majid 481Arbuthnott, Andrew 499Archer, Geoffrey R. 342Arriaga-Muzquiz, Juan 35

Árvay, Zoltán 620Ascua, Ruben 586Ascúa, Rubén 302Asghari, Reza 541Ashika, Caroline 390Åslund, Anna 700Asplund, Carl-Johan 118Asplund, Carl-Johan 323Atakishiyev, Ruslan 641Aubrey, Chuck 535Autorino, Giuseppe 741Avdeitchikova, Sofia 426Ayala, Caroline 480Ayala, Caroline 479Aygören, Huriye 483Azin-Sanchez, Javier 825

BBäckström, Ingela 700Bae, Zong-Tae 762Bakkali, Chaffik 364Baldegger, Rico 498Ballereau, Valérie 279Baltzopoulos, Apostolos 349Battaglia, Michael 799Battisti, Martina 205Battisti, Martina 766Bay-Larsen, Ingrid 250Bebensee, Mark A. 43Bebensee, Mark A. 44Becker, Katharina 454Belitski, Maksim 74Bengtsson, Lars 701Bengtsson, Maria 437Bensemann, Jo 205Berbenni-Rehm, Caterina 537Berg, Holger 155Berglund, Karin 385Berglund, Karin 387Bergman, Fredrik 438Bergmann, Heiko 452Bhushan, YK 823Bianchi, Annamaria 397Bianchi, Carmine 13Biffignandi, Silvia 397

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Authors


Bika, Zografia 177Bika, Zografia 369Bika, Zografia 370Billström, Anders 311Bird, Miriam 38Bivona, Enzo 13Bjerke, Björn 118Bjerke, Björn 82Björklund, Carolina 101Björklund, Carolina 537Bjuggren, Carl Magnus 405Blackburn, Robert 263Blenker, Per 686Blomkvist, Marita 260Bnouni, Imene 665Bogren, Maria 646Bojica, Ana Maria 232Bojica, Ana Maria 288Boncler, Jérôme 306Bonnafous-Boucher, Maria 402Bornard, Fabienne 271Borter, Silna 650Bosma, Niels 100Boter, Håkan 254Boter, Håkan 437Boter, Hakan 739Boucher, Thomas 306Bourdon, Isabelle 425Bourguiba, Malek 482Bousquet, François 306Box, Marcus 351Box, Marcus 388Bradley, Don 799Breman, Paul 75Broström, Anders 349Brown, David 80Brulin, Göran 229Brundin, Ethel 189Bukula, Septi M. 749Bukula, Septi 836Bureau, Sylvain 524Byaruhanga, Joseph K. 688Bygrave, William 52Bygrave, William 80Byrne, Janice 746

Byrne, John D. 219

CCáceres, F. Rafael 5Campopiano, Giovanna 406Campopiano, Giovanna 409Carlsson, Bo 295Carr, James 187Carree, Martin 90Carslaw, William 174Cassia, Lucio 406Cassia, Lucio 409Castillo Holley, Alicia 167Catanzaro, Alexis 609Cerrato, Daniele 699Chabaud, Didier 531Chan Kim, Ki 635Chan, K.F. 338Chan, K.F. 339Chang, Yao-Chung 727Chao-Shiang, Li 213Chelly, Amine 334Chen, Chih-Kai 336Chen, Tse-Jung 360Chen, Yu-Fen 376Cheung, Yau-sum Barbara 285Chia-Shen, Chen 685Choi, David 130Choi, Ty 710Choi, Ty 714Chung, Chia-Jung 336Claire Massey 768Clark Muntean, Susan 601Clark, Delwyn 153Clark, Delwyn 71Classen, Christina 200Classen, Nicolas 90Clouse, R. Wilburn 514Coenen, Lars 426Cohen, Neal 30Cole, Rebel A. 485Contín-Pilart, Ignacio 141Contuliano, Sue-Hellen 186Cooney, Thomas M. 156Cooney, Thomas 219

ICSB.indd 841 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Cooney, Tom 799Cooper, Sarah Y. 232Cooper, Sarah 636Crijns, Hans 825Crompton, Bernadette M. 355Crouse, Danielle 337Cruz, José A. 440Cruz, Jose A. 442Cuero Acosta, Yonni Angel 622

Dd’Andria, Aude 120Dalborg, Cecilia 625Dalborg, Cecilia 758Damas, Audrey 53Damilola, Agbalajobi 720Daniela 228Daniela 473Danko, Benjamin 302Daoud, Yousef 824Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov 405Davis, Amy 715Dawood, Haroon 197Dayson, Karl 838De Crescenzo, Erika 741De Freyman, Julien 286De Géry, Catherine 402De Gouvea, Raul 511De Hoyos, Moraima 295De Kok, Jan 246De Massis, Alfredo 406De Massis, Alfredo 409De Vries, Huibert Peter 24Deakins, David 19Deakins, David 205Del Baldo, Mara 78del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, María 232del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, María 288del Pilar Acosta, Maria 371Demartini, Paola 667Desman, Robert 66Dhaliwal, Spinder 19Díaz-García, Cristina 467Diaz-Pichardo, Rene 35Dickson, Patrick H. 103

Didonet, Simone 186Didonet, Simone 312Didyk, Vladimir 250Dondi, Jean 306Dong, Winny 341Donia, Magda 289Dornberger, Utz 622Dornberger, Utz 445Dornberger, Utz 450Dostiyarova, Alima 655Drnovsek, Mateja 203Dung, Ngo Vi 365Dunn, Steven 296Dunn, Steven 477Dyer, Linda 289Dyer, Linda 335Dyner, Isaac 13

EEbersberger, Bernd 630Ebersberger, Bernd 637Ebrahim, Mahdi 810Ehiobuche, Chris 526Ekberg, Thomas 829El Tarabishy, Ayman 788El Tarabishy, Ayman 798Elenurm, Tiit 97Eliasson, Gunnar 234Ellström, Per-Erik 229Elly, Tumsifu 739Elyasi, Ghanbar Mohammadi 813Emerson, Sandra 341Engelbrecht, Per.Ove 837Engelbrecht, Per.Ove 838Englis, Basil G. 293Englis, Paula D. 293Eriksson, Jessica 466Eriksson, Päivi 378Esnard, Talia 604

FFarace, Salvatore 134Farrouk, Khalled 798Fattoum, Salma 746Fauzia, Mohamed 721

ICSB.indd 842 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Fayyaz, Anjum 150Fayyaz, Anjum 209Feicheng, Lu 211Fendt, Jacqueline 523Fendt, Jacqueline 524Fernandes, Cristina 471Ferreira, Joao 471Ferrier, Michelle 742Filion, Louis Jacques 826Fink, Mattias 825Fischedick, Manfred 155Fitzgerald, Margaret 647Forsberg, Lena 429Forster, Michael 215Forster, Michael 598Frank, Hermann 228Frankelius, Per 517Frankelius, Per 830Freiling, Jörg 424Friedlander, Jay 304Frishammar, Johan 418Fuller-Love, Nerys 187Fältholm, Ylva 374Fältholm, Ylva 835

GGabarret, Ines 122Gabrielsson, Jonas 669Gadnell, Margaretha 95Galan, Liliana 13Galan, Nataliya 669Galgana, Joel R. 680Garnsey, Elizabeth 834Gawell, Malin 416Geissler, Mario 407Geissler, Mario 417Geneste, Louis 592Geraudel, Mickael 17Gerbin, Ani 203Gersch, Martin 424Gerstlberger, Wolfgang 302Geumjae, Jo 343Geumjae, Jo 345Ghezzi, Daniele M. 196Gibb, Allan 537

Gibson, Brian 103Giroux, Isabelle 85Gohar, Amr 798Gohar, Madiha 460Gohar, Madiha 506González-Moreno, Angela 467Gossel, Britta M. 262Gough, Newell (Sandy) 153Gow, Hamish 157Goxe, François 195Gratzer, Karl 388Greidanus, Nathan 322Groen, Aard 293Gruber-Muecke, Tina 180Guadalupe Diaz Durand, Karla 445Guerra dos Santos, 473Gumbau-Albert, Mercedes 55Günzel, Franziska 314Günzel, Franziska 724Gurău, Călin 329Gustafsson, Veronica 287Gustafsson-Pesonen, Anne 389Gutierrez-Garza, Nicolas 35Guziana, Bozena 761

HHadad, Majd 824Halbfas, Brigitte 348Hang Do, Thuy 158Hannibal, Martin 139Hannibal, Martin 225Hansson, Agenta 260Harrison, Pegram 118Hart, Mark 27Hartog, Chantal 246Harvey, Paul 575Hashimoto, Setsuko 95Hatak, Isabella 29Hattab, Hala 395Hattab, Hala 824Haugum, Margrete 758Hauser, Christian 447Hauser, Christian 474Haverkamp, Katarzyna 178He, Fang 673

ICSB.indd 843 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Hedebo Frederiksen, Signe 179Hedin, Johan 816Hedner, Thomas 170Hedner, Thomas 221Heilbrunn, Sibylle 356Heimann, Anna 261Heinonen, Jarna 252Hekkert, Marko 461Helgesson, Staffan 837Hénaut, Pascale 217Henecke, Hans 828Henningson, Thomas 231Herold, Timo 363Herstad, Sverre J. 630Hiller, Melanie 315Hine, Damian 51Hine, Damian 704Hjalmarsson, Dan 830Hlady, Martine 306Hogenacker, Jens 474Hollaender, Iris 188Holmberg, Stevan R. 330Holmgren, Carina 101Holmgren, Carina 537Holmgren, Maria Magdalena 199Hori, Kiyoshi 373Horr, Latifa 272Howells, Anne 187Howells, Karen 268Hsueh, Jen-Tzu 357Huang, Lan-I 357Huang, Lan-I 360Huang, Zheng 689Hujala, Anneli 707Hultman, Claes M 231Humair, Salal 69Hung, Shiu-Wan 168Hung, Shu-Chi 168Hunt, Richard A. 87Huq, Afreen 206Hussain, Javed 278Hynes, Briga 497Hytti, Ulla 245Hytti, Ulla 252Hytti, Ulla 791

Hyun Lee, Jung 673

IIacobucci, Donato 628Iacopini, Alessandro 628Iakovleva, Tatiana 250Iandoli, Luca 741Iglesias, Santiago 280Ikäheimonen, Tuuli 346Ikävalko, Markku 346Imperiale, Edoardo 741Isaksson, Anders 342Isaksson, Anders 408Iske, Paul Louis 375

JJacobsson, Mattias 499Jagoda, Kalinga 754Jagoda, Kalinga 759Jahandar, Sara 102Jahn, Steffen 417Jalil Mela, Sana 197Jalil Mela, Sana 611James Lin, Ming-Ji 168Janssen, Frank 365Jaouen, Annabelle 425Jarvis, Robin 588Jasinski, Dale 296Jasinski, Dale 477Jauffrit, Marc 317Jelenc, Lara 310Jesselyn Co, Mary 636Jianzhong, Xiao 73Jianzhong, Xiao 730Jimoh, Morayo 370Joannission, Bengt 438Joekes, Susan 824Joensuu, Sanna 291Johannessen, Tor A 230Johannessen, Tor Aase 375Johansson, Anders W 165Johansson, Dan 405Johansson, Sara 226Johnstone, Harvey 148Joki, Mikael 830

ICSB.indd 844 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Jones-Evans, Dylan 221Jones-Evans, Dylan 469Jones-Evans, Dylan 516Joshi, Gopal 28Jouison-Laffitte, Estèle 306Jouison-Laffitte, Estèle 488

KKalantaridis, Christos 177Kalimasi Kilasi, Perpetua 557Kaloussis, Georges 118Kaminski, Sandra 407Kamoche, Ken 65Kang, Jae Hyeung 788Karim, Mohammed Shamsul 27Karlsson, Mathias 82Kassicieh, Sul 511Kauanui, Sandra K. 602Kautonen, Teemu 263Kavoo-Linge, Teresia 300Kelly, Dan 836Kendirli, Hulya Cagiran 21Kendirli, Selcuk 21Kenworthy, Thomas 322Keßler, Alexander 228Kevin Hindle 419Khan, Hina 476Khan, Iqbal M. 197Khan, Iqbal M. 611Khan, Iqbal M. 612Khan, Iqbal M. 69Kharitonova, Galina 250Kibler, Ewald 263Kidd-Hewitt, Paul 53Kilic, Sabiha 21Kim, Moon-Kyum 496Kim, Sang Ok 119Kim, Younghwan 382Kim, Youngkyu 487Kindy, Mark 715Kinnunen, Oili 190Kishna, Maikel 461Kissel, Dorothea 253Kiviluoto, Niklas 368Klandt, Heinz 253

Klofsten, Magnus 170Klofsten, Magnus 229Klofsten, Magnus 516Klofsten, Magnus 640Kmieciak, Roman 269Ko, Stephen 56Ko, Stephen 58Kocollari, Ulpiana 255Koku, Paul Sergius 476Kollmann, Tobias 718Korosteleva, Julia 74Korsgaard, Steffen 220Korsgaard, Steffen 686Kotlar, Josip 409Kovalainen, Anne 98Kratzer, Jan 681Krell, Patrick 718Kremel, Anna 613Kremel, Anna 640Kremer, Florence 306Krichen, Kamel 531Kronthaler, Franz 454Krueger, Norris 199Krueger, Norris 490Krueger, Norris 491Kubota, Norio 391Kumar ,Suresh U. 111Kuo-Ching, Lin 685Kurczewska, Agnieszka 118Kurczewska, Agnieszka 182Kurczewska, Agnieszka 241Kuuluvainen, Arto 133Kyrö, Paula 241

LLange, Julian 52Lange, Julian 80Langstaff, Lesley 187Laroche, Nicolas 217Larraza-Kintan, Martín 141Larsson Segerlind, Tommy 351Lasch, Frank 329Lassila, Olli 221Lau, Theresa 338Lau, Theresa 339

ICSB.indd 845 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Laviolette, Eric Michael 402Le Dinh, Thang 411Lee, Edwin 338Lee, Jeong-Dong 487Lee, Mi Kyung 762Lee, Woojin 130Léger-Jarniou, Catherine 118Léger-Jarniou, Catherine 323Lehmann, Stephanie 677Lehtoranta, Olavi 630Leighton, Pat 163Leighton, Pat 204Leijerholt, Ulrika 640Levinsohn, Duncan 189Lewis, Kate 768Li, Chen-Mei 376Li, Shang-Jen 727Ligthelm, André 34Lilleenget, Kari Sagen 758Lim, Chae Yoon 487Lima, Edmilson 826Lin, Dah-June 327Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa 142Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa 834Lindhult, Erik 761Lindhult, Erik 462Lindmark, Leif 172Lister, Christian 836Littunen, Hannu 707Liu, Shang-Yu 727Loebel, Holger 407Loebel, Holger 417Lombard, Antoinette 412Lopez Rizzo, Humberto 404Lundström, Anders 101Lundström, Anders 537Lundström, Anders 825

MMaalaou, Adnan 410Maalaoui, Adnan 482Macdonald, Stuart 558Mack, Kaarl 221MacKenzie, Niall G 326MacKenzie, Niall G 469

Madurapperuma, Wasanthi 113Maldonado, Stellla 371Malerba, Franco 833Malfense Fierro, Antonio C. 368Malfense Fierro, Antonio C. 372Malik, Uru 704Malinen, Pasi 151Malinen, Pasi 221Manimala, Mathew 823Mansouri, Faysal 824Mardaneh, Karim 527Markova, Gergana 313Markowska, Magdalena 319Marlow, Susan 179Marques, Carla 471Marquis, Joel 52Marra, Marianna 682Marram, Edward 52Marram, Edward 80Marshall, Jr, William G. 643Martin, Thomas A. 302Martinez Romero, Ana Carolina 478Martín-Sánchez, Víctor 141Matlay, Harry 278Matlay, Harry 434Matlay, Harry 435Matozo, Eduardo 774Maudos-Villarroya, Joaquin 55Mawardi, Mukhammad Kholid 710Max, Sylvain 279Mazwai, Thami 800Mazzarol, Tim 153Mazzarol, Tim 158Mazzarol, Tim 40Mazzarol, Tim 41Mazzarol, Tim 71Mazzotta, Fernanda 134Mbogo, Marion 390McEnrue, Mary Pat 145McGrath, Griffin 477McKeown, Tui 163McKeown, Tui 204Męczyńska, Anna 269Meiar, Alain 306Meléndez Delgado, Edwin 486

ICSB.indd 846 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Mendonça, Joana 473Messal, Carrie 715Messeghem, Karim 364Messeghem, Karim 609Metuge, Enongene 265Meyer, Denny 127Mian, Sarfraz 209Mian, Sarfraz 681Micheels, Eric 157Michna, Anna 269Micozzi , Alessandra 628Mikolajczyk, Bozena 182Mitra, Jay 520Mitra, Jay 823Mitsui, Itsutomo 836Mitterer, Gerald 228Mizgajska, Hanna 201Mizgajska, Hanna 202Mogos Descotes, Raluca 79Mohsin, Ali 611Mondelus, Rose-Myriam 383Montoya, Manuel 511Moog, Petra 238Moog, Petra 447Morales, Sulmarie 479Morales, Sulmarie 480Moreau, Eliane M.-F. 154Moreau, Éliane 411Mørkved, Britt Paula 758Muelenz, Cornelius 253Muhammad 681Müller, Sabine 220Müller, Sabine 309Munro, Paul 690Murphy, Ian 52Murzacheva, Ekaterina 307Muske, Glenn 647Muthaly, Siva 149Myrah, Kyleen K. 626

NNakara, Walid A. 515Namay II, Ricardo Enrico C. 125Nasrullah, Madiha 611Nauwelaerts, Ysabel 188

Naval, Jordi 53Nchimbi, Mariam I. 763Ndeta, Philip 632Neergaard, Helle 179Neergaard, Helle 491Neergaard, Helle 686Negro, Simona 461Nel, Pieter 236Nel, Pieter 239Nembaware, Christine 693Nigrisoli, Chiara 255Nilsdotter, Karin 708Nilsson, Kent 374Nilsson, Torbjörn 183Nochian, Nastooh 813Nordmark, Marianne 734Nouman, Aleena 612

OObamuyi, Tomola 451Obokoh , Lawrence Ogechukwu 526Odinsky-Zec, Tina Lee 626Oh, Senghwan 487Okamuro, Hiroyuki 277Okamuro, Hiroyuki 766Olapojoye, Alade Oyeladun 16Olomi, Donath R. 763Olson, Philip 153Olsson, Amy 544Olufemi, Olayemi 720Omet, Ghassan 824Ook Rhee, Chong 635Orengo Serra, Karen L. 420Orser, Barbara 50Orsini, Simone 628Osaghae, O.G. 219Osei Bonsu, Nana 241Owomugasho Ndikuno, D. 582

PPaasio, Antti 221Packalen, Kelley 335Paeleman, Ine 266Palazzi, Federica 667Palin, Gary 742

ICSB.indd 847 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Palin, Gary 735Palin, Lori 742Palin, Lori 735Palmås, Karl 436Pandey, Sharadindu 57Pang, Mary 65Pansera, Mario 242Pansera, Mario 280Papin, Christophe 306Parente, Roberto 699Parida, Vinit 418Park, Sang Chul 788Park, Sang-Chul 119Park, Sang-Chul 793Parker, Rachel 51Parmentier, Guy 271Pascual, Felix Jose 242Pearce II, John A. 30Pellikka, Jarkko 151Peña, Alba Tatiana 328Perelli, Sheri 295Perényi, Áron 149Perera, Nelson 710Perry, Martin 205Pervik, Jimmy 231Peter W. Moroz 419Peters, Bettina 90Peterson, Christer 234Petrone, Michele 699Pett , Timothy 303Pett, Timothy 313Pett, Tim 317Pettersson, Lars 226Peura, Kirsi 221Phaho, David 800Phillips, Robert A. 137Picard, Christian 214Picón Garcia, Nora 420Pierre, Anne 587Pietilä, Irmeli 712Pietzner, Katja 155Pihkala, Timo 194Pihkala, Timo 346Pirhofer, Christine 637Pizarro, Nelson 304

Politis, Diamanto 142Politis, Diamanto 669Politis, John 75Ponsiglione, Cristina 741Portilla, Rodrigo 186Pretorius, Marius 412Puumalainen, Kaisu 116

QQuiñones Rivera-Howell, Zulma 479

RRahman, Mijanur 61Rajak, Leora 337Rajamäki, Heidi 378Ratinho, Tiago 293Rauf, Asma 506Rauf, Asma 460Razavi, Mostafa 812Reboud, Sophie 158Reboud, Sophie 40Reboud, Sophie 41Reboud, Sophie 71Reed, Sharon 717Reeves, Corey 643Rejeb, Nada 410Remes, Liisa 389Rennemo, Øystein 646Reynolds, Paul D. 640Richomme-Huet, Katia 120Richomme-Huet, Katia 286Rietdorf, Ute 445Rissanen, Sari 707Ristimäki, Kari 291Rivera-Howell, Zulma Quiñones 480Robert Anderson 419Robinson, Sherry 126Robinson, Sherry 185Rodrigo, Padmali 476Roessl, Dietmar 29Rojas, Sandra 308Romaguera, Jose M. 295Romaguera, José M. 440Romaguera, Jose M. 442Romanì, Gianni 186

ICSB.indd 848 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Romond, Pierre-Charles 217Rosell, Erik 165Rosenberg, Susanna 221Roski, Melanie 348Ross, Lauren 542Rossi, Mathias 650Rotemberg-Shir, Nadav 173Ruda, Walter 302Ruiz-Arroyo, Matilde 288Ruostesaari, Marja-Leena 294Ruskovaara, Elena 194Rwirahira, John 623Rytkölä, Tiina 194

SSabri, Rhita 49Sackey, Jocelyn 835Sáez-Martínez, Francisco J. 467Safraou, Imen 482Salgado Fernandez, Monica 838Salmi, Anne-Marie 705Sammut, Sylvie 364Sammut, Sylvie 609Sánchez, Oscar 53Sansonnens, Marie 650Santini, Luis A. 440Santini, Luis A. 442Sari, Diana 696Sassmannshausen, Sean Patrick 400Sawyerr, Olukemi O. 341Schaper, Michael T. 592Scheibe-Lorentzi, Anette 793Scheiner, Christian W. 42Schilling, Michael 831Schilling, Michael 832Schizas, Emmanouil 588Schloemer, Nadine 238Schmidt, Jacqueline 475Schönenstern, Henrietta 751Schøtt, Thomas 810Schott, Thomas 812Schøtt, Thomas 814Schueffel, Patrick 498Schwartz, Birgitta 144

Scipion, Fabrice 306Scott, Jonathan M. 278Scott, Jonathan M. 567Sebestova, Jarmila 156Sedaghat, Mahdokht 814Seebe, Irmela 42Segers, Jean-Pierre 8Seikkula-Leino, Jaana 194Seikkula-Leino, Jaana 294Selvarajah, Christopher 149Sene, Ismaël 332Seo, Ribin 67Seok Song, Chang 635Shahid Qureshi, 681Sharma, Dhruv Dev 212Shaver, Kelly 715Shaw, Gordon 121Shaw, Graham 65Sherman, Cynthia L. 602Sheta, Ashraf 796Sheta, Ashraf 798Shirokova, Galina 375Shirokova, Galina 539Sié, Laurent 317Sievänen, Noora 707Sikalieh, Damary 300Simpson, K. 236Singh, Rashmi 25Sjögrén, Helena 116Skoko, Hazbo 84Sköld, Birgitta 258Smallbone, David 205Smallbone, David 73Smallbone, David 730Smallbone, David 823Smulders, Maeghan 754Smulders, Maeghan 759Smyrnios, Kosmas X. 355Sohl, Jeffrey 575Soininen, Juha 116Soirinsuo, Juho 109Soler, Juan David 328Solesvik, Marina 39Soonae, Jin 343Soonae, Jin 345

ICSB.indd 849 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Soper, Jack 475Soudavnaya, Victoria 640Soutar, Geoffrey N. 40Staak, Thorsten 314Stål, Herman 249Stam, Erik 100Starnes, Thomas 643Stehr, Christopher 315Stehr, Christopher 363Stenholm, Pekka 245Stephany, Eric 122Stöckmann, Christoph 718Storchevoy, Maksim 539Storey, David 825Stranton, Darryl 157Stratford, Brinn 219Strocchia Lopez, Marisela 13Strydom, Retha 412Stubberud, Hans Anton 126Stubberud, Hans Anton 185Sundin, Elisabeth 243Sunungurai, Dominica C. 744Svanström, Tobias 254Svensson, Lennart 229Svirina, Anna 31Swiercz, Paul M. 310Syrjä, Pasi 116

TTakahashi, Nobuhiro 112Tan, Rani 359Tan, Wee-Liang 359Tan, Wee-Liang 392Tanvig, Hanne 220Tarvainen, Tiina 401Tegtmeier, Silke 118Tegtmeier, Silke 261Tegtmeier, Silke 323Tegtmeier, Silke 99Teo, Stephen 592Tesfayohannes, Mengsteab 379Tesfayohannes, Mengsteab 380Thevenard-Puthod, Catherine 214Thorgren, Sara 166Thorstensson, Gunilla 751

Thrane, Claus 686Thurik, Roy 191Tillmar, Malin 243Tillmar, Malin 385Tillmar, Malin 387Tomczyk, David 542Tomczyk, David 724Tornikoski, Erno 291Torres, Isabel 450Torres, Olivier 383Tounés, Azzedine 272Troberg, Eliisa 294Tsai, Han-Huei 673Tsung Ying Shih, Tommy 465Tufts, Matt 643Tuna, Muharrem 21Tundui, Hawa 722Tung, Dennis 339Tuomala, Heimo 705

UUddenberg, Anders 484Ul Islam, Faheem 209Ulvenblad, Pia 260Ulvenblad, Pia 311Umemoto, Katsuhiro 95Ummenhofer, Matthias 837Un Nabi, Noor 622Urban, Boris 114Urban, Boris 121Urbano, David 666Utou, Justina L. 763

VVaino, Evelin 97Valentin, Anke 143Van der Merwe, Stephan 223van der Zwan, Peter 191van Gils, Anita 90van Stel, André 277Vanacker, Tom 266VanRensburg, Willy 300Vanyushyn, Vladimir 437Varamäki, Elina 291Varela Villegas, Rodrigo 478

ICSB.indd 850 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Varela, Rodrigo V. 328Vedel, Benjamin 122Vega, Ricardo 308Verheul, Ingrid 191Verheul, Ingrid 277Verreynne, Martie-Louise 127Verreynne, Martie-Louise 51Verstraete, Thierry 306Vikström, Peter 825Viljamaa, Anmari 291Vinciane, Servantie 91Virtanen, Markku 375Vogel, Olle 830Voigt, Kai-Ingo 42Volery, Thierry 153Volery, Thierry 158Volkmann, Christine K. 155Volkmann, Christine 348von Busch, Maria H. 570von Friedrichs, Yvonne 587von Friedrichs, Yvonne 625von Friedrichs, Yvonne 646von Friedrichs, Yvonne 758Vosta, Milan 171Voutilainen, Päivi 190Vozikis, George S. 103

WWagner, Camilla 751Wagner, Kerstin 454Wagner, Kerstin 474Wainwright, Thomas 263Walliser, Bjorn 79Wang, Tzu-Ling 727Wang, Yen-Wen 357Wang, Yen-Wen 360Watson, John 167Weaver, Mark 103Weber, Paull C. 592Weeks, Julie R. 32Weeks, Julie 751Weismeier-Sammer, 228Welk, Kara 647Welter, Friederike 288Welter, Friederike 73

Wennberg, Karl 173Wennberg, Karl 33Wennberg, Karl 38Wennekers, Sander 100Werner, Arndt 447Westberg, Hanna 415Westerberg, Mats 418Westerberg, Mats 374Westerberg, Mats 429Westlund, Hans 544Whittam, Geoff 278Widding, Øystein 646Wiklund, Håkan 700Wiktorsson, Magnus 830Willans, Simon 690Williams, Ylva 793Williamson, Amanda 768Winborg, Joakim 311Wincent Joakim 469Wincent, Joakim 166Wincent, Joakim 587Wincent, Joakim 625Wincent, Joakim 640Winch, Graham 13Wolff, James 303Wolff, James 313Wong, Amy L. Y. 65Wong, Ken 58Woodfield, P.aul 239Woods, Jeremy 104Wsciubiak, Lukasz 202Wulff, Sampsa 190

YYang, Taeyong 382Yang, Tien-Lung 376Yazdanfar, Darush 102Yen-Dan, Lin 213Ylinenpää, Håkan 361Ylinenpaa, Hakan 469Yong, Wei 80Yongwoong, Hong 343Yongwoong, Hong 345Yoo, So-Jin 221Yoo, So-Jin 392

ICSB.indd 851 2011-06-07 08.20

Authors


Yoon, Heon Deok 67Yoon, Jeewhan 788

ZZaheer Asghar, M. 612Zali, Mohammad R. 810Zali, Mohammad Reza 813Zanger, Cornelia 407Zanger, Cornelia 417Zehra, Khizran 716Zhang, Ya 470Zhou, Haibo 246Ziltener, Andreas 215Ziltener, Andreas 598Zollo, Giuseppe 741

ÖÖhrwall Rönnbäck, Anna 470Öhrwall Rönnbäck, Anna 484Öjmertz, Birgitta 830Örtqvist, Daniel 361Örtqvist, Daniel 199Österberg-Högstedt, Johanna 98

ICSB.indd 852 2011-06-07 08.20

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