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ABSTRACTBiodiesel is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel made fromrenewable resources, such as non-edible vegetable oils. The oil

from seeds (e.g., Jatropha and Pongamia) can be converted to afuel commonly referred to as "Biodiesel." No engine modificationsare required to use biodiesel in place of petroleum-based diesel.Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum-based diesel in anyproportion. This interest is based on a number of properties ofbiodiesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewabledomestic source, its biodegradability, and its potential to reduceexhaust emissions. The climate change is presently an importantelement of energy use and development. Biodiesel is considered"climate neutral" because all of the carbon dioxide released during

consumption had been sequestered out of the atmosphere duringcrop growth. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emissions ofunburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.Biodiesel also increased catalytic converter efficiency in reducingparticulate emissions. Chemical characterization also revealedlower levels of some toxic and reactive hydrocarbon species whenbiodiesel fuels were used. The fuel consumption in the worldparticularly in developing countries has been growing at alarmingrate. Petroleum prices approaching record highs and they willdeplete within few decades, it is clear that more can be done toutilize domestic non-edible oils while enhancing our energysecurity. The economic benefits include support to the agriculturesector, tremendous employment opportunities in plantation andprocessing. Jatropha and Pongamia are known just crude plantswhich grow on eroded soils and require a hot climate and hardlyany water to survive. These are the strong reasons, enforcing thedevelopment of biodiesel plants.

INTRODUCTION

Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acidsderived from vegetable oils or animal fats which conform to ASTMD6751 ( American Society for Testing & Materials ). It is the name ofa clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic,renewable resources and animal fats. Todays diesel enginesrequire a clean burning, stable fuel that performs well under avariety of operation conditions. It is the only alternative fuel thatcan be used directly in any existing, unmodified diesel engine.Because it has similar properties to petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel

can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel.Specifications for use in diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to the pure


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fuel before blending with diesel fuel. Biodiesel blends are denotedas BXX with XX representing the percentage of biodieselcontained in the blend (ie: B20 is 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleumdiesel). It is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentiallyfree of sulfur and aromatics. It is made though a chemical processcalled transesterification where by the glycerin is separated fromthe fat or vegetable oil. Fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced tostrict industry specifications in order to insure properperformance. It is better for the environment because it is madefrom, renewable resources and has lower emissions compared topetroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades asfast as sugar. It can be made in India from renewable resourcessuch as Jatropha and Pongamia. Its use decreases our dependenceon foreign oil and contributes to our own economy.

Dr. Rudolf diesel actually invented the diesel engine to run ona myriad of fuels including coal dust suspended in water, heavymineral oil and you guessed it, vegetable oil. Dr. Diesels firstengine experiments were catastrophic failures. But by the time heshowed his engine at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, hisengine was running on 100% peanut oil. Dr. Diesel was visionary.In 1911 he stated The diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oilsand would help considerably in the development of agriculture ofthe countries which use it. In 1912, Diesel said, The use ofvegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But

such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleumand the coal tar products of the present time. Since Dr. Dieselsuntimely death in 1913, his engine has been modified to run on thepolluting petroleum fuel we now know as diesel. Nevertheless,his ideas on agriculture and his invention provide the foundationfor a society with clean, renewable, locally grown fuel.

BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONThe production of Biodiesel,or alkyl esters, is well known . Thereare three basic routes to ester production from oils and fats.

1. Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil with alcohol.2. Direct acid catalyzed esterification of the oil with methanol.3. Conversion of the oil to fatty acids, and then to alkyl esterswith acid catalysis.The majority of the alkyl esters produced today are done with thebase catalyzed reaction

Because it is the most economic for several reasons. Low temperature (150F) and pressure (20psi) processing. High conversion (98%) with minimal side reactions andreaction time.

Direct conversion to methyl ester with no intermediatesteps.


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VEG OIL: Jatropha, pongamia.ALCOHOLS: Methanol, Ethanol.CATALYST: Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide.

Transesterification

The most common derivatives of agricultural oil for fuels aremethyl esters. These are formed by transesterification of the oilwith methanol in the presence of a catalyst (usually basic) to givemethyl ester and glycerol. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is the mostcommon catalyst, though others such as potassium hydroxide(KOH) can also be used.

100 kg oil+24 kg methanol+2.5 kg NaOH a 100 kg biodiesel+26 kgglycerine

Transesterification chemistry

R' R'' R''' = oil acids; R = (CH2)xCH3

The methanol and NaOH are premixed and added to the oil, mixedfor a few hours, and allowed to gravity settle for about 8 hours. Theglycerine settles to the bottom, leaving biodiesel on the top. Thephysical and chemical properties of the resulting biodiesel(Jatropha methyl esters) are presented in the following Tablealongside those for petroleum diesel and European Unionstandards for biodiesel.
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Jatropha Biodiesel properties compared with petro-diesel

and EU standards

Property Units Jatrophabiodiesel Petroleum diesel E.U. standardsfor biodieselDensity @

30C g/ml 0.88 0.85 > 0.8Combustion

point C 192 55 > 55Kinetic

viscosity cSt 4.84 2 - 8 5Calorific

potential MJ/kg 41 45 UndefinedCetane

number - 52 47.5 > 48Ester content % > 99 0 > 99Sulfur content % 0 < 0.5 < 0.55Carbon

residue % 0.024 < 0.35 < 0.1The process of manufacture of Biodiesel and the properties of Biodiesel are more

or less similar for Jatropha and Pongamia.

Jatropha Curcas

The Jatropha Curcas plant has the potential, for use as an oil cropfor Biodiesel. The Jatropha plant is Latin American in origin and isclosely related to the castor plant. It is a large shrub / small treeable to thrive in a number of climactic zones in arid and semi-aridtropical regions of the world. It can grow in areas of low rainfall(250 mm per year minimum, 900-1,200 mm optimal) and is

drought resistant. And is not browsed by animals.

Planting density - 1,000 plants per Acre Productivity - Starts yielding after on year, but the maximumproductivity from 5th year onwards Life Span - 50 years Yield per hectare / year 0.4 to 12 tonnes

Pongamia Pinnata

The Pongamia Pinnata is a native of the Western Ghats and ischiefly found along the banks of streams and rivers or near the sea


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on beaches and tidal forests. It also grows in dry places far in theinterior. It is a hardy tree that mines water for its needs from 10meter depths without competing with other crops. It grows all overthe country, from the coastline to the hill slopes. It needs very littlecare and cattle do not browse it. It has rich leathery evergreenfoliage that can be used as green manure. Planting density - 200 to 250 per Acre Productivity - Starts yielding pods from 3 rd year onwards ,but the mature average of 150 kg prods per tree per year from 10 thyear onwards Life Span - 100 years Yield per hectare / year 6 to 9 tonnes.Each tree can yield 40 Liters of oil, 120 Kg of fertilizer grade oilcake and 250 Kg of biomass as green manure per year. When inbloom, the Pongamia trees can be used for bee harvesting andhoney production. The long term adverse impacts of monocropping of Pongamia and even Jatropha need to be evaluated andconfirmed.

Byproducts

GlycerineGlycerine (glycerin, glycerol) is the by-product of making biodiesel.What sinks to the bottom of the biodiesel processor during the

settling stage is a mixture of glycerine, methanol, soaps and thecatalyst. Once separated from the biodiesel, adding phosphoricacid to the glycerine layer precipitates the catalyst out and alsoconverts the soaps back to free fatty acids (FFAs), which float ontop. The resultant products are light-colored precipitate on thebottom, glycerine/methanol/water in the middle, and FFA on top.The glycerine will be approx. 95% pure, a product to sell to refiners.

De-oiled Cake

The residual crushed seed, known as de-oiled cake, is a good sourceof manure, which can be used locally, or for export. The seed huskscan be used to make packaging materials.

PERFORMANCE OF BIODIESEL:Successful alternative fuels fulfill environmental and energy

security needs without sacrificing operating performance.Operationally, biodiesel performs very similar to low sulfur dieselin terms of power, torque, and fuel with out major modifications of

engines or infrastructure.


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Biodiesel offers similar power to diesel fuel. One of majoradvantages of biodiesel is the factThat it can be used in existing engines and fuel injection equipmentwith little impact to operating performance. Biodiesel has a highercetane number than diesel fuel. In over 15 millionMiles of in-field demonstrations biodiesel showed similar fuelconsumption, horsepower, torque,And haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel. Biodiesel providessignificant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel.Lubricity results of biodiesel and petroleum diesel using industrytest methods indicate that there is a marked improvement inlubricity when added to conventional diesel fuel.

BIODIESEL ACTIVITIES IN INDIA:

The Tamilnadu government along with the forest department hasplanned a project for cultivation of Jatropha in 150,000 hectares inTamilnadu. Any farmer with land can make their lands availablefor the jatropha project and the seedlings as well as technicalassistance for grow-out will be provided by the forest department. The Indian Railway is to raise jatropha along the railway track andplan to plant jatropha along 25,000 route kilometers on two sidesof the track. They plan to replace 10% of their total petro-dieselconsumption by jatropha. The project has been started on a pilotscale.

A Tamilnadu firm is working on a project to grow 600,000 hectaresof jatropha on lands owned by farmers in various parts ofTamilnadu. They will provide farmers with the seedlings and Rs.3,000 per hectare for land preparation and planting. They willcontract with farmers to buy out their entire production ofjatropha seeds.The Maharashtra Agro-forestry department has been activelyencouraging the raising of jatropha in watershed developmentprojects.A similar project as in Maharashtra is being attempted in the state

of Madhya Pradesh.The planning board of Haryana Government They are planning togrow jatropha on 50,000 acres ( 5,000 acres every year ) to attractfarmers to crop cycle Diversification.The Rural Community Action Centre (RCAC) in Tamilnadu state ispromoting the plantation and use of jatropha.The Gujarat Agricultural University is planning the plantation ofjatropha on wasteland for income generation.

COMPARISONS AND DISCUSSIONS:


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Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics, and use of biodiesel in aconventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction sounburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.Biodiesel can be manufactured using existing industrial productioncapacity and used with conventional equipment, is providessubstantial opportunity for immediately addressing our energysecurity issues. Increased utilization of renewable biofuels resultsin significant microeconomic benefits to both the urban and ruralsectors.

BIODIESEL EMISSION COMPARED TO

CONVENTIONAL DIESEL

Non-Regulated

Sulfates -100% -20%*PAH(Polycyclic Aromatic

Hydrocarbons)** -80% -13%NPAH(nitrated PAHs)** -90%% -50%***Ozone potential of speciated HC -50 -10%*Estimated from B 100 result**Average reduction across all compounds measured*** 2-nitroflourine tests results were within the test methodvariability.

To diminish the present dependency on imported fuels:We are spending Rs 82000 crores per annum for imported crudepetroleum. We are losing max amount of foreign exchange oncrude oils. If we can save percentage of this amount, it will beuseful for the construction of a heavily irrigation project sources.

Emission Type B100 B20RegulatedTotal Unburned Hydrocarbons -93% -30%Carbon Monoxide -50% -20%Particulate Matter -30% -22%Nox +13% +2%


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To develop the renewable energy sources:The energy consumption in the world particularly in the

industrialized countries has been growing at alarming rate. Fossilfuels which today meet major part of the energy demand are beingdepleted quickly world has started running out of oil and itestimated that 80% of the worlds supplies will be consumed in ourlife times. Coal supply may appear to be large but even this stockmay not last longer than a few decades. Thus we are forced to lookfor renewable energy.

To boost up the rural economics:India has rain shadow area about 8crore hectares Jatropha; theprime element for the extraction of biodiesel can be grown. It wasknown just a crude plant which grows on eroded soil and requires a

hot climate and hardly any water to survive. The Jatropha cactusplants grow on poor degraded soils and are able to ensure areasonable production of seeds with very little input. Theproduction rate is 5-15 tones per year per hectare. The farmer getsprofit of nearlyRs 40,000 per hectare per year. It also increases the employmentin rural areas.

To develop eco friendly fuels:Biodiesel contains no sulfur or aromatics, and use of biodiesel in a

conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction ofunburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. A US department of energy study showed that the production anduse of biodiesel, compared petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5%reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover biodiesel has apositive energy balance.

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL The higher cetane number of biodiesel compared to petro-diesel indicates potential for higher engine performance. Tests

have shown that biodiesel has similar or better fuel consumption,horsepower, and torque and haulage rates as conventional diesel The superior lubricating properties of biodiesel increasesfunctional engine efficiency Their higher flash point makes them safer to store The biodiesel molecules are simple hydrocarbon chains,containing no sulfur, or aromatic substances associated with fossilfuels They contain higher amount oxygen (up to 10%) that ensuresmore complete combustion of hydrocarbons

Biodiesel almost completely eliminates lifecycle carbondioxide emissions. When compared to petro-diesel it reduces


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emission of particulate matter by 40%, unburned hydrocarbons by68%, carbon monoxide by 44%, sulphates by 100%, polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by 80%, and the carcinogenicnitrated PAHs by 90% on an average. The use of biodieselcomplements the working of the catalysator and can help a currentEURO-1 motor attain the EURO-111 standards. Fixation of up to 10 t/ha/yr CO2 that could be internationallytraded Production of 1 t/ ha/yr of high protein seed cake (60% crudeprotein) that can be potentially used as animal and fish feeds andorganic matter that could be used as organic fertilizer particularlyin remote areas Various other products from the plant (leaf, bark and seedextracts) have various other industrial and pharmaceutical uses Localised production and availability of quality fuel Restoration of degraded land over a period of time Rural employment generation

Disadvantages of Biodiesel High cost of production: will eventually solve itself whenlarge-scale production and use starts. Also, the price of petro-dieseldoes not take into account its actual cost (when environmental andmilitary costs are included). Modifications are required to the automobiles for use of

biofuel: many automobile brands are currently marketed ready foruse of bio diesel. High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) values and hencesolidification and clogging of the system at low temperatures: thisproblem occurs only in places where the temperature goes down toaround 0C, even here the problem is currently solved by addingadditives.

CONCLUSIONBiodiesel is safe to handle because it is biodegradable and non-

toxic. Biodiesel reduces all the emission. Biodiesel can be usedalone or mixed in any amount with petroleum diesel fuel. Biodieselruns in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. No enginemodifications are necessary to use biodiesel and there is noengine conversion. Increased utilization of renewable biofuelsresults in significant microeconomic benefits to both the urban andrural sectors, and the balance of trade. It is clear that more can bedone to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils while enhancingour energy security. Because biodiesel can be manufactured usingexisting industrial production capacity, and used with conventional

equipment, it provides substantial opportunity for immediatelyaddressing our energy security issues.


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