paper industry een-pact final

8/12/2019 Paper Industry Een-pact Final

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/paper-industry-een-pact-final 1/77

1

PAPER

SECTORAL STUDY



2

CONTENT

1. Paper sector overview in the EU.........................................................................................4

1.1 EU legislation.........................................................................................................................8

1.2 Funds .....................................................................................................................................9

1.3 Policy issues.........................................................................................................................14

1.4 Associations.........................................................................................................................14

1.5 Surveys already conducted .................................................................................................17

2. enera! intro"#ction to the paper sector in invo!ve" co#ntries.........................................1$

2.1 Scoe o! t"e aer sector ...................................................................................................22

2.2 #$P......................................................................................................................................22

2.3 %u&'er o! t"e co&anies in t"e aer industry................................................................25

2.4 %u&'er o! e&loyees.........................................................................................................31

2.5 #overn&ent(s involve&ent in t"e aer sector .................................................................3)

2.) Su'*sectors..........................................................................................................................37

2.7 +rends in develo&ent o! aer sector..............................................................................38

%. Sta&eho!"ers in the sector in co#ntries.............................................................................42

3.1 ,esonsi'le govern&ental institutions...............................................................................42

3.2 Associations.........................................................................................................................47

3.3 -lusters................................................................................................................................5

3.4 Scienti!ic institutions ...........................................................................................................51



3

4. Speci'ic pro(!e)s in invo!ve" co#ntries............................................................................**

4.1 /or0!orce............................................................................................................................57

4.2 ,egulations..........................................................................................................................58

4.3 n!rastructure ......................................................................................................................59

4.4 +raining needs .....................................................................................................................)

4.5 Environ&ental i&act relatively co&ared in average in EU.............................................)1

*. Speci'ic actions in invo!ve" co#ntries ...............................................................................+2

5.1 nitiatives "ave 'een ta0en 'e!ore .....................................................................................)2

5.2 Planned in ter&s o! olicy regulations...............................................................................)7

5.3 est ractices i! any in selected countries..........................................................................)9

+. Speci'ic re,#!ations in invo!ve" co#ntries .........................................................................-

).1 -"anges to 'e &ade............................................................................................................7)

-. S#,,estions 'or '#rther actions.........................................................................................--



4

1. Paper sector overview in the EUForest*'ased industries include t"e oodor0ing industries ul and aer industries and t"erinting industries. +"ey use as t"eir &ain ra &aterials ood aer or recovered aer andood. +"ey also include secialised sectors suc" as cor0.

EU !orest*'ased industries are co&etitive 'oasting very good tec"nical and co&&ercialer!or&ance. +"e ul and aer oodor0ing and rinting sectors are orld leaders in &anyareas. oever t"e sector !aces a nu&'er o! c"allenges including access to ra &aterialscli&ate c"ange innovation trade and t"e rovision o! in!or&ation on !orest*'ased roducts.For oodor0ing and rinting t"e S6E di&ension is "ig"ly relevant. 6any arts o! t"eseindustries lay an essential role in &aintaining sustaina'le e&loy&ent in rural areas.1

n t"e ast decades it" develo&ent o! t"e science t"e &anu!acturing o! aer roducts "as&ade a real tec"nological revolution "ic" led to great diversi!ication o! t"e roducts and tocaacity eansion o! roduction.

ecause o! t"e seci!ic !eatures o! t"e sector &any roducts are co&le &itures it" neroerties and t"ey "ave ne alications and t"is sets a very diverse and large nu&'erroducts. Under t"is reason t"e aer roduction sector is divided into su'*sectors used inactivity classi!ication.

Aart !ro& a slig"t !all in 25 roduction in t"e ul aer and aer roducts sector

increased steadily 'y &ore t"an 12 'eteen 22 and 27. oever in 28 roductionas 25 loer t"an in 27 and turnover in 28 as al&ost t"e sa&e as in 27 &ar0ing ac"ange in t"e trend !ro& revious years. E&loy&ent !ell 'y 15 'eteen 2 and 28.

According to t"e latest structural data availa'le t"ere ere 19 377 !ir&s e&loying 715 eole in t"e sector in 2). +urnover reac"ed :1)) 'illion and an added value o! :41 'illion./age*ad;usted la'our roductivity <t"e relations"i 'eteen aarent la'our roductivity andaverage ersonnel costs= as 145 and t"e gross oerating rate <t"e s"are o! oerating surlusin turnover= as 99. n 2) ul &anu!acturing reresented 5 o! added value and 2 o!e&loy&ent aer &anu!acturing 39 and 29 and articles o! aer and aer'oard 5)

and )9 resectively.

1 "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?sectors?ood*aer*rinting?inde@en."t&



5

Source: Eurostat

Source: Eurostat



)

/it" rising ressure on ri&ary ra &aterials t"e use o! recovered ra &aterials is on t"eincrease. +oday a'out "al! o! EU aer roduction is 'ased on recovered aer a grot" o!

25 since 1998. Paer recovery and recycling lin0ed to increased rocessing e!!iciency "avealloed a su'stantial roduction increase it"out t"e need to use &ore ne ood.As is t"e case !or ot"er !orest*'ased industries t"e costs o! energy and ood "ic" rovidesa'out "al! o! t"e source o! !i're !or aer*&a0ing lay a ivotal role in t"e ul and aersector.+"e overall costs !or aer*&a0ing 'rea0 don as !ollos>

- !i'res 32- caital 18- ersonnel 14- energy 13

-c"e&icals 12

+"e sector "as "ig" levels o! aer recovery and recycling and rovides renea'le energy 'y'urning ood 'ar0 and re;ected ood as ell as using 'lac0 liuors !ro& c"e&ical uling toroduce -P and stea&. Bverall ;ust over "al! t"e rocess*&a0ing energy consu&ed isroduced in t"is ay. So&e ul &ills even eort electricity to t"e grid.Alt"oug" aer roduction in t"e US ea0ed several years ago and "as 'een declining !orcertain gra" aers during t"e last to decades overall roduction in t"e EU "as continued torise even t"oug" grades suc" as nesrint "ave sloed.

As a result over t"e last to decades t"e grot" o! EU aer roduction "as averaged C 28.a. "ilst consu&tion "as cli&'ed on average 'y C 25 .a. /"ilst so&e gra"ics grades int"e older 15 EU 6e&'er States are &aturing t"e eansion o! + !or 'usiness education andac0aging is leading to !aster grot" in t"e ne 6e&'er States. -ar'on aer roduction "asdeclined. +"e converting sector "as not seen &uc" overall grot" 'ut an ageing oulation&eans a long*ter& increase in "ouse"old and sanitary roducts 'ut a sloing don !or certainstationery goods. +"e sta'le 'ut ageing EU oulation o!!ers little long*ter& scoe !or grot" inoverall de&and esecially once t"e Dcatc"*uD "ase in t"e ne EU 6e&'er States "as co&e toan end. EU ul roduction "as gron &ore sloly averaging C1) .a. since 1991. +"is is&ainly due to increased use o! recycled !i're !or aer*&a0ing 'ut also 'ecause so&e old ul

&ills "ave closed t"us artially o!!setting increased outut !ro& t"e ugrades or re*'uilds o!re&aining lants. +"ere "ave 'een very !e oortunities in t"e EU !or ne ul &ills since EUco&anies !ind t"e su'*troics &ore attractive !or t"eir green*!ield invest&ents.%on*EU co&etitors do not "ave to 'ear t"e "ig" costs o! co&liance it" strict environ&entalregulation "ic" revail in t"e EU. Since &ost ul and aer grades are e!!ectivelyco&&odities rices are set 'y loest*cost roducers on t"e glo'al &ar0et. +"e continuingdevelo&ent o! electronic &edia "as &eant a reduction in certain aer*'ased rinting and



7

u'lis"ing seg&ents suc" as nesrint. $istri'ution atterns are also c"anging !or ea&les&aller local rint 'atc"es o! u'lications. +"is is artly to o!!set increasing road transortcosts. %onet"eless ot"er s&art alications !or tec"nology suc" as intelligent aer and

ac0aging are roviding ne &ar0et oortunities.

Stren,ths- sustaina'le and increased !orest resources roducing &ost o! t"e EUDs !res" ood ra

&aterial- "ig" level eertise and continuous innovation in> ra &aterials collection recovery and

use roducts roduction rocesses and distri'ution- ecellent sectoral 0noledge centres including in ,+$- roi&ity o! large so"isticated do&estic &ar0et and near'y eort &ar0ets

/ea&nesses

-non*&o'ilisation o! legally "arvesta'le 'ut uncut ood grot" !ro& EU !orests

- "ig" !ied and varia'le costs including> ood c"e&icals energy and <!or conversion=la'our

- invest&ents 'eco&ing &ore attractive in t"e su'*troical regions- oor u'lic i&age esecially a&ong young eole

Opport#nities- use o! ood !or aer roducts and renea'le energy <!or ood &anu!acturing and grid

suly=- even "ig"er level o! aer recovery re*use and recycling including energy etraction- develo&ent o! innovative and added*value roducts and syste&s including s&art

aers and ac0aging- eort &ar0ets <e.g. ndia 6ercosur %ear East= !or added*value ite&s suc" as security

and ot"er "ig"*grade gra"ic aers as ell as seciality roducts- ageing oulation it" groing need !or "ygiene roducts

Threats- increasing co&etition !or ood ra &aterials !ro& t"e renea'le energy sector- groing suly o! lo*cost and "ig"*uality i&orts o! co&&odity*grade aers

esecially !ro& -"ina- restricted suly o! i&orted ood ra &aterial !ro& ,ussia- continuing &ar0et access restrictions <e.g. ndia 6ercosur %ear East=-

"ytosanitary issues <e.g. ineood ne&atode out'rea0 ris0s reducing ra ood suly!ro& EU !orests=- i&act o! cli&ate c"ange on !orest "ealt" and roductivity- indirect i&act o! co&etition on !ertile land in ter&s o! agriculture and 'io*energy

cros

ntelligent aers otentially "ave very ide alications it" "ig" added value. ncreased



8

&anage&ent o! 'ot" ri&ary and secondary !i're sulies and t"eir e!!icient use including !orenergy it"in t"e ul aer and converting industries and else"ere o!!er t"e rosect o!diversi!ication.

+"e ul &anu!acturing industry consists !or t"e &ost art o! large and very large !ir&s o!ten&ulti*nationals "ic" are !reuently involved it" aer oerations. +"ey are very caital*intensive industries as a ne state*o!*t"e*art ul &ill costs around :1 'illion or even &ore i! itis art o! a aer &ill. Paer &ills !or co&&odity grades o! aer i.e. t"ose intended !or!urt"er cutting into s"eets or rolls or su'seuent conversion into roducts are &ost o!ten alsolarge or very large and also uite caital*intensive esecially i! t"ere are several aer&ac"ines on one site. Plants roducing seciality grades &ay 'e s&aller. -onversely &ostconverting &ills i.e. t"ose roducing usa'le aer roducts are S6Es. ,an0ed 'y t"e -,1inde !or concentration <i.e. &ar0et s"are o! t"e ten 'iggest suliers= concentration in t"e

aer*&a0ing su'sector is as !ollos> "ig" < 85= !or coated &ec"anical aer uncoated&ec"anical aer nesrint and coated ood !ree aer &ediu& <)5 to 85= !or card'oard&ar0et ul and tissue aer lo <G )5= !or uncoated ood !ree container 'oard andraing aers.

6ac"ine design develo&ent and &anu!acture toget"er it" c"e&icals !or uling sur!acingand rinting as ell as !i're develo&ent <including genetic or0= are t"e &ain relatedsectors. Finance and consultancy also lay i&ortant roles.1

1.1 EU !e,is!ation

+"ere is a lenty o! regulations concerning aer industry. 6any o! legal docu&ents are t"ei&le&enting acts o! Euroean directives.So&e regulations concerning aer industry>

- +"e Act o! 3 Bcto'er 28 on t"e rovision o! in!or&ation on t"e environ&ent and itsrotection u'lic articiation in environ&ental rotection and environ&ental i&actassess&ent <B!!icial Hournal %o. 199 ite&. 1227 as a&ended.=

- Act o! 27 Aril 21 Environ&ental Protection Ia <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o. )2 os.)27=

- Act o! 13 Aril 27 on t"e revention o! environ&ental da&age and its reair <Hournalo! Ias o! 27 %o. 75 ite&. 493=

-Act o! 21 6ay 21 a&ending t"e Ia on Provision o! n!or&ation on t"e environ&entand its rotection u'lic articiation in environ&ental rotection and environ&entali&act assess&ents and certain ot"er acts <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o 119 os. 84 =

- -ouncil o! 6inisters o! 9 %ove&'er 21 on ro;ects li0ely to signi!icantly a!!ect t"eenviron&ent <Hournal o! Ias %o. 213 os. 1397=

1 "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?sectors?ood*aer*rinting?aer?co&etitiveness?inde@en."t&



9

- $irective 85?337?EE-- Act o! 27 Aril 21 on aste <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o 185 os. n 1243 as

a&ended.=

- Ia no. 3)?23 on dangerous c"e&ical su'stances regi&e- Ia no. 2)3?25 a&ending and sule&enting Ia no. 3)?23 on dangerous

c"e&ical su'stances regi&e- #$ 148?28 on classi!ication ac0aging and la'eling o! dangerous su'stances- Ia no. 349?27 on reorganiJation o! t"e institutional !ra&eor0 in c"e&icals

&anage&ent

- ,egulation <E-= no. 1272?28 o! t"e Euroean Parlia&ent and o! t"e -ouncil !ro&1) $ece&'er 28 on classi!ication la'eling and ac0aging o! su'stances and&itures a&ending and reealing $irectives )7?548?EE- and 1999?45?E- and

a&ending ,egulation <E-= no. 197?2)

- Brder no. 1238?14)1?718?27 a&ending and sule&enting Anne no.1 o!govern&ent $ecision no. 347?23 on restrictions on t"e &ar0eting and use o!certain dangerous su'stances and rearations

- 6B. 37?23 <BH no. 247?1.4.23= aroving t"e ,e!erence $ocu&ent on estAvaila'le +ec"niues <A+= !or ul and aer industry

- #EB. 152?25 <BH no. 178?3.11.25= on integrated ollution revention andcontrol as a&ended 'y Ia no. 84?2) <BH no. 327?11.4.2)= as a&ended 'y

Brdinance %o. 4?21 <BH no. 283?3.4.21= aroved 'y Ia no. 25?21 <BHno. 7)5?1).11.21=

- 6B. 818?23 <BH no. 8?13.11.23= Procedure !or issuance o! integratedenviron&ental aut"oriJation as a&ended 'y 6B. 1158?25 <BH no.191?5.12.25=

1.2 0#n"s

0#n"in, avai!a(!e 'ro) the Directorate enera! 'or the Environ)ent

+"e -o&&ission rovides !unding to ro;ects and initiatives t"at ro&ote its olicy rioritiest"roug"out t"e Euroean Union and !urt"er a!ield. +"e $irectorate #eneral !or t"e Environ&ent&a0es !unding availa'le t"roug" to di!!erent rogra&s t"e L0E '#n" and t"e Econnovationan" Co)petitiveness an" nnovation 0ra)ewor& Pro,ra) and oerating grants toenviron&ental non*govern&ental organiJations <%#Bs=.

L0E is t"e Euroean Union(s !inancial instru&ent suorting environ&ental and nature



1

conservation ro;ects t"roug"out t"e Union and in so&e candidate and neig"'oring countries.Since 1992 IFE "as co*!inanced so&e 275 ro;ects !or a total o! :1.35 'illion.

The Co)petitiveness an" nnovation 0ra)ewor& Pro,ra) 3 Entreprene#rship an" nnovationPro,ra) <-P*EP= suorts ro;ects in eco*innovation t"roug" t"ree initiatives> !inancialinstru&ents netor0 o! actors and ilot and &ar0et relication ro;ects.Euroean non*govern&ental organiJations active in t"e !ield o! t"e environ&ent are i&ortantlayers in t"e develo&ent and t"e i&le&entation o! environ&ental olicy. +"ey arei&ortant c"annels o! in!or&ation on t"e concerns citiJens "ave on t"e environ&ent and layan i&ortant role in raising citiJensD aareness on seci!ic environ&ental issues and olicies.Environ&ental %#Bs are also valua'le inter&ediaries in t"e -o&&issionDs or0. A nu&'er o!grants are aarded eac" year to various %#Bs to !acilitate t"eir or0.All rogra&s o!!er !unding oortunities t"roug" grants <see t"e grants age in t"is section=.

+"e -o&&ission also organiJes rocure&ent tenders <see t"e calls !or tender age in t"issection=./e' lin0> "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?environ&ent?eco*innovation?inde@en."t&

EP Entreprene#r an" nnovation Pro,ra))ePeriod> 27*213udget> EU, 2 172.78 &illionIin0> "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?olicies?s&e?inde@en."t&+"e &ain ai& o! t"is seci!ic rogra&&e is to suort innovation and s&all and &ediu&enterrises <S6Es= in t"e EU.

B';ectives+"e seci!ic o';ectives o! EP are to>

- !acilitate access to !inance !or S6Es t"roug" -P !inancial instru&ents "ic" targetS6Es in di!!erent "ases o! t"eir li!ecycle and suort invest&ents in tec"nologicaldevelo&ent innovation and eco*innovation tec"nology trans!er and t"e cross 'ordereansion o! 'usiness activities

- suort creation o! !avoura'le environ&ent !or S6E cooeration K Enterrise Euroe%etor0

- suort ilot and &ar0et relication ro;ects !or t"e testing in real conditions o!innovative roducts rocesses and services

-

suort !or innovation and S6E olicy*&a0ing t"roug" contracts and grants- Suorted activities * EP suorts activities in t"e !olloing &ain areas>- Access to !inance !or S6Es t"roug" !inancial instru&ents- LEnterrise Euroe %etor0M> regional services roviding integrated assistance to &a0e

'usinesses- Suort !or i&roving innovation olicy <e.g. 'enc"&ar0ing initiatives and t"e ec"ange

o! 'est ractice=



11

- Eco*innovation * "as a searate 'udget o! 43 &illion euro seci!ically to suortroducts rocesses and services t"at ill reduce environ&ental i&acts suc" asollution and 'etter use o! natural resources

-Suort !or Policy&a0ing K aareness raising activities suc" as con!erence organisationon certain industrial sectors S6Es or innovation olicy can receive !unding

Furt"er use!ul in!or&ation can 'e !ound at>"tt>??.enterrise*euroe*netor0.ec.euroa.eu?in!o?netor0@en."t& "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?s&all*'usiness?inde@en."t& "tt>??.access2!inance.eu?

TE SE5ENT 0RA6E/OR7 PRORA66E 82-21%9TE6E +: EN5RON6ENT 8inc!#"in, c!i)ate chan,e9

O(;ectives+o ro&ote sustaina'le &anage&ent o! t"e natural and "u&an environ&ent and its resources'y advancing our 0noledge on t"e interactions 'eteen t"e 'ios"ere ecosyste&s and"u&an activities and develoing ne tec"nologies tools and services in order to address in anintegrated ay glo'al environ&ental issues.E&"asis is ut on rediction o! cli&ate ecological eart" and ocean syste&s c"anges on toolsand on tec"nologies !or &onitoring revention and &itigation o! environ&ental ressures andris0s including on "ealt" and !or t"e sustaina'ility o! t"e natural and &an*&ade environ&ent.

Particular E&"asis is given to t"e !olloing activities>

--li&ate c"ange ollution and ris0s

- Sustaina'le 6anage&ent o! ,esources- Environ&ental +ec"nologies- Eart" o'servation and assess&ent tools

n &ost cases EU researc" !unding t"roug" FP7 is to 'e soug"t 'y 'uilding a consortiu& in orderto su'&it a ro;ect roosal in resonse to a call. +"e eligi'ility o! t"ese consortia also variesaccording to di!!erent conditions related to t"e tye o! action o! instru&ent.

/e'lin0> "tt>??cordis.euroa.eu?!7?environ&ent?"o&e@en."t&l

EUROSTARS+"e Eurostars Progra&&e is a Euroean innovation rogra&&e &anaged 'y EU,ENA. tsurose is to rovide !unding !or &ar0et*oriented researc" and develo&ent it" t"e activearticiation o! seci!ically researc" and develo&ent er!or&ing s&all and &ediu&*siJedenterrises <,O$*er!or&ing S6Es=.

+"e Eurostars Progra&&e ill i&rove availa'ility o! ;oint national and E- !unding !or Eurostars*



12

aroved international researc" ro;ects led 'y ,O$*er!or&ing S6Es in any area o!tec"nology.Eurostars is a ;oint initiative 'eteen EU,ENA and t"e EU Sevent" Fra&eor0 Progra&&e !or

,esearc" and +ec"nological $evelo&ent <FP7=.+"e Eurostars Progra&&e addresses a nic"e &ar0et o! researc" and innovation*er!or&ing'usinesses t"at !ul!ill t"e EU*adoted de!inition o! an S6E are 'ased in a Eurostarsarticiating country and t"at in addition invest 1 or &ore o! !ull*ti&e euivalent or annualturnover in researc" activities. Euroean S6Es act as a source o! reneal and a driving !orce !ort"e develo&ent o! ne 'usiness areas. +"e Eurostars Progra&&e is ai&ed at sti&ulating t"eseS6Es to lead international colla'orative researc" and innovation ro;ects 'y easing access tosuort and !unding./e' lin0> "tt>??.eurostars*eure0a.eu

L0E< 82- 3 21%9

IFE C "as t"ree co&onents>- IFEC %ature O iodiversity

+"e %ature O iodiversity co&onent continues and etends t"e !or&er IFE %aturerogra&&e. t ill co*!inance 'est ractice or de&onstration ro;ects t"at contri'ute to t"ei&le&entation o! t"e irds and a'itats $irectives and t"e %atura 2 netor0. n additionit ill co*!inance innovative or de&onstration ro;ects t"at contri'ute to t"e i&le&entation o!t"e o';ectives o! -o&&ission -o&&unication <-B6 <2)= 21) !inal= on alting t"e loss o!'iodiversity 'y 21 K and 'eyond. At least 5ercent o! t"e IFEC 'udget !or ro;ect co*

!inancing &ust 'e dedicated to IFEC %ature and iodiversity ro;ects.

- IFEC Environ&ent Policy O #overnance+"e Environ&ent Policy O #overnance co&onent continues and etends t"e !or&er IFEEnviron&ent rogra&&e. t ill co*!inance innovative or ilot ro;ects t"at contri'ute to t"ei&le&entation o! Euroean environ&ental olicy and t"e develo&ent o! innovative olicyideas tec"nologies &et"ods and instru&ents. t ill also "el &onitor ressures <including t"elong*ter& &onitoring o! !orests and environ&ental interactions= on our environ&ent.

- IFEC n!or&ation O -o&&unication

+"is ne co&onent ill co*!inance ro;ects relating to co&&unication and aareness raisingca&aigns on environ&ental nature rotection or 'iodiversity conservation issues as ell asro;ects related to !orest !ire revention <aareness raising secial training=.

IFEC is oen to u'lic or rivate 'odies actors or institutions registered in t"e Euroean Union.Pro;ect roosals can eit"er 'e su'&itted 'y a single 'ene!iciary or 'y a artners"i "ic"includes a coordinating 'ene!iciary and one or several associated 'ene!iciaries. +"ey can 'e



13

eit"er national or transnational 'ut t"e actions &ust eclusively ta0e lace it"in t"e territoryo! t"e 27 6e&'er States o! t"e Euroean Union./e'lin0> "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?environ&ent?li!e?!unding?li!elus."t&

E#ropean Loca! Ener,= Assistance 8E#ropean nvest)ent >an&9

+o !acilitate t"e &o'ilisation o! !unds !or invest&ents in sustaina'le energy at local level t"eEuroean -o&&ission and t"e Euroean nvest&ent an0 "ave esta'lis"ed t"e ELENAtechnica! assistance 'aci!it= <Euroean Local ENergy Assistance= !inanced t"roug" t"entelligent Energy*Euroe rogra&&e. EIE%A suort covers a s"are o! t"e cost !or tec"nicalsuort t"at is necessary to reare i&le&ent and !inance t"e invest&ent rogra&&e suc"as !easi'ility and &ar0et studies structuring o! rogra&&es 'usiness lans energy auditsrearation !or tendering rocedures * in s"ort everyt"ing necessary to &a0e citiesD andregionsD sustaina'le energy ro;ects ready !or E !unding.

/e'lin0> "tt>??.ei'.org?roducts?tec"nical@assistance?elena?inde."t&

Enterprise an" n"#str=#rants are direct !inancial contri'utions !ro& t"e Euroean -o&&ission to !inance>

- eit"er an action intended to "el ac"ieve an o';ective !or&ing art o! a Euroean Unionolicy

- or t"e !unctioning o! a 'ody "ic" ursues an ai& o! general Euroean interest or "asan o';ective !or&ing art o! a Euroean Union olicy.

Eac" year $# Enterrise and ndustry u'lis"es a notice resenting t"e o';ectives o! its annualor0 rogra& and t"e grant rogra& lin0ed to it. t includes a list o! lanned actions and a list o!ad*"oc grants <!or actions t"at can only 'e carried out 'y seci!ic 'ene!iciaries=.n a second ste t"e lanned actions are t"e su';ect o! seci!ic calls !or roosals. +"esu'&ission o! roosals is only ossi'le uon t"eir u'lication. All t"e necessary in!or&ation tointroduce an alication is rovided in t"e seci!ic calls !or roosals.

/e'lin0> "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?contracts*grants?calls*!or*roosals?a'out*our*grants?inde@en."t&

Eras)#s 'or Yo#n, Entreprene#rs+"e Euroean ec"ange rogra&&e !or entrereneurs Eras&us !or oung Entrereneurs is across*'order ec"ange rogra&&e "ic" gives ne or asiring entrereneurs t"e c"ance tolearn !ro& eerienced entrereneurs running s&all 'usinesses in ot"er Euroean Unioncountries.+"e ec"ange o! eerience ta0es lace during a stay it" t"e eerienced entrereneur "ic"



14

"els t"e ne entrereneur acuire t"e s0ills needed to run a s&all !ir&.+"e "ost 'ene!its !ro& !res" ersectives on "is?"er 'usiness and gets t"e oortunities tocooerate it" !oreign artners or learn a'out ne &ar0ets.

+"e stay is artially !unded 'y t"e Euroean Union./"et"er you are a ne or "ig"ly eerienced entrereneur t"e rogra&&e can o!!er strongadded value to your 'usiness> ossi'le 'ene!its include ec"ange o! 0noledge and eeriencenetor0ing oortunities across Euroe ne co&&ercial relations or &ar0ets a'road.

1.% Po!ic= iss#es

n t"e -o&&unication on nnovative and Sustaina'le Forest*'ased ndustries in t"e EU t"e-o&&ission rooses &a;or olicy guidelines "ic" ensure a co"erent aroac" toardsstrengt"ening t"e co&etitive osition o! EU !orest*'ased industries "ile integrating cli&atec"ange o';ectives into t"e industrial strategy.

+"e -o&&ission "as set u a -o&&ittee on -o&&unity Policy regarding Forestry and Forestry*'ased ndustries "ic" assists t"e -o&&ission in connection it" all &atters concerning-o&&unity olicy relating to !orestry and t"e !orest*'ased industries.1

1.4 Associations

The Con'e"eration o' E#ropean Paper n"#stries <-EP= is a russels*'ased non*ro!it &a0ingorganisation "ic" reresents t"e Euroean ul and aer industry toards t"e Euroeannstitutions. -EP as !ounded in 1992 and annual statistics cover t"e eriod 1991K211 -EPreresents 95 o! t"e Euroean ul and aer industry in ter&s o! roduction.

+"roug" its &e&'er associations -EP also reresents so&e 52 ul aer and 'oardroducing co&anies across Euroe ranging !ro& s&all and &ediu&*siJed enterrises to&ultinationals <counting co&anies it" a resence in &ore t"an one -EP country only once=.6e&'ers o! -EP in 211 Austria elgiu& -Jec" ,eu'lic Finland France #er&any ungarytaly %oray Poland Portugal ,o&ania Slova0 ,eu'lic Slovenia Sain Seden SitJerland+"e %et"erlands United Ningdo&.

EURORAP is t"e Euroean Association o! #ra"ic Paer Producers "ic" reresents t"eindustry sectors o! EuroeDs nesrint &agaJine and !ine aer grades. EU,B*#,AP "els its

&e&'ers to conduct and i&rove t"eir 'usiness acting in co&liance it" national andinternational co&etition legislation 'y>

- Providing "ig" uality statistical analysis.- #iving advice on relevant industry*related environ&ental issues.- Pro&oting t"e i&age o! our roducts and our industry.

1 "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?sectors?ood*aer*rinting?inde@en."t&



15

- -oordinating its activities it" ot"er international organisations it"in t"e aerindustry.

ERPA is t"e Euroean ,ecovered Paer Association and a daug"ter !ederation o! ,.-reated in t"e early nineties under t"e na&e o! /APA- E,PA ai&s at ro&oting t"e use andinternational trade o! recovered aer !or !urt"er roduction o! recycled aer and card'oard.E,PA &e&'ers are t"e national recovered aer !ederations o! t"e di!!erent Euroean Unioncountries.

Alt"oug" t"e international !ederation , <and in t"is articular case t"e , aer division=ri&arily deals it" all &atters relating to &aterials recovery and recycling at a orld levelE,PA strictly !ocuses on Euroean Union toics.

E,PADs &ain o';ectives are to study and ea&ine all t"e co&&ercial legal environ&ental andtec"nical issues relating to t"e trade recovery rocess recycling and transortation o! usedaer. n close cooeration it" its Euroean Union counterart -EP E,PA "as articiated int"e develo&ent o! t"e Euroean Union ,ecovered aer standard seci!ications and o! t"e&ost recent Euroean declaration on aer recovery.

+"e &a;or concern o! E,PA &e&'ers is t"e current lac0 o! clear legal distinction 'eteencollected unrocessed aer "ic" is not suita'le !or i&&ediate use and consu&tion 'y t"eaer and 'oard roducers and t"e aer "ic" "as 'een rocessed and recovered accordingto strict tec"nical and environ&ental seci!ications. n E,PADs vie recovered aer s"ould not

'e su'&itted to t"e Euroean Union aste legislation and s"ould 'e !reely traded in order tosuly t"e roducers o! ne and recycled aer in t"e Euroean Union and else"ere in t"eorld.

Paper associations in E#rope:- Alliance !or everage -artons and t"e Environ&ent <A-E= elgiu&- Assocarta taly- Association Iouis*%icolas ,o'ert * Association o! -EBs o! t"e Paer Sector France- Association o! -"e&ists and Engineers o! t"e Pul and Paer ndustry <QEII-E6%#=

#er&any-

Association o! Euroean Pu'lication Paer Producers <-EPP,%+= elgiu&- Association o! 6anu!acturers o! Pac0ages and /aved -ard'oard Pac0ing <AF-B= Sain- Association o! Polis" Paer&a0ers <SPP= Poland- Association o! Sanis" Pul Paer and oard 6a0ers <ASPAPEI= Sain- Association o! t"e elgian Pul Paer and oard Producers <-BEIPA= elgiu&- Association o! t"e Pul and Paer ndustry <SPP-= -Jec" ,'- Austrian Association o! Pul and Paer -"e&ists and +ec"nicians <RQEPA= Austria



1)

- AUS+,BPAPE, * Austrian Paer ndustry Association Austria- ritis" Association o! Paer istorians UN- ritis" /ood Pul Association </PA= UN

--on!ederation o! Euroean Paer ndustries <-EP= elgiu&

- -on!ederation o! Paer ndustries <-P= UN- -BPA-EI France- -Jec" Association o! Pul and Paer ndustry <SPP-= -Jec" ,'- $anis" Paer oard and Pul 6a0ers Association $en&ar0- Euroean Association o! -arton'oard 6anu!acturers <-EP =-arton'oard elgiu&- Euroean Association o! $irectory Pu'lis"ers <EA$P= elgiu&- Euroean Association o! 6a0ers o! -orrugated ase Paers <#roue&ent Bndul=

France- Euroean Association o! 6a0ers o! Pac0aging Paers <E&'alac0= #er&any

-Euroean -arton 6a0ers Association <E-6A= %et"erlands

- Euroean -ontainer'oard BrganiJation <E-B= elgiu&- Euroean Federation o! -orrugated oard 6anu!acturers <FEF-B= elgiu&- Euroean Federation o! 6agaJine Pu'lis"ers <FAEP= elgiu&- Euroean Federation o! 6ultiall Paer Sac0 6anu!acturers France- Euroean Nra!t Paer Producers !or t"e Flei'le Pac0aging ndustry Seden- Euroean Iiaison -o&&ittee !or Pul and Paer <EU-EPA= France- Euroean %esaer Pu'lis"ers( Association <E%PA= elgiu&- Euroean Paer 6erc"ant -on!ederation <EU#,BPA= %et"erlands- Euroean Pu'lis"ers -ouncil <EP-= Portugal

-Euroean Pul ndustry Sector <EPS= Seden

- Euroean ,otogravure Association <E,A= #er&any- Euroean +issue Sy&osiu& <E+S= elgiu&- FE$E,A+B% F,A%-ASE $U -A,+B%%A#E France- Federation o! %oregian Process ndustries <PI= %oray- Federation o! t"e ungarian Printers ungary- Finnis" Forest ndustries Federation Finland- Finnis" Paer EngineersD Association Finland- Frenc" Paer 6erc"ant Association <AF$P= France- #er&an Pul and Paer Association #er&any-

#rou o! Euroean 6ar0et /ood Pul Users <U+PUIP= elgiu&- #,BUPD#E%E France- ndeendent /aste Paer Processors Association </PPA= UN- nternational Association o! and Paer&a0ers and Paer Artists <AP6A= #er&any- nternational Association o! Paer istorians elgiu&- nternational -on!ederation o! Paer and oard -onverters in Euroe <-+PA= elgiu&- nternational -on!ederation o! t"e Printing and Allied ndustries <%+E,#,AF= elgiu&



17

- talian Association o! Auto&atic Pac0ing and Pac0aging 6ac"inery 6anu!acturers taly- talian #rou o! -orrugated oard 6anu!acturers <#F-B= taly- talian 6anu!acturers Association o! 6ac"inery !or t"e #ra"ic -onverting and Paer

ndustry taly- talian Printing and Paer -onverting ndustries Association <ASSB#,AF-= taly- talian +ec"nical Association !or -ellulose and Paer <Aticelca= taly- Iatvian Paer Producers Association <IP,A= Iatvia- IDE&'allage Bndul de France <lDB%$EF= France- %ational Association o! Paer 6erc"ants <%AP6= UN- %ational -onsortiu& !or t"e ,ecovery and ,ecycling o! -ellulose*'ased Pac0aging

<-o&ieco= taly- Paer O ,elated ndustries 6ar0eting Association <P,6A= Austria- Paer Agents Association UN

-Paer ndustry +ec"nical Association <P+A= UN

- Paer/eig"t UN- Periodical Pu'lis"ers Association <PPA= UN- Portuguese Association o! t"e Pul and Paer +ec"nicians Portugal- Portuguese Paer ndustry Association <-EIPA= Portugal- P,B -A,+B% elgiu&- Processing O Pac0aging 6ac"inery Association UN- Pul and Paer Funda&ental ,esearc" Society UN- Pul and Paer ndustry Federation o! Slova0 ,eu'lic <Q-PP= Slova0ia- Society o! Engineers and +ec"nicians o! t"e Paer ndustry <$+P= Slovenia

-Seciality Paer 6anu!acturers Association <PaerPlus= elgiu&

- Sedis" Association o! Pul and Paer Engineers <SP-= Seden- +ec"nical Association o! t"e Frenc" Paer ndustry <A+P= France- +ec"nical Association o! t"e %oregian Pul and Paer ndustry <P+F= %oray- +ec"nical Association o! t"e Paer and Printing ndustry <P%6E= ungary- +ec"nical Association o! t"e Sanis" Paer ndustry <PE= Sain- +"e %esaer Society UN- UN S"eet Plant Association UN- Ter'and der Sc"eiJerisc"en Qellsto!! Paier und Nartonindustrie <QPN= SitJerland

1.* S#rve=s a!rea"= con"#cte" - Euroean Pul and Paer ndustry K Ney statistics 2)*211 rovided 'y -EP- #lo'al Annual Forest Paer O Pac0aging ndustry survey 211 ediVon rovided 'y

P/-



18

2. enera! intro"#ction to the paper sector in invo!ve" co#ntriesREECEPaer roduction is an i&ortant sector in #ree0 industry. t rovides !or t"e aer andac0aging needs o! various eort*oriented sectors suc" as agriculture !ood and 'everages asell as t"e tetile industry. Additionally it &a0es use o! recycled aer "ic" "as 'een collectedat &unicial level "ere suc" initiatives are in lace.

UNARY+"e ac0aging industry is one o! t"e engines o! grot" o! lig"t industry in ungary. t is o! greatsigni!icance 'ecause &anu!actured roducts cannot 'e delivered to consu&ers it"outac0aging.+"e ay in "ic" goods are ac0aged "as a large art to lay in in!luencing t"e end consu&er

"ere it is enoug" to consider t"e !ood industry.According to a rognosis !ro& ,euters glo'al de&and !or ac0aging &aterials ill increase5.2 'y 212 &ainly as a result o! groing de&and in t"e develoing countries.+raditionally ac0aging &aterials can 'e slit into to &ain grous> !lei'le and rigid allac0aging &aterials.Flei'le ac0aging "as gron etre&ely dyna&ically over t"e ast 1 years. $evelo&ents areai&ed at reducing t"e use o! ra &aterials lig"tening ac0aging eig"t and cutting 'ac0 oncosts. +"e advantage o! !lei'le ac0aging &aterials is t"at t"ey can 'e adated to t"eac0aging reuire&ents o! individual roduct grous etre&ely e!!ectively. Suc" ac0aging isaer*'ased ac0aging &aterial.

Plastic &etal glass and ood ran0 as rigid all ac0aging &aterials. +"ere!ore t"e !ive &osti&ortant ac0aging &aterials are aer lastic &etal glass and ood.+"e co&'ined use o! t"ese !ive &aterials in 21 increased 'y 1)7 over t"e sa&e eriod o!t"e revious year. +"e greatest increase 357 in t"e do&estic use o! t"ese !ive &aterials asregistered 'y lastics. oever glass ac0aging declined 'y 1).+"e er caita ac0aging &aterials use in ungary is 85 0g?erson co&ared it" 1350g?erson in Austria and t"e average 1)7 0g?erson in t"e &e&'er states o! t"e EuroeanUnion "ile +ur0ey "ic" s"os one o! t"e &ost dyna&ic grot" rates in t"e ac0agingindustry registered 7) 0g?erson.1

TALYn 211 t"e active enterrises in taly are 4 )91. n t"e 7 -onsortiu& regions t"e activeenterrises are 1.52 eual to t"e 2243 o! t"e national total (source: Movimprese).

1 Source> ungarian nvest&ent and +rade Agency "tt>??"ita."u?en?-ontent.asW

-ontent$Xe'5)5ec*44)9*43'*'1'*d2a4)291c!43



19

+"e last availa'le statistics on t"e co&anies( structure in taly <28= 'ased on t"e sectioninger E&loyees rac0et states t"at 6icro enterrises <*9 e&loyee= are t"e &a;ority in ter&so! unit <)2)4 o! t"e national total= alt"oug" at t"is data do not corresond t"e &a;or level o!

e&loyees and turnover.

POLANDFor &any years t"e aer sector in Poland "as de&onstrated t"e "ig" grot" o! roduction&ostly in central and estern rovinces. According to SergiusJ Sac"no <.lasy.gov.l= t"eaverage Pole consu&es one and a "al! ti&es less aer <1 0g= t"an t"e in"a'itants o! /esternEuroe <1) 0g= and to and a "al! ti&es less t"an A&erican <23 0g= so !uture !or aerindustry in Poland is 'rig"t. n order to &eet various de&ands o! t"e &ar0et t"e aerindustry(s co&anies regularly increase t"e rate o! invest&ent in innovative activities. +"isattitude is recognised a&ong di!!erent co&anies across t"e country also in Nuyavian *

Po&eranian Province. +"e aer industry rovides t"e 'asic inut !or &ost service sectors suc"as education rint &edia and ac0aging "ere t"e rinting sector lays a 0ey role. +"eNuyavian * Po&eranian region aer industry &ay 'e recogniJed in connection it" t"e rintingindustry.+orun ,egional $evelo&ent Agency carried out t"e ro;ect entitled ndustry -lusters in t"eNuyavian * Po&eranian rovince K conducting researc" on electronic and rinting industry on'e"al! o! Nuyavian * Po&eranian rovince it" t"e &ain o';ective to assess otential to !or& acluster in t"e region in electronic and rinting industry. Butco&es o! t"e ro;ect oint out t"att"e aer industry reuires strong suort to 'oost u t"eir co&etitiveness on t"e nationallevel. -ertainly t"is s"ould 'e ac"ieved t"roug" roviding environ&ental services to t"e sector.

According to t"e neest data <31st

6arc" 212= t"ere are 374 co&anies reresenting t"eaer industry in Nuyavian K Po&eranian region it" t"e total nu&'er o! t"e national econo&yo! 184 4. oerating in t"e rovince. n 21 nu&'er o! e&loyees in t"e sector in Nuyavian *Po&eranian rovince as 7915. Fro& Hanuary to $ece&'er 211 t"e nu&'er o! eolee&loyed as c"anging alt"oug" t"ere ere no signi!icant deviations in t"e e&loy&entsituation in t"e revious year. n $ece&'er 211 t"e nu&'er o! e&loyees as 7 87. Averagee&loy&ent in t"e sector in t"e years 29 * 211 as groing gradually i.e. in 29 as 7)91 in 21 K 7 773 and 211 K 7 829 eole. Fro& Hanuary to $ece&'er 21 t"e value o!roduction sold in t"e c"e&ical industry a&ounted to 5 573 6illion PI%. +"e year 211'roug"t a "ig"er value o! roduction sold K 5 9757 6illion PI% "ic" as 15.3 <revious year

X 1=

1

.

1 Bn calculations 'ased on #US <-entral Statistical B!!ice in Poland=



2

Sold roduction o! aer industry in t"e Nuyavian K Po&eranian region

Perio" So!" pro"#ction in 6i!!ion PLN

Hanuary 211 4925Fe'ruary211 45)6arc" 211 5134

Aril 211 4)75

6ay 211 4)88

Hune 211 4884Huly 211 487)

August 211 4838

Sete&'er 211 52)8Bcto'er 211 5243

%ove&'er 211 54$ece&'er 211 444

A 993 A – Corresponding period of previous year = 100

According to t"e a'ove data t"e roduction sold in t"e aer industry is slig"tly !luctuating.According to t"e current trend t"e de&and !or aer and aer roducts is reduced and t"eco&anies &ust 'e reared to co&ete. $eclines in aer rices and t"e corresondingincrease in !ees due to t"e urc"ase o! eensive ra &aterials a!!ect t"e need to reduce costs.Anot"er !actor is t"e i&act o! &acroecono&ics1.

Bver t"e ast !ive years consu&tion o! aer in Poland "as increased 'y al&ost 18 0g ercaita to a'out 23 &illion tons er year. al! o! do&estic aer industry is t"e raing aero! all 0inds. Production o! aer in Poland does not &eet t"e needs o! t"e do&estic aerindustry. ts de!iciency is sule&ented 'y i&ort.

/"ile it is di!!icult to eect t"e sectacular grot" o! /estern &ar0ets t"e Polis" aer&ar0et is still ro&ising. Paer consu&tion er caita didn(t eceed )5 0g ten years ago. y215 according to !orecasts 'y t"e Association o! Polis" Paer&a0ers it s"ould a&ount 115 0ger caita. L+"e largest grot" ill occur in t"e raing ac0aging seg&ent and t"e loest int"e gra"ic aer seg&entM * elains Q'ignie Fornals0i -EB o! APP2. +"e aer used !orroduction o! corrugated aer'oard is t"e &ost i&ortant seg&ent o! t"e industry. $ue to itsc"aracteristics corrugated aer'oard is t"e &ost co&&on construction &aterial * is used !orroducing over 85 o! aer ac0aging. Poland is one o! t"e largest &ar0et in ter&s o!corrugated aer'oard roduction volu&e <). osition in Euroe= "ere glo'al co&anies runt"eir 'usiness.

1 .e0ono&ia24.l

2 .lasy .gov.l



21

$esite t"e industry crisis in Euroe !igures o! 27*29 s"oed an increase in aerroduction "ic" as a con!ir&ation o! t"e t"esis o! t"e sta'ility o! our &ar0et. -onsu&tiono! aer er erson a!!ects t"e siJe o! t"e otential o! t"e Polis" &ar0et desite t"e dyna&ic

develo&ent o! t"e industry1.

RO6ANAFro& an industrial oint o! vie t"e estern region is structured as it !ollos> &ining anduarrying steel &etallurgy and &ac"ine 'uilding &ainly in counties -aras*Severin unedoaraand %adrag ton !ro& +i&is county and &anu!acturing industry &ainly in counties +i&is andArad.+"e &ining and steel industry !ro& -aras Severin and unedoara counties as 'adly a!!ecteda!ter 1989 'y sector restructuring acco&anied 'y &assive ersonnel layo!!s. +"e econo&icdecline o! t"ese to counties "as 'een &itigated in recent years 'y t"e develo&ent o!

rocessing industry &ainly in loan syste& as ell as construction and transort sector. +i&isand Arad counties industry is c"aracteriJed 'y a greater diversi!ication o! industries esecially&anu!acturing. A!ter 1989 t"e decline too0 lace in t"e !ood industry c"e&ical industry and"eavy industry. n t"e recent years it can 'e o'served a reinvigoration o! &anu!acturingindustry driven 'y signi!icant !oreign invest&ent.ndustry is t"e &ost i&ortant econo&ic 'ranc" o! t"e /estern ,egion contri'uting over 29to t"e #$P o! t"e /est ,egion. ndustrial enterrises located in t"e region rovide over a t"irdo! total turnover.-onclusions>

- 6ost co&anies oerate in t"e !ood industry

-ig"est turnover as ac"ieved in electrical and otical eui&ent industry industry o!ri&ary roducts and gar&ent industry

- ig"est nu&'er o! e&loyees is engaged in t"e gar&ent industry leat"er industry andetractive industry

- Io"n*intensive industries suc" as t"e gar&ent industry tetile leat"er lig"t artly&ec"anical engineering and eui&ent electrical and otical eui&ent includesal&ost 5 o! regional industry or0!orce.

- +"e &ost signi!icant invest&ents ere &ade in ri&ary roducts industry &iningindustry &etallurgy and electrical and otical eui&ent industry.

SLO5A7A

/ood*rocessing industry s"are o! t"e Slova0 econo&y continues to 'e considera'ly lo. Iately"oever signi!icant increase o! !oreign invest&ents as docu&ented also in t"is area. For&ergovern&ental sa&ills ere artially ta0en over 'y !oreign co&anies. +"e &ost sta'le ood*rocessing industry 'ranc" is aer industry.2

1 Bn calculations 'ased on #US <-entral Statistical B!!ice in Poland=

2 "tt>??.sario.s0?user!iles?!ile?Ensario?PQ?sectorial?oo?oodrocessing@en.d!



22

2.1 Scope o' the paper sector

Sector &anu!acturing o! aer roducts ranges t"e net codes and activities>

-17 6anu!acture o! aer and aer roducts

-17.1 6anu!acture o! ul aer and aer'oard

-17.1.1 6anu!acture o! ul

-17.1.2 6anu!acture o! aer and aer'oard

-17.2 6anu!acture o! articles o! aer and aer'oard

-17.2.1 6anu!acture o! corrugated aer and aer'oard and o! containers o! aer andaer'oard

-17.2.2 6anu!acture o! "ouse"old and sanitary goods and o! toilet reuisites

-17.2.3 6anu!acture o! aer stationery

-17.2.4 6anu!acture o! allaer

-17.2.9 6anu!acture o! ot"er articles o! aer and aer'oard

2.2 DP

Folloing data is rovided 'y t"e -on!ederation o! Euroean Paer ndustries <-EP= is arussels*'ased non*ro!it &a0ing organisation "ic" reresents t"e Euroean ul and aerindustry toards t"e Euroean nstitutions. +"roug" its &e&'er associations -EP alsoreresents so&e 52 ul aer and 'oard roducing co&anies across Euroe ranging !ro&s&all and &ediu&*siJed enterrises to &ultinationals <counting co&anies it" a resence in&ore t"an one -EP country only once=.6e&'ers o! -EP in 211 ere Austria elgiu& -Jec" ,eu'lic Finland France #er&any

ungary taly %oray Poland Portugal ,o&ania Slova0 ,eu'lic Slovenia Sain SedenSitJerland +"e %et"erlands United Ningdo&.



23

UNARY

ear 17*18. 6anu!acture o! aer and aerroducts and Printing and reroduction o!

recorded &edia<in &illion UF=

<in o! #$P=

2) 417894 1.77

27 4488) 1.79

28 434922 1.)4

29 41)539 1.)3

21 49)519 1.8)

211 518915 1.84

LTUANA+etile 0nitting leat"er and aer sectors in Iit"uania cannot 'e considered as &ain sectors.$esite o! increase o! tetile and aer sectors in Iit"uania in eriod 28 K 211 toget"er



24

t"ey created 3 o! Iit"uanian #$P <see Figure 1=.

+etile clot"ing and aer roducts sectors s"are in Iit"uaniaDs #$P

Source: Statistics epartment of !it"uania

RO6ANA/ood industry cellulose and aer roduction includes ood cellulose aer and card'oard.n 22 t"e industry realiJed turnover 47 o! regional industry it" 52 o! t"e total nu&'ero! e&loyees. nvest&ents &ade in 22 reresent )) o! total invest&ents &ade in t"eindustry.



25

2.% N#)(er o' the co)panies in the paper in"#str=



2)

REECEAs can 'e seen in diagra& 1 t"e nu&'er o! co&anies active in t"e aer sector in reece declined gradually !ro& 2 until 25 and s"oed a s&all increase in 2) and 27.

$iagra& 1> Evolution o! t"e nu&'er o! co&anies active in t"e aer sector in #reece

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

21: Pulp, paper and paper products

211:Pulp, paper and cardboard

212: Manufacture of paper and cardboard products

UNARY

6anu!acture o!aer and aer

roducts and

Printing andreroduction o!recorded &edia

+otal

28 54) 3952 4498

29 498 3739 4237

TALY

E&loyeesrac0et *9 1*19 2*49 5*249 25 and&ore +B+AI

%Y o! ndustries 2.559 794 47) 228 28 4.85

+urnover(t"ousand of

Euro)

1.228.75 1.988.159 3.574.945 ).555.893 8.183.445 21.531.147

(source: #S$A$)



27

n t"e 7 -onsortiu& ,egions t"ere is t"e !olloing situation <t"e last colu&n s"os t"eercentage co&are to t"e national total=>

on taly

%Y o! ndustries 1 35 2534

+urnover (t"ousand of

Euro)2 74) 881 127)

(source: #S$A$)

LTUANA+"ere as a decrease o! nu&'er o! enterrises in 0nitting sector <Figure 2=. +"e &ain !actor as

!inancial and econo&ic crisis and increased costs !or ersonnel as ell as energy costs. %u&'ero! co&anies in tetile sector re&ains t"e sa&e 'ecause art o! contractors !ro& /esternEuroe &oved t"eir contracts to Iit"uania !ro& -"ina. +"at as in!luenced o! decreasingde&and in t"eir do&estic &ar0ets as ell as "ig"er !lei'ility 'y Iit"uanian co&anies. +"ereas a signi!icant decrease o! leat"er roducers 'ecause o! increasing lac0 o! secialists and&ore strict ecological reuire&ents. 6ost o! leat"er roducers are !a&ily oned 'usinesseslocated in rural areas and s&all tons so art o! t"e oners sitc"ed t"eir activities toardsot"er 'usinesses. %u&'er o! aer roducers re&ained al&ost t"e sa&e.

Figure 2. %u&'er o! co&anies in tetile clot"ing and aer and its roduct sectors.




28

+raditionally 0nitting tetile and leat"er su'sectors are connected into one K tetile sector. t(soutut as 4 o! total industrial outut in year 211 <Figure 3=. Paer su'sector is art o! oodrocessing and !urniture sector. Searately aer roduction as 13 o! total industrial

roduction in Iit"uania.

Figure 3. +etile clot"ing and aer roducts sectors s"are in Iit"uanian industry.


Bne o! t"e &ain reasons o! industrial outut grot" as eort. Part o! eort increased !ro&75 <28= u to 78 <211= in tetiles !ro& 72 <28= to &ore t"an 8 <211= in 0nitting o!aarel <Figure 4=. Ieat"er and aer roduction as &ore do&estic oriented. $esite o! t"is!act t"ere as increase in t"ese sectors !ro& around 43 u to 58 and 53 in a year 211resectively. All sectors ecet 0nitting "ave overco&e outut level in ea0 year 28. Bututo! tetiles as around 32 &ill EU, aer roduction K 257 &ill. EU, leat"er roduction K 38&ill. EU, "oever 0nitting did not reac"ed level o! 28.



29

Figure 4. Production outut o! tetile clot"ing and aer roducts sectors


RO6ANA+"e econo&ic develo&ent &odel o! /estern ,egion is t"e &odel o! t"e Euroean econo&yLecono&y 'ased on co&etitiveness innovation and society 'ased on 0noledgeM. Practicallyone o! t"e &ost i&ortant roles is ta0en 'y t"e co&anies esecially S6E(s "ic" develo a

certain !lei'ility regarding t"eir activity.According to t"e Euroean -o&&ission t"e S6E(s can 'e classi!ied as it !ollos>6icro: it" less t"an 1 e&loyeesS)a!!: &ore t"an 9 'ut less t"an 49 e&loyees it" a turnover o! &ai&u& 7 &illion Euro6e"i#): &ore t"en 49 'ut less t"an 249 e&loyees it" a total turnover o! &ai&u& 4&illions EuroLar,e: &ore t"an 25 e&loyees

n 23 in t"e /estern ,egion o! ,o&ania activated over 32 833 co&anies "ic" reresenta'out 9 !ro& t"e total nu&'er o! t"e co&anies in ,o&ania. ,elated to t"e national !iguresin t"e /estern ,egion activate 9 &icro co&anies 1 s&all co&anies 11 &ediu&co&anies and 1 large co&anies.

-o&ared it" 22 t"e nu&'er o! enterrises in t"e /est ,egion as 3 3) "ic" as anincrease o! 81. +"is indicates at least in uantitative ter&s an econo&ic cli&ate encouraging'usiness.n co&arison it" ot"er regions o! ,o&ania in ter&s o! nu&'er o! enterrises /estern



3

,egion is t"e second s&allest it" a total o! 9 o! co&anies in t"e country. +"e elanation ist"at t"e /estern ,egion "as a s&aller siJe t"an t"e ot"er regionsn ter&s o! co&any distri'ution 'y siJe in t"e /estern ,egion &icroenterrises are

redo&inant <as in t"e "ole country= accounting !or a s"are o! 84 o! all enterrises in t"e/estern ,egion. S&all 'usinesses reresent 12 o! t"e total nu&'er o! enterrises in t"eregion 3 &ediu&*siJed enterrises and large enterrises reresent only 1.

/it"in t"e /estern ,egion t"ere is a strong di!!erence in ter&s o! distri'ution o! t"e co&aniesin t"e integrated counties a strong evidence o! un'alanced develo&ent in certain areas. nter&s o! concentration o! enterrises in t"e /estern ,egion counties in +i&is county can 'e!ound 4273 o! t"e& in Arad county 2273 in unedoara 23.21 t"e last 'eing in -aras*Severin it" only 11.34 o! co&anies in t"e region.

SLO5A7A%u&'er o! enterrises o! aer industry in Slova0ia

2$ 2? 21

6anu!acture o! aerand aer roducts

45 45 44

Source: Statistica% &ffice of t"e S%ova' repu%ic

"ttp:**porta%.statistics.s'*fi%es*Se'cie*se'+,00*-riemyse%*pu%i'acia*rocne*011*rocen'a+priemys%u+011.pdf

-ellulose is roduced 'y t"e largest !ir& in t"is sector in S, * 6ondi S-P a.s. ,uZo&'ero0 andu0[Ja olding a.s. encovce. +"e largest rocessors o! aste aer are 6ets\ +issue a.s.

]ilina and SP ar&anec.

6a;or co&aniesCo)pan= Co#ntr= o' ori,in A(o#t Sa!es 8EUR @9

6ondi S-P a.s. ,uZo&'ero0 #er&any +"e largest ul and aerroducer in Slova0ia.

4)8 3)

S-A ygiene ProductsSlova0ia s.r.o. #e&ers0^_r0a

Seden ncreasing roduction in order tooverco&e a dro in revenues.

1)7 43

6etsa +issue Slova0ia s.r.o.]ilina

Finland Previously +ento ]ilina t"eco&any invested large a&ounts

into &oderniJation.

1) )33

u0ocel a.s. encovce Slova0 ,eu'lic +"e only Slova0 ul &ill. 32 93)

SP Slavo`ovce a.s.Slavo`ovce

Slova0 ,eu'lic Focusing on t"e al0an and ,ussian&ar0ets.

18 877

S&ur!it Naa tbrovo a.s.tbrovo

%et"erlands S"ut don t"e &anu!acturing lantin Slova0ia in 21.

18 877

Source: SA/#& and $rend $&- 011 (ovemer 011)



31

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




2.4 N#)(er o' e)p!o=ees

Since 2 e&loy&ent in t"e ul aer and aer roducts industry "as steadily declined!alling 'y 15 'eteen 2 and 28.E&loy&ent in 28 as 2 loer t"an in 27 "ic" is in line it" t"e situation in reviousyears. 6ost o! t"ose e&loyed in t"e ul aer and aer roducts industry are &ediu&* tolo*s0illed or0ers. ig"*s0illed or0ers are esti&ated to reresent less t"an 2 o! t"ee&loyed or0!orce.#eogra"ical &ar0ets !or ul aer and converted roducts are deter&ined 'y t"eir'ul0?rice ratio. +"us even "ig"*value uls &ay 'e s"ied glo'ally in large 'atc"es. Paerreels &ay also travel internationally 'ut cut aer and converted roducts * esecially very'ul0y ac0aging and loer value "ouse"old and sanitary goods * are nor&ally roduced anddistri'uted on a regional or even local 'asis.+raditionally aer &erc"ants "ave "andled t"e &atc"ing o! roduction outut it" t"e needs

o! di!!erent custo&ers. /"ilst t"is re&ains t"e case !or &any stationery and secialist roductscut !or&s o! co&&odity aers are increasingly 'eing sold directly !ro& t"e 'igger !ir&s !or&ed'y recent &ergers.1

REECEAs can 'e seen in diagra& 2 t"e nu&'er o! e&loyees active in t"e aer sector in #reecedeclined gradually !ro& 2 until 25 and s"oed a s&all increase in 2) and 27.Si&ilarly in diagra& 3 t"e re&uneration s"oed co&ara'le trends.

$iagra& 2> Evolution o! t"e nu&'er o! e&loyees in t"e aer sector in #reece

1 "tt>??ec.euroa.eu?enterrise?sectors?ood*aer*rinting?aer?e&loy&ent?inde@en."t&



32

0

20.000.000

40.000.000

60.000.000

80.000.000

100.000.000

120.000.000

140.000.000

160.000.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




$iagra& 3> Evolution o! sta!! re&uneration e&loyed in t"e aer sector in #reece

UNARY

6anu!acture o! aer and aer roducts and Printing and reroductiono! recorded &edia

28 15 74

29 14 173

21 13 )9

211 13 5)7

TALY

E)p!o=ees>rac&et

? 11? 24? *24?2* an"

)oreTOTAL

%Y o!E&loyees

8 978 1 777 14 151 22 24? 2 )14 -+ -+?

+urnover(t"ousand of

Euro)

1 228 75 1 988 159 3 574 945 ) 555 893 $ 1$% 44* 21 *%1 14-

(source: #S$A$)



33

n t"e - Consorti#) Re,ions t"ere is t"e !olloing situation <t"e last colu&n s"os t"eercentage co&are to t"e national total=>

on ta!=

%Y o! E&loyees 1 33 1%B42

+urnover (t"ousand of

Euro)2 74) 881 12B-+

(source: #S$A$)

/it" regard to t"e ta!ian 'orei,n tra"e t"e negative trade 'alance o! 21 it(s con!ir&edalt"oug" it "as to 'e noted a considera'le decrease due to a &a;or increase o! eortsco&ared to 21.

21 211 5ar.

Eport 5.71.283.431 ).14.82.334 *B%%

)port ).572.79.457 ).)88.1)9.)34 1B-+

>a!ance *8)2.57.2) *)73.349.3 21B?%

(source: #S$A$C&E2E3)

n t"e - Consorti#) re,ions t"e negative trade 'alance o! 21 it(s con!ir&ed alt"oug" it "asto 'e noted a "uge decrease due to a &a;or increase o! eorts co&ared to 21.

21 211 5ar.

Eport 42).1)4.41 58.429.892 1?B%

)port 554.43.13) 55).932.18) B4+

>a!ance *128.238.72) *48.52.294 +2B1$

(source: #S$A$C&E2E3)

LTUANA

At t"e sa&e ti&e t"ere as 3341 erson occuied in aer industry <Figure 8= "al! o! t"e&as e&loyed in large co&anies anot"er "al! in S6Es.



35

Figure 9. +etile clot"ing and aer roducts sectors roduction inde in co&arison it"25. <X 1=


Figure 1. +etile clot"ing and aer roducts sectors roduction inde in co&arison it"

revious year.




3)

,ecently grot" "as sloed in all sectors <Figure 1= 'ecause o! continuing !inancial ro'le&sin 0ey eort &ar0ets. $esite t"e econo&ic !actors aer and value*added tetile roducts

success!ully increase t"e volu&e. -lot"ing and leat"er roduction sector develo&ent inIit"uania is unli0ely due to rising costs o! or0ers <aarel= and reuiring large invest&ents inenviron&ental standards.

RO6ANAn 22 t"e aer industry realiJed turnover 47 o! regional industry it" 52 o! t"e totalnu&'er o! e&loyees. nvest&ents &ade in 22 reresent )) o! total invest&ents &ade int"e industry.

SLO5A7AAverage nu&'er o! e&loyees in industry

a n 2 . 1 1

0 e ( 2 . 1 1

6 a r 2 . 1 1

A p r 2 . 1 1

6 a = 2 1 1

# n 2 . 1 1

# ! 2 . 1 1

A # , 2 . 1 1

S e p 2 . 1 1

O c t 2 . 1 1

N o v 2 . 1 1

D e c 2 . 1 1

a n 2 . 1 2

6anu!acture o! ood and aerroducts andrinting

4 . )

7 3

4 . 3

2 .

3 9 9

2 8

4 . .

1 9

4 . 1

3 1

3 9 8

2 1

3 9 5

3 1

3 9 5

4 5

3 8 9

) 2

4 . .

4 )

3 9 9

2 .

3 9 2

) 3

3 9 .

. )

Source: Statistica% &ffice of t"e S%ova' repu%ic

"ttp:**porta%.statistics.s'*fi%es*Se'cie*se'+,00*-riemyse%*pu%i'acia*011*e%.pu%.01+01".pdf

2.* overn)ents invo!ve)ent in the paper sector

For t"e &ost o! countries co&anies !ro& t"e &anu!acturing sector including aer sector"ave cororate eectations in t"e net !ields>

- +"e regulatory environ&ent si&li!ying- Education Syste&s adating !or de&and 'ot" vocational and "ig"er education.



37

2.+ S#(sectors

UNARY

+"e ungarian aer sector includes t"e aer industry <%A-E 17= and t"e rinting industry<%A-E 21= and it is di!!icult to distinguis" 'eteen t"e to industries in t"e o!!icial !igures.

RO6ANAn 23 in t"e /estern ,egion activated over 32833 co&anies "ic" reresent a'out 9 !ro&t"e total nu&'er o! t"e co&anies in Ro)ania. ,elated to t"e national !igures in t"e /estern,egion activate 9 &icro co&anies 1 s&all co&anies 11 &ediu& co&anies and 1large co&anies.

+ye o! S6E,egion

6icro *9 6ini 1*49 6iddle 5*

249

ig &ore

t"an 25

total

%ord east 358 4434 112 293 4855

Sout" East 3918 4159 189 2)8 44534

Sout" 3394) 394 1)7 313 3923

Sout"est 25153 2485 )18 29 284)5

/est 2772 3838 155 238 32833

%ord est 4359 5228 123 292 534

-enter 37559 491) 1275 327 4477

uc"arest )8757 851 18)9 388 79)5

+B+AI 31733 3715 9323 2328 359399Source #S Annua% Statisric00,

total

Nord east

South East

South

Southwest

West

Nord west

Center

Bucharest



38

-o&ared it" 22 t"e nu&'er o! enterrises in t"e /est ,egion as 3 3) "ic" as anincrease o! 81. +"is indicates at least in uantitative ter&s an econo&ic cli&ate encouraging'usiness.

n co&arison it" ot"er regions o! ,o&ania in ter&s o! nu&'er o! enterrises /estern,egion is t"e second s&allest it" a total o! 9 o! co&anies in t"e country. +"e elanation ist"at t"e /estern ,egion "as a s&aller siJe t"an t"e ot"er regionsn ter&s o! co&any distri'ution 'y siJe in t"e /estern ,egion &icroenterrises areredo&inant <as in t"e "ole country= accounting !or a s"are o! 84 o! all enterrises in t"e/estern ,egion. S&all 'usinesses reresent 12 o! t"e total nu&'er o! enterrises in t"eregion 3 &ediu&*siJed enterrises and large enterrises reresent only 1.

/it"in t"e /estern ,egion t"ere is a strong di!!erence in ter&s o! distri'ution o! t"e co&aniesin t"e integrated counties a strong evidence o! un'alanced develo&ent in certain areas.n ter&s o! concentration o! enterrises in t"e /estern ,egion counties in +i&is county can 'e!ound 4273 o! t"e& in Arad county 2273 in unedoara 2321 t"e last 'eing in -aras*Severin it" only 1134 o! co&anies in t"e region.

SLO5A7ASu'*sectors in Slova0ia include &anu!acturing o! aer &anu!acturing o! aer roducts andrinting.

2.- Tren"s in "eve!op)ent o' paper sector

REECEAll indicators s"oed a icture in 22 and 27 and a troug" in 25 "ic" is in consistenceit" diagra&s 1 2 and 3 s"oing t"e nu&'er o! co&anies e&loyees and salary. +"e sa&etrends aear it" all su' sectors as can 'e seen in diagra&s 4 5 and ) in #reece.



39

$iagra& 4> Evolution o! #ross roduction +otal cost o! roduction and Added Talue !orSu'sector 21

Subsector 21: Pulp, paper and paper products

0

100.000.000

200.000.000

300.000.000

400.000.000

500.000.000

600.000.000

700.000.000

800.000.000

900.000.000

1.000.000.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Gross Production Total cost of production Added Value

$iagra& 5> Evolution o! #ross roduction +otal cost o! roduction and Added Talue !orSu'sector 211

211: Pulp, paper and cardboard

0

50.000.000

100.000.000

150.000.000

200.000.000

250.000.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Gross Production Total cost of production Added Value



4

$A#,A6 )> Evolution o! #ross roduction +otal cost o! roduction and Added Talue !orSu'sector 212

Subsector 212

0

100.000.000

200.000.000

300.000.000

400.000.000

500.000.000

600.000.000

700.000.000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007




UNARYn 21 t"e roduction o! aer ac0aging in ungary increased 'y 38 "ile t"e grot" o!t"e eort and i&ort activities lead to )) grot" in consu&tion.n ter&s o! tec"nology develo&ent "as ta0en lace in t"e !olloing areas>

- roll stic0er> 'esides t"e traditional &et"od t"e digital and o!!set rinting &et"od isidesread

- roduction o! card'oard 'oes> increased rotection against counter!eiting C t"an0s tot"e co&uter aided design syste& a very ide range o! 'o s"aes can 'e roduced

- t"e ave roducts &anu!actured 'y t"e aer !actory o! $unab;v^ros since 29 areloer in eig"t and due to t"e develo&ent o! t"e rinting tec"nology t"e color!ul'oes t"e ac0ages ready to 'e ut on t"e s"elves and t"e dislays 'eca&e i&ortant

- i&rove&ent can 'e seen on t"e !ield o! aer allets &anu!acturing as ell

SLO5A7A+"e ood stoc0 in Slova0 !orests "as 'een increasing continuously and reac"ed aroi&ately

232 &3 o! ood &ass er "ectare. Forests in t"e Slova0 ,eu'lic are artially in rivateoners"i 'ut desite t"is !act t"e state &aintains a very signi!icant osition on t"e &ar0et !orindustrial suly./ood "arvesting is also groing. +"e &ai&u& annual volu&e o! ood "arvest as reac"ed in25 as t"e result o! unusually strong ind stor& in 24. +"e increase o! "arvest increases alsot"e econo&ic otential o! Slova0 !orests.+"e ood rocessing industry is a &inor industry it"in t"e Slova0 econo&y. oever recently



41

an increase o! roduction "as 'een recorded indicating rat"er in!lo and eansion o! !oreignco&anies t"at sti&ulate t"e continuous rise. For&erly state*oned sa&ills "ave 'eenartially ta0en over 'y !oreign co&anies.

/ood rocessing co&anies can 'e divided into t"ree categories> sa&ills ul and aerroducers and !urniture roducers.$o&estic sa&ills are tyically s&all and use older tec"nologies. An i&'alance can 'e o'served'eteen t"eir suly and rocessing caacities. n general t"is 'ranc" "as 'egun to gro due&ainly to t"e !oreign invest&ents.+"e 'iggest Slova0 sa&ills "ave 'een ta0en over 'y !oreign co&anies. Bn t"e ot"er "andS&refina ans0^ ystrica a rocessor o! coni!erous ood is still oned 'y Slova0 entities.+"e consu&tion o! aer in Slova0ia is very "ig" at &ore t"an 85 0g er caita er year yetdo&estic roduction is "ig"er t"an consu&tion.Furniture roducers in Slova0ia are !ocused on eorts. ,etail o! !urniture "as 'een groing

over t"e ast years 'ut t"e Slova0 &ar0et is still relatively s&all. Su!!iciency o! t"e ood &assindicates a strong otential o! t"e Slova0 ,eu'lic in t"e !urniture roduction.11

+otal earnings o! t"e aer industry in 21 decreased as a result o! ter&ination o! roductionin se&i*c"e&ical !luting S&ur!it Naa tbrovo. Eort revenues decreased also in ot"erco&anies oerating in t"e Union o! ul and aer industry o! S,.

11 SA,B



42

%. Sta&eho!"ers in the sector in co#ntries

%.1 Responsi(!e ,overn)enta! instit#tionsREECE+"e relevant govern&ent 'odies listed 'elo constitutes t"e regulatory !ra&eor0 and suortin!rastructure !or t"e aer industry>

- enera! Che)ica! State La(orator= o' reece .gcsl.gr?inde.asWa@idX13)

- 6inistr= o' Environ)entB Ener,= an" C!i)ate Chan,e .ye0a.gr

- 6inistr= o' Deve!op)entB Co)petitiveness an" Shippin, .yoian.gr <#ree0 only=

UNARY- 6inistr= o' R#ra! Deve!op)ent * 6inister o! ,ural $evelo&ent> S^ndor FaJe0as $r.

+"e 6inistry(s &ain goals are t"e sustaina'le &anage&ent o! natural resourcesdiversity o! rural land use rural develo&ent and creating conditions !or t"e sa!e and"ig"*uality roduction and distri'ution o! !ood roducts.

o State Secretariat !or Environ&ental A!!airs * 6inister o! State !or Environ&entalA!!airs> Qolt^n lls $r.+"e tas0 o! t"e State Secretariat !or Environ&ental A!!airs !or Environ&entalA!!airs isro&otion o! sustaina'le develo&ent t"e reservation o! air ater and soiluality and t"e rotection o! natural assets. n t"e area o! aste &anage&entt"e ai& o! t"e B!!ice is to reduce ollution and to aid t"e recycling and u*to*date treat&ent o! t"e volu&e o! aste roduced.

- 6inistr= 'or Nationa! Econo)= * 6inister !or %ational Econo&y> #yrgy 6atolcsy $r.+"e goal o! t"e 6inistry !or %ational Econo&y is to ro&ote K t"roug" t"e e!!icient useo! availa'le econo&ic olicy &easures and Euroean Union !unds K t"e develo&ent o!an innovative 0noledge*'ased econo&y "ic" is co&etitive 'ot" it"in t"e single

Euroean &ar0et and t"e glo'alising orld econo&y "ic" lends itsel! to raid grot"and "ic" creates "ig" added value.

- 6inistr= o' P#(!ic A")inistration an" #stice * 6inister o! Pu'lic Ad&inistration andHustice $euty Pri&e 6inister> +i'or %avracsics $r. +"e goal o! t"e 6inistry o! Pu'licAd&inistration and Hustice is t"at t"e ungarian state s"ould once again 'e strong andco&etitive t"roug" t"e develo&ent o! a ell*organised e!!iciently oerating syste&



44

6inister !or %ational Econo&y and an indeendently oerating 'udgetary institution it"its on !inancial &anage&ent.

+"e Agency ai&s to en"ance investor con!idence and ro&ote invest&ents ri&arily inecono&ically disadvantaged areas. -ontri'uting to increased e&loy&ent one o! t"e 0eyriorities o! t"e ne govern&ent rogra&&e 'y strengt"ening s&all and &ediu&*siJedenterrises is an ai& o! ut&ost i&ortance to t"e Agency.+"e Agency consists o! si directorates>

- nvest&ent Pro&otion $irectorate- !our deart&ents>

o 6anu!acturing ndustries and Energy $eart&ent> auto&otive &ec"anicalengineering electronics &edical eui&ent !ood c"e&ical and renea'leenergy

o

Nnoledge*'ased ndustries and Sectories $eart&ent> SS- -+ logistics,O$ activity 'iotec"nology "ar&aceutical sector and "ealt" sector

o $eart&ent o! sulier rogra&so ncentives $ivision

- usiness $evelo&ent $irectorate- Strategy and %etor0 6anage&ent $irectorate- -o&&unications and Event 6anage&ent $irectorate- Iegal and u&an ,esources $irectorate- Financial $irectorate

TALYAt govern&ental level in taly t"ere are t"ree 6inistries "ic" deal it" environ&ental issues>

6inistr= o' the Environ)ent an" Territor= an" Sea+"e talian 6inistry o! Environ&ent and +erritory as reuired 'y its institutive la <la349?198)= is actively engaged in t"e !ield o! education !or environ&ent and sustaina'ledevelo&ent esecially !ocusing on ro&oting u'lic aareness. Education is considered acrucial tool to suort environ&ental and sustaina'le develo&ent olicies ai&ing atro&oting u'lic consciousness o! environ&ental &atters and 'e"aviours in "ar&ony it" t"enature and "u&an 'eings.

6inistr= o' ea!th+"e 6inistry o! ealt" "as an i&ortant role in t"e environ&ental !ield 'ecause "as 'eenidenti!ied as t"e co&etent aut"ority at national level in t"e &anage&ent o! t"e ,EA-<Euroean -o&&unity ,egulation on c"e&icals and t"eir sa!e use * E- 197?2)= "ic" ai& isto i&rove t"e rotection o! "u&an "ealt" and t"e environ&ent t"roug" t"e 'etter and earlieridenti!ication o! t"e intrinsic roerties o! c"e&ical su'stances.



45

+"e 6inistry or0s in consultation it" t"e 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent Iand and Sea t"e6inistry o! Econo&ic $evelo&ent and t"e $eart&ent !or Euroean Policies.

6inistr= o' Econo)ic Deve!op)ent+"e 6inistry o! Econo&ic $evelo&ent is resonsi'le !or a ide variety o! olicies includingecono&ic develo&ent and co"esion energy and &ineral resources teleco&&unicationsinternationalisation and 'usiness incentives.

/ort"y o! note is t"e SPRA* nstitute !or Environ&ental Protection and ,esearc"* 'ody o! t"e6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent and +erritory and Sea. t carries out tec"nical and scienti!icactivities o! national interest lin0ed to t"e &ission o! rotection o! t"e environ&ent 'y &eanst"e ela'oration assess&ent and ro&otion o! rogra&s o! divulgation and training onenviron&ental rotection. +"e nstitute also rovides tec"nical coordination o! environ&ental

training activities to t"e ,egional and Provincial Agencies !or t"e rotection o! t"e environ&ent<ARPA=.

A,PAs are t"e talian environ&ental rotection agencies one !or eac" region o! taly <ecluding+rentino*Alto Adige?Shdtirol "ic" "as 'een slit !or t"e to Autono&ous Provinces o! +rentoand olJano=. +"e agencies are under regional or rovincial ad&inistration and t"eir &ain roleis t"e natural environ&ental rotection o! taly it" t"e tas0 o! 0ee under control t"e naturalenviron&ent and veri!y environ&ental regulations.

Other Or,aniFationsn taly t"e -"a&'ers o! -o&&erce "ave an i&ortant role in environ&ental issues. n!ect t"ey

rovide environ&ental ad&inistrative and in!or&ative services <i.e. adatation to Euroeanregulations=. n t"is resect very i&ortant is t"e role o! Ecocerved * a society artner o! talian-"a&'ers o! -o&&erce t"at or0s in t"e !ield o! in!or&ation syste&s !or t"e environ&ent.Ecocerved develos activities to suort talian -"a&'ers o! -o&&erce ,egional UnionsAssociations enterrises etc in !ul!illing t"e &any tas0s reuired 'y national and Euroeanenviron&ental legislation and to t"is end designs 'uilds and &anages in!or&ation syste&s on'e"al! o! t"e -"a&'er Syste& <.ecocerved.it=.

LTUANA6inistry o! Econo&y

POLANDA&ong institutions cooerating it" entities o! t"e sector t"ere are 'usiness environ&entinstitutions ,O$s researc" centres including universities. ,egional co&anies cooerate it"nation*ide institutions and it" regional 'odies including institutions gat"ered round anationide netor0 o! %SS <%ational Syste& o! Services= loan !unds guarantee !unds 'usiness



4)

incu'ators and 'an0s.

AnalyJing t"e 'usiness environ&ent in t"e Nuyavian * Po&eranian region t"e &ost i&ortant

institutions suorting co&anies are>- 'an0s invest&ent !unds loan and guarantee institutions- centres !or innovation- 'usiness organiJations- institutions roviding training and consulting services- 'usiness incu'ators.

All &a;or and signi!icant 'an0s invest&ent !unds and insurance institutions "ave t"eir !acilitiesin t"e Nuyavian * Po&eranian region. +"e nu&'er o! 'an0 'ranc"es in t"e rovince oscillatesaround 5. /it"in t"e region e can list> 4 loan !unds o!!ering !inancial suort to 'usiness

entities ) guarantee !unds o!!ering security !or 'an0 loans and regular loans ) in!or&ationoints and 11 'usiness institutions gat"ered in a nationide netor0 o! %ational Service Syste&!or S&all and 6ediu& Enterrises roviding general in!or&ation training ro*innovation and!inancial services. n t"e rovince a "ig" e&"asis "as 'een laced on ro&otion o! innovativeenterrises. All co&anies engaged in innovation activities and i&le&enting innovation &ay'e suorted 'y suc" centres as> t"e ,egional nnovation -entre esta'lis"ed 'y t"e Acade&y o!+ec"nology and Agriculture in ydgosJcJ <no University o! +ec"nology and Ii!e Sciences= andt"e +ec"nology +rans!er -entre oerating it"in +orun +ec"nology Par0 run 'y +orun ,egional$evelo&ent Agency. n t"e area o! t"e Nuyavian * Po&eranian region also si 'usinessincu'ators oerates t"at o!!er suort !or start*u co&anies. +"e enterrises in t"e region can

also 'ene!it !ro& suort suc" as advice in!or&ation training in o'taining EU !unding. Bt"er!or&s o! aer industry suort in t"e region include a&ong ot"ers>

- services rovided 'y t"e nvestor Service -entre- ,egional Eort -entre in +orun it"in "ic" a data'ase o! eorters !ro& t"e region

"as 'een esta'lis"ed- Nuyavian * Po&eranian -lu' o! Eorter(s gat"ering eort enterrises !ro& t"e region- services rovided in ydgosJcJ ndustrial Par0.

n Nuyavian * Po&eranian region t"ere are t"ree netor0s "ic" er&anently suorts t"eco&anies it" environ&ental issues>

- 6ain +ec"nical BrganiJation K t"e institution located in t"e !ive &a;or cities o! Nuyavian* Po&eranian rovince roviding t"e services in t"e !ield o! environ&ent rotection"iring t"e eerts and secialist in t"e &a;ority o! industrial sectors

- Environ&ent Protection Ieague K t"e national association it" t"ree re&ises in t"ree&a;or cities o! Nuyavian * Po&eranian area roviding t"e ro&otional and educationalservices



47

- Nuyavian and Po&eranian Toivods"i nsector !or Environ&ental Protection * on'e"al! o! Nuyavian and Po&eranian #overnor er!or&s tas0s and duties o! insection o!environ&ental rotection given in t"e Environ&ent Protection Act and searate

regulations.

Additionally co&anies &ay 'e suorted 'y institutions "ic" deal it" ecological ro'le&s>- +"e Econo&ical -"a&'er K Polis" /ateror0s "ic" ai&s at "eling co&anies and

local and national sta0e"olders in environ&ental issues 12- /loclae0 -entre !or Ecological Education K t"e non*govern&ental centre suorting

t"e S6Es as ell as t"e ot"er sta0e"olders at coordination and realisation o!educational initiatives.

n conclusion co&anies reresenting t"e aer industry can 'ene!it !ro& a ide range o!

'usiness suort institutions. A ide range o! services 'ot" on national and regional levelsrovide an o!!er !or t"ose loo0ing !or ne solutions.

Nuyavian*Po&eranian Toivodes"i nsector !or Environ&ental Protection * on 'e"al! o!Nuyavian and Po&eranian #overnor er!or&s tas0s and duties o! insection o! environ&entalrotection given in t"e Environ&ent Protection Act and searate regulations.

SLO5A7A- 6inistry o! agriculture and rural develo&ent- 6inistry o! econo&y

%.2 Associations

REECE- Association o' ree& Paper n"#stries

President> Panos QE,+SAddress> Ag.Poly0arou 57 11855 At"ens #reece+el> 3 21 34) 7) 3 21 347 84Fa> 3 21 347 1281

Associations in related sectors

- Association o' ree& Che)ists .ee.gr <#ree0 only=

- e!!enic Association o' Che)ica! En,ineers

Address> 99 Aristidou Nallit"ea 17)72 Atti0i #reece+el> 3 21 953 292

12 "tt>??.ig.org.l



49

rogress 'y social &eans in t"e ro!essions involved.

TALY

+"e &ain associations in t"e sector o! aer active in taly are t"e !olloing>ASSOCARTA: is t"e trade organisation regrouing and or0ing on 'e"al! o! t"e talian Paerndustry reresenting ul aer and 'oard &anu!acturing co&anies in taly. Assocartade!ines and addresses t"e institutional activities according to t"e needs o! t"e talian ul andaer industry ro&oting t"e sector develo&ent and co&etitiveness. Assocarta is a &e&'ero! Con'in"#stria 3 #eneral -on!ederation o! talian ndustry t"e &ain organisation reresentingtalian &anu!acturing and services co&anies and is t"e e!!ective voice o! t"e talian aerindustry toards t"e leading olitical and ad&inistrative institutions including arlia&ent t"e#overn&ent trade unions and ot"er social artners. Under t"e u&'rella o! t"e -on!ederationo! Euroean Paer ndustries <-EP= Assocarta ensures a constant &onitoring o! EU olicies and

actions a!!ecting t"e aer industry <.assocarta.it?=.

ADCA> is t"e national association o! aer distri'utors. t reresents aroi&ately 7 o! t"etalian aer &ar0et. t is &e&'er o! EU#,BPA a -on!ederation o! 22 %ational Paer6erc"ants Associations <EUro\isc"er Ter'and ROss"\ndler PAier Association EUroennedes ROssistes de PAiers= t"at reresents a'out 18 individual Paer 6erc"ants it" a total o!22. e&loyees <.adicarta.it?=.

LTUANA- Association jIietuvos &edienaL <Iit"uanian Forest -luster=-

Iit"uanian Pac0agers Association

POLANDAn i&ortant role !or t"e aer industry lays Association o' Po!ish Paper)a&ers * scienti!ictec"nical and &anagerial organiJation "ic" is 'ringing toget"er &e&'ers "ose activities arerelated to t"e aer industry and related !ields13.Environ)ent Protection Lea,#e K t"e national association oerating in t"ree &a;or cities o!Nuyavian* Po&eranian area roviding t"e ro&otional and educational services.The Eco)ica! Cha)(er 3 Po!ish /aterwor&s "ic" ai&s at "eling co&anies and local andnational sta0e"olders in environ&ental issues.

SLO5A7AP#!p an" Paper n"#str= 0e"eration o' S!ova& Rep#(!icPPF is an indeendent voluntary non*olitical and sare*ti&e organisation. t ;oins t"e legaland "ysical 'usiness su';ects o! t"e ul and aer industry and related industries. t is'usiness and e&loy&ent reresentation o! Slova0 industry !or roduction and rocessing o!

13 .s.l



5

ul aer 'oard card'oes tissue and sanitary roducts and rint./e'> "tt>??.aer.s0?

%.% C!#sters

REECE%o seci!ic sectoral clusters currently eist !or t"e aer industry in #reece. Production !acilitiesare located all over #reece and in general according to t"eir resource reuire&ents <i.e. closeto a signi!icant ater source suc" as a river=.

UNARY- ECOPo!is C!#ster

+"e E-BPolis -luster as a 0noledge*'ased oen initiative it" in!or&ation !lo eerience

and 0noledge ec"ange in its !ocus as esta'lis"ed to reduce industrial and agriculturalenviron&ental load. +"e &e&'ers o! t"e cluster ;oined in an e!!ort to esta'lis" a sustaina'leenviron&ent*!ocused econo&ic develo&ent K generated 'y t"e 0ey innovative sectors.+"e cluster as esta'lis"ed in 28 'y 19 !ounders 'ased on t"e co&etences and regional'rea0ing oints it" environ&ental industry !ocus.+"e organiJation "as 'een develoing dyna&ically since its !oundation. t is s"on 'y t"at t"eE-BPolis -luster as aarded t"e (Accredited nnovation -luster( title in 21 <in ungarya&ong "undreds o! clusters t"ere are only a'out 25 on t"e title= t"e signi!icantly eanding&e&'ers"i K it "as 'eca&e dou'led since t"e !oundation and t"e 'ig nu&'er o! t"egenerated i&le&ented ro;ects and t"e ones 'eing under i&le&entation. n t"e !irst "al! o!

t"e year 211 e "ave closed t"e (Starting -luster Pro;ect( "ic" greatly contri'uted to t"e!oundation o! t"e cluster and t"e develo&ent o! t"e cluster &anage&ent services.As a continuation o! t"is t"e cluster intends to develo a &easure&ent tec"nology centre int"e !ra&eor0 o! t"e ($eveloing -luster Pro;ect(.+"e cross*industrial &e&'ers"i o! t"e cluster t"e a'ility o! giving co&le solution !or t"ero'le&s occuring in t"e environ&ental industry its ide range o! artners"i &a0e t"e clusteruniue at national level in &any !ields and as a result e "ave 'eco&e one o! t"e 'ester!or&ing clusters in ungary.

- 0irst #n,arian C!#ster o' Pac&a,in, Techno!o,=

+"e -luster is a 'usiness*'uilding co&&unity it" t"e ai& o! &aintaining cooeration in a ayt"at t"e organiJation and t"e &e&'ers "ile creating econo&ic 'ene!its 0eeing t"e standards

o! !air conduct o! 'usiness.

- %P C!#ster 8P!asticB Pac&a,in, an" Printin,9



51

As t"e econo&ic develo&ent engine o! t"e #reat Plain(s 3P -luster strengt"ens t"e netor0*

'ased groing o! lastic ac0aging an rinting sectors synergistic colla'oration. +"e cluster

contri'ute to it(s &e&'er(s international co&etitiveness and e!!ectiveness o! sustainal'e

grot". Along t"e industry value*c"ain suorts t"e 'usiness t"e acade&ic and non*ro!it

sectors interconnection t"e trans!er o! innovation.

TALYn 211 a study &ade 'y t"e Gta!ian Districts O(servator=H identi!ies % in"#stria! "istricts oerating in t"e industry o! tetiles leat"er aer on a total nu&'er o! 11 relevant talianindustrial districts. n articular t"ere are 17 industrial districts in tetile sector 11 in leat"ersector and 2 in aer sector.

1 out o! 3 are localiJed in Sout" o! taly <in t"e area covered 'y t"e .,..$.#.:cono&ies-onsortiu& coordinated 'y 6ondi&resa= and are secialiJed in tetiles and leat"er.

Paper Districts in other re,ions:Furt"er&ore in re!erence to aer sector t"ere are in taly 'ut not in t"e area covered 'y t"e.,..$.#.:cono&ies -onsortiu& to industrial districts>1= Paer $istrict o! -aannori <+uscany=2= Paer $istrict o! Frosinone <IaJio=.

%.4 Scienti'ic instit#tions

REECEScienti!ic researc" and studies related to t"e aer sector are conducted 'y t"e relevantdeart&ent o! t"e !olloing "ig"er education esta'lis"&ent>

- Depart)ent o' Che)istr= 8Sector o' Che)ica! Techno!o,= I n"#stria! Che)istr=9BAristot!e Universit= o' Thessa!oni&i .c"e&.aut".gr?inde."

Tarious la'oratories "ave 'een esta'lis"ed including one dealing it" t"e seci!ic issues o!Environ&ental Pollution -ontrol giving t"e $eart&ent t"e idest ossi'le area !oreducational and researc" activities.

-

Schoo! o' Che)ica! En,ineerin,B Nationa! Technica! Universit= o' Athens.c"e&eng.ntua.gr?inde."Wlang@c"angeXen ,esearc" activities cover t"e !olloing areas> coloration aer &a0ing environ&ental ollutioncontrol.

UNARY- Paper Research nstit#te Lt".



52

ased on its ) years eerience t"e ungarian Paer ,esearc" nstitute o!!ers its servicesco&anies and institutions oerating in t"e ul and aer aer converting ac0agingrinting and related industries as ell as in trade and education.

,esearc" and develo&ent in t"e area o! ul and aer roduction aer and 'oardconverting gluing rinting environ&ental rotection collection and service o! &ar0et traderoduction and tec"nical data.

- A,ric#!t#ra! Research an" Deve!op)ent nstit#te 8>i&aF#,i 6eFJ,aF"asK,i Nonpro'it7't9

Agricultural ,esearc" and $evelo&ent nstitute does not only deal it" t"e utiliJation o! grass*0inds !or energetically uroses 'ut also it" t"e c"ance to utiliJe t"e& in aer industry !irstin Euroe.t is generally 0non t"at t"e co&onents o! aer are vegetal tissues it" solid cell all "ic"is to 'e o'tained !ro& t"e lant during aer*&anu!acturing <ra cellulose= and to &a0e it

suita'le !or 'oard !or&ation.- (#"a Universit=B Re;tJ SKn"or 0ac#!t= o' Li,ht n"r#str= an" Environ)enta!

Protection En,ineerin,B Li,ht n"#stria! en,ineer )a;or >SCnstitute o! Iig"t ndustry S- ro!essional training course o! to secialist care>

- Bne o! secialiJation 'y t"e rint &edia "ic" is in t"e rinting industry*relatedsu';ects e teac" suc" as &aterial science tec"nology reress tyogra"y&ulti&edia.

- +"e ot"er is t"e ac0aging and secialty aer &anu!acturer in "ic" t"e engineeringand tec"nology education in addition to o';ects are o';ects suc" as co&uter*aideddesign advertising and aest"etics.

-Paer O Paca0ging Ia'oratories Printing Ia'oratory

TALYAs a general rule in taly t"ere are to relevant researc" institutions it" a general scienti!icco&etence and distri'uted all over taly t"roug" a netor0 o! institutes ai&ing at ro&oting aide di!!usion o! t"eir co&etences t"roug"out t"e national territory and at !acilitatingcontacts and cooeration it" local !ir&s and organiJations. +"ey are>CNR The Nationa! Research Co#nci! 8CNR9-%, is a u'lic organiJation it" a duty to carry out ro&ote sread trans!er and i&roveresearc" activities in t"e &ain sectors o! 0noledge grot" and o! its alications !or t"e

scienti!ic tec"nological econo&ic and social develo&ent o! t"e country. +o t"is end t"eactivities o! t"e organiJation are divided into &acro areas o! interdiscilinary scienti!ic andtec"nological researc" concerning several sectors> 'iotec"nology &edicine &aterialsenviron&ent and land in!or&ation and co&&unications advanced syste&s o! roduction

;udicial and socio*econo&ic sciences classical studies and arts.

ENEA ta!ian Nationa! A,enc= 'or New Techno!o,iesB Ener,= an" S#staina(!e Econo)ic



54

to ro&ote t"e develo&ent o! t"e ul and aer industry in -Jec"oslova0ia. +"e nstitute "asarticiated in 'ot" rearation and i&le&entation o! develo&ent actions o! t"e -Jec" andSlova0 ul and aer industry. t "as directed toards tec"nological researc" and develo&ent

and industrial alication on tec"nical assistance to ul and aer &ills and converting lantson en"ancing t"e s0ill o! t"e aer&a0ers and on retrieval and disse&ination o! ro!essionaland econo&ical in!or&ation. +"e nstitute "as gone t"roug" several !or&s o! organiJation !ro&t"e researc" unit o! t"e Slovcea #eneral 6anage&ent o! t"e Slova0 ul and aer industryand t"e state oned enterrise to t"e ;oint stoc0 co&any. +"e instru&ental out!it and t"e ilotlant eui&ents o! t"e nstitute are o! "ig" level. +oget"er it" t"e s0ill and a'ility o! t"enstitute sta!! t"ey "el to satis!y &any local and !oreign artners it" t"e results o! or0during decades. +"e nstitute and t"e sta!! &e&'ers ere aarded 'y local and internationalaards !or t"e &ost i&ortant researc" results. +"e &e&'ers"i o! t"e nstitute and its sta!!&e&'ers in international nongovern&ental associations o! t"e ul and aer industry <-EP

EU-EPA +APP -PPA FEF-B and ot"ers= as "el!ul in gaining t"e latest scienti!ical andtec"nical 0noledge and ena'led to resent on results.



55

4. Speci'ic pro(!e)s in invo!ve" co#ntriesUNARY+"e industry !aces so&e seci!ic c"allenges> t"ere is little ra &aterial in t"e country t"ere isstrong co&etition on t"e &ar0et it" &any i&orted roducts <ungarian aer consu&tionis currently a'out 95 tons er year and t"e country roduces a total o! a'out )5 tons?year t"is &eans t"at a'out one*t"irds o! its aer is i&orted=. For t"is reason t"eco&anies t"at use recycled aer or roduce very secialiJed roducts "ave an advantage.+"e traditions o! sel!*organisation and reresentation o! interests o! 'ot" t"e e&loyees ande&loyers are still e&'ryonic. +"e i&le&entation o! EU directives and t"e glo'al econo&iccrisis "ave also i&acted on t"e aer sector.Anot"er ro'le& is t"at t"e rice o! energy is very "ig".

POLANDAggravated situation in t"e ti&'er &ar0et results in li&ited access to t"e 'asic ra &aterialused in t"e aer industry. A large co&etitor * oer industry "ere ood is treated as arenea'le energy en!orces t"e need to co&ete in acuiring ra &aterials. +"e ea0 oint isrecycling and gaining recycled aer. n Austria "ic" is record*"older in t"is asect t"erecycling rate as 97.8 on average in Euroe * 55.2 "ile in Poland reac"ed 32.5 <data!or 23=. n order to i&rove t"is state o! t"ings large co&anies !ro& Siecie Bstrole0aNidJyn &oderniJe t"eir &ac"ines to increase t"e ossi'ility o! rocessing aste aer andeanding t"eir collection netor0. A&end&ent o! t"e Act a'out &anu!acturers duties *Product Fee * s"ould "el to suort recycling14. Factors a!!ecting t"e sta'iliJation o! t"e

ri&ary ul roduction are>- lac0 o! long*ter& and co"erent govern&ent strategy concerning t"e develo&ent o! t"e

Polis" ood industry- too s&all in relation to de&and ood gaining 'y State Forest

increased use o! ood !or energy resulting !ro& t"e i&le&entation o! t"ereuire&ents !or increasing t"e s"are o! renea'le !uels

- insu!!icient 'irc" ood suly "ic" ul roducers "ave to relace it" ot"er secieso! deciduous ood or i&ort

- still inadeuate logging o! rivate !orests due to irrational !orest &anage&entt"e ro'le& o! transorting ti&'er !ro& t"e !orest to t"e reciient15.

n t"e aer industry using energy e!!icient tec"nology is recogniJed as &eeting t"ereuire&ents o! 'est availa'le tec"niues <A+=. +"ere are &any energy saving otions !or t"evarious stages o! aer roduction. Usually t"e i&le&entation o! t"ese &et"ods is associated

14 .lastec".l

15 SPP Ana%i4a ryn'o5a dost6pno7ci papieru poc"od48cego 4 recy'%ingu 5 -o%sce 29



5)

it" an invest&ent ec"ange conversion or &oderniJation o! eui&ent. t s"ould 'e notedt"at 'eyond environ&ental asects energy*saving tec"nologies involve &any ot"er asects o!t"e aer roduction suc" as roductivity i&roving roduct uality and reducing oerating

costs 'ut !or econo&ic reasons s&aller enterrises &ay "ave !eer oortunities to invest inne energy tec"nologies1). Su&&ariJing t"e li&ited availa'ility o! 'asic ra &aterial K ood aneed to co&ete in energy o'taining and regulations resulting !ro& t"e cli&ate ac0age arereal t"reat !acing t"e industry enterrises17.

SLO5A7AP#!p an" paper pro"#cers: +"e consu&tion o! aer in Slova0ia is very "ig" at &ore t"an 850g er caita er year yet do&estic roduction is "ig"er t"an consu&tion. +"e lac0 o! ood ist"e 0ey ro'le& !aced 'y roducers. +"is ro'le& is usually solved 'y t"e i&ort o! ood &ass!ro& U0raine ungary and elarus "ic" on t"e ot"er "and &a0es t"e transortation &ore

eensive. #roing consu&tion also signi!icantly "els raing*aer roducers.Paer roducers active in Slova0ia are &ostly eort oriented. +"eir &ain di!!iculties are lac0 o!ood &ass and groing rices o! energies. t is interesting esecially due to t"e !act t"at t"ereas enoug" ood &ass on t"e &ar0et a!ter t"e "irlind event in 24. +"e disadvantage ist"at &ost o! t"e ood as coni!erous "ic" can 'e used !or t"e roduction o! ul and aeronly to a certain li&ited etent.All ul roducers rocess 'roadleaved ood &ass "at causes its lac0 on t"e &ar0et asSlova0ia is not using any !ast groing lants. Slova0 ul roducers are t"us t"e &utual ra&aterials co&etitors.n 2) t"e recession on t"e Euroean &ar0et t"at caused decrease o! rices o! aer and

aer roducts !inally ended. +"e inut costs o! t"e aer roducer are signi!icantly "ig"ert"ose o! t"e aer roducts roducers t"ere!ore t"e recession in!luenced t"e& &oreconsidera'ly. Bn t"e ot"er "and a!ter its end t"eir ro!its ere rising !aster.-urrent econo&ic crisis in!luenced also t"is grou o! roducers. +"e year 28 indicatedi&roving o! its er!or&ance it" t"e revenues o! 1.4 'illion EU, and net ro!it o! &ore t"an85 &illion EU,. Average &ont"ly salary rose !ro& 8) EU, to 91 EU,. n 29 according to t"ein!or&ation 'y t"e association o! t"e ul*aer roducers t"e revenues in t"e !irst "al! o! 29!ell 'y 1) to 482 &illion EU, "at as caused 'y t"e decrease o! rices 'ut it" sta'levolu&e o! orders.+"is situation as re!lected also 'y t"e international co&anies resent in Slova0ia. 6ondi

usiness Paer decreased t"eir &anu!acturing caacities 'y 14 and sold certain lants a'road.S&ur!it Naa located in Sturovo !aced signi!icant di!!iculties and ceased roduction anddis&issed all 35 e&loyees as t"e result o! de&and decrease in 21. +"e co&any S&ur!itNaa B'aly <S&ur!it Naa Pac0aging= 'eing a 1 daug"ter co&any s"ould continue t"eoeration. -urrently it e&loys 22 e&loyees.

1) 6inistry !or t"e Environ&ent est Availa'le +ec"niues /ytycJne dla 'ranky celuloJoo*aiernicJe; 25

17 ulletin SPP 21



57

S&ur!it Naa #rou is t"e largest Euroean roducer o! corrugated card'oard and e&loys 4 e&loyees and reac"es annual turnover o! aroi&ately 7.1 'illion EU,.18

4.1 /or&'orce

REECE$ue to t"e econo&ic crisis aer roducers "ave "ad to restructure t"eir oerations "ic""ave &eant a signi!icant reduction in t"e or0!orce leading to a &a;or i&act on t"eirroduction levels and t"eir co&etitiveness. Paer industries also eerience di!!iculties in!inding or0ers it" secialiJed s0ills. +"is "as "ad a !urt"er i&act on t"e roductiveness o!t"e co&anies and in turn on t"eir co&etitiveness.

UNARY

+"e de&and*driven vocational training and co&etency*'ased econo&ic develo&ent are t"eledge o! t"e econo&ic re!or&. t "ave to reac" t"at t"e arentices learn in co&anies t"eractical s0ills and all students "ave to 'e under contract. n ungary t"e trans!or&ation o!vocational training !or duality #er&an &odel is a "ot toic. +"e !irst training class oeratingsyste& ill start in Sete&'er 212. +"e couse o! conversion is t"at "ile t"e ungariantec"nical sc"ools "ave 24 o! t"e secondary education until t"en t"is roortion is 5 in t"eEU.

LTUANA6ore and &ore increasing ro'le& !or all sectors in Iit"uania is lac0 o! uali!ied engineers and

tec"nicians. Since tetile and leat"er sectors are less attractive t"at ot"ers t"ey !ace di!!icultiesin getting tec"nicians and engineers it" su!!icient co&etence 'ecause o! "ig"er salaries inot"er industries. +"is is continuing ga "ic" is li0ely to increase in t"e nearest !uture.$esite o! li'eral 'usiness conditions etre&ely !ree econo&y li'eraliJation o! la'our la isstill on t"e discussion agenda o! all grous o! interests it"in t"e country.Iit"uania ent t"roug" t"e centraliJation rocess o! all aste &anage&ent 'y creating 1regional recycling centres <net sc"e&e= it" 'ranc" o! "aJardous aste recycling near'yiauliai <%ort" Iit"uania=.

18 "tt>??.sario.s0?user!iles?!ile?Ensario?PQ?sectorial?oo?oodrocessing@en.d!



59

and -ontrol $irective K PP- <199)?)1?E-= #ree0 national la "as ut in lace so&e &easuresrelated to aste &anage&ent <!or ea&le t"e #ree0 Ia FEN )99= including variousregulations t"at i&act on t"e aer sector.

UNARYt re&ains a &a;or di!!iculty in t"e aer industry t"at t"e reuire&ents are stricter t"an-o&&unity regulations t"e aut"orities tend to over*rotect t"ey are !ine*centric and t"erocedures are 'ureaucratic.ased on t"e eeriences o! t"e aer roducing co&anies si&li!ication o! t"e govern&entalad&inistrative activities radical reduction on 'ureaucracy ould result in signi!icant savings int"e state 'udget.n 1995 a ta !or roducts "ic" are not environ&entally !riendly as introduced. +"is la re!ersto 4 tyes o! roducts> !uel tires coolant ac0aging and 'attery

+"e concet 'e"ind t"is la is t"at t"e Lt"e one "o ollutes aysMBn t"e 'asis o! t"e la t"e a&ount o! t"e ta 'eco&es art o! t"e -entral Environ&entalProtection Funds. Fro& t"e !unds su&s can 'e recovered !or t"e urose o! t"e collection o!t"ese &aterials t"e recycling and t"e reduction o! t"e environ&ental i&act.

RO6ANALe,is!ation:


-6B. 818?23 <BH no. 8?13.11.23= Procedure !or issuance o! integratedenviron&ental aut"oriJation as a&ended 'y 6B. 1158?25 <BH no.191?5.12.25=

4.% n'rastr#ct#re

REECEn ter&s o! in!rastructure t"ere are several issues to 'e ta0en into consideration. +"e aersector is a very energy*intensive industry so access to a c"ea energy suly is o! vitali&ortance !or #ree0 co&anies in t"is !ield in order to reduce t"e "ig" roduction costs. Ac"ea !uel suly suc" as natural gas ould 'e an ideal solution to t"is &a;or ro'le& "oever

t"is is not currently accessi'le to #ree0 co&anies.

n addition t"e rocedure reuired !or co&anies to !ollo in order to o'tain environ&entallicensing <o'ligatory certi!ication related to environ&ental i&act= is etre&ely ti&e*consu&ingand t"ere is no one*sto service availa'le in order to &a0e t"is rocess si&ler !aster and &oreaccessi'le !or co&anies.



)1

4.* Environ)enta! i)pact re!ative!= co)pare" in avera,e in EU

REECE+"e aer industry is resonsi'le !or an etre&ely "ig" level o! energy consu&tion inarticular in ter&s o! t"e large a&ounts o! ater reuired in t"e roduction rocess. +"e asteater roduced contains su'stances t"at are "ar&!ul to t"e environ&ent. For ea&le t"eater e!!luents contain !ine aer articles "ic" su'seuently need to 'e treated in order tore&ove s"ort aer !i'res. /aste e!!luents also contain c"e&icals roduced during t"e'leac"ing and de*in0ing rocess as ell as "ig" a&ounts o! synt"etic oly&ers suc" as et*strengt" i&rovers used in t"e aer roduction rocess "ic" give rise to "ig" iologicalBygen $e&and <B$= and -"e&ical Bygen $e&and <-B$= values. +"e "ig" a&ounts o!organic co&onents <"ig" organic loading= in asteater are o! great environ&ental concern./aste !ro& t"e aer roduction rocess also contains otical 'rig"tening agents "ic" arearticularly "ar&!ul to t"e environ&ent due to t"eir lo 'iodegrada'ility.

UNARYAs t"ere is a lac0 o! ood in ungary t"ose co&anies "ave advantage in t"e !ield o! aerindustry "ic" can &anu!acture roducts it" t"e use o! recycled ra &aterials.



)2

*. Speci'ic actions in invo!ve" co#ntries

*.1 nitiatives have (een ta&en (e'oreREECE%o seci!ic initiatives "ave 'een ta0en related to t"e aer industry in #reece. oever in vieo! t"e serious environ&ental i&act caused 'y aer roduction in ter&s o! "ig" ater andenergy consu&tion t"ere is a signi!icant de&and !or cleaner( and greener( roductionrocesses and a &ore e!!icient use o! energy resources.

n ter&s o! t"e general contet o! initiatives ta0en to 'oost entrereneurs"i t"e !olloingta'le rovides a su&&ary o! t"e !unding rogra&&es set u in #reece>

Berational Progra&&e -o&etitiveness OEntrereneurs"i <EPA%=> nnovate 29 K Enterrises

<launc" still ending K t"is rogra&&e ill oen atso&e oint 'ut e "ave no recise in!or&ation as to"en eactly=

+o !acilitate develo&ent and suort o!entrereneurial innovation &ostly !or enterrisesit" no eerience in scienti!ic researc" rocedures!or tec"nological develo&ent co*oeration it"researc" institutions etc and?or "ic" do not "avescienti!ic ersonnel researc" resources etc. 'ut "ic""ave relevant 0noledge and eerience in t"eir !ieldas ell as "aving innovative ideas "ic" canotentially 'e trans!or&ed into success!ul roductsservices rocesses. nvest&ent roosals &ay re!er toone or &ore o! !olloing areas <a&ong ot"ers=>*

♣ ndustrial +ec"nology Alications <6anu!acturing ?Processing=

♣ n!or&ation and -o&&unication +ec"nologies

♣ Energy

♣ Environ&ent

♣ +ransort

Berational Progra&&e -o&etitiveness OEntrereneurs"i <EPA%=> LSuort 29M

<launc"ed on 5?1?9 K ends "en all !unds "ave'een allocated=

Financial assistance !or t"e i&le&entation o! seci!ic'usiness ro;ects <!acility and suort t"roug" direct!inancial aid and relatively s&all 'ut strategic needs= o!eisting &icro enterrises engaged in &anu!acturing!or a&ong ot"ers> secial eui&ent and !acilities'uilding K roo&s advertising costs * do&estic trade

!airs.

Berational Progra&&e -o&etitiveness OEntrereneurs"i <EPA%=> 6odern Enterrise

<launc"ed on 15?1?9 K ends "en all !unds "ave'een allocated=

+o strengt"en 'usiness in order>*

to 'e certi!ied according to reuire&ents o!!olloing standards> SB 91>28 and ? or SB22>25 and ? or EIB+ 181?BSAS 181>27and ? or SB 141>24 ? E6AS and ? or SB 27and ? or SA 8 and?or ot"er &anage&ent syste&s



)3

'ased on idely recogniJed standards <nationalinternational or sectoral=

to en"ance ? i&rove t"eir in!rastructure as art o!

continual i&rove&ent o! &anage&ent syste&salready in !orce related to <a&ong ot"ers=> uality"ygiene and sa!ety at or0 t"e environ&ent O t"ealication o! environ&ental ractices t"e in dailyrunning o! t"e 'usiness.

to certi!y roducts and services 'ased on recogniJedstandards ? seci!ications <usually acco&anied 'yseci!ic la'els ? certi!icates o! co&liance= and?or to&a0e necessary arrange&ents !or o'taining -E&ar0ing !or roducts according to t"e relevantalica'le E- reuire&ents.

UNARYn 1995 a ta !or roducts "ic" are not environ&entally !riendly as introduced. +"is lare!ers to 4 tyes o! roducts> !uel tires coolant ac0aging and 'attery. +"e concet 'e"ind t"isla is t"at t"e Lt"e one "o ollutes aysM. Bn t"e 'asis o! t"e la t"e a&ount o! t"e ta'eco&es art o! t"e -entral Environ&ental Protection Funds. Fro& t"e !unds su&s can 'erecovered !or t"e urose o! t"e collection o! t"ese &aterials t"e recycling and t"e reductiono! t"e environ&ental i&act.

TALY/ort"y o! note are t"e GOperationa! Pro,ra))e 8POR9 0ESR 2-21% o! t"e ,egions covered'y -onsortiu&. +"ey "ave a&ong riorities t"e o';ective to i&rove environ&ental servicestandards and to rotect t"e "ealt" and sa!ety o! citiJens and enterrises.

A>RUMMO K Berational Progra&&e A'ruJJo"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX549Ogv@P#6X1159Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1

6OLSE K Berational Progra&&e 6olise"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX)58Ogv@P#6X157Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1

CA6PANA K Berational Progra&&e -a&ania"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX1218Ogv@P#6X11)2Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1



)4

PULA K Berational Progra&&e Puglia"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@r

egX)9Ogv@P#6X1157Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1

>ASLCATA K Berational Progra&&e asilicata"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX5)2Ogv@P#6X15Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1

CALA>RA K Berational Progra&&e -ala'ria"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX572Ogv@P#6X11)5Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX1

SCLY * Berational Progra&&e Sicily * -o*!unded 'y t"e Euroean ,egional $evelo&ent Fund<E,$F= under t"e -onvergence B';ective"tt>??ec.euroa.eu?regional@[email protected]!&WIA%X7Ogv@PAX+Ogv@regX1224Ogv@P#6X144Ogv@PE,X2Ogv@de!IX7

/it" re!erence to REAC 8E#ropean Co))#nit= Re,#!ation on che)ica!s an" their sa'e #se EC 1?-2+9 and its role in t"e t"ree involved sectors in taly in addition to national eldes0created and &anaged 'y 6inistry o! Econo&ic $evelo&ent t"ere are also 8 territorial ,eac""eldes0 settled in 8 Enterrise Euroe %etor0 oints as !irst contact oint o! in!or&ation and

orientation !or S&all and 6ediu& enterrises. +"ree o! t"e& "ave co&etence in Sout" o! taly.

POLANDEnviron&ental tec"nology * t"e tec"nology environ&entally !riendly and e!!icient in ter&s o!resources * lays an i&ortant role in environ&ental rotection and &ore e!!icient use o!resources in Euroe. Activities in t"is !ield are i&le&ented under t"e EU Action Plan onEnviron&ental +ec"nologies <E+AP=. Additionally S6E suort is o!!ered t"roug" a nu&'er o!initiatives including a rogra& to suort S6Es in co&lying it" environ&ental rotectionrules. +"is is to i&rove t"e environ&ental er!or&ance o! S6Es it" adoting easy to useenviron&ental &anage&ent syste&s enlarge&ent o! locally availa'le environ&ent eertise

and roviding &eans and in!or&ation. S6E suort organiJations including t"e -o&&issionesta'lis"ed a netor0 o! Enterrise Euroe %etor0 t"e 0ey artners in i&le&enting t"erogra& "o actively encourage S6Es to adot environ&entally !riendly and energy e!!icientsolutions.+a0ing into account environ&ental issues in rocure&ent rocedures u'lic aut"orities cansave energy ater and resources and reduce aste and ollution and also get t"e 'est value!or &oney. #reen u'lic rocure&ent can lay an i&ortant role in sti&ulating t"e



)5

introduction o! ne roducts environ&ental tec"nology and innovation. +"e Euroean-o&&ission "as roosed "al! o! all tendering rocedures in EU 6e&'er States 'y 21 to 'ecleaner. +"is goal is related to t"e rocess o! esta'lis"ing co&&on criteria !or t"e ten &a;or

roduct grous and services * including coy aer and gra"ic aer. -o&&on to all aerroduction tec"nologies in Poland signi!icant environ&ental asects include>

- consu&tion o! natural resources> t"e !i'er &aterial <ood= ater and energyresources

- consu&tion o! c"e&icals and c"e&ical rearations- ater e&issions &ostly organic co&ounds t"at cause oygen deletion- air e&issions- energy consu&tion- roduction o! solid aste ot"er t"an "aJardous including organic aste containing

!i'ers and suita'le !or use as !uel <rocess ,1=

-roduction o! s&all uantities o! "aJardous aste

- local noise e&issions signi!icantly deendent on t"e lant and di!!erent lant artslocation.

+ec"nical and tec"nological &eans o! revention and reduction o! ollution e&itted into t"eenviron&ent connected it" !unctioning installations !or t"e roduction o! ul and aer"ave 'een collected and descri'ed in detail in t"e A+ re!erence docu&ent on est Availa'le+ec"niues in t"e ul and aer industry <,EF= Seville $ece&'er 21. +"ese &et"odsconsist in ractical alication o! t"e !olloing categories o! &easures>

- general &easures to revent and reduce ollution

-est Availa'le +ec"niues <A+= * internal &easures

- asteater and gas e&issions * eternal !unds- oti&iJed solid aste &anage&ent- reduction o! energy consu&tion.

Bn 3rd o! $ece&'er 21 6inister o! t"e Environ&ent 6inister o! ,egional $evelo&ent t"e#eneral $irector o! Environ&ental Protection signed an agree&ent on &utual cooeration int"e esta'lis"&ent o! a national netor0 o! environ&ental aut"orities and t"e institutions&anaging EU !unds LPartners"i> Environ&ent !or $evelo&ent "ic" is euivalent o! aEuroean netor0 E%EA*6A. +"e netor0 'rings toget"er a grou o! interests s"ares

in!or&ation and eertise and coordinates t"e initiatives suorting integration o!environ&ental asects in regional develo&ent rogra&s. %etor0s <regional national andinternational= integrate eole involved in econo&ic develo&ent and environ&ental issues"at causes strengt"ening relations 'eteen environ&ental rotection and econo&ic grot"./ell organiJed and directed netor0s are t"e 0ey to integration o! environ&ental asects o!socio K econo&ic o';ectives included in regional develo&ent rogra&s. +"e national netor0coordinates environ&ental issues in all s"eres o! develo&ent rogra&s in t"e country or0s



))

u guidelines and necessary tools and ena'les t"e ec"ange o! eeriences 'eteen t"earticiants. Euroean -o&&ission reresentatives eternal eerts e&loyees o! ot"er stateand local govern&ent reresentatives o! %#Bs acting as o'servers are invited to or0 it"in

t"e netor019. S6Es !ro& Nuyavian and Po&eranian rovince &ay aly !or !unds !ro& t"e,egional Berational Progra&&e ncrease o! co&etitiveness o! co&anies Action 5.3usiness suort in t"e !ra&e o! ad;usting t"e enterrises to t"e environ&ent rotectionreuire&ents "ic" !oresees t"e i&le&entation o! necessities resulting !ro& co&&unity(sregulations on &onitoring o! co&anies( i&act on environ&ent ad&inistering co&anies(ater and seage &anage&ent as ell as aste &anage&ent reducing negative i&act on t"eat&os"ere. +"e ot"er ossi'ility o! o'taining t"e grants !or environ&ental uroses is t"enational Berational Progra&&e n!rastructure and Environ&ent "ic" contains o! severalactions addressed directly to t"e co&anies. Under t"e Priority Ais suort is granted toro;ects o! 'ig &ediu& and s&all enterrises ai&s at reducing t"e negative e!!ects o! eisting

industrial activities on t"e environ&ent and ad;usting enterrises to t"e reuire&ents o!-o&&unity la. Suort is granted 'y u'lic institutions suervised 'y t"e 6inistry o! t"eEnviron&ent and 6inistry o! ,egional $evelo&ent. Polis" co&anies "ave t"e c"ances toreceive additional !unds and loans !ro& ,egional Fund !or Environ&ental Protection and /ater6anage&ent in +orun !or "ic" is t"e u'lic institution esta'lis"ed to suort t"e co&aniesat t"eir ro*environ&ental initiatives. Bn t"e national level t"e S6Es &ay aly !or t"e !unds o!%ational Fund !or Environ&ental Protection and /ater 6anage&ent. +"e %ational Fund is t"elargest institution in Poland t"at cooerates it" international !inancial artners and "andles!oreign !unds designated !or environ&ental rotection <e.g. Ii!eC=. n all cases &entioned a'ovet"e !unds are not strictly reserved !or aer sector 'ut addressed to all active S6Es.

n order to encourage a variety o! organiJations <enterrises institutions= to t"e er&anenti&rove&ent o! t"eir environ&ental er!or&ance 6anage&ent and Audit Sc"e&e E6AS<called t"e Eco 6anage&ent and Audit Sc"e&e= "as 'een created. E6AS ai&s to>

- er&anent i&rove&ent o! environ&ent er!or&ance- ensuring co&liance it" EU and national environ&ental la- in!or&ing t"e u'lic t"roug" t"e annual rearation o! environ&ental state&ents- involving e&loyees in t"e rocess o! i&roving t"e environ&ental er!or&ance.

E6AS seci!ies striving !or ecellence. ts ri&ary o';ective is to recogniJe and "onour t"oseorganiJations t"at voluntarily go 'eyond t"e 'asic reuire&ents o! t"e la and er&anent

strive to ac"ieve t"e 'est results o! ro*environ&ental actions. Hoining t"e E6AS con!ir&s&e&'ers"i o! a grou o! co&anies "ic" treat environ&ental asects as i&ortant as ot"erele&ents o! t"e 'usiness and constantly asire to i&rove and &ini&iJe its environ&entali&act2.

19 "tt>??.gdos.gov.l2 .e&as.&os.gov.l



)8

international= integrate eole involved in econo&ic develo&ent and environ&ental issues"at results in strengt"ening relations 'eteen environ&ental rotection and econo&icgrot". /ell organiJed and directed netor0s are t"e 0ey to integration o! environ&ental

asects o! socio K econo&ic o';ectives included in regional develo&ent rogra&s. +"enational netor0 coordinates environ&ental issues in all s"eres o! develo&ent rogra&s int"e country or0s u guidelines and necessary tools and ena'les t"e ec"ange o! eeriences'eteen t"e articiants. Euroean -o&&ission reresentatives eternal eerts e&loyeeso! ot"er state and local govern&ent reresentatives o! %#Bs act as o'servers are invited toor0 it"in t"e netor021. S6Es !ro& Nuyavian and Po&eranian rovince &ay aly !or !unds!ro& t"e ,egional Berational Progra&&e ncrease o! co&etitiveness o! co&anies Action5.3 usiness suort in t"e !ra&e o! ad;usting t"e enterrises to t"e environ&ent rotectionreuire&ents "ic" !oresees t"e i&le&entation o! necessities resulting !ro& co&&unity(sregulations on &onitoring o! co&anies( i&act on environ&ent ad&inistering co&anies(

ater and seage &anage&ent as ell as aste &anage&ent reducing negative i&act on t"eat&os"ere. +"e ot"er ossi'ility o! o'taining t"e grants !or environ&ental uroses is t"enational Berational Progra&&e n!rastructure and Environ&ent "ic" contains several actionsaddressed directly to t"e co&anies. Under t"e Priority Ais suort is granted to ro;ects o!'ig &ediu& and s&all enterrises ai&s at reducing t"e negative e!!ects o! eisting industrialactivities on t"e environ&ent and ad;usting enterrises to t"e reuire&ents o! -o&&unity la.Suort is granted 'y u'lic institutions suervised 'y t"e 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent and6inistry o! ,egional $evelo&ent. Polis" co&anies "ave t"e c"ance to receive additional!unds and loans !ro& ,egional Fund !or Environ&ental Protection and /ater 6anage&ent in+orun.

Bn t"e national level t"e S6Es &ay aly !or !unds o! %ational Fund !or Environ&entalProtection and /ater 6anage&ent. +"e %ational Fund is t"e largest institution in Poland t"atcooerates it" international !inancial artners and "andles !oreign !unds designated !orenviron&ental rotection <e.g. Ii!eC=. n all cases &entioned a'ove t"e !unds are not strictlyreserved !or aer sector 'ut addressed to all active S6Es.n order to encourage a variety o! organiJations <enterrises institutions= to t"e er&anenti&rove&ent o! t"eir environ&ental er!or&ance 6anage&ent and Audit Sc"e&e E6AS<called t"e Eco 6anage&ent and Audit Sc"e&e= "as 'een created. E6AS ai&s to>

- er&anent i&rove&ent o! environ&ent er!or&ance- ensuring co&liance it" EU and national environ&ental la-

in!or&ing t"e u'lic t"roug" t"e annual rearation o! environ&ental state&ents- nvolving e&loyees in t"e rocess o! i&roving t"e environ&ental er!or&ance.

E6AS seci!ies striving !or ecellence. ts ri&ary o';ective is to recogniJe and "onour t"oseorganiJations t"at voluntarily go 'eyond t"e 'asic reuire&ents o! t"e la and er&anently

21 "tt>??.gdos.gov.l



)9

strive to ac"ieve t"e 'est results o! ro*environ&ental actions. Hoining t"e E6AS con!ir&s&e&'ers"i o! a grou o! co&anies "ic" treat environ&ental asects as i&ortant as ot"erele&ents o! t"e 'usiness and constantly asire to i&rove and &ini&iJe its environ&ental

i&act22.

n order to ensure co&liance it" t"e standards de!ining t"e i&le&entation o! e!!ectiveenviron&ental &anage&ent syste&s co&anies try to get SB 141. +"is standard ascreated to de!ine t"e rules o! t"e delicate 'alance 'eteen &aintaining via'le and li&iting t"eiri&act on t"e environ&ent.

UNARY+"e !irst training class o! t"is oerating syste& started in Sete&'er 212. +"e ai& o! t"isconversion is t"at "ile t"e ungarian tec"nical sc"ools "ave 24 o! t"e secondary education

until t"en t"is roortion is 5 in t"e EU.A'out 1 o! t"e co&anies &ade 5)5 student contracts in 29 and it" regard to t"e year21 e "ave si&ilar data <473 students=.+"e ungarian co&anies and associations reare reco&&endations regularly "oever t"egovern&ent is late it" t"e restructuration o! t"e regulations.Bne o! t"e &ain toics o! reco&&endations is to increase t"e consulting nature o! t"e serviceso! t"e aut"orities.

*.% >est practices i' an= in se!ecte" co#ntries

REECE-ertain co&anies in t"e aer sector in #reece "ave invested in installing a 'ioc"e&icalasteater treat&ent syste& in t"eir roduction unit in order to "andle and rocess t"eiraste ater e!!luents &ore e!!ectively and t"us reduce t"e "ar&!ul e!!ect on t"e environ&ent.

UNARY- $unaac0 Qrt "as 'uilt t"e &ost energy e!!icient and environ&entally !riendly

tec"niues and tec"nologies <A+= in t"eir lant.- A uniue initiative as i&le&ented in a county*run Psyc"iatric o&e in musJtasJer> as

a re"a'ilitation activity t"irty*to residents "ave co&leted a aer*vocational training.

22 .e&as.&os.gov.l



7

+. Speci'ic re,#!ations in invo!ve" co#ntriesREECE+"e !olloing ta'le rovides in!or&ation on t"e general regulatory !ra&eor0 related toenviron&ental issues articularly re!erring to aste &anage&ent>

Hoint 6inisterial $ecision 114218?97 +raining !ra&eor0 standards and generalrogra&&es !or t"e co&letion and i&le&entationo! national legislation related to solid aste&anage&ent.

%ational Ia 2939?21 Alternative &anage&ent o! ac0aging and ot"erroducts

$irective 94?)2?E- transosed into %ational Ia

Presidential $ecree 82?24 <&ineral oils=

Presidential $ecree 19?24 <ru''er=

Presidential $ecree 115?24 <!or electric 'atteries Oaccu&ulators=

Presidential $ecree 11)?24 <ve"icles at end o! t"eirli!e cycle=

Presidential $ecrees 117?24 O 15?2) <aste !ro&

electrical O electronic eui&ent=

Esta'lis"ing t"e !ra&eor0 !or i&le&entation o!rogra&&es related to recycling ? reuse ? recovery o!ac0aging and ot"er roducts <'atteries electronicstyres etc.= 'y setting seci!ic targets and ti&elines !ort"eir alication. Until t"e %ational Brganisation !orAlternative 6anage&ent o! Pac0aging O Bt"erProducts 'egins !unctioning t"e resonsi'ilities "ic"it "as 'een allocated under Ia 2939 are 'eing!ul!illed 'y t"e #eneral Secretariat !or t"eEnviron&ent <6inistry !or t"e Environ&ent O -li&ate-"ange=. For t"is urose t"e B!!ice !or Alternative6anage&ent o! Pac0aging O Bt"er Products "as 'een

set u <under t"e $irectorate !or Environ&ental

Planning= and is resonsi'le !or suervising anden!orcing o! t"e Ia.

$irective 9)?82?E-

<$irective Seveso =

$irective 9)?82?E- on t"e control o! &a;or*accident"aJards involving dangerous su'stances

"ic" toget"er it" t"e resective a&end&ent<23?15?E-= "ave a ide scoe o! alication. n#reece t"is $irective <9)?82?E- K $irective Seveso =is alied under t"e Hoint 6inisterial $ecision1244?)13?19*3*27 <%ational Ia 2259??27*11*27=.

I32)?3.12.98. -onvention on t"e +rans'oundary e!!ects o! ndustrialAccidents

Hoint 6inisterial $ecision 13588?725?2) 6easures conditions and restrictions on t"e "andlingo! "aJardous aste.

6inisterial $ecision 8))8?27 %ational aJardous /aste 6anage&ent Planning



72

/aste )ana,e)ent +"e nationa! waste o(servator= is t"e 'ody resonsi'le !or suervision and control o! aste

ac0aging and ac0aging aste &anage&ent.Iegal &easures * %ational aste o'servatories/aste and land recla&ations * 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent

Che)ica!s +"e Nationa! Centre 'or Che)ica! S#(stances deals it" t"e alication o! t"e ne ,EA-<,egistration Evaluation Aut"orisation o! -"e&icals= ,egulation "ic" su'stantially &odi!iest"e -o&&unity legislative !ra&eor0 on controlling c"e&ical ris0. +"e !irst "ase o! t"ealication o! t"e legislation consists o! gat"ering in!or&ation 'y t"e industry on all su'stanceso! "ic" over 1 ton is roduced or i&orted er year.

+"e activities o! t"e %ational -entre !or -"e&ical Su'stances include>- evaluating t"e danger !ro& "aJardous roducts?articles resent in t"e talian &ar0et- coordinating t"e eecution o! analytical assess&ents and tests on c"e&ical roducts

retailed and t"e ro'le&s lin0ed it" overdoses o! c"e&ical su'stances- giving oinions on t"e degree o! danger o! rearations 'ound !or co&&erce.

Iegislation * %ational -entre !or -"e&ical Su'stances-"e&ical sa!ety * 6inistry o! ealt"Evaluation o! t"e environ&ental ris0 o! c"e&ical roducts * 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent

usinesses are !ree to go 'eyond t"e &ini&u& environ&ental legal reuire&ents at t"eir oninitiative. Sustaina'ility taly

A")inistrative proce"#res in ta!=

Dec!arator= proce"#restalian 'usinesses &ust !ollo a series o! ad&inistrative rocedures related to t"e environ&ent.+"e &ain ones are listed 'elo.

Environ)enta! "ec!aration sin,!e 'or)

+"is is a standardised co&ulsory "ec!aration 'or (#sinesses <it" &ore t"an ten e&loyees="ic" roduce specia! 'ut non*"aJardous waste. +"is &ust 'e su'&itted to t"e Cha)(ers o'Co))erce once a year. +"e environ&ental declaration single !or& <6U$ * 6odello Unico di$ic"iaraJione A&'ientale= includes t"e declaration on ollutant e&issions into air and ater to'e entered into t"e %ational inventory o! e&issions and t"eir sources <%ES=.6U$ * talian -"a&'ers o! -o&&erceSu'&itting 6U$ online



73

%ational inventory o! e&issions and t"eir sources?Euroean Pollutant ,elease and +rans!er,egister <%ES?P,+, declaration=Su'&itting online declarations * %ational Pac0aging -onsortiu&

/aste )ana,e)ent usinesses "ic" regularly transort t"eir on non*"aJardous or "aJardous aste &aterials inuantities not eceeding 3 0ilogra&s or 3 litres er day &ust re,ister it" t"e Nationa!re,ister o' environ)enta! operators. +"ose eceeding t"is a&ount &ust 'e registered in "ig"ercategories.%ational register o! environ&ental oerators * 6inistry o! Environ&ent%ecessary docu&ents !or registration in t"e %ational register o! environ&ental oeratorsusinesses transorting aste &aterials 'y rail * 6inistry o! Environ&ent$ealing it" aste * 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent

Per)its an" !icencesusiness oners can !ind in!or&ation online on data trans&ission rocedures docu&ents anddeclarations to 'e su'&itted and can donload t"e necessary !or&s.For&s and So!tare *Environ&ent Protection and +ec"nical Services Agency

Che)ica!s ndustrial lants releasing "ar&!ul su'stances into t"e environ&ent &ust aly !or a secialer&it called an inte,rate" environ)enta! a#thorisation. +"e 'usinesses &ust or0 onreducing ollution reventing accidents and ensuring t"e deconta&ination o! t"e site at t"e

end o! t"e activity.Iist o! industrial activities releasing su'stances "ar&!ul to t"e environ&entntegrated environ&ental aut"orisation * 6inistry o! t"e Environ&entFor& * ntegrated environ&ental aut"orisation

Reso#rcesBn t"e 6inistry o! t"e Environ&ent Iand and Sea e'site it is ossi'le to !ind t"e list o!alica'le las !or t"e various environ&ental toic areas./aterAir and noise ollution

EnergyIand

+"e Environ)ent Protection an" Technica! Services A,enc= o!!ers a series o! services t"roug"its e'site it" data'ases o! ea&les o! good ractice and ot"er use!ul in!or&ation.Environ&ental services.



74

ECOCER5ED is a co&any "ic" &anages t"e + syste&s o! t"e -"a&'ers o! -o&&erce andot"er organiJations in t"e 'usiness sector roviding in!or&ation on t"e co&ilation o! t"e 6U$&odule and t"e online assistance service.

el and uestions * E-B-E,TE$

POLANDn Polis" la t"ere is a lenty o! regulations concerning aer industry. 6any o! legaldocu&ents are t"e i&le&enting acts o! Euroean directives. elo e oint out so&eregulations concerning aer industry>

- +"e Act o! 3 Bcto'er 28 on t"e rovision o! in!or&ation on t"e environ&ent and itsrotection u'lic articiation in environ&ental rotection and environ&ental i&actassess&ent <B!!icial Hournal %o. 199 ite&. 1227 as a&ended.=

- Act o! 27 Aril 21 Environ&ental Protection Ia <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o. )2 os.

)27=- Act o! 13 Aril 27 on t"e revention o! environ&ental da&age and its reair <Hournal

o! Ias o! 27 %o. 75 ite&. 493=- Act o! 21 6ay 21 a&ending t"e Ia on Provision o! n!or&ation on t"e environ&ent

and its rotection u'lic articiation in environ&ental rotection and environ&entali&act assess&ents and certain ot"er acts <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o 119 os. 84 =

- -ouncil o! 6inisters o! 9 %ove&'er 21 on ro;ects li0ely to signi!icantly a!!ect t"eenviron&ent <Hournal o! Ias %o. 213 os. 1397=

- +"e 6inister o! Environ&ent o! 2) Huly 22 on t"e tyes o! installations "ic" &aycause signi!icant ollution o! environ&ental co&onents or t"e environ&ent as a "ole

<Hournal o! Ias %o. 122 os. 155=- $irective 85?337?EE-- ,egulation o! t"e 6inister o! Econo&y o! 21 6ay 22 on t"e reuire&ents !or

conducting t"e rocess o! aste incineration <Hournal o! Ias %o. 37 ite&. 339 asa&ended.=

- +"e 6inister o! Environ&ent o! 22 Aril 211 on e&ission standards !ro& installations<Hournal o! Ias %o. 95 ite&. 558=

- Act o! 27 Aril 21 on aste <Hournal o! Ias o! 21 %o 185 os. n 1243 asa&ended.=

- ,egulation o! t"e 6inister o! Econo&y o! 29 6ay 21 on t"e sa!ety and "ygiene in t"e

roduction o! ul aer and aer roducts <BH 21. %o. )4 os. )51=

RO6ANA

- Ia no. 3)?23 on dangerous c"e&ical su'stances regi&e- Ia no. 2)3?25 a&ending and sule&enting Ia no. 3)?23 on dangerous

c"e&ical su'stances regi&e- #$ 148?28 on classi!ication ac0aging and la'elling o! dangerous su'stances



75

- Ia no. 349?27 on reorganiJation o! t"e institutional !ra&eor0 in c"e&icals&anage&ent

-#overn&ent $ecision no. 92?23 !or aroving t"e &et"odological nor&s onclassi!ication la'eling and ac0aging o! dangerous c"e&icals

- #overn&ent $ecision no. 597?27 a&ending and sule&enting t"e %or&s onclassi!ication la'eling and ac0aging o! dangerous rearations aroved 'y#overn&ent $ecision no. 92?23

- ,egulation <E-= no. 1272?28 o! t"e Euroean Parlia&ent and o! t"e -ouncil !ro& 1)$ece&'er 28 on classi!ication la'eling and ac0aging o! su'stances and &ituresa&ending and reealing $irectives )7?548?EE- and 1999?45?E- and a&ending ,egulation<E-= no. 197?2)

-Brder no. 1238?14)1?718?27 a&ending and sule&enting Anne no.1 o! govern&ent$ecision no. 347?23 on restrictions on t"e &ar0eting and use o! certain dangeroussu'stances and rearations

- #overn&ent $ecision no. 498 !ro& 23 6ay 27 a&ending and sule&enting#overn&ent $ecision no. 347?23 on restrictions to t"e &ar0eting and use o! certaindangerous su'stances and rearations

- #overn&ent $ecision no. )4) !ro& Huly 7 25 a&ending and sule&enting#overn&ent $ecision no. 347?23 on restrictions to t"e &ar0eting and use o! certaindangerous su'stances and rearations

- #overn&ent $ecision no. 932 !ro& 1 Hune 24 a&ending and sule&enting#overn&ent $ecision no. 347?23 on restrictions to t"e &ar0eting and use o! certaindangerous su'stances and rearations

- #overn&ent $ecision no. 347 !ro& 27 6arc" 23 on restrictions to t"e &ar0eting anduse o! certain dangerous su'stances and rearations

- #overn&ent $ecision 124 !ro& 3 Hanuary 23 on t"e revention reduction andcontrol o! environ&ental ollution 'y as'estos

-#overn&ent $ecision 734 !ro& 7 Hune 2) a&ending #overn&ent $ecision no.124?23 regarding revention and control o! environ&ental ollution 'y as'estos


- #EB. 152?25 <BH no. 178?3.11.25= on integrated ollution revention and controlas a&ended 'y Ia no. 84?2) <BH no. 327?11.4.2)= as a&ended 'y Brdinance %o.



7)

4?21 <BH no. 283?3.4.21= aroved 'y Ia no. 25?21 <BH no. 7)5?1).11.21=

- 6B. 818?23 <BH no. 8?13.11.23= Procedure !or issuance o! integrated

environ&ental aut"oriJation as a&ended 'y 6B. 1158?25 <BH no. 191?5.12.25=

- 6B. 3)?24 <BH no. 43?19.1.24= on t"e #eneral +ec"nical #uidelines !or t"e arovalrocedure !or issuing t"e integrated environ&ental

- Seci!ic rules !or sa!ety in +etile !ur and leat"er industry aroved 'y Brder %o.. 174 o!27.5.23 o! t"e 6inister o! Ia'our and Social Solidarity u'lis"ed in B!!icial #aJetteno. 387 o! ).5.23

- -ontract nr.94)?2) * collective la'or contract in t"e tetile industry and tetileroducts 25*2)

+.1 Chan,es to (e )a"e

REECE&ortant and !unda&ental c"anges to t"e general cororate legal !ra&eor0 in #reece needto 'e &ade in order to assist aer roducers to !ace t"e various entrereneurial c"allengesand serious environ&ental issues. Ias on taation are articularly in"i'itive and need vitalrevieing in order to lig"ten t"e 'urden on co&anies. A reduction in taation i&osed onco&anies( ro!its ill encourage #ree0 enterrises to &aintain oerations in #reece and notto relocate to neig"'ouring al0an countries. n addition a reduction in e&loyee insurancecosts ould also "el co&anies to rec"annel resources into ot"er areas o! t"eir 'usiness suc"

as i&roved roduction rocesses. 6ore !lei'le e&loy&ent las in order to allo vitalcororate restructuring and la'our reallocation <suc" as art*ti&e e&loy&ent= according toco&anies( needs ould also rovide a &ore !avoura'le 'usiness contet. For t"e aerindustry in articular a reduction in industrial invoices !or energy consu&tion is a &a;orriority !or t"is energy*intensive sector. Additionally t"e rovision o! natural gas to t"e aerindustry ould allo c"eaer and cleaner( roduction to 'e ac"ieved.



-. S#,,estions 'or '#rther actionsREECEFurt"er &easures need to 'e ta0en in order to 'oost t"e aer industry and rovide greatersuort to roducers in #reece as !ollos>

- 6easures to i&rove roduction caacity <e.g. &ac"ine seed and drying caacity= inorder to "el co&anies 'e &ore co&etitive

- 6easures to reduce roduction costs- Access to c"ea clean( energy source- ,eduction o! TA+ on aer and aer ac0aging- 6ore raid return o! TA+ oed 'y t"e State to eort co&anies- #reater access to !unding and !inance tools <!or ea&le t"roug" t"e 'an0ing syste&=- ,eduction o! local co&&unity c"arges i&osed on co&anies in &uniciality areas

-nvest&ents to ac"ieve energy recueration

- nvest&ents in syste&s !or ater re*usenitiatives at &unicial level to i&rove aer recycling in order to reduce t"e use o! virginaer ul.

POLANDAll !uture stes underta0en !or t"e industry need to ursue cooeration and ;oint activities indi!!erent areas and !or&s o! cooeration. +raining and in!or&ation s"ould lay a leading role int"is area. A&ong crucial reco&&endations encouraging co&anies to underta0e ;oint researc"and develo&ent activities s"ould 'e singled out in t"e !irst lace. #oing !orard t"e long*

ter& grot" outloo0 !or t"is sector re&ains ositive. $e&and is caused 'y "ig" aerconsu&tion in all seg&ents "ile t"e value*added !unctions as t"e i&ulsion o! grot".

paper industry een-pact final

Documents