paper 2 source & ms

8/17/2019 Paper 2 Source & Ms

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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section.

6 Fig. 6.1 is a diagram of a d.c. motor.

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) State the direction of movement of side AB and of side CD when the current is in

the direction shown in Fig. 6.1.side AB .............................................. side CD ...............................................

(ii) !"lain the reason for #our choices of direction.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

$%&

(') hen the coil ABCD is vertical the 'rushes line u" with the ga"s in the s"lit*ringcommutator.

+he coil rotates "ast the vertical "osition. !"lain what ha""ens

(i) to the current in the coil

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) to the forces on the sides AB and CD of the coil...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................$,&

5 Fig. -.1 shows a transformer connected to an alternating current su""l#. +he "rimar# coilhas - turns and the secondar# coil 1 turns. Both coils are made of insulated co""er

wire and are wound on a soft*iron core.

Fig. -.1


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(a) State

(i) wh# the coils are made of co""er

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................(ii) wh# the core is made of soft iron

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) the cause of the magnetic field in the soft*iron core...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

$/&

(') Fig. -., shows the variation of the out"ut voltage of the transformer with time.

Fig. -.,+he num'er of turns on the secondar# coil is increased to 1- 'ut the num'er of turns

on the "rimar# coil and the in"ut voltage are unchanged.

0n Fig. -., draw the variation with time of the out"ut voltage after this increase.

$,&

A teacher counts the num'er of "articles emitted from a radioactive source as shown in

Fig. .1.

Fig. .1

(a) State the name of a detector a'le to detect "articles from a radioactive source.

....................................................................................................................................

$1&(') +he teacher measures the num'er of "articles emitted in 1 minute from three different

sources. +he measurements are re"eated each hour for four hours.

+he results are shown in the ta'le.


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(i) State and e!"lain which source has the shortest half*life.

source with shortest half*life .....................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) +he e!"eriment continues until the time is 6 hours.

For this time of 6 hours calculate the num'er of "articles emitted in 1 minute from

1. source Anum'er 2 ..................................

,. source B.

num'er 2 ..................................$-&

+he "ie chart in Fig. .1 shows the relative contri'utions made '# different sources to 'ac3ground radiation.

Fig. .1

(a) hich source ma3es the greatest contri'ution to the 'ac3ground radiation4

......................................................................................................................................$1&(') State one effect of 'ac3ground radiation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$1&(c) here do cosmic ra#s come from4

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$1&

(d) +he nucleon num'er (mass num'er) of ,,65n is ,,.Define nucleon num'er.


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..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$1&

(e) 5adon ( ,,65n) deca#s '# the emission of an al"ha*"article.

State the "roton num'er (atomic num'er) and the nucleon num'er (mass num'er) of the nucleus left after an al"ha*"article is emitted from this nucleus.

"roton num'er ..

nucleon num'er ..

$,&

7 A radioactive source and a detector are used to chec3 the level of fruit 8uice in a carton.

Cartons of fruit 8uice "ass 'etween the detector and the radioactive source as shown inFig. 7.1. +he radioactive source emits 9*"articles.

Fig. 7.1

(a) State the name of a suita'le detector of the 9*"articles..................................................................................................................................... $1&

(') hat is a 9*"article4

.................................................................................................................................... $1&(c) !"lain wh# the level of detected radiation falls when a full carton of 8uice goes "ast

the detector.

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... $1&(d) !"lain

(i) wh# a source emitting :*"articles is not used

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) wh# a source emitting ;*ra#s is not used.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................$,&


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7 A smo3e detector contains a radioactive source that emits :*"articles.

Fig. 7.1Fig. 7.1 shows the structure of a sim"le smo3e detector. +he :*"articles ionise the air

'etween the "lates.


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11 (a) A radioactive isoto"e emits onl# :*"articles.

(i) >n the s"ace 'elow draw a la'elled diagram of the a""aratus #ou would use to

"rove that no 9*"articles or ;*radiation are emitted from the isoto"e.

(ii) Descri'e the test #ou would carr# out....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................(iii) !"lain how #our results would show that onl# :*"articles are emitted.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................$6&

(') Fig. 11.1 shows a stream of :*"articles a'out to enter the s"ace 'etween the "oles of a

ver# strong magnet.

Fig. 11.1Descri'e the "ath of the :*"articles in the s"ace 'etween the magnetic "oles.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$%&


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= Some "ond water 'ecomes contaminated '# the release of radioactive waste.

+he radioactivit# of a sam"le of the contaminated water is tested ever# wee3 for - wee3s.

+he results are shown in the ta'le 'elow.

(a)


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Fig. 1.1

(i) ow can #ou tell from Fig. 1.1 that the transformer is a ste"*down transformer4...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................$1&

(ii) Calculate the voltage at which the to# train o"erates.

to# train o"erates at @ $%&(iii) 1. +he voltage of the mains su""l# is reduced. hat ha""ens to the voltage

su""lied to the train set4 +ic3 one 'o!.

,. An attem"t is made to use the train set in a countr# where the mains su""l# is

11 @. Suggest one difference that might 'e noticed in the wa# the to# train

o"erates.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

$,&

(') Fig. 1., shows an electromagnetic rela# 'eing used to o"erate an electric motor.

Fig. 1.,

Below are sentences that descri'e stages of the "rocess '# which the circuit wor3s.

A +he armature "ivots and the contacts close.

B +he core of the rela# is magnetised.C +he switch is closed and the current flows through the coil.

DA current flows through the motor ma3ing it wor3.

+he core attracts the to" "art of the armature.


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$%&

11 (a) :*"articles can 'e scattered '# thin gold foils.

Fig. 11.1 shows "art of the "aths of three :*"articles.Com"lete the "aths of the three :*"articles. $%&

Fig. 11.1

(') hat does the scattering of :*"articles show a'out atomic structure4..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$,&

(c) State the nucleon num'er (mass num'er) of an :*"article.

nucleon num'er 2 $1&


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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is the deca# curve for a radioactive isoto"e that emits onl# 9*"articles.

Fig. 1.1

?se the gra"h to find the value of the half*life of the isoto"e.

>ndicate on the gra"h how #ou arrived at #our value.half*life . $,&

(') A student determines the "ercentage of 9*"articles a'sor'ed '# a thic3 aluminium

sheet. e uses a source that is emitting onl# 9*"articles and that has a long half*life.

(i) >n the s"ace 'elow draw a la'elled diagram of the a""aratus required set u" toma3e the determination.

$,&

(ii) ist the readings that the student needs to ta3e.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. $%&

11 Fig. 11.1 shows a fle!i'le wire hanging 'etween two magnetic "oles. +he fle!i'le wire isconnected to a 1, @ d.c. su""l# that is switched off.


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Fig. 11.1

(a) !"lain wh# the wire moves when the su""l# is switched on...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... $,&

(') State the direction of the deflection of the wire...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... $,&

(c) hen the wire first moves energ# is changed from one form to another. State these twoforms of energ#.from ........................................................... to ............................................................ $1&

(d) Fig. 11., shows the fle!i'le wire made into a rigid rectangular coil and mounted on an

a!le.

Fig. 11.,

(i) Add to the diagram an arrangement that will allow current to 'e fed into the coilwhilst allowing the coil to turn continuousl#. a'el the "arts #ou have added. $1&

(ii) Briefl# e!"lain how #our arrangement wor3s.

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. $,&

1 Fig. 1.1 is "art of the deca# curve for a sam"le of a 9*emitting isoto"e.


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Fig. 1.1

(a) ?se Fig. 1.1 to find the half*life of the isoto"e.half*life 2 .......................... $1&

(') Com"lete Fig. 1.1 as far as time 2 , da#s '# wor3ing out the values of a num'er of

"oints and "lotting them. Show #our wor3ing. $,&

(c) +he deca# "roduct of the 9*emitting isoto"e is not radioactive.!"lain wh# the sam"le of the radioactive isoto"e will 'e safer after , da#s than after

1da#. Su""ort #our answer '# reference to the gra"h.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................$1&(d) +he isoto"e used for this deca# curve ma# 'e re"resented '# the s#m'ol A.

rite down an equation '# filling in the ga"s 'elow to show the 9*deca# of this isoto"e

to a deca# "roduct that has the s#m'ol E.

$,&

= (a) hen a nucleus deca#s '# emitting an *"article what ha""ens to(i) the num'er of neutrons in the nucleus

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) the num'er of "rotons in the nucleus

..................................................................................................................................(iii) the charge on the nucleus4

..................................................................................................................................

$-&

(') 0n 1st anuar# 1= a sam"le of a "articular radioactive nuclide had an activit# of %, count Gmin. +he nuclide has a half*life of ,, #ears. Calculate the activit# of the

nuclide remaining in the sam"le on 1st anuar# 1=66.

activit# 2 ......................... count Gmin $/&


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1, >n a countr# where the mains electricit# su""l# is ,/ @ the transformer in Fig. 1,.1 is used

to ena'le a 6 @ lam" to 'e lit.

Fig. 1,.1

(a) Calculate the num'er of turns needed on the secondar# coil if the lam" is to 'e lit at

normal 'rightness.num'er of turns 2 ........................ $%&

(') ithout further calculation state the num'er of secondar# turns needed to light at

normal 'rightness

(i) two identical 6 @ lam"s in "arallel i.e.num'er of turns 2 ....................

(ii) two identical 6 @ lam"s in series i.e.num'er of turns 2 ....................

$,&

Fig. .1 shows the outline of an a.c. generator. +he "ea3 out"ut voltage of the generator is6. @ and the out"ut has a frequenc# of 1H.


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Fig. .1

(a) Fig. ., shows the a!es of a voltage*time gra"h for the generator out"ut.

Fig. .,0n Fig. .,

(i) mar3 suita'le voltage values on the voltage a!is(ii) draw a gra"h of the generator out"ut.

$%&

(') +he generator shown in Fig. .1 wor3s '# electromagnetic induction.

!"lain how this effect "roduces the out"ut voltage...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... $%&(c) State the energ# changes that occur in the generator when it is "roducing out"ut.

.................................................................................................................................... $,&

11 (a) A sodium nucleus deca#s '# the emission of a 9*"article to form magnesium.

(i) Com"lete the deca# equation 'elow.

(ii) Fig. 11.1 shows 9*"articles from sodium nuclei moving into the s"ace 'etween the "oles of a magnet.


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Fig. 11.1

Descri'e the "ath of the 9*"articles 'etween the magnetic "oles.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

$-&

(') @er# small quantities of a radioactive isoto"e are used to chec3 the circulation of 'lood

'# in8ecting the isoto"e into the 'loodstream.(i) Descri'e how the results are o'tained.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) !"lain wh# a ;*emitting isoto"e is used for this "ur"ose rather than one that

emits either :*"articles or 9*"articles.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

$/&

% 5adioisoto"e uranium*,% deca#s to 'ecome thorium*,%/ as shown in the equation 'elow.

(a) (i) hat is meant '# radioisoto"e4

.....................................................................................

$1mar3&(ii) hat is radiation


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Diagram %(i) 0n Diagram % draw the "ath of radiation < in the electric field.

$1mar3&

(ii) !"lain #our answer in (c)(i).....................................................................................

$1mar3&

Section BAnswer two questions from this section.

1 Fig. 1.1 illustrates nuclear fission of ?ranium*,%- in a nuclear reactor.

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Descri'e the "rocess illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

(ii) Descri'e how the "rocess of nuclear fusion differs from the "rocess of nuclear fission as

illustrated a'ove.$-&

(') +he waste "roducts from a nuclear reactor contain isoto"es such as >odine*1%1 and

Caesium*1%7. +hese waste "roducts are highl# radioactive and dangerous. +he# are stored

in sealed metal cans which are "laced under water for a few months.(i) !"lain how these isoto"es were "roduced.


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(ii) !"lain what is meant '# the term radioactive.

(iii) Iive a reason wh# metal cans are used and a reason wh# the# are "laced under water.

$-&

(c) 5adioactive isoto"es are used in medicine and in industr#. Descri'e and e!"lain one usethat is made of a radioactive isoto"e. >n #our account indicate whether the isoto"e should

have a long or a short half*life. $-&

= (a) A radioactive source emits :*"articles onl#.

(i) Descri'e with the aid of a diagram an e!"eriment that demonstrates that the sourceemits :*"articles 'ut not 9*"articles.

(ii) Descri'e how #ou would demonstrate that the radioactive emission from the source is

random.(iii) State one safet# "recaution that #ou would ta3e when handling an# radioactive source.

$&

(') A radioactive isoto"e of radon (5n*,,) is re"resented as ,,65n. +he nucleon num'er (mass

num'er) of this nuclide is ,, and the "roton num'er (atomic num'er) is 6. 5adon*,,

deca#s into "olonium (


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1 A doctor uses a radioactive isoto"e iodine*1%1 to find the volume of 'lood in a "atientLs 'od#.

>nformation a'out iodine*1%1 is given in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Descri'e the structure of an atom of iodine*1%1.

(ii) +he radioactive deca# equation 'elow shows an iodine*1%1 nucleus deca#ing into a

!enon nucleus (e). Co"# the equation and insert the "roton num'er and the nucleonnum'er of the !enon nucleus.

$-&

(') Descri'e the differences 'etween 'eta*"articles and gamma*ra#s. $%&

(c) +he doctor uses a sam"le of iodine*1%1 that initiall# "roduces a count rate of 1// "er

second.+he whole sam"le is in8ected into the "atientLs arm. Mine small sam"les of 'lood each of

volume ,. cm% are ta3en from the other arm at , minute intervals.

Fig. 1., shows the count rates from the nine sam"les.

Fig. 1.,

(i) State two reasons wh# different count rates are o'tained from the nine sam"les.(ii) Calculate the average value of the count rates from the last four sam"les.

+his is the average count rate from a volume of ,. cm% of 'lood.

(iii) ?sing #our answer to (ii) determine the volume of 'lood in the "atientLs 'od# which

has a total count rate of 1// "er second.(iv) Sam"le num'er = is 3e"t.

+he count rate is measured again after 16 da#s.


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stimate the value o'tained given that the half*life of iodine*1%1 is . da#s.

$6&

(d) Descri'e one "recaution that the doctor must ta3e when handling this radioactive source. $1&


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1, As a researcher #ou are assigned to investigate the characteristics of radioactive

su'stances with different half*lives to 'e used for the treatment of cancer.Diagram 1,.1 shows radioactive ra#s directed towards the cancer cells in a "atientLs

'rain.

Diagram 1,.1

(a) hat is meant '# halfKlife4

$ 1 mar3 &(') S3etch a gra"h of activit# against time to illustrate the deca# rate of a radioactivesu'stance. ?se #our gra"h to e!"lain how the half*life is determined.

$/ mar3s &

+a'le 1,.1 shows the "ro"erties of four radioactive su'stances N and O

+a'le 1,.1(c) (i) Based on +a'le 1,.1 a'ove e!"lain the suita'le "ro"erties of the


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radioactive su'stance for use to 3ill cancer cells in a "atient.

(ii) Determine which radioactive su'stance is the most suita'le for the treatment

of cancer cells in a "atient and give #our reasons.

$1 mar3s&(d) Diagram 1, ., shows a radioactive deca# series for 5n*,,, nucleus to


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paper 2 source & ms

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