Liabilities of RPAS: the ALIAS approach

RPAS chosen as case study

to test the Legal Case

Why RPAS►Level of maturity is high►Likelihood of integration in European total system

may depend on liability issues►Legal uncertainties may hinder the development of

the European market for RPAS►Instance of advanced automation with a significant

impact on ATM system►Complex multi-level regulatory framework

Legal Case validation activities

►Experts interviews

►2 test applications, respectively on RPAS and ACAS X (new generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System). Activities:

apply the Legal Case collect feedbackconsolidate the methodology

Involvement of aviation stakeholders

►Interviewees ►User group members

►Focal point expert of the selected technology supports the team in setting up the user group mediates the cooperation btw the ALIAS team

and the user group supports the application of the methodology validates the quality of the results produced

RPAS stakeholders involved in the Legal Case validation

►Representative from industry as interviewee (S. Turco) ►Regulator representative as Focal point (F. Tomasello)►Representatives for insurance (Benito Pagnanelli), pilots

(Stefano Prola) and the RPAS Operators (Francesco Grimaccia) as User group members

Test application of the Legal Case on RPAS

RPAS background information

Addressing RPAS level of automation with the Level Of Automation Taxonomy (LOAT)

1. Supports conceptualisation2. Connects the Legal Case with human-factor research3. Helps identifying task responsibilities (Responsibility-

LOAT)

LOAT use in the Legal Case:

AINFORMATION ACQUISITION

BINFORMATION

ANALYSIS

CDECISION AND ACTION

SELECTION

DACTION

IMPLEMENTATION

Artefact Supported Action Implementation

D1

Step by step Action Support

D2

Low Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D3

High Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D4

Medium Level Automat. of Action Seq. Execut.

D6

Low Level Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D5

Full Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D8

High Level Automation of Action Seq. Execut.

D7

Artefact Supported Decision Making

C1

Automated Decision Support

C2

Rigid Automated Decision Support

C3

Low Level Automatic Decision Making

C4

Full Automatic Decision Making

C6

High Level Automatic Decision Making

C5

Artefact Supported Information Analysis

B1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B3

High Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B4

Full Automation Support of Info Analysis

B5

Artefact Supported Information Acquisition

A1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A3

High Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A4

Full Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A5

VLOS/E-VLOS

Manual Information Acquisition

A0 Working-memory based Information Analysis

B0 Human Decision Making

C0 Manual Action and Control

D0

AINFORMATION ACQUISITION

BINFORMATION

ANALYSIS

CDECISION AND ACTION

SELECTION

DACTION

IMPLEMENTATION

Step by step Action Support

D2Low Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B2 Med. Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A3 Human Decision Making

C0

A3 based on user’s settings the system filters and/or highlights the most relevant informationB2 Based on user’s request, the system analyses different information items C0 The human generates decision options and decides all actions to be performed.D2 each action is based on human initiative

VLOS/E-VLOS

AINFORMATION ACQUISITION

BINFORMATION

ANALYSIS

CDECISION AND ACTION

SELECTION

DACTION

IMPLEMENTATION

Artefact Supported Action Implementation

D1

Step by step Action Support

D2

Low Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D3

High Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D4

Medium Level Automat. of Action Seq. Execut.

D6

Low Level Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D5

Full Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D8

High Level Automation of Action Seq. Execut.

D7

Artefact Supported Decision Making

C1

Automated Decision Support

C2

Rigid Automated Decision Support

C3

Low Level Automatic Decision Making

C4

Full Automatic Decision Making

C6

High Level Automatic Decision Making

C5

Artefact Supported Information Analysis

B1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B3

High Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B4

Full Automation Support of Info Analysis

B5

Artefact Supported Information Acquisition

A1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A3

High Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A4

Full Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A5

VLOS/E-VLOS

Manual Information Acquisition

A0 Working-memory based Information Analysis

B0 Human Decision Making

C0 Manual Action and Control

D0

AINFORMATION ACQUISITION

BINFORMATION

ANALYSIS

CDECISION AND ACTION

SELECTION

DACTION

IMPLEMENTATION

Artefact Supported Action Implementation

D1

Step by step Action Support

D2

Low Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D3

High Level Support of Action Sequence Execut.

D4

Medium Level Automat. of Action Seq. Execut.

D6

Low Level Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D5

Full Automation of Action Sequence Exec

D8

High Level Automation of Action Seq. Execut.

D7

Artefact Supported Decision Making

C1

Automated Decision Support

C2

Rigid Automated Decision Support

C3

Low Level Automatic Decision Making

C4

Full Automatic Decision Making

C6

High Level Automatic Decision Making

C5

Artefact Supported Information Analysis

B1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B3

High Level Automation Support of Info Analysis

B4

Full Automation Support of Info Analysis

B5

Artefact Supported Information Acquisition

A1

Low Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A2

Med. Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A3

High Level Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A4

Full Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A5

B-VLOS operations

Manual Information Acquisition

A0 Working-memory based Information Analysis

B0 Human Decision Making

C0 Manual Action and Control

D0

AINFORMATION ACQUISITION

BINFORMATION

ANALYSIS

CDECISION AND ACTION

SELECTION

DACTION

IMPLEMENTATION

Medium Level Automat. of Action Seq. Execut.

D6 Low Level Automatic Decision Making

C4 Full Automation Support of Info Analysis

B5 Full Automation Support of Info Acquisition

A5

A5 based on parameters defined at design level the system filters and/or highlights the most relevant informationB5 Based on parameters defined at design level, the system analyses different information items and triggers alerts C4 The systems generates decision options and decides all actions to be performed. Human is informedD6 each action is based on system’s initiative. Human can interrupt. B-VLOS

10 RPAS hypothetical accident scenarios

TITLE

CLASSIFICATIONDAMAGE AREA USAGE

third parties

RPAS operator's employees

thingsoutdoor -

non populated

area

outdoor - populated area area

indoor - populated

areanot

malicious malicious

Light RPAS falls on a car and causes collision of cars (without injuries to passengers)

X X X

Theft of RPAS during flight and its use for malicious purposes

X X X