panama wilt: occurrence, disease management approaches and...
TRANSCRIPT
Agu
stin
B. M
olin
a, P
hDSe
nior
Sci
enti
st a
nd R
egio
nal C
oord
inat
orBi
over
sity
Inte
rnat
iona
l, C
fLA
sia
and
the
Paci
fic
Pana
ma
Wilt
: occ
urre
nce,
dis
ease
m
anag
emen
t ap
proa
ches
and
R&
D in
As
ia
on
e y
ea
r
to
do
om
sda
y!
Fusa
rium
wilt
des
troy
ed G
ros
Mic
hel
plan
tatio
ns in
Cen
tral
Am
eric
a50
,000
hec
tare
s w
ere
dest
roye
d in
Hon
dura
s al
one,
mid
50s
R. P
loet
z
Pana
ma
Dis
ease
R. P
loet
z
Be
ca
use
of
Pa
na
ma
wilt
, Gro
s M
ich
el-
ba
sed
tra
de
c
on
vert
ed
to
Ca
ven
dis
h in
th
e la
te 5
0s
Cav
endi
sh s
hig
hly
resi
stan
t to F
ocR
ace
1
The
appe
aran
ce F
ocR
ace
that
can
atta
ck C
aven
dish
in A
sia
has
rene
wed
the
nigh
tmar
e b
roug
ht a
bout
by th
e Fo
cep
idem
ic d
urin
g th
e G
ros
Mic
hel e
ra
The
prob
lem
ove
r?...
.NO
T Q
UIT
E!
Pix
by N
asir,
N.
Mal
aysi
a an
d In
done
sia:
1990
s-co
mm
erci
al C
aven
dish
pla
ntat
ions
wer
e es
tabl
ishe
din
Sum
atra
, and
Jav
a in
Indo
nesi
a an
d in
Joh
ore,
Mal
aysi
afo
r the
exp
ort m
arke
t. Se
vere
Foc
epid
emic
des
troy
ed
thes
e pl
anta
tions
Alth
ough
Fus
ariu
m w
ilt a
nd it
s di
vers
ed p
atho
geni
c fo
rms
have
bee
n in
this
regi
on b
efor
e th
e 90
s, th
e di
seas
e d
estr
uctiv
epo
tent
ial w
as n
ot re
aliz
ed u
ntil
the
dem
ise
of th
ese
com
mer
cial
C
aven
dish
pla
ntat
ions
His
toric
al T
R4
epid
emic
s on
C
aven
dish
in A
sia:
Taiw
an
1967
(197
0s)
Indo
nesi
a/M
alay
sia
(198
9) 1
990s
Aus
tral
ia -
1997
-199
9C
hina
(200
1)Ph
ilipp
ines
(200
2-20
05)
Not
e: T
R4
refe
rs to
the
grou
p be
long
ing
to V
CG
121
3/16
Mo
no
cu
ltu
reP
lan
tati
on
: Ca
ven
dis
h
Smal
lhol
der p
rodu
ctio
n:Lo
cal c
ultiv
ars
for l
ocal
m
arke
t
gro
wn
in
hig
hly
in
ten
sive m
on
ocu
ltu
reg
row
n i
n h
igh
ly i
nte
nsi
ve m
on
ocu
ltu
re
usi
ng
ju
st s
ing
le v
ari
ety
typ
e=
hig
h g
en
eti
c h
om
og
en
eit
yu
sin
g j
ust
sin
gle
vari
ety
typ
e=
hig
h g
en
eti
c h
om
og
en
eit
y
trad
itio
nall
y a
pere
nn
ial
cro
pp
ing
syst
em
trad
itio
nall
y a
pere
nn
ial
cro
pp
ing
syst
em
hig
h i
np
ut
pro
du
ctio
n s
yst
em
hig
h i
np
ut
pro
du
ctio
n s
yst
em
hig
h y
ield
an
d f
ruit
qu
ali
tyh
igh
yie
ld a
nd
fru
it q
uali
ty
Mon
ocul
ture
Cav
endi
sh p
lant
atio
ns
Sm
all
Sm
all--s
cale
ban
an
a f
arm
ing
scale
ban
an
a f
arm
ing
For l
ocal
mar
ket
Seve
ral v
arie
ties/
crop
sH
igh
gene
tic d
iver
sity
Res
ilien
t, lo
w
dise
ase
pres
sure
Low
inpu
t/out
put
ɸ
§ · ·
¬
± ¼
·ºº·½«
´¬ ¬
± ½
±²
¬®±´á
Pana
ma
Dis
ease
TR
4 is
a C
aven
dish
Issu
e
Rec
ent F
oc T
R4
epid
emic
s in
the
Phili
ppin
es
and
Chi
na p
rese
nts
a re
al th
reat
to th
e C
aven
dish
-bas
ed m
onoc
ultu
re p
rodu
ctio
n sy
stem
Indu
stry
Sta
tus
Cou
ntrie
s w
ith s
igni
fican
tpr
oduc
tion
of C
aven
dish
:
Indi
a lo
cal m
arke
tC
hina
lo
cal m
arke
tPh
ilipp
ines
ex
port
Taiw
an
loca
l mar
ket a
nd e
xpor
tA
ustr
alia
lo
cal m
arke
tIn
done
sia
and
Mal
aysi
a lo
cal m
arke
t
Aus
tralia
-maj
or b
anan
a pr
oduc
tion
area
s
The
Aus
tral
ian
Ban
ana
Mar
ket.
V
arie
ties.
Cav
endi
sh90
%
Lady
Fin
ger
7%
Gol
dfin
ger
2%
Oth
er
1%
Indo
nesi
a an
d M
alay
sia
maj
or b
anan
a pr
oduc
ers
in A
sia
smal
l sca
le g
row
ers
man
y lo
cal c
ultiv
ars
mai
nly
for l
ocal
con
sum
ptio
nC
aven
dish
pro
duct
ion
limite
d by
Foc
Tr 4
Cav
endi
sh p
rodu
ctio
n on
ly fo
r loc
alsu
perm
arke
t
Indi
a
Wor
lds
top
bana
na p
rodu
cer
Mai
nly
for l
ocal
mar
ket
Nin
ety
perc
ent o
f pro
duct
ion
are
smal
l to
med
ium
sca
leG
row
var
ious
loca
l var
ietie
s,
alth
ough
rece
ntly
Cav
endi
shpr
oduc
tion
incr
ease
d to
55%
65%
use
tiss
ue c
ultu
re
Cha
nges
in P
rodu
ctio
n an
d A
rea
in C
hina
mai
nlan
d
ÿ95
% C
aven
dish
(AA
A),
5% P
isan
g A
wak
(AB
B)
and
Daj
iao
(AB
B)
G. Y
i, 20
12
Chi
na19
95-2
006,
dom
estic
pro
duct
ion
quan
tity
has
incr
ease
d fr
om 3
,270
,000
ton
to
7,66
0,00
0 to
n (8
.2%
of t
he w
orld
s pr
oduc
tion,
ave
rage
12%
yea
rly in
crea
se).
Chi
na is
rank
ed th
ird a
ccor
ding
to
prod
uctio
n vo
lum
e (2
008)
. B
anan
a co
nsum
ptio
n: 9
0% lo
cally
pro
duce
d;
10%
impo
rted
Nin
ety
perc
ent o
f loc
al p
rodu
ctio
n is
C
aven
dish
, 95%
use
tiss
ue c
ultu
re
In 2
007:
438,
000
has
plan
ted
to b
anan
as( a
bout
45,
000
has
C
aven
dish
pla
ntat
ions
for e
xpor
t)
Prod
uced
7.8
M m
etric
tons
: loc
al c
ultiv
ars
for l
ocal
lo
cal c
onsu
mpt
ion;
Cav
endi
sh fo
r exp
orts
Ran
ked
5tham
ong
impo
rtan
t cro
ps, n
ext t
o ric
e,
corn
, coc
onut
and
sug
arca
ne; 2
ndam
ong
top
Phili
ppin
e ag
ricul
tura
l exp
orts
Ran
ked
5tham
ong
bana
na p
rodu
cing
cou
ntrie
s;
rank
ed 2
ndam
ong
top
expo
rter
of b
anan
a pr
oduc
ts
Expo
rted
abo
ut 2
.2 M
met
ric to
ns o
f fre
sh fr
uits
va
lued
at U
S$40
0 M
and
abo
ut 3
1.86
met
ric to
ns o
f ba
nana
chi
ps v
alue
d at
US$
40
M.
Indu
stry
Sta
tus
Phili
ppin
es
US$
720
M -
gros
s ex
port
in
2010
(2n
dto
p gl
obal
ex
port
er)
US$
414
M -
sala
ries
and
w
ages
Empl
oys
-32
0,00
0 pe
ople
US$
41
M -
loca
l go
vern
men
t ta
x re
venu
e
US$
27
M -
taxe
s re
mit
ted
by r
elat
ed in
dust
ry s
uppl
iers
80,0
00 h
ecta
res
A s
urv
ey
and
ch
arac
teri
zati
on
stu
dy
was
co
nd
uct
ed
in
20
05
, co
nfi
rme
d t
hat
VC
G 1
21
3/1
6 (
TR4
)is
cau
sin
g th
e n
ew
ep
ide
mic
in t
he
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Thr
eat t
o th
e C
aven
dish
bas
ed-p
rodu
ctio
n sy
stem
!
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Ch
ina
Bro
ught
a re
new
ed th
reat
and
con
cern
to th
e in
dust
ry n
ot o
nly
in A
sia
but i
n ot
her b
anan
a pr
oduc
ing
regi
ons
Ren
ewed
inte
rest
in re
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
to c
onta
in th
is d
evas
tatin
g di
seas
e
The
epid
emic
s of
Foc
on
cave
ndis
h in
Asi
apa
rtic
ular
ly in
Chi
na a
nd th
e Ph
ilipp
ines
tw
o m
ajor
Cav
endi
sh G
row
ing
Cou
ntrie
s :
BA
PNET
Indi
aC
hina
-nat
iona
l net
wor
k
Prio
rity
R&
D a
gend
a
Ch
ina
Na
tio
na
l Ba
na
na
Sym
po
siu
mG
uang
zhou
, Gua
ngdo
ng P
rovi
nce,
Chi
na A
pril
28
30, 2
008
óTh
e sy
mpo
sium
was
a v
enue
to a
cade
mic
exc
hang
e on
m
anag
emen
t str
ateg
y of
the
bana
na F
usar
ium
wilt
dis
ease
, br
eedi
ng a
nd
gene
tics,
bio
tech
nolo
gy, c
ultu
ral p
ract
ices
and
cr
oppi
ng s
yste
ms,
ger
mpl
asm
reso
urce
s an
d cu
rren
t sta
tus
of
Chi
nese
ban
ana
indu
stry
R &
D a
ctiv
ities
in A
sia
:
Surv
ey a
nd c
hara
cter
izat
ion
of th
e di
strib
utio
nof
Foc
pat
hoge
ns in
Asi
a-di
strib
utio
n m
ap
Valid
atio
n/de
velo
pmen
t of d
isea
se m
anag
emen
t tac
tic-v
arie
tal r
esis
tanc
e-a
nnua
l cro
ppin
g-b
iolo
gica
l con
trol
, soi
l hea
lth m
anag
emen
t-e
radi
catio
n, tr
eatm
ent,
-qua
rant
ine
??
No
Foc
isol
ated
Pap
ua N
ew G
uine
a
0121
701
24/5
Sri
Lank
a
0122
101
2801
2301
24/5
Vie
tnam
0122
001
2801
24/5
Indi
a
0121
701
221
0123
0124
/5C
ambo
dia
0122
001
217
0128
0124
/5B
angl
ades
h
0121
3/16
Chi
na01
2201
2601
213/
16P
hilip
pine
s
0121
0121
3/16
Taiw
an
0124
/501
2101
213/
16M
alay
sia
0121
0121
901
2601
2001
218
0124
/501
2301
213/
16In
done
sia
Iden
tifie
d VC
Gs
Cou
ntry
Div
ersi
ty p
rofil
e ba
sed
on V
CG
s in
the
surv
eyed
Asi
an c
ount
ries
(Mol
ina
et a
l, 20
12)
Map
ping
the
Dis
trib
utio
n of
Foc
str
ains
in A
sia:
with
em
phas
is o
n TR
4-VC
G 1
213/
16
0121
3/16
0121
3/16
0121
3/16 01
213/
16
0124
/5
0121
3/16
0124
/501
24/5
0124
/501
24/5
0124
/5
0%20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Chi
naTa
iwan
Phili
ppin
esIn
done
sia
Mal
aysi
aIn
dia
Cam
bodi
aVi
etna
mB
angl
ades
hSr
i Lan
kaPN
G
0124
/501
213/
16Fu
sariu
m s
pPo
ssib
le N
ew01
218
0123
0122
001
221
0128
0121
0126
0121
701
2001
2201
219
Prof
ile o
f var
ious
Foc
VCG
s ex
pres
sed
as p
ropo
rtio
n of
the
anal
yzed
sam
ples
from
eac
h co
untr
y
??
DIS
TRIB
UTI
ON
OF
FUSA
RIU
M W
ILT
IN IN
DO
NES
IA
Java
and
Sum
ater
a:75
% is
olat
es o
rigin
ated
mor
e VC
G v
aria
tion
Mai
n ba
nana
pop
ulat
ion
Hig
h cu
ltiva
r div
ersi
ty
East
ern
Indo
nesi
a:Le
ss V
CG
var
iatio
nB
anan
a m
ovem
ent b
y pe
ople
Thre
at fo
r PN
G
8 VC
Gs,
TR
4 is
eve
ryw
here
Diff
icul
t to
judg
e bi
olog
ical
line
s du
e to
fr
ee m
ovem
ent o
f pla
ntin
g m
ater
ials
0121
3/16
0121
801
2001
24/5
0121
3/16
0121
801
23
0121
3/16
0121
801
213/
1601
218
0126
0126
0123
0120
0121
3/16
0121
9
0121
3/16
0126
0121
3/16
0126
VCG
Div
ersi
ty
0121
3/16
0121
801
219
0121
0121
3/16
Wal
lace
line
Web
er li
ne
0121
3/16
0120
/15
0121
3/16
0121
3/16
VC
Gs
0120
, 01
213/
16
VC
Gs 0
120,
01
23, 0
124/
22,
0122
0, 0
1221
, 01
213/
16
VC
Gs 0
123,
01
24/2
2, 0
1221
, 01
213/
16
VC
Gs 0
123,
01
221,
0121
3/16
VC
Gs 0
120,
01
221
VCG
dis
trib
utio
n in
Chi
na
an
ou
nce
of
pre
ve
nti
on
is
eq
uiv
ale
nt
to a
to
n o
f cu
re
Surv
ey R
esul
ts w
ere
used
for
prev
entio
n of
spr
ead
Rai
sing
aw
aren
ess
of t
hrea
t of
Foc
Trop
ical
Rac
e 4
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sym
posi
um,C
hina
, 200
9St
akeh
olde
r mee
ting,
El S
alva
dor,
2007
ECua
dor
Phili
ppin
es: P
BG
EA-2
005-
2007
foo
t
Mor
e se
vere
epi
dem
ics
repo
rted
am
ong
smal
l ind
epen
dent
gr
ower
s. N
o te
chni
cal a
nd re
seac
h ca
paci
ty.
For e
xam
ple:
sm
all s
cale
Cav
endi
sh f
arm
ers
erad
icat
ion
by h
erbi
cide
is in
corr
ect m
etho
d as
pro
duct
ion
of in
ocul
a co
ntin
ues
to in
crea
se.
ɸ
§ · ·
¬
± ¼
·ºº·½«
´¬ ¬
± ½
±²
¬®±´á
Sept
201
2-A
sunc
ion
mo
sty
on
sm
all
ca
ve
nd
ish
fa
rm
s
spor
adic
infe
ctio
n
Aba
ndon
men
t
ev
olu
tio
n o
f a
n e
pid
em
ic
Spre
adin
g to
an
epid
emic
pr
opor
tion
The
Elu
sive
Sea
rch
for
Dis
ease
Res
ista
nt C
aven
dish
FHIA
25,
hig
hly
resi
stan
t to
Bla
ck S
igat
oka
and
Foc
TR4
The
prom
ise
of b
reed
ing
for d
isea
se
resi
stan
t Cav
endi
sh is
an
elus
ive
drea
m
Con
vent
iona
l bre
edin
g, b
een
succ
essf
ulin
bre
edin
g fo
r dis
ease
resi
stan
ce b
ut
com
mer
cial
acc
epta
bilit
y is
lack
ing
The
prom
ise
of m
olec
ular
bio
logy
(GM
O) t
o pr
oduc
e a
com
mer
cial
var
iety
is s
till w
antin
g.
Sinc
e 19
90, t
he p
oten
tial o
f mol
ecul
ar b
iolo
gy
is y
et to
bea
r fru
it.
Non
-con
vent
iona
l met
hod
of c
rop
impr
ovem
ent
thro
ugh
som
aclo
nal s
elec
tions
hav
e pr
oduc
ed
Cav
endi
sh r
esis
tant
to F
oc T
R4,
sin
ce 1
990s
Som
aclo
nal s
elec
tion,
TBR
I, Ta
iwan
So
ma
clo
na
l va
ria
nt
sele
cti
on
in T
aiw
an
Hig
hly
resi
stan
t cl
ones
Mod
erat
ely
resi
stan
t clo
nes
GC
TCV-
40G
CTC
V-46
GC
TCV-
44G
CTC
V-53
GC
TCV-
104
GC
TCV-
62G
CTC
V-10
5 (1
995)
GC
TCV-
201
GC
TCV-
119
GC
TCV-
215
(199
1)G
CTC
V-21
7 (1
998)
GC
TCV-
216
GC
TCV-
218
(200
2)
Shar
ed b
y TB
RI/C
OA
thr
ough
the
ITC
IMTP
/NR
MD
C P
rogr
am o
f Bio
vers
ity
infe
ste
d
Foc
GC
TCV
119
Gra
nd N
aine
resi
stan
t G
CTC
V v
arie
tie
s 35
52
61
26
22
23
har
vest
Pla
nt
he
igh
t (i
nch
es)
Cu
ltiv
ar
Agr
on
om
ic T
rait
s
Foc
TR4
re
sist
ant
GC
TCV
var
ieti
es
21
41
0
21
43
Rip
eR
ipe
Rat
oo
n
Cro
pP
rim
ary
Cro
p
Cu
ltiv
ar
Anal
yses
don
e by
Lap
anda
y Fu
it D
ev C
orp.
Com
mer
cial
tria
l of G
CTC
V 11
9, L
apan
day
Frui
ts D
ev C
orp
farm
Impr
oved
fiel
d se
lect
ion
of G
CTC
V so
mac
lone
s:K
angk
u N
o 1
and
5-e
arlie
r mat
urin
g -b
ette
r bun
ch-n
ow c
omm
erci
ally
grow
n in
sev
erel
yaf
fect
ed a
reas
clon
al s
elec
tion
of
Pisa
ng A
wak
inFo
c TR
4 ar
eas
GC
TCV
218
Fiel
d Tr
ial
Phili
ppin
es
Form
osan
a fie
ldex
perim
ent -
Nor
ther
n Te
rrito
ry, A
ustr
alia
The n
eed f
or a
solu
tion!
Phili
ppin
es
1.4h
a1.
4ha
14,0
00 h
a 14
,000
ha
20,0
00 h
a20
,000
ha
4000
0ha
4000
0ha
Evol
utio
n of
infe
ctio
n ar
ea a
nd ra
tes
in C
hina
mai
nlan
d
G. Y
i, 20
12
Bio
vers
ity-D
A-B
AR
Pro
ject
:
Farm
er
pa
rtic
ipa
tory
de
ve
lop
me
nt
of
Dis
ea
se M
an
ag
em
en
t M
ea
sure
s A
ga
inst
P
an
am
a W
ilt
(In
de
pe
nd
en
t G
row
ers
)
Ada
ptin
g an
d im
prov
ing
resi
stan
t cul
tivar
s
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g of
sm
all s
cale
gro
wer
sth
roug
h pu
blic
-priv
ate
part
ners
hips
Dev
elop
ing
othe
r IPM
opt
ions
-bio
logi
cal
-che
mic
al-o
ther
s
Bio
ve
rsit
y-D
A-B
AR
:P
roje
ct t
o a
do
pt
resi
sta
nt
cult
iva
rs:
does
not
aim
to re
plac
e ex
istin
g va
rietie
s w
here
thes
e ar
est
ill e
cono
mic
ally
pro
duce
d
to b
e re
com
men
ded
as o
ptio
ns to
are
as w
here
exi
stin
gva
rietie
s ca
n no
long
er b
e ec
onom
ical
ly g
row
n
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r sm
all s
cale
gro
wer
s w
ho d
o no
t hav
efle
xibi
lity
of la
nd a
reas
oppo
rtun
ity to
furt
her i
mpr
ove
thro
ugh
recu
rren
t sel
ectio
n
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r cap
acity
bui
ldin
g fo
r sm
all g
row
ers
Lapi
z Fa
rm
Will
this
hap
pen?
Ban
ana
indu
stry
may
su
rviv
e, b
ut m
ay n
o lo
nger
be
busi
ness
as
usua
l. C
ost w
ill b
e hi
gher
(i.e
Tai
wan
)
The
mon
ocul
ture
,pe
renn
ial c
ropp
ing
of C
aven
dish
var
iety
is
mos
t vul
nera
ble.
New
pa
radi
gm o
f pro
duct
ion
syst
em b
e co
nsid
ered
.
Smal
l sca
le fa
rmer
sus
ing
inte
r-spe
cific
,in
tra
spec
ific
, and
cr
oppi
ng s
yste
mdi
vers
ity a
rem
ore
resi
lient
th
e p
re
dic
tio
n!
Mor
e kn
owle
dge
and
tech
nolo
gy
now
com
pare
d to
G
ros
Mic
hel e
ra o
r 20
yea
rs a
go (r
easo
n w
hyth
is w
arni
ng w
as is
sued
)
Bet
ter s
ucce
ss in
bre
edin
g?
R&
D h
as c
ritic
alro
le to
pla
y to
del
ay,
miti
gate
and
prev
ent i
t fro
m h
appe
ning
!
rese
arch
sup
port
rele
vant
and
app
licab
leur
genc
y
Th
an
k yo
u!
Th
an
k yo
u!