palau community based disaster risk · training called “train the trainer” on community based...

Palau Community BaseD Disaster riskReduction toolkit

September 2016“ViSion: Safe, reSilient and prepared CommunitieS in palau

©NEMO, Kayangel after Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013

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Palau Community BaseD Disaster risk reDuCtion toolkit

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September 2016Vision: Safe, reSilient and prepared CommunitieS in palau

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palau Community baSed diSaSter riSk reduCtion toolkit

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table of ContentS FoReWoRd Message from chair, nec AcknoWledGMentS eXecutiVe SuMMARY intRoduction GloSSARY oF teRMS ABBReViAtionS And AcRonYMS

Part 1: General

1.1 Introduction1.2 legal and Policy References 1.3 RelationshipwithOtherPlans1.4 International,NationalandStateLevelDisasterRiskManagement Arrangements 1.4.1. TheInternational,Regional,andNationalStateLevelDisasterRiskManagement Arrangements1.4.2. content and Structure 1.4.3. StateandCommunityDemographics

Part 2: CBDrm, “tool kit”

2.1 Purpose2.2 Objectives2.3 target Audience 2.4 RolesandResponsibilities2.5 Methodology

Part 3: unDerstanDinG CBDrm

3.1 IntroductiontoCBDRM3.2 ImportanceofCBDRM3.3 CoreguidingprinciplesofCBDRM

Part 4: Community BaseD Disaster risk reDuCtion ProCess

4.1 CommunityBasedDisasterRiskManagementProcesses steps for Community risk assessment

Step1: Selectingandrankingcommunities Purpose Criteriaforselectingcommunities Activity1:ToolsforSelectingandRankingCommunitiesusing theRankingMatrix

Step2: CommunityHazardAssessment Introduction Objective OtherToolscommonlyusedforHazardAssessment HazardMap HazardProfile timeline Seasonal calendar LevelsofHazardsRisk

Step3: CommunityVulnerabilityAssessment Introduction Objectives Hazardmapping Physicalvulnerabilitymapping Socialvulnerability CriticalInfrastructuresvulnerability TransectWalk Purpose HowtoConductaTransectWalk Householdwealth/incomeranking Purpose Howtodoit GenderMapping Purpose Howtoconductit? PeoplewithDisabilityMapping Purpose Howtoconductit?

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Step4: CommunityCapacityAssessment Introduction Objectives RecommendedToolsforCapacityAssessment Venn diagram Introduction Purpose StepstocreateaVennDiagram HazardVulnerabilityCapacityAssessmentHVCAMatrix Purpose Howtoconductit? HistoricalProfileofDisasterdamages Purpose Howtodoit?

Step5: CommunityRiskReductionPlanning(Puttingitalltogether) Purpose Objectives Keyareasforconsiderationsindisasterriskreductionmeasures Structural measures non-structural measures RecommendedactivitiesforDRR Problem tree Purpose Howtodoit ObjectiveTree Purpose Objectives Howtodoit PrioritizationMatrix Purpose Howtodoit ActionPlan Purpose Howtodoit

Step6: ImplementationofCommunityDisasterRiskReductionActivities Purpose Objective Assumptions Principles Mainoutputs Purpose Howtodoit

Step7: CommunityMonitoringandEvaluationofDRRProjects/Programs Introduction Objective Assumptions Main contents RecommendedSteps Methods&Toolsusedin(M&E) GAntt chart Purpose Howtodoit

Part 5: BuilDinG/ ForminG anD traininG a Hamlet emerGenCy Committee

5.1 Introduction5.2 StepsinCreatingaHamletEmergencyCommittee5.3 MembershipofHEC5.4 RolesandResponsibilitiesofHEC PreparednessFunctions EmergencyFunctions(HEC) RecoveryFunctions(HEC)5.5 HamletDisasterManagementArrangements5.6 MajorComponentsoftheCommunityDisasterRiskManagementPlan 5.6.1 DisasterRiskReductionActionPlan5.6.2 disaster Management Plan

Part 6: reFerenCe materials

6.1 Summaryofmethodsandtoolsneededforhazards,vulnerability,andcapacity Assessment Reference Material

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DisastershaveaffectedPalauinthepastandwillcontinuetohappeninthefuture.Itisnotthequestionofifithappens,butwhenithappensareweready?Thisisevidencedbytheeventsof2012and2013,wheninlessthanayearPalaufaceddisastersasaresultofSuperTyphoonBophaandSuperTyphoonHaiyan.Additionally,emergingthreatofGlobalWarmingisaffectingorchangingourclimaticconditions,whichscientistbelievewillcausemorefrequentandseveretyphoons,sealevelriseandotherclimaterelatedincidents.Knowingthisfact,wemustbegintheprocessofreducingtheriskofdisastersatalllevels,butparticularlyatthecommunitylevel.Globally,thepracticeofreducingdisasterriskwasfurtherarticulatedintheworldconferenceheldinSendai,Japan,toaddresstheissueofdisasterriskreductionatalllevels.TheoutcomeofthatconferenceistheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction,followingtheendoftheHyogoFrameworkforAction.ThisisaglobalinitiativeandPalau,asmemberoftheUnitedNations,isobligatedtoitstermsandconditions.

Atthenationallevel,theNationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework(NDRMF)2010-2015isbeingrevisedtoincludetheintergrationofdisasterriskreductionstrategieswithinthebudgetaryallocationsandplanning.Simultaneously,effortsareunderwaybytheNationalEmergencyCommitteeandtheNationalEmergencyManagementOffice(NEMO)todeveloptheStateDisasterRiskManagementPlans(SDRMP)thatalsoadoptsdisasterriskreductionprocesses.Aswell,thePalauClimatePolicyhasbeenfinalizedandshouldalsobeusedasareferenceatthenational,stateandcommunitylevelplanning.Bottomlineis,wemustshiftourfocusfromresponseandrecoverytobuildingnationalresiliencefrombottomupapproach.Itisafactthatthecommunitymembersarethefirstrespondersduringtimesofemergencyordisasterimmediatelybefore,duringandafteranevent.Traditionally,familymemberstakechargeandbeginimmediaterecoveryforthemselvesandfamiliesandneighbours.

Basically,thisCommunityBasedDisasterRiskReductionToolkit(CBDRRT)isdevelopedasanexecutingarmoftheNationalDRMToolkitandtheStatesDRMPlansdowntothecommunityorhamletlevel.Theprocessofimplementingthetoolkitrequiresconductofworkshopsateachvulnerablecommunity,toteachitsmembers,theprocessofanalyzingtherisksinvolvedandmeasurestoaddresstheseriskusingcommunityresourcesandcapacities.Individualcommunitiesarerequiredtostarttheplanningandimplementationprocessesofmanagingdisasterrisksattheirrespectivecommunities.Animplementationplanfordisasterriskreductionthenwillbedevelopedandimplementedforthelongterm.TheNationalEmergencyCommittee(NEC)andtheNEMOandOfficeoftheVicePresidentwillbereadytoassistyouandthecommunityintheCBDRMprocess.Therefore,astheChairmanoftheNationalEmergencyCommittee,Istronglyurgecommunityleadersandorganizationstotakeaproactivepartinthisprocessandtocreatemoreresilientcommunitiestotheeffectsofdisasterandclimatechange.OnlythenwouldwebeabletoachieveourvisionstatedintheNationalDisaterRiskManagementToolkit(NDRMF)2016-2018,“Safe,ResilientandPreparedCommunitiesinPalau.”

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aCknowledgementS

TheRepublicofPalauisgratefulforthefundingprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU)throughtheSecretariatofthePacificCommunity(SPC).SPCprovidedthesupportandguidancethroughMr.NoaTokavou,SPCNorthPacificOfficeRepresentative.

in February 2016, SPc hosted a trainingcalled“TraintheTrainer”on community Based disaster RiskManagement(CBDRM)inPalau,whereStateGovernmentsparticipantsattendedthe

workshop.Acoreteamwasselectedandtaskedtodevelopthe community Based disaster RiskReduction(CBDRR)toolkitandconductworkshopsatthecommunitylevel,withthegoalofdevelopingcommunitydisasterriskreductionactionplansanddisasterriskmanagementplans.the neMo is credited for the developmentof“BuildingSafetyandResilienceinthePacificProject(BSRP)whichincludedfundingfortheCBDRMprojectforPalau.

RePuBlic oF PAlAu

euRoPeAn union

From L to R: Back to Front: Mr. Noa Tokavou, SPC Representative (Rep.); Mr. Alonzo Kyota, CBDRR Consultant; Mr. Allen Li Rechelbang, Melekeok Rep.; Mr. Natus Misech, President OMEKESANG; Ms. Weillaih O. Kintaro, Melekeok Rep.; Ms. Tanya O. Rengulbai, NEMO Rep. - Administrative Officer; Ms. Elizabeth Ikertang, Koror State Rep.; and Ms. Delilah Fran-cisco, Koror State Rep.

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Threatsandhazardspresentlong-termriskstopeopleandtheirproperty.DisasterRiskReductionmeasuresareactionstakentoeliminate,preventorreducethenegativeimpactsofhazards.Byreducingtheimpactofdisastersthroughsuccessfulriskreductionmeasures,whichfacilitatesquickresponse,speeduprecovery,creates“buildingbackbetter”andtherefore,amoreresilientcommunities.ThisCBDRMtoolkitestablishesacommonplatformorfoundationforcoordinatingandaddressinghowcommunitiesmanagesrisks,aswellasdescribesmitigationrolesacrossthewholecommunity.Thetoolkitalsoaddresseshowthecommunitywilllessentheimpactofdisasterbyemployingdisasterriskassessmenttools.Thesetoolsincludeidentifyingthehazards,vulnerabilities,andcapacitiestodevelopandapplyriskreductionmeasurestoreducelossoflife,protectproperty,socialandeconomic structures.

Localcommunitiespossessawealthoflocal-basedknowledgeandexperiencewithregardstodisaster.ThistoolkitaimstocapitalizeonthelocalknowledgeandexperiencewhilefurtherdevelopingDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)strategies.Thiscanbeachievedbyengagingcommunityleadersandmembers,whoarethemainactorsofthewholeriskreductionprocess,withguidanceandassistancefromthenational,stategovernmentandotherstakeholders.

Effectivedisasterriskmanagementbeginswithacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheinteractionbetweenhazards,vulnerableelementsandlocalcapacityavailableinagiventime.Aimingtowardtheultimategoalof sustainability and resilience, reducing risksrequiresaprocessofcontinuouslearning,adaptingtochange,managingrisk,andmonitoringandevaluatingprogress.Understandingtherisksmakesitpossibletodevelopstrategiesandplanstomanage

exeCutiVe summary

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introDuCtion

Threatening Hazards in the Community

them.Managingrisksfromthreatsorhazardsrequiresdecisionmakingtoaccept,mitigate,reduce,ortransferthoserisks.Theseareprovenmethodsofreducingthelong-termvulnerabilityofacommunityandtobuildindividualandcommunityresilience.Thistoolkitisdrivenbyrisk,ratherthanthe occurrence of incidents. By fostering comprehensiveriskconsiderations,thetoolkitpromotesthewholecommunitytoadoptthecultureofresiliencethroughdevelopmentofactivitiesthatwillreducethelikelihoodofexposureandvulnerabilityofcommunities.

Stategovernmentsanditscommunitiesareatthethresholdofprogressivedevelopment.Itiswiseandforwardlookingtolayasolidfoundationfortheanticipateddevelopment.Unregulateddevelopmentwillonlyaddorincreasethevulnerabilityofthecommunityitself.Assuch,propercityplanning,adoptionofappropriatepoliciesanddevelopingmasterplansareintegralpartoftheoverallcommunityresilienceandprogressivesustainabledevelopment.

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gloSSary of termSCapacity. Thecombinationofallstrengths,attributesandresourcesavailablewithinacommunity,societyororganizationthatcanbeusedtofaceandmanageadverseconditions,emergenciesordisasters.

Climate ChangeAchangeinthestateoftheclimatethatcanbeidentified(e.g.,byusingstatisticaltest)bychangesinthemeanand/orthevariabilityofitsproperties,andthatpersistsforanextendedperiod,typicallydecadesorlonger.Climatechangemaybeduetonaturalinternalprocessesorexternalforces,ortopersistent“anthropogenic”(human-induced)changesinthecompositionoftheatmosphereorinland use.

Climate Change AdaptationTheadjustmentinnaturalorhumansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliortheireffects,whichinduceharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunities.Activitiessuchasbuildingseawalls,saltintrusionresistantcrops.Inthecontextofdisasterriskmanagement,theseactivitiesareconsideredasmitigationmeasures,whileinclimatechangeitisreferredtoasadaptation.

Climate Change Mitigation Theprocessofreducing,preventingoreliminatinggreenhousegasesemissionsintotheozoneoratmosphere,whichiscausingglobalwarming.Thiscanbeachievedthroughreductionofglobaldependencyonfossilfuels;andincreasingtheuseofefficientenergyconsumptionappliances,conversiontoalternativeenergy;suchassolar,thermal,windandhydropowergeneration,etc.

Community Ageographicallocationwhereaclusterofhouseholds,smallvillageoraneighborhoodinatown.Aparticularinterestgroups,ethnicgroups,professionalgroups,languagegroups,particularhazard-exposedgroups.Inthisframeworkcommunityandhamletissynonymous.

Community Based Disaster risk managementCommunity-baseddisasterriskmanagementisaprocessinwhichat-riskcommunitiesareactivelyengagedintheidentification,analysis,treatment,monitoringandevaluationofdisasterrisksinordertoreducetheirvulnerabilitiesandenhancetheircapacities.

Disabled People OrganizationsDisabledPeopleOrganizationisaNon-GovernmentOrganizationofandforpeoplewithdisabilitiespredominantlygovernedbypeoplewithdisability.

DisasterNaturalorman-madeeventwhichcausesintensenegativeimpactsonpeople,goods,servicesand/ortheenvironment,exceedingtheaffectedcommunity’scapabilitytorespond.

Disaster risk managementAsystematicprocessofusingadministrativedirectives,organizations,andoperationalskillsandcapacitiestoimplementstrategies,policiesandimprovedcopingcapacitiesinordertolessentheadverseimpactofhazardsandthepossibilityofdisaster.

Disaster Risk ReductionTheconceptandpracticeofreducingdisasterrisksthroughsystematiceffortstoanalyzeandmanagethecontributingfactorstodisasters,includingthroughreducedexposuretohazards,lessenedvulnerabilityofthepeopleandproperty,wisemanagementofthelandandtheenvironment,andtheimprovedpreparednessforadverseevents.

emergencyAsituationgeneratedbytherealorimminentoccurrenceofaneventthatrequiresimmediateactionwithoutexceedingtheaffectedcommunitycapabilitytorespond.

EvaluationTheprocessofdeterminingtheeffectivenessofDRRmeasuresbasedupontheperiodicactivities(annually,mid-project,endofproject,postproject.)

Faith Based OrganizationAnorganizationwhosevaluesarebasedonreligiousfaithand/orbeliefs,whichhasamissionbasedonsocialvaluesoftheparticularfaith,andwhichmostoftendrawsitsactivists(leaders,staff,volunteers)fromaparticularfaithgroup.

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HazardAdangerousphenomenon,substance,humanactivityorconditionthatmaycauselossoflife,injuryorotherhealthimpacts,propertydamage,lossoflivelihoodsandservices,socialandeconomicdisruption,orenvironmentaldamage.Hazardscanbecharacterizedasnaturalhazard(naturaldisasters)andman-madehazards(man-madedisasters).

MitigationThelesseningorlimitationoftheadverseimpactsofhazardsandrelateddisasters.Thismeasuresincludestructuralandnon-structuralprojectsorprograms.

monitoringThesystematiccollectionandanalysisofinformationasaprojectprogresses.Itisacontinuoustocheckhowactivitiesareprogressing,whethertheprojectisontractornot,andifresponsiblepersonsaredoingtheirtasksproperly.

People with DisabilityConsequenceofanimpairmentthatmaybephysical,cognitive,intellectual,mental,sensory,developmental,orsomecombinationofthesethatresultsinrestrictionsonanindividual’sabilitiestoparticipateinwhatisconsidered“Normal”intheireverydaysocietyfunctions.Adisabilitymaybepresentfrombirthoroccurredduringaperson’slifetime.

PreventionTheoutrightavoidanceofadverseimpactsofhazardsandrelateddisasters.

PreparednessTheknowledgeandcapacitiesdevelopedbygovernments,professionalresponseandrecoveryorganizations,communitiesandindividualstoeffectivelyanticipate,respondto,andrecoverfrom,theimpactsoflikely,imminentoroccurringhazardouseventsorconditions.

recoveryTherestorationandimprovementwhereappropriate,offacilities,livelihoods,andlivingconditionsofdisasteraffectedcommunities,includingeffortstoreducedisasterriskfactors.

resilienceTheabilityofasystem,communityorsocietyexposedtohazardstoresist,absorb,accommodatetoandrecoverfromtheeffectsofahazardinatimelyandefficientmanner,includingthroughthepreservationandrestorationofitsessentialbasicstructuresandfunctions.

responseTheprovisionofemergencyservicesandpublicassistanceimmediatelybefore,duringorimmediatelyafteradisasterinordertosavelives,reducehealthimpacts,ensurepublicsafetyandmeetthebasicsubsistenceneedsofthepeopleaffected.

relief Thisincludesactivitiesthatareundertakenafteradisastertoassistaffectedpeoplelike;searchandrescue,providingfoodandnon-foodrelief,healthcare,repairingofessentialservicesandphysiologicalinterventions.

riskThepotentialofaneventthatmaycauseharmanddamagestopeople,properties,livelihood,andcommunity infrastructures and systems.

VulnerabilityThecharacteristicsandcircumstancesofacommunity,systemorassetthatmakeitsusceptibletothedamagingeffectsofahazard.

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CBDrm - CommunityBasedDisasterRiskManagement

CBDrr - CommunityBasedDisasterRiskReduction

CCa - ClimateChangeAdaptation

CHP - CommunityHazardProfile

DPo - DisabledPeopleOrganization

Drm - DisasterRiskManagement

Drr - DisasterRiskReduction

Dm - disaster Management

eu - EuropeanUnion

eWs - early Warning System

FBo - FaithBasedOrganization

HDrmo - HamletDisasterRiskManagementOffice

HeC - HamletEmergencyCommittee

HiCP - HamletIncidentCommandPost

HVCa - HazardVulnerabilityCapacitiesAssessment

m & e - Monitoring&Evaluation

msC - Mostsignificantchanges

nDrmF - NationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework

neC - NationalEmergencyCommittee

nemo - NationalEmergencyManagementOffice

neoC - NationalEmergencyOperationCenter

nGo - Non-GovernmentOrganization

PWD - PeoplewithDisability

sDrmP - StateDisasterRiskManagementPlan

seC - StateEmergencyCommittee

seoC - StateEmergencyOperationCenter

abbreViationS and aCronymS

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ParT 1 - GENEral 1.1 intRoduction

Thecommunitybasedapproacheshasbeenpracticedfordecadesinotherpartsoftheglobe.Ithasbeenproventobeeffectiveinbuildingresilienceatthecommunitylevel.TheRepublicofPalauisdevelopingthisCommunityBasedDisasterRiskReductionToolKit,inordertoprovideclearguidancetopartnerswhoarewillingtosupportlocalcommunitiesintheireffortstoreducetherisksofdisastersandcreateaneffectivedisasterresponseandrecoverysystems.Buildingstrongerandresilientcommunitiesisanotherwayofstrengtheningandenablingnationalandstategovernmentstoachievesustainabledevelopment.Witheveryoccurrenceofdisasters,thenationalandstatedevelopmentalprogresssetsbackyearsofhardworkindevelopmentandmoreimportantly,divertingfundsfrommoreimportantprogramssuchashealth,securityandeducation,toaddressrecoveryefforts.

1.2 leGAl And PolicY ReFeRenceS

NationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework2016-2030:Disasterriskreductionarrangementsatthenationallevel,isarticulatedin: • SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction(2016-2030)endorsedimprovedunderstanding,

strengtheningandinvestingindisasterriskreductionforresilienceatalllevels.ThisisthesuccessortotheHyogoFrameworkforAction2005-2015.

• StateDisasterRiskManagementPlans:DisasterRiskReductionisarticulatedinSection3.2.The

SDRMPlansarebeingdevelopedfollowingthearrangementsinthedocumentsabove.

• PalauClimateChangePolicy:Thispolicyhasbeenapprovedanditcoversmattersofclimatechangeatthenationallevel.Currentlycommunity-basedclimatechangepoliciesarepending.

1.3RELATIONSHIPWITHOTHERPLANS

ThereexistalinkagefromtheNationalDRMFrameworktotheStateDRMPlansintermsofarrangements,procedures,terminologiesandgeneralguidanceindealingwithdisasterrisks.ThisCBDRRtoolkittargetsthegrassrootlevelofdisasterriskmanagement.ThisCommunityBasedDisasterRiskReductiontoolkitsupportandstrengthentheglobalandnationalefforttoreducetheeffectsofdisasterrisksatthecommunitylevel.Likewise,thetoolkitmustalsosupportotherplansorpoliciessuchasbuildingcode,zoningcode,firecode,andurbandevelopmentplans,etc.,ifany.

1.4 inteRnAtionAl, nAtionAl And StAte leVel diSASteR RiSk MAnAGeMent ARRAnGeMentS

1.4.1 The International, Regional, National and State Level DRM arrangement

TheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReductionwhichsucceedstheHyogoFrameworkforDisasterRiskManagementdepictstheDRMarrangementbelow.TheFrameworkforResilientDevelopmentinthePacific,TheNationalDisasterRiskManagementFrameworkandtheStatesDisasterRiskManagementPlansalsofollowsthesameDRMarrangements.(SeeFigure1).

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1.4.3 state and Community Demographics

TheRepublicofPalauiscomprisedofsixteen(16)statesandhaveapopulationofmorethanseventeenthousand(17,6612015CensusofPopulation,Housing&Agriculture).Fiveofthe16statesaresituatedatoutlyingareas.Eachofthestateshastheirownconstitutionswhichgovernsthegovernmentaloperationsandarrangements.Alongwiththeconstitutionalgovernments,thereexisttraditionalsystemswithineachstateandhamletsthatgovernsmattersoftraditionandcustoms.Thepopulationvariabilitybetweenstatetostateandcommunitiestocommunitiesrangedfromlessthanahundred(Sonsorol)tocoupleofthousands(Koror).Somestateshavehamletswithnoinhabitants.Theinhabitantshaverelocatedtootherhamlets,butmaintainitstraditionalleadershipandclansystemsandhaverepresentativesinstatelegislatures.

Normallystateoperationsareoverseenbyagovernorandalegislature.Eachcommunityisrepresentedinthestatelegislatures,whilehamletchiefsoverseetraditionalorcustomarypractices.

1.4.2 Content and structure:

Thisdocumentisorganizedinawaythatanycommunitybaseddisasterriskreductionstakeholderorpractitionercanutilizeitasafieldreferenceandguidelines.ThisToolKitisdividedintofive(5)parts:

• Part1 GeneralInformation• Part2 TheFrameworkandRationale• Part3 Understanding• Part4 TheProcess• Part5 BuildingandCreatingCommunityDisasterRiskManagement Organization• Part6 ReferenceMaterial

Figure 1: Disaster Risk Management Diagram

diSASteR RiSk MAnAGeMent

diSASteR RiSk Reduction

PreventionAdaptionMitigation

Preparedness

diSASteR MAnAGeMent

ResponseRelief

Recovery

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Table1:ListofStateandnumberofcommunities(hamlets)

name of State NumberofHamlets PopulationAimeliik 5 334Airai 6 2,455Angaur 4 119Hatohobei 1 25kayangel 2 54Melekeok 6 277ngardmau 3 185ngeremlengui 5 350ngerchelong 8 316Ngatpang 2 282ngaraard 5 413Ngiwal 4 282ngchesar 6 291Peleliu 5 484Sonsorol 4 40koror 12 11,444total 88 17,351

Source: 2015 Census Population, Housing and Agriculture.

part 2 Cbdrm: tool kit2.1.PURPOSE:

TheCBDRRtoolkitintroducesanarrayofcommunitybasedapproaches,guidelinesandmethodologiestopartnerswhoarewillingtoworkwiththelocalcommunitiesinPalau.ThepurposeofthisdocumentservesasanorientationandreferenceforCBDRMpractitionersatthenationalandcommunitylevelforeffectivedisasterriskmanagement.

2.2OBJECTIVE:

Toensureconsistencyofapproachesinvulnerabilityandcapacityassessmentadoptedtoreducevulnerabilitytodisasterandclimatechangeimpactsatthegrassrootslevel,toembraceandpracticethecultureofresiliencytodisasterthroughtraditionalarrangements.

2.3TARGETAUDIENCE:

ItisanticipatedthatthistoolkitwillbeusedbyvariousstakeholderspracticingdisasterriskmanagementatthecommunitylevelinPalau.Thesemayinclude:

• Governmentagencies• NGOs(Non-GovernmentOrganizations)• DPOs(DisabledPeopleOrganizations)• FBOs(FaithBasedOrganizations)• CSOs(CivilSocietiesOrganizations)• Donoragencies(Private,RegionalandInternational)• Otherstakeholdersinterestedincommunityresiliencetodisastersandclimatechange

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2.4ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIES:

• NECshallapprovethistoolkit,includingsubsequentamendments.• NEMOshallreview,updateandsustainthistoolkitperiodically.• StateGovernmentsandcommunitiesshalljointlycoordinate,implement,monitorandevaluate

theDRRprocess.

2.5METHODOLOGy

Thefollowingapproachesandstepswereadoptedwhiledevelopingthisdocument:• CBDRRTrainingprovidedtostakeholders.• ReviewofotherCBDRRguidelines,materials,andmanuals.• WorkingwithcoreteamtrainedinCBDRR.• LinkagesofarrangementsandprocessesidentifiedintheNDRMFandtheSDRMP.• Introductionofassessmenttoolsforhazards,vulnerabilities,capacitiesandrisks.

ParT 3 UNdErSTaNdiNG CBdrMCommunity-baseddisasterriskmanagement(CBDRM)isaprocessinwhichatrisk-communitiesareactivelyengagedintheidentification,analysis,treatment,monitoringandevaluationofdisasterrisksinordertoreducetheirvulnerabilitiesandenhancetheircapacities.

3.1 intRoduction to cBdRM

Theimportanceofcommunitybasedapproacheshasbeenrecognizedinpromotingacultureofsafetythroughreducinglocalvulnerabilitiesandbuildingcapacities.Theseapproacheshavebeenpracticedandreplicatedbyvariouscommunitygroups,nationalandinternationalorganizationsandgovernmentalagencies.Whilethenationalandstategovernmentshaveanimportantroletoplayindisasterriskmanagement,itistheproactiveparticipationandinvolvementoflocalcommunitiesatthegrassrootsthatmakestherealdifference.

Thismeansthatpeopleareattheheartofdecision-makingandimplementationofdisasterriskmanagementactivities.Capacitiesoflocalpeopleareenhancedtohelpthemassessthesituation,identifyriskreductionmeasuresandimplementthem.Riskreductionmeasuresincludemitigationandpreparednessactivitiesbeforeadisasteroccurs,aswellas,responseandrecoveryactivitiesduringandafteradisasterevent.

Figure 2: Disaster Risk Management Cycle

Preparedness

disasterMitigation

Recovery Response

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Figure 3: Disaster Risk Management Cycle

diSASteR

Response

RehabilitationReconstruction Prevention

Mitigation

Preparedness

development development

development

3.2 iMPoRtAnce oF cBdRM

ThroughCBDRM,thecommunitybenefitsbytakinganactiveroleinthedisasterriskmanagementprocess.Theinvolvementofthecommunityisimportanttoensure:

• Relevantinformationcollectedwillreflecttheaspirationsandrealitiesofthecommunitymembers,particularlythevulnerable,thepoor,elderly,women,childrenandpeoplewithdisabilitiesandunemployed.

• Thecapacity(self-confidence,knowledge,skillslike:teamwork,makingplans)oftheentirecommunitytodealwithhazardsisdeveloped:

• Externalexpertiseincludingbutnotlimitedtoconsultantsandgovernmentofficerswillunderstandbetteraboutthe community.

• Disastermanagementandcommunitydevelopmentprogramsandactivitieswillachievebetter,morepracticalandeffectiveresults.

• Communityexistencewillbecomemorestableandsustainable.

3.3 coRe GuidinG PRinciPleS oF cBdRM

ThefollowingarethecoreprinciplesthatshouldguideeverystepandactivitiesinCBDRMinanylocation:

a) Thecenterofallprocessisthecommunity.b) Disasterriskreductionisthehighestpriority.c) Priorityshouldbegiventothemostvulnerable.(i.e.,PeoplewithDisabilities(PWDs),thepoor,women,elderly

andchildren).d) Recognitionofdifferentperceptionsonrisks,vulnerabilitiesandorcapacities.e) Applicationbydifferentstakeholders,i.e.,climatechange,health,securityandsafety.f) Establishpartnershipwithelectedandtraditionalleaders,men,womenandyouthgroups.g) Integrationofdisasterriskreductionmanagementintolocaldevelopmentprocess.h) CBDRMisanevolvinganddynamicframework.i) CBDRMshouldtakeintoaccountemergingglobalissuessuchasclimatechangeandepidemics.

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4.1 coMMunitY BASed diSASteR RiSk MAnAGeMent PRoceSSeS

TheprocessofCBDRRatthecommunitylevelinvolvescomprehensiveanalysisoftherisksfactors.Therearethreeelementsofriskassessmentsinacommunity:hazardthreats,vulnerabilitiesandcapacities.

Figure 4. CBDRR Cycle

Figure 5: Risk Equation

[1] communityidentification[2].

Hazard,[3].Vulnerability and[4].CapacityAssessment

[5]Disasterriskreductionplanning

[6] Implementation

[7] MonitoringandEvaluation

part 4 Community baSed diSaSter riSk reduCtion proCeSS

Theresultoftheriskassessmentformsthebasisforprograms,projectsandactivities,whichaimtoreducedisasterrisks.Thereareseven(7)stepsthroughoutthisprocess,whichthecommunitymembersareatthecenteroftheactivities.Recommendedriskassessmenttoolsareintroducedimmediatelyfollowingeachstep.

HaZarD (+ elements at risk)VulneraBility

CaPaCity(to cope)

riskx =

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stePs For Community risk assessmentStep 1: SeleCting and ranking CommunitieSPurpose:ToselectandrankcommunitieswithinagivenState,adeterminationofrankingintermsofhazards,vulnerabilityandcapacityarefromtheleasttothemostvulnerable.Theselectingagencywilldecidewhereinterventionwillbemostbeneficialandmustcoordinatewiththestategovernmentpriortoselectingacommunity.

CRITERIAFORSELECTINGCOMMUNITIES:

Thefollowingcriteriashallbeusedtorankcommunitiesinordertomakeaninformedjudgmentinselectingorrankingcommunities:

• Typeofhazards,frequencyofhazards,andseverityofimpact.• NumberofpeopletobenefitfromCBDRMprogram.• Readinessofcommunitytoengageintheintervention.• Communitiesinremoteareaswhicharedifficulttoreachimmediatelybefore,duringandafter

disasters,suchastyphoons,stormsurgesortsunamisaremostvulnerableandtheyneedtoincrease their resiliency.

Activity 1: Tools for Selecting and Ranking Communities using the Ranking Matrix.

Usingthenumbersfrom1to7,rankeachcommunityaccordingtoeachcriteriawith1beingtheleastand7beingthemostvulnerable.Thecommunitywiththehighesttotalisselectedandotherswithlowerscoresmaybeeligiblefortheprogramatalaterdate.

Table 2: Community Ranking Matrix

name of

community

Types of Hazards

Frequency of each Hazard

History of Severity

Severity of exposure to

risk

Number of people to benefit

readiness of

community to engage

remoteness of

community

Total

Thisactivityisperformedbyanorganizationorgovernmentagencyinconsultationwiththestategovernmentandthecommunitytoensurefullparticipationbythecommunity.

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STEP 2: COMMUNiTy Hazard aSSeSSmentINTRODUCTION:

Whenhazardsimpactonvulnerablegroupsofpeople,infrastructures,socio-economicandenvironmentinacommunity,theresultisadisaster.Hazardassessmentistheprocessofidentifyingandanalyzingahazardorthreatthatmayaffectthecommunitybasedonlocalknowledgeandexperiencewithrecentdisasters.

Objective:• Toidentifyallhazardsthathavedirectimpactonthecommunity• Toprioritizethehazardsthatmayhavedirectimpactonthecommunityandtofurthercarryout

vulnerabilityassessmentandriskreductionplanning

How to carry out a community hazard profile?Labeltitlesofeachcolumnbasedonhazardscriteriasuchas:• Type : naturalorman-madeevents• Magnitude : scale,amountorsize• Severity : degreeofdestructionordamages• Frequency : re-occurrences• Speedofonset : fastorslowonset• Duration : periodorlengthofimpact• Location : siteofimpactorareaaffected• Warningsigns : traditionalorscientific

Figure 6: Hazard Assessment Risk Prioritization

Type Magnitude Severity Frequency Speedofonset Duration Location Warning Signs

Typhoone

droughtStorm Surge

Table 3. Hazard Assessment

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Figure 7: Hazard Profile

Table 8. Timeline

OTHEr TOOlS COMMONly USEd FOr Hazard aSSESSMENTS:Thistablecanbefurthercomplimentedbytoolslistedbelow.Theseareothercommontoolsusedbycommunityandstakeholderstoassesshazardsthatmayaffectthecommunity.Thepurposeofthisprocessisforthecommunitymemberstoidentifytypesofhazardsthathavecontinuedtoaffectthecommunityinthepastincludingotheremerginghazardsthatarelikelytohappeninthefuture.ResultsofthesetoolswillenablethecommunitytoprioritizeDRRmeasuresforthemostrecurrenthazardswithsuchseverityandmagnitudewhichthecommunitywouldnotbeabletocopewiththeaftermath.

• Hazard map:Amapofthecommunityshowingareaswhereaparticularhazardhasimpactedorlikelytoimpact.Thecommunitymemberscouldaccessandacquireadigital(GISbasedmap)toidentifyareas(wherepeople,housing,andinfrastructuresarelocated),whicharelikelytobeimpactedbyahazardorbydrawingamapthemselvestoindicatethesame.Thistoolgivesanoverviewofthevulnerableelementsinthecommunity.

• Hazard Profile:Communitymembersdivideintogroupsandidentifyhazardsthathaveoccurredinthepastincludinghazardsthatmayoccurinthefuture.Thisisagoodmethodofidentifyingtheimpactsofclimatechangeandotheremerginghazards.

• Timeline: Communitymembersdivideintogroupsandidentifyandreviewthechronological

historyofdisastersforthepastfivetotenyears,indicatingtheyear,numberofdeaths,damagesincurred,directandindirectcosts,ifany.Theresultofthistoolisusedtoforecastthenextdisaster.

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• Seasonal Calendar:Somedisastershaveseasonsandorepisodes(i.e.,typhoonseason,droughtepisode).Communitymembersidentifytypesofhazardsandindicateaperiodthehazardismostlikelytohappen.Theresultofthisistoremindandalertcommunitiestopreparebeforeaseasonandoranepisodeofahazardbeginsorstarts.

Table 4: Seasonal Calendar

Table 5: Ranking of level of hazard risk

Fivelevelsareusedtorankthehazardsrisksindicatedonthetablebelow.Probability Impact

Trivial Minor Moderate Major ExtremeRare Low Low Low Medium MediumUnlikely Low Low Medium Medium MediumModerate Low Medium Medium Medium HighLikely Medium Medium Medium High HighVerylikely Medium Medium High High High

Season calendaryear Disasters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122016 el nino2013 STyHaiyan2012 STyBopha2001 Tropical

Storm utoR1997 ElNino/

drought1990 STyMike

Plates 2: Photos of Typhoon Damages

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Plates 3: Vulnerability Assessment W/ Community

STEP 3: COMMUNiTy VUlNEraBiliTy aSSeSSmentINTRODUCTION:

VulnerabilityisoneoftheelementsoftheriskequationindicatedinFigure7.Itisthedegreetowhichasystem,subsystem,orsystemcomponentislikelytoexperienceharmduetoexposuretoahazard.Theimpactofahazardisthereforeafunctionofexposuretothehazardeventandtheresponsivecapacityoftheentityexposed.Thedegreeofdamagessustainedwhetherbelossoflives,injuries,sufferings,destroyedhomesandlossofbusinesses,lossofessentialservicessuchashealth,water,power,andcommunicationsdependonthecapabilityoftheelementsatriskthatarebeingexposedtowithstandtheimpactofclimatechangeanddisasters.Whenasignificanthazardoccurs,itwillimpactthevulnerableelementsinthecommunity.Theresultisadisaster-lossoflives,injuries,sufferings,destroyhomesandbusinessesleavingpeoplehomelessandoutofwork.Communities,presently,havethecapabilitytorespondandrecoverfromadisaster,buttowhatextentisnotknown.Thisiswhyitisimportantforthecommunitytobeginassessingtheircapacitysothatthevulnerablecanbestrengthened and the resilient nurtured.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this step are:

• Assessthestatusoftheelementsatrisk(people,properties,environment,economy,andsocial)andtheircapabilitytowithstandtheimpactsofclimatechangeanddisaster.

• Assessthespecificareaswithinthecommunitythatareimpactedthemostfromclimatechangeand disaster.

• Assesssourcesoflivelihoodwithinthecommunitythatareimpactedfromclimatechangeanddisaster.

Inallthetoolsofconductingvulnerability,thecommunitymustparticipateandbeproactivelyengagedsothattheythemselvescancompletetheassessment.Thefacilitatorswillbeginwiththeintroductionofthetoolsandallowthecommunitymemberstocompletethem.

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HAzARDMAPPING

Discusswiththegrouptoidentifyandmapareaswherethegreatestrisksexist.Usingamapofthecommunity,identifythefollowing:• Lowlyingareasorcoastalareasvulnerabletostormsurgesandtsunamis• Identifyaccesspointstoandfromthecommunity.(i.e.,roadblockages,bridgecollapserestricting

responseandreliefoperations,etc.)• Industrialareasandcommercialcenters.(i.e.,fueldepot,shoppingcenters,etc.)

PHySICALVULNERABILITIESMAPPING

Discusswiththegroupthephysicalcharacteristicsofdwellings,houses,church,classrooms,communityhalls,shopsetc.Useamaptoshowthelocationsofthedifferenttypesofexamplesaccordingtotheirvulnerabilityinthecommunity.

Plates 4: Hazard Mapping

Plates 5: Vulnerabilities Mapping

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SociAl VulneRABilitieS

Discusswiththegroupwhichsocialsystems(youth,men,women,andfaith-basedgroups)aremostvulnerable.Theseinclude:

• Socialorganizations.(i.e.,communitygroups,faithbasedorganizations,socialcohesion.)• Schools.

cRiticAl inFRAStRuctuReS VulneRABilitieS

Discusswiththegrouptolistcriticalinfrastructures(hospital,power,water,sewer,communication,school,church,etc.)thatsupportthecommunity.Useamaptoidentifywheretheyarelocated.

tRAnSect WAlk

Thistoolinvolvesthecommunitymembersinidentifyinganareawhereahazardmayimpactandvisitthesitebywalkinginonestraightdirectionwhilemakingalistofallvulnerableelementsseeninthearea.Thisisanothermethodofwitnessingthetangibleelementswhicharevulnerabletoahazard.Theresultofatransectwalkistoidentifyandprioritizethemostvulnerableelements.

Purpose:Toacquaintcommunitiestotheprocessofidentifyingandevaluatingvulnerableelementsinthecommunitythroughparticipation.

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1. Identifyagroupofparticipants.2. Discusswiththeparticipantsthepurposeofthewalk,anddecideonthepaththatshouldbe

takentocoverthegeographicalcharacteristicsofthearea.3. Decidewiththeparticipantswhatparametersshouldbeusedforrecordingobservations.4. Conductthewalkandrecordallthevulnerabilitiesobserved.

HOUSEHOLDWEALTH/INCOMERANKING:

Purpose: •Tocollectandanalyzedataontheperceptionofwealthdifferencesandinequalitiesina

community;andforidentifyingandunderstandinglocalindicatorsandcriteria’sofwealth,well-beingandpoverty.

HOWTODOIT?

Inagroupdiscussionidentifyincomestatusandhierarchyoffamilies.Thisprocesswillshowtheextentofthewholecommunitycopingcapabilities.Specialattentionmustfocusonthepoor,marginalizedpersonsandsingleparentswhowillhaveadifficulttimetoperformdisasterriskreductionmeasures.

GENDERMAPPING:

Purpose: •Toidentifythevulnerablegroupsinthecommunitysuchaswomen,children,andelderlyby

makingalistindicatingtheirlocationandtheirsituation.Thiswouldallowresponderstoprovideassistance during disasters.

HOWTOCONDUCTIT?

Discusswithagrouptoidentifythemostvulnerablegroupswithinthecommunity;anddrawamapoftheirlocations.Categorizeandgroupdifferenttypesofvulnerabilities.Informationmaybeobtainedatgovernmentagenciesandnon-governmentorganizations.

PEOPLEWITHDISABILITyMAPPING:

Purpose: •Toidentifyallpeoplewithdisabilities,theirlocationandsituation.Thismapwillallowfirst

responderstoprovidetimelyresponsebefore,duringandafteradisaster.

How to conduct it:Discussinagroupanddrawamapidentifyinglocationsofallpeoplewithdisabilitieswithinthecommunity.Relevantinformationmaybeobtainedatgovernmentandnon-governmentagenciessuchas oMekeSAnG and others.

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Step 4: Community CapaCity aSSeSSmentINTRODUCTION:

Capacityistheabilityofthecommunitytocopewithdisastersbefore,duringandafteranevent.Copingstrategiesincludepreparingtorespondwhenawarningisissuedbyauthorities,supportingeachotherinthecommunityimmediatelyafteradisastersuchasprovidingtemporaryhousingforthosedisplaced.Historically,communitiesoftendependonthenationalgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationstofacilitateitscopingstrategies.TheconceptofCBDRRistoreversethistrendandempowerthecommunitytoleaditsdisasterriskmanagementactivities,particularly,reducingdisasterrisksandimprovingemergencyresponses.Thenationalandstategovernmentwillassistthecommunitythroughoutthisendeavor.Inthelongterm,communitiesshouldbeabletoimproveandstrengthenitsdisasterriskmanagementskills.

Objectives: • Analyzethesocialcopingcapacitythatexistsinthecommunity(traditional,socialsystem,faith

basedsupportsystem,etc.• Analyzetheresourcesintermsofhuman,materials,organizations,equipmentthatareavailable

inthecommunitythatcanbeusedtosupportanyresponse.• Analyzetheaspectofphysical,social,andattitudinalmotivation.

RecoMMended toolS FoR cAPAcitY ASSeSSMent

Venn diAGRAM

Introduction:Toidentifyorganizations/groups/individualsbothlocalandoutsiderincludingtheirroles/importanceandperceptionsthatpeoplehaveaboutthem,especiallyactivitiesrelatedtodisasterpreventionandresponse.

Purpose:Toidentifypotentialorganizationsusingcirclestoillustratehowagenciesinteractwitheachotherinagivencommunitytosupportdisasterriskmanagementactivities.Alsothelocationofthecircleindicateswhethertheagencyiswithinthecommunityoroutside,whilethesizeofthecircleindicateitsimportanceandlinkagetothecommunity.

steps to create a Venn Diagram:• CreatingaVenndiagramisbestperformedbyagroupinaworkshopsetting.Thegroupwith

knowledgeandunderstandingofthecommunitydecideswhichagenciesarerepresentedwithinthe community.

• Drawalargecircletorepresentthecommunity.Drawothercirclesinthelargercircletorepresentagencieslocatedwithinthecommunityandindicateitsimportancebyitssize.Thenfinallydrawadditionalcirclesoutsidethelargercircletorepresentagencies/organizationlocatedoutsidethecommunityandindicatewithanarrowtowardthecommunityiftheycansupportorprovideassistance.

• Closenessofthecirclesindicatesstrengthofinteraction.Overlappingcirclesmeansastrongrelationship.

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Figure 9: Venn diagram

HAzARDVULNERABILITyCAPACITyASSESSMENTHVCAMATRIx:

Purpose:Giventhehazards,vulnerabilitiesandcapacitiesinacommunity,thismatrixallowsthecommunitytogetacompletepictureoftheoverallrankingofthecommunityintermsofdisasterriskreductionactivities.

How to conduct it?Step2throughStep4coverseachoftheHVCA.

Figure 10: HVCA Matrix

STATE CBDRR VENN-DIAGRAM

HVCa matrix

SPC/EU

PPuc

PPnc

R.o.PNAT’LGoVt

church

Youths

Men’sclub

Traditionalleaders

Women’sOrganization

elders

StateSchool

undP

neMo

Red cRoSS

M.O.H

ndBPM.o.j

diSASteR RiSk

Venn diagramHistoricalProfiles

early Warning System

emergency PlanPublicAwareness

ProgramPublicParticipation

HazardMappingPhysical

Vulnerability Mapping

Social VulerabilityCritical

infrastructuresTransectWalk

community Participation

Householdwealth/incomerankingGenderMapping

Peoplew/DisabilityMapping

HazardMapHazardProfile

timelineSeasonal calendar

HaZarDs VulneraBility CaPaCity

u.S embassy

Taiwanembassy

Japanembassy

u.SSeA - BeeS

cAt -teAMS

otherembassies

AllBanks&other Agencies

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How to do it?Inagroupdiscussthedisasterdamagesfrompasteventssuchastyphoon,droughts,etc.Usingthetablebelowindicateeacheventinchronologicalorder.

Year Event Development Reconstruction

Table 6: Historical Profile

Step 5: Community riSk reduCtion PlaNNiNG (PUTTiNG iT all TOGETHEr)Purpose:UsingthevulnerabilityassessmentdevelopedbythecommunityunderStep3,themembersdevelopacommunitydisasterriskreductionplan.Theconceptandpracticeofreducingdisasterrisksthroughsystematiceffortsaretoanalyzeandmanagethecontributingfactorstodisasters,includingthroughreducedexposuretohazards,lessenedvulnerabilityofthepeopleandproperty,wisemanagementofthelandandtheenvironment,andtheimprovedpreparednessforadverseevent.

Objectives:Theobjectivesofthestepare:

• Developanactionplanforactivitiesthatcanreducevulnerabilitiesinthecommunityandenhance safety.

• Prioritizetheactivitiestoreducevulnerabilitiesinorderofpracticalityfromtheavailableresourceswithinthecommunity.

• Identifystrategiestomobilizeresourcesthatcansupportactivitiesthatarebeyondthecommunity’scapacity.

• Identifyexistingmechanismthatcanmonitorandevaluatetheimplementationoftheactionplan.

HISTORICALPROFILEOFDISASTERDAMAGES.

Purpose:Toallowthecommunitytoseethehistoricalprofileofpastdisasterdamagesandtheirimpacts,andthecostofrecovery.Thisprocessenablesthecommunitytoimplementdisasterriskreductionorbuildbackbetter.

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KEyAREASFORCONSIDERATIONSINDISASTERRISKREDUCTIONMEASURES:

Riskreductionmeasurescanbeeitherstructuralornon-structural.DRRPlansshouldcontaintheseelements:

structural measures:

• Constructionorretrofittingbuilding school,centers,hospitals.• Transportation:roads,bridges.• Lifelines;water,power,communications,sewer.• Communication;earlywarningsystems.• Protectivemeasures;seawalls;mangroveplanting.

non-structural:

• HealthandSanitationPrograms.• Capacitybuilding.• Livelihoods.• Responseplans.• Preparedness;publicdisastereducationandawarenessprograms.

Plates 8: Structural

Plates 8: Non-Structural

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RECOMMENDEDACTIVITIESFORDRR:

ThesemeasuresareexamplesofDRRactivitiesandshouldbeidentifiedandpresentedinstagesduringcommunityworkshop(s).Throughthisprocessthecommunitycanexpandtoincludeactualmeasuresinthehamlet:

• Beforeadisaster.• Duringadisaster.• Afteradisaster.

Drr measures Before a disaster During a disaster After a disasterUpgradeinfrastructures;houses,publicstructuresetc..

Disasterproofingbuildings,seawalls

Activateemergencyresponseplans,evacuation,health,food,water,sanitation

Recoverysupportafterdisaster to ensure basicservicesforcommunities.

Communicationsystem Developearlywarningsystem

Activateearlywarningtopublic

Reviewwarningproceduresforeffectiveness

Policydevelopment Buildingcodes,zoningcodes etc.

Trainingandawarenessprograms

Table 7: DRR Measures

Figures 11: Problem Trees

oBjectiVe tRee

Purpose:Thegoalisadirectoutcomeofthedesiredattributesandbehaviorsthatthecommunitywantstoseeintheproject/activity.

Objectives:• Turnsnegativeproblemstatementintopositiveones.• Defineprojectactivitiesinputsandoutputs.

How to do it?Giventheproblemsidentifiedintheproblemanalysis,includingtherootcausesandeffectsoftheproblemswhichareidentifiedasnegativestatements,thegroupwilldiscussandbrainstormpositivesolutionstotherootcausesoftheproblemstherebyresultinginapositiveeffects.Forexample:

Floods

Deforestation

Steep terrain

Unequal landownership

Landslides

Erosion

Low-soil fertility

Chronic Foodshortage

Malnutrition

High debtsOut-migration

Low recoverability

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ProBlem tree analysis

Problem:Typhoonscausedextensivedamagetohomes.root Cause: Homesarebuiltwithnoorsubstandardconstructionpractices.Effect: Familiesarechallengedwithrebuildingcostofnewhomes.

oBjectiVe tRee AnAlYSiS

root Cause remedy: Buildingcodesaredevelopedandenforced.Newhomesfollowthebuildingcode.Existinghomesareretrofittedtostandard.Effect:Homeswithstandtyphoonforcewindduringtyphoons.Problem: Solved.

Figures 12. Objective Trees

examPle oF an oBjeCtiVe tree

Improvedhealthcondition

of rural population

endS

MeAnS

cash inccome

oBjectiVe tRee

Increasedfarmproductivity

Clearextensionsmessages

increased labour productivity

.....

.....

Post-harvestlossesreduced

Improvedcultivationtechniques

Soilfertilityincreased

Marketablesurplus

Sufficientfoodavailable

endS

MeAnS

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Action PlAn

Purpose:Toidentifyinthecommunity,priorityareasthatneedstobedevelopedorimproved.Thisisdevelopedinaworkshopsettingforvariousmembers/leadersofthecommunity.Priorityareasshouldincludeeffectiveearlywarningsystem,evacuationandsheltersmanagement,publiceducation,medicalfirstaidandemergencyresponse.Basedonthethematicareas,thecommunityidentifiesmainactivities,responsibleparty,supportinggroupandrankingofprioritystatus.DRRprojectactivitiesshouldprimarilyutilizealltheresourcesavailablewithinthecommunity.However,forcomplexandcostlyprojectsthecommunitymayseekassistanceexternally.

How to do it?UsingthePrioritizationMatrix,listactivitiesintheformatbelow.

theme/Phase in Cycle 1:

responsible support Priority status

Activities:1.2.3.theme 2/Phase in Cycle:Activities:1.2.3.

Table 9: DRR Action Plans

PRIORITIzATIONMATRIx

Tolistactivitiesorprojectsintheirpriorityrankingofimplementation.

How to do it?Usingtheresultsoftheobjectivetree,listactivitiesorprojectsinthePrioritizationMatrixbelow.One(1)beingthemosturgentandfour(4)maybedelayed.

Table 8: Prioritization Matrix

PrioritaZation matrixDescription of Activity 1 2 3 4Activity 1Activity 2Activity 3Activity 4

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Step 6: implementation of Community diSaSter riSk reduCtion aCtiVitieSPurpose:Thepurposeofthisstepistoenablevulnerablecommunitiestotakeleadershipinreducingdisasterrisksfacedbythem.Thecommunityparticipatesinimplementingandmonitoringactivitieswitheffectivesupportandassistancefromnationalandstategovernmentagenciesandotherstakeholders.

Objectives: • ImplementDRRactivitiesintheactionplan.• ReduceCommunityvulnerability.

Assumptions:• Disasterriskreductionplansareeffectivelyimplementedachievinggoodresults.• Communityparticipationinimplementingactivities.• Effectiveuseofresourcesmobilizedfrominternalandexternalsources.• Riskreductionactivitiesareimplementedandmonitoredwithgoodsupportandcoordination

fromstakeholders.• Implementedactivitieshelptoreducecommunity’svulnerabilityandenhancetheircapacityto

copewithdisasterrisks,incontributiontopovertyreduction,livingconditionsimprovementandlocaldevelopmentprocess.

Principles:• Ensuregoodcoordinationandactiveparticipationofthecommunityandrelatedagencies.• Ensuretransparentandaccountableimplementationprocesstobothcommunitiesand

stakeholders.• Usemethodsandtoolsthatareacceptabletovarioussub-groupsinthecommunity,giventheir

culturalcontext.

main outputs:• Fromdisasterriskreductionplaninthepreviousstep,resources(human,finance,technical

resources,etc.)willbeallocatedandcoordinatedtoensuretheeffectiveandtimelyimplementation.Measureswillbelistedandprioritized.

Project Description responsibility Financial source timeline

Table 10: Implementation Plan

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loG FRAMe

Purpose: Thepurposeofalogframeistomanagedisasterriskreductionprojectsorprogramsprogressthroughoutuntilthegoalisachieved.Asthesametime,monitorandevaluatetheprojectforpotentialriskswhichmayimpedecompletion.

How to do it?Usingalogframebelow,identifythegoal,objective,orpurposeofaproject/programoractivity.Withineachgoal,identifymeasurableindicatoroftheproject,meansofverifyingtheindicatorsandalsoidentifyotherrisksandassumptionsthatmayaffecttheachievementofthegoals.(Seenextpageforsample).

log FrameObjectives indicators Meansofverification RiskandAssumptionsGoalObjectivesOutputs:1.2.Activities:1.2.

Table 11: Log Frame

Step 7: Community monitoring and eValuation of drr projeCtS/programSINTRODUCTION:

Projectmonitoringandevaluation(M&E)istoreviewtheprogressandsupportthedecision-makingandmanagementsystem.Monitoringhasthefollowingpurposes:• Toknowwhetherornotimplementedactivitiesachievetheplannedobjectives.Whatcanbe

donetobetterachievetheplannedobjectives?• Tomeasuretheprocessofachievingobjectives,performance,efficiencyandimpacts.• Todevelopfeedbacksystemthatencouragesregularlearningandsharingamongcommunities

andstakeholdersforbetterimplementationinthefuture.

Objective: ToensureDRRactivitiesorprojectsareprogressingaccordingtoplanandmeetstheexpectationsofthecommunity.Anydeviationsorunexpectedconflictsfromtheplanarecorrectedaheadoftime.

Assumptions:• Disasterriskreductionmeasuresareimplementedeffectively,andinatimelymanner.• Accountabilityisappliedandhelpstoimprovethemanagementanddecisionmakingsystem.• Upskillingofcommunitymembersinplanning,problemsolvinganddecision-makingprocesses.

38


main Contents:• Monitoring:isthesystematiccollectionandanalysisofinformationasaprojectprogresses.Itis

acontinuoustocheckhowactivitiesareprogressing,whethertheprojectisontractornot,andifresponsiblepersonsaredoingtheirtasksproperly.

• Monitoringhelpsorganizationstrackachievementsbyregularcollectionofinformationtoassisttimelydecisionmaking,ensureaccountability,andprovidethebasisforevaluationandlearning.

• Evaluation:TheprocessofdeterminingtheeffectivenessofDRRmeasuresbasedupontheperiodicactivities(annually,mid-project,endofproject,postproject).

• M&Ecouldusedifferentmethodsdependingonthequantitative(numbersandcharts)and/orqualitativeindicators(people’sknowledge,attitudeandbehavior).

• Theevaluationprocessneedstoprovidereliableandtrustworthyinformation,offeringprovidesinputsandlessonslearnedforthedecisionmakingprocessofthecommunitiesandassociatedagencies.

recommended steps:• DevelopM&EPlan.• Collectdata/information.• Analyzedata.• Document,communicateandsharefindings.

methods and tools used in m&e

GANTTCHART

Purpose:GanttChartisascheduleofDRRprograms/project/taskalreadyidentifiedinthevulnerabilityassessment.Thisisatimelineorientedchartalongwithpeoplewhoareresponsibleforthetaskandtheresourcesrequiredtocompletetheactivity.

How to do it?Followingagroupdiscussion,duringaworkshopormeeting,fillintherestofthechart.Advantageofthechartincludeavoidconfusion,keeppartnersonthesamepage,understandtherelationshipsbetweentasks,effectiveresourceallocation,andforwardlookingtoensuretasksareprogressingasplanned.

Gantt ChartTask Responsibility Begin end Resources1.2.3.4.5.

Table 12. Gantt Chart

• Quantitative indicators: can be measured using numbers.• Qualitative indicators: cannotbemeasuredbynumbersbutinformationisgatheredthrough

materialssuchasminutesofmeetings,observationorgroupdiscussionandfeedback.Examplesoftheseare:directobservation,interviewwithkeypeople,focusgroupdiscussions.

• log Frame:willcontainindicatorsformonitoringandevaluation.• Most significant changes (MSC):anotherformofM&Einwhichmanystakeholdersareinvolved

indecidingsortofchangestoberecordedandinanalysisdata.Usestwosimplequestionstoanswersignificantchanges:

39


5.2STEPSINCREATINGAHAMLETEMERGENCyCOMMITTEES

Hamlet Emergency Committee (HEC)

ThefirststepincreatingaHamletEmergencyCommitteeistoobtainacknowledgementandsupportofthetraditionalleaders.TheHamletEmergencyCommitteeisthecommand,controlandcoordinatingbodyfordisasterriskmanagementactivitiesatthehamletlevel.

TherehasalwaysexistedinallthecommunitiesinPalau,abodyconsistingoftraditionalchiefs.ThebodyiscalledCouncilofHamletChiefs(“RubekulaBeluu”).ThisbodyhastheauthoritytocreateitslocalHamletEmergencyCommitteebytraditionalvirtueofitsresponsibilityforthesafetyandwell-beingofthewholecommunity.Therefore,toeffectivelyintroducetheconceptofCBDRRatthehamletlevel,therehastobeafusionfactorbringingthetraditionalandnewconceptstogether.

1. “Looking back over the last period (month, quarter, etc.) what do you think was the most significant change in the (project or program)?”

2. “Among all the changes what is the most significant change?”

part 5: building/forming and TraiNiNG a HaMlET EMErGENCy Committee5.1 intRoduction

Communitiesorhamlets,inagivenStategovernment,haveaninformalorganizationthatoverseesdisasterriskmanagementmatters.ThecurrentpracticeistowaitfortheNationalandStateGovernmentfordirectionintermsofearlywarning,evacuation,anddisasterriskreductionmeasures.PublicdisastereducationandawarenessprogramsareconductedbynationalgovernmentagenciesandNGOs,however,thesearefewandfarbetween.

Itisinthebestinterestofthecommunitytohavesuchacommitteewithinthecommunity,toundertaketheresponsibilityfordisasterriskreductionmeasuresanddisastermanagementactivities.Theobjectiveofhamletcommitteetoenablecommunitiestobecomebetterpreparedforimpendingdisastersandtobecome disaster resilient in the long term.

Plates 9: Community workshop,

40


Plates 10: Melekeok Community workshop

5.3MEMBERSHIPOFHEC

MembershipoftheHECmayincludethefollowing:(Communityleadersmayaddordelete).

MembersofHEC:

• Fourofthehighestrankingchiefs; a.Chairpersonisthehighestrankingchief. b.Alternatechairisthesecondrankingchieforappointed. c.Thirdrankingchief. d.Fourthrankingchief.

Note:Eachofthefourchiefsmayappointtheiralternatemembertorepresentthem,iftheyareunabletoparticipate.

• Member,Presidentofthetraditionalmen’sgroup.• Member,Presidentofthetraditionalwomen’sgroup.• Member,Presidentoftheyouthgroup.• Member,ElectedrepresentativeofthecommunityorhamlettotheState legislature.• Member,FaithBasedOrganization.• Member,RedCrossRepresentative,ifany.• Member,RepresentativeofPWDs,ifany.

TheTraditionalleadersmayappointCommunityCoordinatorandaSecretaryoftheHEC.

5.4ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESOFHEC

TherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheHECcanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtothedisasterriskmanagementphases;before,duringandafteranevent.Theseare:

1. Preparedness functions:

• Shareandacquaintcommunitydisasterriskmanagementplanwithallthecommunitymembers.• Mobilizecommunitymemberstoimplementtheplanneddisasterriskreductionmeasures.(Ureor

elBeluu).• Resourcesthatthecommunitycannotproduceoraccessonitsown.HECwillrequesttheState

Governmentforsuppliesandexpertiseasrequired.• Conductdisasterpreparednesstrainingwiththecommunitymembers.• Monitordisasterthreats,warnings,conductdrills/exercisesanddrawlessonstoimprovetheplan.

41


• NetworkandcoordinatewithotherHECandtheStateoffice.• Engageinincreasingvisibilityandpromoteworkregardingdisastermanagementand

development-relatedissuestosupportlocalandcommunitydisasterriskmanagement.• DevelopandmaintaintheCommunityBasedDisasterRiskManagementPlanwhichincludes

EmergencyResponsePlansandDisasterRiskReductionActionPlansuchasEarlywarningplansandevacuationplans,etc.

2. Emergency Functions of HEC:

• Receiveandnotifythecommunity.• Makesmajordecisionsintermsofresponse.• Manageevacuationtosheltersordesignatedsafeareas.• Organizesearchandrescuewithcommunityparticipation.• Providefirst-aidandarrangesubsequentmedicalassistance.• Conductinitialdamageassessment(IDA)andreporttoStategovernmentauthorities.• RequestassistancefromStategovernmentand/ornationalgovernment.• Immediatelyafteraneventcoordinate,planandimplementreliefdeliveryoperationswith

responsiblegovernmentagenciesoraidagencies. 3. Recovery Functions of the HEC:

• Facilitatesocial,economic,andphysicalrehabilitationofcommunity;e.g.livelihood,traumacounseling,reconstructionofhousesandinfrastructure.

• ConductInitialDamageAssessment(IDA)andsubmitreporttotheGovernor.• Coordinatewithgovernmentandaidagenciestoreceiveassistanceinrehabilitation.• Ensurethatriskreductionmeasuresareintegratedduringthereconstructionandrehabilitation

phases.• EvaluatetheperformanceintermsofHECcapacityandeffectivenesstopromotecommunity

safetyandidentifystrategiesforfuturerecommendations.

5.5HAMLETDISASTERRISKMANAGEMENTARRANGEMENTS

ThedisasterriskmanagementarrangementsatthecommunitylevelfollowsthearrangementsillustratedintheNationalDRMFrameworkandtheStateDRMPlans.ItislogicalfortheStateandtheCommunityleveltoadoptthesearrangementsforgoverningcommitteesandoperationalcenters.

42


nAtionAl eMeRGencY

COMMITTEE(NEC)

State emergency Committee(SEC)

HamletEmergencyCommittee(HEC)

NationalEmergencyOperationCenter

(NEOC)

Figure13:HierarchyofNationalemergency Committees

Figure14:Hierarchyof emergency

ResponseOperations

State emergency OperationCenter

(SEOC)

HAMLETINCIDENTcoMMAnd PoSt

(HICP)

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5.6MAJORCOMPONENTSOFTHECOMMUNITyDISASTERRISKMAnAGeMent PlAn

CommunitymemberswiththeassistanceofstakeholderswilldeveloptheCBDRMPlanandsupportingemergencyfunctionsorproceduresforthefollowing.(SeethefollowingTable13:Developingemergencyfunctions).

5.6.1 diSASteR RiSk Reduction Action PlAn

TheresultoftheCBDRRTrainingProgramwillbeincorporatedintotheDRRActionPlan.

TheresultsofStep5inthisToolKitaredocumentedandprioritizedusingtheDRRPrioritizationMatrixindicatingtheactivity,responsibleparty,priorityandstatus.Step6willguidethecommunitymembersimplementtheactivities.

5.6.2 diSASteR MAnAGeMent PlAn

ThecomponentsofthissectionofthisCBDRMareasfollows:

Table13:MajorComponents

1 early Warning System Theplanshouldindicatethesourceofthewarning,personresponsiblefordisseminatingthewarningtothecommunity,andthetoolsrequired.

2. EvacuationPlan Theplanshouldidentifyevacuationcenters,personresponsible,andspecifymainrouteandalternateevacuationroutes.

3. Shelter Management Theplanshouldidentifytyphoonshelters,personresponsible,contactnumbers,andnecessarydocumentation.

4. Medical First Aid Thecommunityshouldhaveamedicalfirstaidplanorprocedures.PRCSandMOHcanassistcommunitywiththisplanningandtraining.

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Figures 15. Stakeholders and other Private and Public Agencies

part 6: referenCe materialSsummary of methods and tools needed for Hazards, Vulnerability and Capacity assessment

no. methods/tools Hazards Vulnerability Capacity1. DirectObservation X X X2. Secondary data

collectionX X X

3. Groupdiscussion X X X4. Semi-structured

interviewsX X X

5. TheHazardMap X X6. TransectWalk X X X7. Historicalprofile X X X8. Ranking X X9. Hazardandseasonal

calendarX X X

10. Venn diagram (institutionalandsocialnetworkanalysis

X

11. Healthandnutritionassessment

X X

12. Livelihoodanalysis X X13. Gender resources

mappingX

14. Householdwealthranking

X

15. Problem trees method X

Table 14: Summary of methods and tools for risk assessments

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palau community based disaster risk · training called “train the trainer” on community based...

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