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RIPHAH INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL

SCIENCES ISLAMABAD

SEMESTER : 4th

RIPHAH INSTITUTE OF

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

ISLAMABAD

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Contents

INTERNATIONAL POISNOUS PLANTS

Introduction………….………………………………………………………………..4

Black cherry……………………………………………………………………..………5

Hemlock…………………………………………………………………………..……..8

Atropa belladonna…………………………………………………….………….10

Aconitum Napellus…………………………………………….…………………12

Ageratina altissima …………………………………………..………………..…14

Acokanthera oblongifolia ……………………………..…..…………………16

Clivia miniata…………………………………………………….………………….17

Heracleum mantegazzianum…………………………………………………20

Nerium oleander……………………………………………………………..……22

Lepiota brunneoincarnata……………………………………………………..25

POISNOUS PLANTS OF PAKISTAN

1. Arisaema triphyllum…………………………………………..……………..28

Crinum asiaticum……………………..…………………………..……………….30

Abrus precatorius…………………………………………….……….…………..32

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Hyoscyamus niger………………………………………………………………..34

Datura stramonium………………………………………………………………37

Atropa belladonna……………………………………………..…………………39

Strychnos nux-vomica…………………………………………………………..42

Taxus baccata……………………………………………………………………….44

Crinum asiaticum………………………………………………………………….45

Campestris Agaricus……………………………………………………………..49

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Reasons of toxicity

Plant contain two principles

Toxic principles

Medicinal principle

All things are poison . dose alone decises that thing is poison or

medicine.

About 80% of plants population serves medicinal purpose and 15 to 20% is toxic have little or

no medicinal effect.

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Poisonous plantBlack cherry

Immature Fruit Mature Fruit

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Scientific name: Prunusserotina

Common name: black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry ,

Other Names:Ajamoda,Black Cherry,Black Choke,Caban Cherry,Rum Cherry,Cabana

Cherry,Choke Cherry,Wild Sweet Cherry,Padmaka,Wild or Choke Cherry Alias,Prunus avium,Rub

Cherry,Prunus cerasus,Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina,Sweet cherry bark,Virginia

Prune,Wild Cherry Bark,Old Indian Wild Cherry Bark.

Family: Rosaceae

Poisonous part: Cacid is the responsible toxic substance and whole plant is poisonous.

Distribution: All Missouri counties.

Habitat: Low or upland woods and along streams.

Morphology Description: Deciduous tree; leaves alternate, simple, toothed on the

margin, with 2 small glands at base of blade and hairy along midrib below; flowers in an

elongated cluster, 5-parted, white; fruit fleshy, black with a large pit (stone)Height:50-80 ft.

Chemical constituents: yanogenic glycosides, particularly prunasin

Benzaldehyde;Miscellaneous; 3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (= eudesmic acid), p-coumaric

acid, scopoletin (a coumarin derivative), tannins, sugars.

prunacin

Toxicity mechanism:Like apricots, the seeds of black cherries contain compounds

that can be converted into cyanide, such as amygdalin These compounds release hydrogen

cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the

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compounds. These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and

mandelonitrile lease. In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain these compounds,

they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.

The foliage, particularly when wilted, contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen

cyanide if eaten by animals.

Uses : The fruit of Prunus serotina is suitable for making jam and cherry pies

flavoring liqueurs

The black cherry is commonly used instead of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) to achieve a sharper

taste.

It is also used in cakes which include dark chocolate, such as a Black Forest gateau and as garnishes

for cocktails

The wood of P. serotina is also used for cooking and smoking foods, where it imparts a unique

flavor.

P. serotina trees are sometimes planted ornamentally.

i

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Reference :

http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new09604.html https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/prunus-serotina/ http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G4970

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotina

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Poisonous Plant: Hemlock

Scientific name : Conium maculatum

Common name :Hemlock or Poison Hemlock Vernacular name : English "Poison hemlock" and the Irish "Devil's Bread" or "Devil's

Porridge”

Scientific classification :

Family:Apiaceae

Poisnous part : whole plant

Distribution : C. maculatum is native in temperate regions of Europe, West Asia, and North Africa. It has been introduced and naturalized in many other areas, including Asia, North America, Australia, and

New Zealand

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Morphology : fruit is about 3 mm. (⅛ inch) long; broadly ovate; laterally compressed;

grayish-green; often divided into the 2 mericarps, each with 5 crenate ribs, without oil tubes,

and containing a seed which is grooved on the face; odor and taste slight. It is a herbaceous biennial plant that grows to 1.5–2.5 metres (5–8 ft) tall, with a smooth green hollow stem, usually spotted or streaked with red or purple on the lower half of the stem

Chemical constituents:The active principles of conium are the alkaloids, of which 5

have been identified 1.Coniine (C8H17N), identified with conicine and cicutine; conhydrine (C8H17NO), discovered by Wertheim, in 1856; pseudo-conhydrine (C8H17NO), isolated by E.

Merck, in 1891; methyl-coniine (C9H19N); and ethyl-piperidine (C7H15N).

coniine

Poison : Conium contains the piperidine alkaloids coniine, N-methylconiine, conhydrine,

pseudoconhydrine and gamma-coniceine (or g-coniceïne), which is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids and are the cause of poison.

Poison mechanism : Chemical structure of conium Coniine has a chemical structure

and pharmacological properties similar to nicotine.Coniine disrupts the workings of the central nervous system through action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Uses:Despite serious safety concerns, hemlock leaves, root, and seeds are used to make

medicine. It is used for breathing problems including bronchitis, whooping cough, and asthma; and for

painful conditions including teething in children, swollen and painful joints, and cramps.

Hemlock is also used for anxiety and mania.

Other uses include treatment of spasms tumors, skin infections, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Sydenham’s chorea, and bladder infections.

Hemlock has also been used to reverse strychnine poisoning.

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Reference : http://io9.com/5841540/10-of-the-worlds-deadliest-plants----and-how-they-kill-you

http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/conium.html http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-949-hemlock.aspx?activeingredientid=949&activeingredientname=hemlock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium_maculatum

Atropa belladona

Scientific name : Atropa belladonna

Vernacular name : "Deadly Nightshade"

Common name : belladonna

Family: Solanaceae

Distribution : o Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and some parts of Canada and the United States.

Chemical constituents : scopolamine hyoscyamine

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Toxic mechanism: The active agents in belladonna, atropine,hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine, haveanticholinergic properties The plant's deadly symptoms are caused by atropine's disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system's ability to regulate involuntary activities, such as sweating, breathing, and heart rate.

The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine. .

Toxic part : Fliage and berries The consumption of two to five berries by a human adult is probably lethal. Ingestion of a single leaf of the plant can be fatal to an adult.

Morphology : Belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from a fleshy

rootstock.

Plants grow to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall with 18 centimeters (7.1 in) long ovate leaves . The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented. The fruits are

berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny-black, and approximately 1 centimeter (0.39 in)

in diameter. There is a pale-yellow flowering form called Atropa belladonna var. lutea with pale-yellow

fruit.

Uses: Cosmetics

The common name belladonna originates from its historic use by women - Bella Donna is Italian for beautiful lady. Drops prepared from the belladonna plant were used to dilate women's

pupils, an effect considered to be attractive and seductive.

Medicinal uses:

a pain reliever muscle relaxer anti-inflammatory to treat menstrual problems, peptic ulcer disease, histaminic reaction, and motion sickness .

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Poisonous plant : Aconitum napellus

Binomial name: Aconitum napellus

Vernacular plant: monk's-hood,aconite, wolfsbane, fuzi, monk's blood

Family: Ranunculaceae

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Distribution: native and endemic to western and central Europe

Morphology:

It is an herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 metre tall, with hairless stems and leaves.

The leaves are rounded, 5–10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed

segments.

The flowers are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1–2 cm tall.

Chemicals:

they contain the chemical alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which

are highly toxic.

poison mechanism: Aconitine is a potent neurotoxin that opens tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium channels. It increases

influx of sodium through these channels and delays repolarization, thus increasing excitability and promoting ventricular dysrhythmias.

Uses:

No any use. Ornamental plant.

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Ageratina altissima

Scientific name:Ageratina altissima (aka White Snakeroot) Family: Asteraceae

Common name:

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white snakeroot,richweed,white sanicle,[citation needed] or tall boneset.

Distribution:eastern North America.

Morphology:

Plants are upright or sometimes ascending, growing to 1.5 meters tall, producing single or multi-stemmed clumps

. They are found in woods and brush thickets where they bloom mid to late summer or fall.

The flowers are a clean white color and after blooming, small seeds with fluffy white tails are released to blow in the wind.

Part used: roots

Poisonous part: leaves Chemicals: Tremetol

tremetol

Uses:

This plant does serve a medical purpose

. Root tea has been used to treat ague, diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. A root poultice can be used on snakebites.

Toxicity:

White Snakeroot contains the toxin tremetol; when the plants are consumed by cattle, the meat and milk become contaminated with the toxin. When milk or meat containing the toxin is consumed, the poison is passed on to humans. If consumed in large enough quantities, it can cause tremetol poisoning in humans. The poisoning is also called milk sickness, as humans often ingested the toxin by drinking the milk of cows that had eaten snakeroot.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageratina_altissim

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Acokanthera oblongifolia

Common name Wintersweet

Botanical name Acokanthera oblongifolia (also known as Acokanthera

spectabilis, Carissa oblongifolia, Toxicophloea spectabilis)

Other common names Bushman’s poison

Family Apocynaceae

Description:

General description A fragrant ornamental shrub that grows 2–3m tall.

Flowers Flowers are fragrant, white and tubular, densely clustered in leaf axils

and are 1.4–2cm long with five spreading star-shaped lobes

Leaves The leaves are opposite, dark green, elliptic, 5–12.5cm long and 2.5–5cm

wide, thick and leathery in texture.

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Fruit/Berries Fruit are about 2–4cm long, succulent and reddish to purplish-

black when ripe, similar in appearance to an olive.

Other The sap is milky.

Toxic part: whole plant

Symptoms All parts of the plant are toxic. Ingestion may cause lethargy,

restlessness and seizures. Related species in other parts of the world have been reported as causing deaths. Eating the fruit can cause severe gastro-intestinal irritation with abdominal

pain, excessive salivation and vomiting. The toxicity of the fruit appears to be variable and the sap is an irritant to the skin and eyes.

Toxicity category 2, 3

Warning Seek urgent medical assistance for all ingestio

Clivia miniata

Botanical name : clivia miniata

Common name : bush lilly, kafir lilly

Poisonous part : entire plant specially roots

Chemicals lycorine; Narcissine; Amarylline; Galanthidine; Licorine

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Main Poisonous component : lycorine.

toxic effects : .

These alkaloids are emetics (causing vomiting), Large quantities must be

ingested to cause symptoms of toxicity

effects :

Lycorine intoxication has both central nervous system and gastrointestinal

effects. The typical clinical signs of ingestion include moderate to severe

gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), lethargy and the

general appearance of unwellness. In cases of a large ingestion; convulsions,

paralysis, collapse and possibly death could be the result.

Mechanism :

Lycorine is believed to inhibit protein synthesis and may also decrease

ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although the latter is subject to some controversy

and is generally considered to be inconclusive.

Geographical source : : South Africa - from Morgan's Bay

Eastern Cape Province up into northern KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland.

Australian backyards.

MORPHOLOGY

: Clivia miniata normally occurs as clumps with a height of around 80 cm.

The stem is a compact rhizome which only rarely becomes aerial when

plants are very old.

Their leaves are usually not more than 50 mm wide in natural

populations, although it is rarely up to 90 mm. usually about 1 meter in

length; leaves have been measured that reached 1.84 m.

In the wild flower shapes vary from small and open with narrow tepals to

large and trumpet-shaped with broad overlapping tepals.

The normal colour of the flowers is orange with a yellowish-white throat,

although a colour range from whitish yellow through pale oranges, dark

orange and approaching red is known.

The very light and very dark colours are, however, rare.

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STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENT LYCORINE :

CHEMICAL FORMULA : C16H17NO4

2D STRUCTURE:

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Heracleum mantegazzianum

commonly name:

giant hogweed,cartwheel-flower,giant cow parsnip,hogsbane or giant cow parsley,

morphology:

It typically grows to heights of 2–5.5 m (6 ft 7 in–18 ft 1 in).Superficially, it resembles

common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), Heracleum sosnowskyi or garden angelica(Angelica archangelica).

Giant hogweed has a stout, bright green stem that is frequently spotted with dark red and hollow red-spotted leaf stalks that produce sturdy bristles.

The hollow stems vary from 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) in diameter, occasionally up to 10 cm (3.9 in). Each dark red spot on the stem surrounds a hair, and large, coarse white hairs occur at the base of the leaf stalk.

The plant has deeply incised compound leaves which grow up to 1–1.7 m (3 ft 3 in–5 ft 7 in) in width.

Distribution:

Caucasus Region and Central Asia. It was introduced to Britain as an ornamental in the 19th century, and it has also spread to many other parts of Europe, the United States and Canada.

Giant hogweed has a scattered distribution across southern and central Ontario, south of the line from Manitoulin Island to Ottawa.

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Poisonous part: leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds of the plant.

Poisonous chemicals and mechanism of poison: Phototoxicity

Giant hogweed is a phototoxic plant

. Its sap can cause phytophotodermatitis (severe skin inflammations) when the skin is exposed to sunlight or to ultraviolet rays

. Initially, the skin colors red and starts itching. Then blisters form as it burns within 48 hours. They form black or purplish scars that can last several years. Hospitalisation may be

necessary. Presence of minute amounts of sap in the eyes can lead to temporary or even permanent

blindness. These reactions are caused by the presence of linear derivatives of furocoumarin in its leaves, roots, stems, flowers and seeds.

These chemicals can get into the nucleus of the epithelial cells, forming a bond with the DNA, causing the cells to die. The brown colour is caused by the production of melanin by furocoumarins.

Do Not Touch This Plant! Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is a Federally listed noxious weed. Its sap, in

combination with moisture and sunlight, can cause severe skin and eye irritation, painful blistering, permanent scarring and blindness. Contact between the skin and the sap of this plant

occurs either through brushing against the bristles on the stem or breaking the stem or leaves.

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Nerium oleander

Common name: oleander

Habitat: Found mostly in seasonally dry rocky watercourses, in full sun. Known hazards: All parts of the plant are extremely toxic if eaten; contact with the

sap may cause dermatitis; avoid inhaling smoke if burning plants .

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Family: Apocynaceae

Description and distribution: Nerium oleander is a highly toxic ornamental shrub

widely cultivated in the Mediterranean. It has been grown since ancient times and features in many of the Roman wall paintings in Pompeii. Alexander the Great in his military campaigns is said to have lost men as a result of eating meat

skewered on the highly poisonous Nerium twigs.

Morphology: Oleander grows to 2–6 m (6.6–19.7 ft) tall, with erect stems that splay outward as they

mature ; first-year stems have a glaucous bloom, while mature stems have a grayish bark . The leaves are in pairs or whorls of three, thick and leathery, dark-green, narrow

lanceolate, 5–21 cm (2.0–8.3 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.39–1.38 in) broad, and with an entire margin

. The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink to red,2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed fringed corolla round the central corolla tube.

They are often, but not always, sweet-scented.[Note 3] The fruit is a long narrow capsule 5–23 cm (2.0–9.1 in) long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds.

Chemical constituents:

oleandrin and oleandrigenin, known as cardiac glycosides.

olendrin

Effects of poisoning: Ingestion of this plant can affect the gastrointestinal system, the heart, and the central

nervous system.

The gastrointestinal effects can consist of nausea and vomiting, excess salivation,

abdominal pain, diarrhea that may or may not contain blood, and especially in horses, colic.

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Cardiac reactions consist of irregular heart rate, sometimes characterized by a racing heart at first that then slows to below normal further along in the reaction. The effect on the

central nervous system may show itself in symptoms such as drowsiness, tremors or shaking of the muscles, seizures, collapse, and even coma that can lead to death.

Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergic reactions characterized by dermatitis.

Oleandrin, one of the toxins present in oleander

Uses: Oleander grows well in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an ornamental

plant in landscapes, parks, and along roadsides. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with several additional flower colours not found in wild plants having been selected, including red,

purple, pink and orange; white and a variety of pinks are the most common. Many cultivars also have double flowers Despite this and a lack of any proven benefits, a range of oleander-based

treatments are being promoted on the Internet and in some alternative medicine circles.

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Lepiota brunneoincarnata

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Binomial name Lepiota brunneoincarnata

Common name: deadly dapperling

Family: Agaricaceae

Synonyms

Lepiota barlae Pat. (1905) Lepiota barlaeana Pat. (1909)

Lepiota patouillardii Sacc. & Trotter (1912) Lepiota patouillardi Sacc. & Trotter (1912)

Lepiota brunneoincarnata

Mycological characteristics

gills on hymenium

cap is campanulate

hymenium is free

stipe has a ring

spore print is white

ecology is mycorrhizal

edibility: deadly

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Chemicals: Amatoxins

Poison symptoms: The initial symptoms are gastrointestinal-intestinal distress but

death may take some time and result from liver failure. Morphology: It has white gills and spores.

They typically have rings on the stipes, which in larger species are detachable and glide up and down the stipe

. The cap is 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) across

Distribution: it was responsible for a fatal poisoning in Spain. It is widely distributed in Europe and temperate regions of Asia

POISNOUS PLANTS OF

PAKISTAN

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1. Arisaema triphyllum

BIONOMIALname : Arisaema triphyllum

Family: Araceae

Common name: jack-in-the-pulpit, bog onion, brown dragon, Indian turnip, American

wake robin,or wild turnip Morphology:

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Duration:Perennial Habit:Herb Root Type:Tap Leaf: Green Flower: Fruit: Red Size Class: 1-3 ft.

BLOOM INFORMATION Bloom Color: Green , Purple , Brown

Bloom Time: Mar , Apr , May , Jun

Distribution:

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It is native to eastern North America, occurring in moist woodlands and thickets from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, and south to southern Florida and Texas

In Pakistan it is present in Ayubia and Natha gali.

Chemical constituents:

The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals as raphides

Toxicity mechanism: toxic principle is raphide. i.e calcium oxalate crystals in ariel

parts of plant.

Symptoms:

Burning sensations

Increased salivation Blisters on tongue

Warning and toxic constituents: The oxalic acid in jack-in-the-pulpit is poisonous if ingested.Care should also be taken to avoid

confusion with poison ivy, which has three leaflets somewhat similar in appearance.

Medicinal effects: Plants in this group do not have any medicinal effects.

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Crinum asiaticum

Family: Araceae

Distribution: to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia, with the highest

species diversity in the Mediterranean region in Pakistan it is located in Gilgit and Parachanar

common name: arum lilies

description:

They are rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial plants growing to 20–60 cm tall, with sagittate

(arrowhead-shaped) leaves 10–55 cm long. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–40 cm long, coloured spathe,

which may be white, yellow, brown or purple; some species are scented, others not. The fruit is a cluster of bright orange or red berrie

Poisonous part:

All parts of the plants are poisonous

Toxicity mechanism:toxic principle is alkaloid i.e lycorine that is heat stable and has

fungicidal properties.

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Symptoms: Burning sensations, increased salivation,blisters on tongue

Chemical constituents: containing significant amounts of calcium oxalate as

raphides

Species

Arum alpinariae

Arum apulum

Arum balansanum

Arum besserianum

Arum byzantine

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Binomial name; Crinum asiaticum

Vernacular name: grand crinum or spider lily

Common names: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Spider Lily

Family: Amaryllidaceae

Distribution:

Crinum asiaticum is native to tropical southeastern Asia.

It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the Gulf Coast, California and other warm

climate areas.

Description:

It is a bulb-forming perennial producing an umbel of large, showy flowers that are prized by

gardeners.

This big crinum lily makes an imposing presence in the garden. The dark green strap-like

leaves may be more than 3 ft (1 m) long and 4 in (10 cm) wide

. These are held erect and arranged in a spiral rosette to form impressive clumps up to 5 ft

(1.5 m) in height by 7 ft (2 m) in width

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. The leaves emerge from huge bulbs that may weigh 10-20 lbs (5-9 kg)! Flowers are shaped

like tubes that flair open into a crown of narrow petals

. The flowers are white and are arranged in clusters atop thick, succulent stems.

Poisonous part:

All parts of the plant are, however, poisonous if ingested

There are even some reports that exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation.

Uses:

Use the grand crinum to create a tropical mood near the pool or patio. Use like sculpture to

create a focal point in the garden or in an expanse of lawn. This big lily looks great with palm

trees and ornamental grasses. Their drought resistance make them useful in xeriscapes. It also

does well in a container.

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(Abrus precatorius)

Common name:

Jequirity,Crab's eye, rosary pea,precatory pea or bean,John Crow Bead,Indian licorice, Akar

Saga

toxic chemical: Abrin.

toxin mechanism: The toxin abrin is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A

and B. The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on

cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain

prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of

abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second.

Symptoms:

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Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except abrin is more toxic by almost two orders of

magnitude; the fatal dose of abrin is approximately 75 times smaller than the fatal dose of ricin.

Family: Fabaceae

Part Used: Leaf, Seed, Root

Properties& Actions:

Abortifacient,

Anodyne,

Aphrodisiac,

Antimicrobial,

Diuretic

, Emetic,

Expectorant,

Febrifuge,

Hemostat,

Laxative,

Purgative,

Refrigerant,

Sedative,

Vermifuge

Plant Chemicals Include

(+)-abrine, Abraline, Abrasine, Abricin, Abrin, Abrisin, Abrusgenic-acid, Abrusgenic-acid-methyl-

ester, Abruslactone, Abrussic-acid, Anthocyanins, Ash, Calcium, Campesterol, Choline,

Cycloartenol, Delphinidin, Gallic-acid,, Glycyrrhizin, Hypaphorine, N,n-dimethyl-tryptophan,

N,n-dimethyl-tryptophan-metho-cation-methyl-ester, P-coumaroylgalloyl-glucodelphinidin,

Pectin, Pentosans, Phosphorus, Picatorine, Polygalacturonic-acids, Precasine, Precatorine,

Protein Trigonelline

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abrin

Description:

The plant is a slender twiner with alternately placed compound leaves.

Each leaf has about 20 pairs of narrow, oblong leaflets, looking like a delicate feather.

The rose to purple flowers are crowded at the end of a stalk.

Fruits are short, inflated pods, splitting open when mature to reveal the round, hard and

shiny seeds which are scarlet but black at the base.

Distribution:

The plant is native to the tropics. It grows by the seashore among the undergrowth and in

hedges.

Poisonous part:

Seeds when broken or chewed or when the external coat is removed are toxic. The highly

attractive seeds are sought after by children for beads. They are sometimes made into

necklaces and rosaries. Seeds are extremely poisonous if cracked; a single one, if swallowed can

be fatal.

Medicinal use

Traditional medicine

In Siddha medicine, the white variety is used to prepare oil that is claimed to be an aphrodisiac.

A tea is made from the leaves and used to treat fevers, coughs and colds. Seeds are poisonous

and therefore are used after mitigation.

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The plant is also used in Ayurveda. The oil made from the Crab's Eye seed is highly used in

Ayurveda because it is said to promote/stimulate hair growth. It is sometimes used as an

ingredient in Indian hair products.

Binomial name: Hyoscyamus niger

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Common name: commonly known as henbane,] also known as stinking nightshade or black

henbane

Family: Solanaceae

Distribution:Eurasia

Parts Used---Fresh leaves, flowering tops and branches, seeds .

Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and

hyosine.

Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in

different parts of plant.

Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of

vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.

In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the

parasympathetic nervous system.

Poisonous parts: seeds , leaves, berries and rhizomes.

Symptoms:

These psychoactive properties include visual hallucinations and a sensation of fligh.

dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common symptoms, such as tachycardia, convulsions,

vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia, and ataxia, have all been noted.

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Family: Solanaceae

Binomial name: Datura stramonium

common names: Jimson weed, Devil's snare, or datura, hell's bells, devil’s trumpet, devil’s

weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed, locoweed, pricklyburr, and devil’s cucumber.

Distribution:

It is believed to have originated in the Americas, but is now found around the world.

Uses:

For centuries, datura has been used as an herbal medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and

as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting.

It is also a powerful hallucinogen and deliriant, which is used spiritually for the intense

visions .

Chemical components:

tropane alkaloids

D. stramonium is a foul-smelling, erect, annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 2

to 5 ft (60 to 150 cm) tall.

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Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and

hyosine.

Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in

different parts of plant.

Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of

vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.

In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the

parasympathetic nervous system.

Morphology:

The root is long, thick, fibrous and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale

yellow-green.

The stem forks off repeatedly into branches, and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect

flower.

The leaves are about 3 to 8 in (8–20 cm) long, smooth, toothed, soft, and irregularly

undulated.The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green.

The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and

remains even after the leaves have been dried.

D. stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-

shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 2 1⁄2 to 3 1⁄2 in (6–9 cm) long, and grow on short

stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork

. The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by

five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel -

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shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance,

and are fed upon by nocturnal moths.

The egg-shaped seed capsule is 1 to 3 in (3–8 cm) in diameter and either covered with

spines or bald. At maturity, it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small, black

seeds.

Chemical constituents: The origins of the word are unclear, but "hen" probably originally

meant death rather than referring to chickens. Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane

alkaloids

Symptoms:Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include

hallucinations,

dilated pupils,

restlessness, and flushed skin.

Less common symptoms, such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension,

hyperpyrexia, and ataxia, have all been noted.

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ATROPA BELLADONA

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade

distribution:native to Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and some parts of Canada and the

United States.

Toxic parts:The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids.

Toxic components:These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which cause a

bizarre delirium and hallucinations

Toxicity mechanism: solanaceous alkaloids including atropine , hyoscymine and hyosine.

Total content of alkaloid in a plant may be high, varying from 0.25 to 0.7%. conc. Mostly vary in

different parts of plant.

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Atropine increases the firing of SA and conduction of the AV of the heart, oppose the action of

vagus nerve, blocks Ach receptor sites, and decrease bronchial secretions.

In general it lowers parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glandsregulated by the

parasympathetic nervous system.

Morphology:

Atropa belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from

a fleshy rootstock.

Plants grow to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall with 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long ovate leaves.

The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented.

The fruits are berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny-black, and approximately 1

centimetre (0.39 in) in diameter.

have anticholinergic properties.

The symptoms of belladonna poisoning include dilated pupils, sensitivity to light, blurred

vision, tachycardia, loss of balance, staggering, headache, rash, flushing, severely dry mouth

and throat, slurred speech, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, hallucinations,

delirium, and convulsions

Poison:

The tropane alkaloids of A. belladonna were used as poisons, and early humans made

poisonous arrows from the plant.

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Strychnos nux-vomica

Family: Loganiaceae

Binomial name : Strychnos nux-vomica

Poisonous part: poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons

distribution: is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia

morphology:

Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches (5.1–8.9 cm) in size.[1]

Poisonous chemicals:

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It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine,

Poisonous parts:

derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit.

Taxus baccata

Family: Taxaceae

Binomial name: Taxus baccata

Distribution:: Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western, central and southern Europe,

northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest Asia

Common names: English yew, or European yew.

Description:

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It is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10–20 metres (33–66 ft)

(exceptionally up to 28 metres (92 ft)) tall, with a trunk up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)

(exceptionally 4 metres (13 ft)) diameter.

The bark is thin, scaly brown, coming off in small flakes aligned with the stem.

The leaves are flat, dark green, 1–4 centimetres (0.39–1.57 in) long and 2–3 millimetres

(0.079–0.118 in) broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to

align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem, except on erect leading shoots

where the spiral arrangement is more obvious.

The leaves are poisonous.

Toxicity

Most parts of the tree are toxic, except the bright red aril surrounding the seed. This

appears like a berry with the end split open to reveal the seed.

In 1021, Avicenna introduced the medicinal use of T. baccata for phytotherapy in The Canon

of Medicine. He named this herbal drug "Zarnab" and used it as a cardiac remedy. This was

the first known use of a calcium channel blocker drug, which were not in wide use in the

Western world until the 1960s. chemotherapy drug paclitaxel.

Toxicity mechanism: active constituents are alkaloids , may cause sudden death by stopping

the heart.

Key Uses:

Ornamental, timber, wood for bow-making, medicinal.

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Crinum asiaticum Binomial name: Crinum asiaticum

Family: Amaryllidaceae

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Common names: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Spider Lily

Poisonous parts: All parts of the plant are, however, poisonous if ingested. There are

even some reports that exposure to the sap may cause skin irritation

Description: This big crinum lily makes an imposing presence in the garden. The dark green strap-like leaves may be more than 3 ft (1 m) long and 4 in (10 cm) wide. These are held erect and arranged in a spiral rosette to form impressive clumps up to 5 ft

(1.5 m) in height by 7 ft (2 m) in width. The leaves emerge from huge bulbs that may weigh 10-20 lbs (5-9 kg)! Flowers are shaped

like tubes that flair open into a crown of narrow petals. The flowers are white and are arranged in clusters atop thick, succulent stems.

Location:

Crinum asiaticum is native to tropical southeastern Asia. It is now a favorite landscape plant in Florida, the Gulf Coast, California and other warm

climate areas.

Chemical constituents: A phytochemical investigation of the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker resulted in the isolation of two new alkaloids, asiaticumines A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with 21 known compounds, including nine alkaloids, four amides, five phenolic compounds, and three flavonoids. All 23 compounds were isolated for the first time from Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker

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Bionomial name: Agaricus campestris

family: agariaceae

morphology:

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Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores.

They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the

object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial vei l, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.

Cemical constituents: D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid in the ratio 2.8:3.0:2.0:1.7:0.51–0.63.

pyruvic acid…

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Flowering Plants : Patio, Lawn & Garden Abrus precatorius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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