PAKISTAN SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTSUGAR TECHNOLOGIST

AGRICULTURAL WORKSHOPAGRICULTURAL WORKSHOP

June 30, 2012June 30, 2012

Impact of Sugarcane Varieties in Impact of Sugarcane Varieties in Improvement of Sugar Mills Improvement of Sugar Mills

RecoveriesRecoveries

ByBy

Karim Bakhsh MalikKarim Bakhsh Malik

Missionary Statement

Our cane yields are one of the lowest in the world and the sugar mill’s recoveries do not match the economic goals of our sugar industry

Expansion in Sugar Industry andExpansion in Sugar Industry and Cane Area in Punjab and KPK Cane Area in Punjab and KPK

Particulars

Punjab KPK

1949-50

2010-11 1949-50

2010-11

Cane area“000”acres

170 672 41 88

No ofSugar mills

1 46 2 7

Cane Crushed MT

65 27,682 140 3,035

Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Cane Yield and Sugar Recovery in Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011 Punjab and KPK, During 1950 - 2011

YearPunjab KPK

Cane Yield t/ha

Sugar Rec. %

Cane Yield t/ha

Sugar Rec. %

1950-1960 28.05 8.16 29.06 7.71

1960-1970 35.16 8.17 37.18 8.15

1970-1980 36.13 8.37 38.80 7.77

1980-1990 36.20 8.26 40.22 8.62

1990-1995 39.20 8.23 44.14 8.60

1995-2000 42.80 7.92 45.40 8.02

2000-2005 47.30 8.60 46.19 8.10

2005-2011 51.17 8.80 44.7 8.20

Periodic Progress in Improvement in Cane and Sugar Periodic Progress in Improvement in Cane and Sugar Yields of Pak-Punjab and Indian PunjabYields of Pak-Punjab and Indian Punjab

Year

Pak. Punjab Indian Punjab

Cane yield t/ha

SugarRec. %

Sugar yield t/ha

Cane yield t/ha

SugarRec. %

Sugar yield t/ha

1950-60 28.5 8.16 2.29 32.91 9.30 3.06

1960-70 35.16 8.17 2.87 34.86 8.42 2.93

1970-80 36.13 8.37 3.02 50.02 8.88 4.44

1980-90 36.20 8.26 3.00 60.65 9.85 5.97

1990-95 39.20 8.23 3.22 58.80 9.25 5.44

1995-00 42.80 7.92 3.39 61.60 8.84 5.45

2000-05 47.30 8.60 4.07 60.70 9.67 5.87

2005-10 48.50 8.80 4.27 59.60 9.33 5.56

Agencies Involved in Cane Development Agencies Involved in Cane Development ActivitiesActivities

1.1. Role of sugar mills in cane variety Role of sugar mills in cane variety development.development.

2.2. Role of Sugarcane Research Institute in Role of Sugarcane Research Institute in variety evolution.variety evolution.

3.3. Response of growers to new varieties.Response of growers to new varieties.

4.4. Government policies.Government policies.

Role of Sugar Mills in Cane Variety Role of Sugar Mills in Cane Variety DevelopmentDevelopment

Sugar Mills have the responsibility toSugar Mills have the responsibility to propagate seed of high sugar varieties for its propagate seed of high sugar varieties for its multiplication with growers.multiplication with growers.

Right approachRight approach

To evaluate the performance of new varieties To evaluate the performance of new varieties at sugar mills farmat sugar mills farm

With respect toWith respect to

Their adoptability in the region Their adoptability in the region

rapid multiplication of seedrapid multiplication of seed

Replacement of run out varietiesReplacement of run out varieties

Quite a few Sugar Mills have the insight toQuite a few Sugar Mills have the insight to

Replace the run out varietiesReplace the run out varieties Some sugarmills provide incentive on seedSome sugarmills provide incentive on seed

and other inputs while others are leastand other inputs while others are least

growers.growers. It takes long time to develop a variety in the It takes long time to develop a variety in the

region.region.

Five Categories of Sugar Mills with Recovery Five Categories of Sugar Mills with Recovery Ranges of 7.0 to 10.25%Ranges of 7.0 to 10.25%

No. of FactoriesNo. of Factories Sugar Recovery RangesSugar Recovery Ranges

8 9.5 to 10.25%

9 9.0 to 9.5%

11 8.5 to 9.0%

9 8.0 to 8.5%

6 7.0 to 8.0%

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab

S.No Sugar Mill

Average for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-81 to 1991-92

1 Indus 10.23 9.17 0.002 JDW 2 10.13 8.35 8.663 Kamalia 9.84 7.80 8.144 Etihad 9.75 -- --5 R.Y.K 9.74 -- --6 Hamza 9.74 9.32 8.337 JDW 1 9.63 9.17 0.008 Ashraf 9.55 8.91 8.62

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab

S.No Sugar Mill

Average for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-81 to 1991-92

9 Haq Bahoo 9.31 -- --10 Fatima 9.29 8.02 --11 Tandlianwala 2 9.22 -- --12 Tandlianwala 1 9.16 7.11 --13 Adam 9.12 8.48 8.1214 Shakarganj 9.11 7.57 8.0715 Brothers 9.10 7.57 8.0016 Chaudhry 9.10 7.49 --17 Layyah 9.06 7.11 7.96

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab

S.No

Sugar MillAverage for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-81 to 1991-92

18 Pattoki 8.98 7.32 7.98

19 Chanar 8.92 7.17 --

20 Sheikhoo 8.84 8.10 --

21 Kashmir 8.83 8.22 --

22 Madina 8.74 7.10 --

23 Hunza 8.73 -- --

24 Colony (Punjab) 8.72 9.23 8.27

25 Abdullah 8.72 7.59 --

26 Shakarganj Bhone 8.70 -- --

27 Husein 8.67 7.36 8.24

28 Huda 8.53 -- --

29 Ramzan 8.52 7.71 7.97

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab

S.No

Sugar Mill

Average for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-91 to 1991-92

30 Macca 8.48 -- --31 Ittefaq 8.48 7.70 8.4432 Haseeb Waqas 8.45 7.62 --33 Baba Farid 8.45 7.09 8.1934 Safina (Ph. Wali) 8.19 7.90 --35 Shahtaj 8.18 8.19 8.37

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in PunjabSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in Punjab

S.No

Sugar Mill

Average for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-81 to 1991-92

36 Gojra 7.95 7.02 7.8437 National 7.95 8.06 --38 Fecto 7.61 6.66 7.6639 Kohinoor 7.60 7.97 8.7640 Colony (Phalia) 7.53 7.81 8.1741 Noon 7.49 8.04 8.7742 Chishtia 7.36 7.71 8.1743 Abdullah (Shahpur) 7.14 7.59 --

Sugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in K.P.KSugar Recovery % Data of Sugar Mills in K.P.K

S.No Sugar Mill

Average for the period

 2009-10 to 2010-11

1999-2000 to 2000-01

1990-81 to1991-92

1 Al-Moiz 8.68 -- --

2 Chashma 2 8.60 -- --

3 Chashma 1 8.54 8.69 7.41

4 Zamand 2 8.36 -- --

5 Khazana 8.20 8.79 8.44

6 Premier 7.83 8.41 7.74

7 Bannu 7.80 8.10 7.72

The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% The 17 Sugar Mills having recovery over 9% must have taken measures to improve must have taken measures to improve recovery.recovery.

We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar We have to ask the 15 mills with sugar recovery of less than 8.5%,recovery of less than 8.5%,

Has the technology specific to recovery Has the technology specific to recovery improvement not reach their door steps?improvement not reach their door steps?

Cane variety is the single most important factory Cane variety is the single most important factory affecting Sugar Mills recovery.affecting Sugar Mills recovery.

Points to PonderPoints to Ponder

Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Cane Varieties at Sugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad.

Varieties Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. AverageNov. - Mar

CO-1148 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.9 9.6 9.8 8.5CPF-238 5.8 6.1 6.9 8.1 8.8 9.1 7.8HSF-240 8.5 9.2 10.7 11.4 11.6 12.1 11.0HSF-242 9.1 10.1 10.6 11.6 12.0 12.3 11.3CPF-246 9.9 11.0 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 11.7CPF-247 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 11.3

CP 77-400 9.3 10.0 10.9 11.3 11.4 12.2 11.1CPF-237 9.4 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.3 11.4

Name of MillSeason 2010-2011

Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.SeasonAvg.

JDW - 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.8 10.5RYK 8.4 9.6 9. 9 10.3 10.3 10.1Haq Bahu 8.0 8.6 9.3 9.4 10.0 9.4Layyah 7.9 8.7 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.1Hussain 0 8.1 9.4 9.0 9.3 8.8Ittefaq 0 0 8.6 8.7 9.2 8.6Noon 0 7.4 7.7 7.5 8.4 7.7

Periodic Sugar Recoveries of Different Sugar Mills in Punjab, During 2010-11

Impact of Cane Variety CompositionImpact of Cane Variety Composition

Average recovery of mills to be high orAverage recovery of mills to be high or

low depends onlow depends on Cane variety composition in the area.Cane variety composition in the area. High sugar varieties grown in a large High sugar varieties grown in a large

proportion would result in higher recoveries.proportion would result in higher recoveries. Cane varieties to be harvested according to Cane varieties to be harvested according to

their maturity period.their maturity period.

Cane Variety Composition Chart in Al-MoizCane Variety Composition Chart in Al-Moiz

Cane Varieties

2009-10Area acres

% Share

2010-11Area acres

% share

2011-12Area acres

% share

CPF-234 6746

28

6173

41

6575

54

CP 77-400 2204 2344 3053

HSF-240 2978 4311 7305

HSF-242 1082 1545 2742

CPF-246 0 5 1277

CO-1148 32792 72 20748 59 17777 46Total 45802   35126   38729  

Sugar Rec. % 8.39   8.97   9.36  

Cane Variety Composition Chart in Cane Variety Composition Chart in Premier Sugar Mills, MardanPremier Sugar Mills, Mardan

VarietyCane Variety Composition - % area

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

CP 77-400 92 96 97.14

NCO 310 3 1.74 0.55

CP 44/101 1 0.26 0.08

CP 48/103 1 0.11 0.21

CP 51/21 0.29 0.09 0.15

Triton 1.84 0.98 0.99

MR 93 0.04 0.17 0.14

CO 1148 0.18 0.33

Sugar Rec. % 7.01 8.65 9.70

7.01

Cane Variety Composition Chart in Cane Variety Composition Chart in Meeran - Zamand Area, During 2009-12Meeran - Zamand Area, During 2009-12

Variety 2009-10(area acres)

% Share

2010-11(area acres)

% Share

2011-12(area acres)

% Share

CP 77-400 780

35.90

1012

41.35

1174

38.97

CPF 213 1170 1175 1490

SPF 234 6478 6530 4667

CPF 237 807 571 393

HSF 240 3784 4552 5200

HSF 242 371 769 709

CPF 246 0 25 61

Misc. SG 555, SG 79, CP 44-33, CPF 235)

707 709 598

CO 1148 25166 64.09 21763 58.64 22381 61.02

Total 39263   37105   36673  

Sugar Rec. % 8.35 8.38 8.39

Role of Sugarcane Research InstituteRole of Sugarcane Research Institute

To evolve new cane varieties to meet To evolve new cane varieties to meet the demands of growers and Industry.the demands of growers and Industry.

Testing varietals performance in Testing varietals performance in different ecological conditions.different ecological conditions.

Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and Supply of seed to sugar mills farms and cane growers.cane growers.

Sugarcane Research Institute, FaisalabadSugarcane Research Institute, Faisalabad

The main Institute working for variety The main Institute working for variety evolution in Punjab.evolution in Punjab.

Sindh and KPK are also beneficiariesSindh and KPK are also beneficiaries of its of its varieties released at Faisalabad.varieties released at Faisalabad.

The Institute has tried its best to release The Institute has tried its best to release varieties with meagre resourcesvarieties with meagre resources

The varieties evolved in recent Past have the The varieties evolved in recent Past have the potential to give average recoveries ofpotential to give average recoveries of over over 11%11%

If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar If fully adopted can bring revolution in sugar industryindustry

Periodic Sugar Recoveries 0f Cane Varieties at SRI,

FaisalabadVarieties Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Average

Nov. - Mar

CO-1148 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.9 9.6 9.8 8.5CPF-238 5.8 6.1 6.9 8.1 8.8 9.1 7.8HSF-240 8.5 9.2 10.7 11.4 11.6 12.1 11.0HSF-242 9.1 10.1 10.6 11.6 12.0 12.3 11.3CPF-246 9.9 11.0 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.2 11.7CPF-247 10.0 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.7 12.4 11.3

CP 77-400 9.3 10.0 10.9 11.3 11.4 12.2 11.1CPF-237 9.4 10.4 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.3 11.4

New Promising Cane Varieties Expected to be Released New Promising Cane Varieties Expected to be Released in Futurein Future

Variety

Periodic Sugar Recover % Average

Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.Nov. - Mar.

S2003 - US 633 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.9 12.7 12.7 11.6

S2003-US694 10.8 11.8 11.9 12.4 12. 6 11.6 12.1

Evolution of Site Specific Cane VarietiesEvolution of Site Specific Cane Varieties

Varieties to be adaptable in different soils Varieties to be adaptable in different soils typestypes

High sugar yielding varietiesHigh sugar yielding varieties Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing Varieties to be tolerant to prevailing

diseasesdiseases Tolerant to prevailing pestsTolerant to prevailing pests Tolerant to biotic stressesTolerant to biotic stresses Specific for mechanized cultivationSpecific for mechanized cultivation

Besides all this high level of performanceBesides all this high level of performance

The Institute should have a vigorous The Institute should have a vigorous germplasm for a regular flow of varieties germplasm for a regular flow of varieties to meet the demand of sugar industry.to meet the demand of sugar industry.

Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Cronological order)Faisalabad, (Cronological order)

Germplasm Source

Varieties Evalued

PeriodAverage yield t ha

Sugar Rec. %

Coimbatore

COL 29 1954 70 10.10

Col 44 1954 75 8.93

COL 54 1963 75 9.63

BarbadosBL 19 1966 85 9.49

BL 4 1968 85 10.34

MureeL 116 1973 75 10.81

L 118 1975 83 8.23

Introduction Triton 1983 85 10.10

Barbados BF 162 1990 90 10.35

Introduction

CP 43-33 1996 80 11.69

CP 72-2086 1996 85 12.35

CP 77-400 1996 90 11.90

Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Germplasm Sources of Variety Evolution at SRI, Faisalabad, (Crondogical order)Faisalabad, (Crondogical order)

Germplasm SourceVarieties Evalued

PeriodAverage yield t ha

Sugar Rec. %

Brazil

SPF 213 2000 90 10.50

SPF 234 2002 106 11.60

SPF 245 2004 100 11.00

ThattaHSF 240 2002 95 11.70

HSF 242 2006 102 12.50

USA

CPF 237 2008 95 12.50

CPF 243 2006 102 12.55

CPF 246 2011 105 12.00

CPF 247 2011 105 12.25

USA & Sri Lanka Near future 

India CO 1148 1975-2005 80 8.50

Seedlings Transplanted with Germplasm Source Seedlings Transplanted with Germplasm Source from 1990 to 2011from 1990 to 2011

PeriodPeriod SourceSource Seedlings No.Seedlings No.

19901990

19911991

USA (538), Thatta (11715)USA (538), Thatta (11715)

USA (10513), Thatta (7480)USA (10513), Thatta (7480)

1225312253

1799317993

19921992

19931993

Th. (23133), Murr. (8)Th. (23133), Murr. (8)

Braz. (5255), Murr. (302), Th. (13041)Braz. (5255), Murr. (302), Th. (13041)

2314123141

1859818598

19941994

19951995

Braz. (36047), Murr. (639)Braz. (36047), Murr. (639)

USA (6259), Th. (1424)USA (6259), Th. (1424)

3668636686

76837683

19961996

19971997

Braz. (29547), Murr. (83)Braz. (29547), Murr. (83)

------

2963029630

------

19981998

19991999

20002000

Braz. (7203), USA (11151)Braz. (7203), USA (11151)

Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32)Braz. (13381), USA (11058), Murr. (32)

USA (14362)USA (14362)

1835418354

2447124471

1436214362

PeriodPeriod SourceSource Seedlings No.Seedlings No.

20012001

20022002USA (15958), Th. (1233), Murr. (32)USA (15958), Th. (1233), Murr. (32)

USA (15315), Th. (16365), Murr. (33)USA (15315), Th. (16365), Murr. (33)

1722617226

3171331713

20032003

20042004Aust. (7410), USA (2061), Murr. (579)Aust. (7410), USA (2061), Murr. (579)

Aust. (2383), USA (13382), Braz. (2558), Aust. (2383), USA (13382), Braz. (2558), Murr. (740)Murr. (740)

1005010050

1906319063

20052005

20062006Aust. (6499), USA (1160), Th. (147), Murr. (808)Aust. (6499), USA (1160), Th. (147), Murr. (808)

Aust. (1897), Th. (14), Murr. (1)Aust. (1897), Th. (14), Murr. (1)

86148614

19121912

20072007

20082008

Aust. (311), USA (2338), Maur. (542), Th. (119),Aust. (311), USA (2338), Maur. (542), Th. (119), Murr. Murr. (1115)(1115)

S. Afr. (1071), Th. (8), Murr. (52)S. Afr. (1071), Th. (8), Murr. (52)

44254425

11311131

20092009

20102010S. Afr. (896)S. Afr. (896)

Sri Lanka (6375), Th. (8), Murr. (102)Sri Lanka (6375), Th. (8), Murr. (102)

896896

64856485

Average per annumAverage per annum 1523415234

Selection Pressure in Cane Seedling at Different Selection Pressure in Cane Seedling at Different Cane Breeding StationsCane Breeding Stations

CountryCountry Cane areaCane area(‘000’ha.)(‘000’ha.)

Crosses Crosses (number)(number)

Seedlings per annumSeedlings per annum

AustraliaAustralia 391391 15001500 85,00085,000

BrazilBrazil 85988598 14771477 400,000400,000

IndiaIndia 44004400 25002500 300,000300,000

IndonesiaIndonesia 495495 20002000 1,200,0001,200,000

Mauritius Mauritius 6161 26002600 100,000100,000

South AfricaSouth Africa 314314 13001300 180,000180,000

USAUSA 350350 17001700 300,000300,000

Sri LankaSri Lanka 1414 10001000 100,000100,000

PakistanPakistan 10311031 -- 15,00015,000

Cane Variety Selection ProgramCane Variety Selection Program

Seedlings raised in exotic status are out Seedlings raised in exotic status are out come of well planned crossing program.come of well planned crossing program.

In Pakistan the selection work is based on In Pakistan the selection work is based on donation or random purchase without any donation or random purchase without any character in view. character in view.

Future TaskFuture Task

Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry Infact neither Government, nor sugar industry has realised the importance of cane breeding has realised the importance of cane breeding program.program.

All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of All the fuzz import has been due to efforts of individual researchers.individual researchers.

It is not a long term program.It is not a long term program. It is just a time gap arrangement.It is just a time gap arrangement. Our industry is to exist for ever.Our industry is to exist for ever. For its bright future, industry should have its For its bright future, industry should have its

own can breeding station to be established at own can breeding station to be established at Thatta.Thatta.

To promote growing quality varieties sugar mills should change its cane procurements policy

Targets should not be fixed for maximum purchase of certain quantum of cane, it should be rather on production of sugar in a season.

This policy would develop a close liasion between cane, chemical and mechanical departments

Cane payment systemCane payment system Flat rate on cane irrespective of its qualityFlat rate on cane irrespective of its quality It does not encourage to grow quality cane It does not encourage to grow quality cane

Growers taste was CO 1148 , SPF 238. Growers taste was CO 1148 , SPF 238. Growers were compelled to eradicate Growers were compelled to eradicate unwanted varieties by un-authorized cut unwanted varieties by un-authorized cut on cane wt/ cane price.on cane wt/ cane price.

Cane payment system need to be linked Cane payment system need to be linked with cane quality.with cane quality.

Government PoliciesGovernment Policies

– Growers look for their benefits in termsGrowers look for their benefits in terms of of high cane yield – irrespect of quality high cane yield – irrespect of quality

Good ratooner.Good ratooner. Well adapted varieties in the regionWell adapted varieties in the region Growers have selective response to new Growers have selective response to new

lineslines CP77-400CP77-400, , SPF-234SPF-234, CPF-237, , CPF-237, HSF240HSF240, ,

241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, CPF246CPF246, 247., 247.

Response of Growers to Cane VarietiesResponse of Growers to Cane Varieties

Conclusion Our cane yields and recoveries are

one of the lowest in the world The steps taken to improve

provincial yields and and recoveries are questioned

For about 4-5 decades we dragged on consistently low sugar yields

Features of some improvement have been noticed from 1990 onward but to match the progressing world much has yet to be done

The agencies involved in cane variety development have been discussed

The sugar industry has just waken up showing a little rise in sugar recoveries, but still 30-40% of the mills seem to be immobile

Sugarcane Res. Instt. has in near past released very remarkable varieties like CP-400, SPF234 HSF240 and CPF246,their efforts are applaudable----

but the Instt. Lacks ample germplasm for frequent release of site specific varieties

Both Govt. and the sugar industry are to be blamed for not establishing self contained Cane Breeding fascilities in Pakistan

All the agencies should realize the importance of cane breeding for bright future of ever lasting sugar industry of Pakistan

For bright future of ever lasting Sugar Industry the importance of cane breeding has not been realized

To assure a bright future long terms measure are earnestly required rather than time gap arrangements