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Trade figures

Trade between the EU28 and the case study countries (for Greece, intra-EU trade)

Trade in goods (€bn) Total trade Trade balance Trade growth

2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

KAZ 28.9 31.5 31.4 30.7 -16.9 -17.6 -16.4 -17.1 9% -0.3% -2.2%

AZER 18.4 17.3 18.1 16.7 -12.6 -11.3 -10.6 -9.7 -6.3% 4.6% -8.4%

UKR 36.4 38.5 37.8 30.7 6.1 9.2 10.0 3.3 5.8% -1.8% -23%

SERB 14.3 14.7 16.5 17.5 3.9 4.6 3.3 3.2 2.7% 12% 6.1%

TURK 122.1 124.2 128.2 129 24.4 26.6 26.9 20.3 1.7% 3.2% 0.6%

GRE 36.2 33.8 33.4 34.3 12.1 10.2 9.3 9.9 -7.1% -1.2% 2.7%

Sources: European Commission, *for Greece, Trade Map

Trade between Russia and the case study countries

Trade in goods ($bn) Total trade Trade balance Trade growth

2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

KAZ 21.1 23.3 22.9 21.0 7.3 5.5 11.5 6.7 10% -1.7% -9%

AZER 2.8 3.4 3.5 2.6 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.7 21% 2.9% -35%

UKR 38.1 32.8 31 22.1 -1.9 -3.2 -0.6 0.6 -16% -5.8% -40%

SERB 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 -0.6 0% 7.1% 6.6%

TURK 21.5 22.9 22.4 21.4 8.7 9.3 7.8 8.1 6.5% -2.2% -4.6%

GRE 4.1 5.3 5.6 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.4 2.5 29% 5.6% -60%

Sources: UN Comtrade

Trade between China and case study countries

Trade in goods ($bn) Total trade Trade balance Trade growth

2011 2012 2013 2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

KAZ 24.9 25.7 28.6 22.5 -5.7 -3.7 -3.6 3.0 3.2% 11% -27%

AZER 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.4 18% -18% -17%

UKR 10.4 10.3 11.1 8.6 3.8 4.3 4.5 1.6 -0.1% 7.8% -29%

SERB 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 11% 20% -24%

TURK 18.7 19.1 22.2 23 12.5 12.1 13.2 15.6 2.1% 16% 3.6%

GRE 4.3 4.0 3.6 4.5 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.8 -7.5% -11% 25%

Sources: UN Comtrade

Foreign direct investment (FDI) from the EU28 into the case study countries (for Greece,

intra-EU investment)

FDI (€bn) 2012 2013 2012 2013

Inflows Balance Inflows Balance EU stocks Balance EU stocks Balance

KAZ N/A N/A -1.9 -5.1 N/A N/A 51.2 35.6

AZER N/A N/A -11.8 -11.6 N/A N/A 5.1 4.8

UKR N/A N/A 2.4 2.2 24.7 23.2 27.1 26.6

SERB -0.9 -0.7 2.1 2.1 12.3 12.2 18.1 18.3

TURK 6.9 4.6 0.9 -1.6 65.5 55.9 57.6 50.4

GRE N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Sources: Eurostat/DG TRADE

SOURCE: Duchâtel, Mathieu, François Godement, Kadri Liik, Jeremy Shapiro,Louisa Slavkova, Angela Stanzel, Vessela

Tcherneva. 2016. “Eurasian Integration: Caught Between Russia and China,” European Council on Foreign Relations. 07 Jun.

http://www.ecfr.eu/article/essay_eurasian#

SOURCE: Kynge, James, and Matthew Peel. 2017. “Brussels rattled as China reaches out to eastern Europe,” Financial Times.

27 Nov. https://www.ft.com/content/16abbf2a-cf9b-11e7-9dbb-291a884dd8c6