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Southern Aristocracy• Planter aristocracy dominated society
and politics
• White farmers made up the majority of the population
• Landless whites- poor, supported slavery
• Mountain whites – opposed slavery and rich planters
Slavery• Population increased due to natural
reproduction • Most slaves raised in stable two-
parent homes• Discouraged immigrants from
migrating to the South• Most Southern whites could not afford slaves¼ of Southerners owned slaves
Cotton Kingdom• Accounted for half the value of all US
exports after 1840
• South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton
• 75% of British supply came from the South
• Quick profits drew planters
to its economic enterprise
Abolitionists
• Southern- Silenced in the early 1830s
• Northern- Critics in North felt they were creating disorder in the US
American Colonization Society- 1817
• Dedicated to sending freed blacks to Africa
• 15,000 sent over the next three decades
Northerners
• Supported the black race, but disliked blacks as individuals
• Many were against the expansion of slavery, because they wanted to avoid blacks
Freed Blacks
• Prohibited from many trades and professions
• Segregated education
• Voting restrictions
Post 1830
• South was were the minority compared to the rest of the world with their support of slavery
Southern Subsistence Farmers• Too poor to have slaves
• Relied on corn as their main crop
• Defended slavery- possibility of upward mobility, and racism
Deep South
• South Carolina, Florida. Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana- near or over 50% of population was slaves
• More likely for slave families to be in tact than upper South
Manifest Destiny• View that God
ordained the US to stretch across the continent
• Motivations- land, trade with Asia, fear of foreign intervention
Election of 1844• Polk- Democrat- felt victory was a
mandate for Manifest Destiny
• Henry Clay- Whig- told Southerners he was for annexing Texas, told Northerners he was against annexation
War with Mexico
• Polk hoped to fight a limited war
• Anti slavery forces opposed Polk’s expansionist policies
• US eventually paid $15 million, and received territory
including New Mexico,
Arizona and California
US – Britain Disputes• Oregon- resolved when the British thought
the area wasn’t worth fighting for
• Maine- concluded with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Texas
• Coveted by British abolitionists
• Hoped to prove that cotton could be produced without slaves
Wilmot Proviso
• Slavery would be banned from all territory gained in the war with Mexico
• Twice passed the House, but never the Senate
Slavery
John C. Calhoun
• Strong proponent of states rights and slavery
• Felt that local authorities should decide on slavery- not congress
Transcontinental Railroad• Douglas wanted a northern route
• Viewed as a way to keep the west “connected” to the rest of the US
International Attempts to Expand Slavery
• Nicaragua- Southern adventurers attempted to take it by force
• Cuba- Ostend Manifesto- take it by force if a sale price couldn’t be negotiated
Compromise of 1850• California- free, New Mexico and Arizona-
popular sovereignty
• No slave trade in Washington DC
• Tougher Fugitive Slave Law
• Daniel Webster’s March 7th speech was a call for compromise and national unity
• Aided by Taylor’s death and Fillmore’s ascension to the presidency
Free Soilers
• Supported westward expansion
• Felt slavery would have a negative affect on working men’s wages
• Wanted free government homesteads for settlers
Popular Sovereignty
• Promoted by Stephen Douglas
• Fit in with democratic tradition of self-determination
Kansas-Nebraska
• Douglas proposed popular sovereignty to determine slave status
• Lawrence recognized by the House of Representatives
• Lecompton recognized by Buchanan
• Dissolved into a civil war
1848 Presidential Election
• Zachary Taylor (Whig) defeat Lewis Cass (Dem)
• Taylor- national hero, slaveholder from Louisiana
• Cass- Michigan, pro-slavery leanings
• Slavery was not a main issue
John Brown’s Raid
• Viewed as a martyr by some in the North
• Viewed as representing Northern Republicans by the South
1850s Nativists
• Anti-Catholic and anti-foreign attitudes
• Supported the Know-Nothing Party in 1856
Personal Liberty Laws
• Passed in the North stating people did not have to help return runaway slaves
• Response to Compromise of 1850
• Struck down by the Supreme Court
1852 Election
• Franklin Pierce- Democrats- reunited after divisions of ’48
• Winfield Scott- Whigs- divided on sectional lines
• Pierce wins- friendly with his Sec. of State- Jefferson Davis
Dred Scott Case• Ruled that slaves were not protected by
the Constitution
• Slavery could not be prohibited in territories by congress
• Owners could not have slaves
taken without due process
• Supported by proslavery
Southerners
Election of 1856• Buchanan (Pa)- nominated as a
Democrat- proslavery• Fremont (Ca)- nominated as a
Republican- anti-slavery• Fillmore (NY)- nominated Know-
Nothing- anti- immigrant• Victory for Buchanan• Southerners threatened that a
Republican victory would result in war
James Buchanan• Had a pro slavery cabinet
• Felt Congress could not legislate slavery
• Believed the Constitution did not authorize him to use force to prevent Southern secession
Brooks-Sumner Fight• Sumner (Mass) had verbally assailed
Butler (SC)
• Brooks attacked Sumner for revenge
• Revealed the passionate divisions over slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Brutal account of families separated by
slavery
• Resulted in many Northerners not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law
• Widely read in Europe- made common person against slavery
Panic of 1857
• Affected by the end of the Crimean War
• Partially a result of over speculation and falling farm prices
• Led to a call for a higher tariff
• Revived the sectional controversy of tariff levels
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine- slavery would stay down if people voted it down
• Lincoln- believed congress had the right to regulate slavery
1860 Election
Lincoln- Republican- party widens their platform- doesn’t campaign in South
Democrats- split- Northern- nominate Douglas
Southern-nominate Breckinridge
Union Party- nominates Bell- attempting to prevent secession