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TRANSCRIPT
Pa
cke
t sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n d
ep
loy
me
nt
an
d c
ha
lle
ng
es
to m
ob
ile
op
era
tor
an
d c
ha
lle
ng
es
to m
ob
ile
op
era
tor
Ba
ckg
rou
nd
Ch
all
en
ge
s
1.
Ne
two
rkg
row
thse
ek
the
tra
nsf
orm
ati
on
of
serv
ice
sd
eli
ve
rym
ech
an
ism
.
2.
Su
mm
ary
of
pre
vio
us
setu
p:
DE
SC
RIP
TIO
NC
UR
RE
NT
TE
CH
NO
LOG
YF
UT
UR
ET
EC
HN
OLO
GY
Ba
ckb
on
eF
ibe
r o
pti
c in
fra
stru
ctu
re
ba
sed
on
DW
DM
an
d I
P M
PLS
ne
two
rk
Fib
er
op
tic
infr
ast
ruct
ure
b
ase
d o
n
DW
DM
an
d I
P M
PLS
ne
two
rk
Ag
gre
ga
tor
Ma
jori
ty s
erv
e w
ith
SD
H m
icro
wa
ve
M
ajo
rity
serv
e w
ith
fib
er
op
tic
Ag
gre
ga
tor
Ma
jori
ty s
erv
e w
ith
SD
H m
icro
wa
ve
an
d m
ino
rity
se
rve
wit
h f
ibe
r o
pti
c
infr
ast
ruct
ure
(S
DH
) &
TD
M
ba
nd
wid
th l
ea
sin
g f
rom
3rd
pa
rty
serv
ice
s p
rov
ide
r
Ma
jori
tyse
rve
wit
h f
ibe
r o
pti
c
infr
ast
ruct
ure
(P
ack
et
Tra
nsp
ort
) &
Eth
ern
et
ba
nd
wid
th l
ea
sin
g f
rom
3rd
pa
rty
se
rvic
es
pro
vid
er
an
d m
ino
rity
serv
e w
ith
pa
cke
t m
icro
wa
ve
Last
mil
e
Ma
jori
ty s
erv
e w
ith
PD
H m
icro
wa
ve
an
d m
ino
rity
se
rve
wit
h f
ibe
r o
pti
c
infr
ast
ruct
ure
(S
DH
) &
TD
M
ba
nd
wid
th l
ea
sin
g f
rom
3rd
pa
rty
serv
ice
s p
rov
ide
r
Mix
ture
se
rve
wit
h p
ack
et
mic
row
ave
,
fib
er
op
tic
infr
ast
ruct
ure
(p
ack
et
Tra
nsp
ort
) &
Eth
ern
et
ba
nd
wid
th
lea
sin
g f
rom
3rd
pa
rty
se
rvic
es
pro
vid
er
RA
N s
olu
tio
n2
G,
3G
–A
TM
2
G,
3G
–A
TM
, 3
G-
Hy
bri
d (
AT
M &
IP
,
3G
IP
& L
TE
Exi
stin
g T
ran
smis
sio
n A
rch
ite
ctu
re
Inter
-
OLNOs
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
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have enough m
emory
to open the image, or the image m
ay
have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open
the file again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have to
delete the image and then insert it again.
Backbone
Netw
ork
SDH
Inter
-
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not
have enough m
emory
to open the image, or the image m
ay
have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open
the file again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have to
delete the image and then insert it again.
National Backbone Netw
ork
-
InternationalLink
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not
have enough m
emory
to open the image, or the image m
ay
have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open
the file again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have to
delete the image and then insert it again.
Backbone
Netw
ork
Technology
DWDM , ASON,
DWDM , ASON,
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
Metro Netw
ork
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer
may not have enough m
emory
to open the
image, or the image m
ay have been corrupted.
Restart your computer, and then open the file
again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have
to delete the image and then insert it again.
Last m
ile
Netw
ork
Metro
Netw
ork
Access
Netw
ork
SDH
SDH, PDH
SDH, PDH
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
Metro Netw
ork
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer
may not have enough m
emory
to open the
image, or the image m
ay have been corrupted.
Restart your computer, and then open the file
again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have
to delete the image and then insert it again.
Last m
ile
Regional Backbone Netw
ork
Metro Netw
ork
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer
may not have enough m
emory
to open the
image, or the image m
ay have been corrupted.
Restart your computer, and then open the file
again. If the red x still appears, you m
ay have
to delete the image and then insert it again.
Last m
ile
Netw
ork
Metro
Netw
ork
Access
Netw
ork
DWDM , ASON,
SDH, PDH, EoSDH,
EthernetLeasing
SDH, PDH, EoPDH
Cu
rre
nt
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n A
rch
ite
ctu
re
IEE
E
15
88
SS
U
Ma
in s
ite
NT
PP
TP
Sla
ve
IEE
15
88
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Ne
two
rk
Co
lle
cto
r o
r re
mo
te s
iteSla
ve
IEE
15
88
Cu
rre
nt
Acc
ess
Ne
two
rk O
ve
rvie
w
RN
C L
oca
tio
nS
tati
on
AS
tati
on
D
Sta
tio
n B
Ma
in C
oll
ect
or
X
Mic
row
ave
Ne
two
rk
Tx
Co
lle
cto
rLa
st M
ile
BS
C
RN
C
Sta
tio
n C
Sta
tio
n F
Sta
tio
n E
Sta
tio
n H
Sta
tio
n G
Fib
er
Op
tic
Ne
two
rk
Sta
tio
n J
Sta
tio
n I
Sta
tio
n K
TD
M l
ea
se
ba
nd
wid
th
Targ
et
Acc
ess
Ne
two
rk O
ve
rvie
w
RN
C L
oca
tio
nS
tati
on
AS
tati
on
D
Sta
tio
n B
Ma
in C
oll
ect
or
X
Tx
Co
lle
cto
rLa
st M
ile
BS
C
RN
C
PT
N
PT
N
Pa
cke
t F
ibe
r
Op
tic
Ne
two
rk
Sta
tio
n C
Sta
tio
n F
Sta
tio
n E
Sta
tio
n H
Sta
tio
n G
Pa
cke
t F
ibe
r
Op
tic
Ne
two
rk
Sta
tio
n J
Sta
tio
n I
Sta
tio
n K
Eth
ern
et
lea
se
ba
nd
wid
th
PT
NP
TN
Pa
cke
t Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n I
mp
lem
en
tati
on
Str
ate
gy
MP
LS /
PW
E3
Tx
Ce
ll S
ite
Tx
RN
C S
ite
PT
P G
ran
d
Ma
ste
rQ
oS
En
d t
o E
nd
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
IP
RN
CS
yn
chro
niz
ati
on
wit
h I
EE
E 1
58
8 V
2
IP
-S
lave
IE
EE
15
88
V2
-
Sla
ve
IE
EE
15
88
V2
pa
rt o
f R
AN
so
luti
on
No
de
B
IEE
E 1
58
8
-Sin
gle
VLA
N p
er
No
de
B
-Tra
nsp
ort
wit
h
Qo
Sca
pa
bil
ity
PT
NP
TN
-IE
EE
15
88
V2
Gra
nd
Ma
ste
r
at
all
RN
C s
ite
-Co
nn
ect
ion
is b
ase
d o
n
Lay
er
3
Ove
rvie
w P
ack
et
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n S
tra
teg
y IEE
E
15
88
RNC
RNC
PT
N C
N
Pa
cke
t N
etw
ork
PT
N
Me
tro
E
BSC
BSC
FE
GE
GE
Me
tro
E
Sla
ve
IE
EE
15
88
V2
IEE
E
15
88
V2
Ma
ste
r
1)
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n o
ve
r P
TP
IE
EE
15
88
V2
Th
ep
rop
ose
pa
cke
tsy
nch
ron
iza
tio
nw
ith
com
bin
ati
on
of
PT
PIE
EE
15
88
V2
an
d
syn
chro
no
us
Eth
ern
et
Page 8
15
88
V2
Sta
tio
n A
Sta
tio
n C
IP M
w
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n t
rail
Sta
tio
n C
Sta
tio
n C
IP M
icro
wa
ve
no
t su
pp
ort
Sy
nc
E
Sla
ve
IE
EE
15
88
V2
2)
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n
ove
r sy
nch
ron
ou
s
Eth
ern
et
3)
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n o
ve
r P
TP
IE
EE
15
88
V2
ove
r IP
Mw
Sla
ve
IE
EE
15
88
V2
Ch
all
en
ge
s
List
ed
be
low
are
the
pa
inp
oin
tsa
nd
cha
lle
ng
es
for
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
ne
two
rk
an
dp
ack
et
ba
sed
tim
ing
ne
two
rk:-
1.
Mu
ltitr
an
smis
sio
nm
ed
ium
an
dte
chn
olo
gy
:
a.
Ra
dio
,fi
be
ro
pti
ca
nd
ba
nd
wid
thle
asi
ng
b.
SD
H,
PD
H,
EO
SD
H,
Me
tro
E,
Pa
cke
tTr
an
spo
rtN
etw
ork
&
DW
DM
DW
DM
c.M
ult
itr
an
spo
rtve
nd
or
solu
tio
n
d.
Mu
ltib
an
dw
idth
lea
sin
gte
chn
olo
gy
2.
Mu
ltiv
en
do
rR
AN
solu
tio
n(3
Ve
nd
or)
3.
Mix
ture
RA
Nsy
ste
m:
a.
2G
,
b.
3G
–A
TM
,3
G-
Hy
bri
d(A
TM
&IP
),3
GIP
c.LT
E
Ch
all
en
ge
s
4.
Th
eim
ple
me
nta
tio
no
fth
ird
pa
rtie
str
an
smis
sio
np
rovid
er
cre
ate
s
dif
ficu
lty
inim
ple
me
nt
pa
cke
tsy
nch
ron
iza
tio
nd
ue
to:-
a.
Lim
ite
dca
pa
bil
ity
toco
ntr
ol
thir
dp
art
ies
tra
nsm
issi
on
pro
vid
er
eq
uip
me
nt
de
sig
n.
b.
Co
ntr
olo
fp
ack
et
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
sou
rce
c.O
ldte
chn
olo
gy
c.O
ldte
chn
olo
gy
Eth
ern
et
ove
r S
DH
(EO
SD
H)
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
ne
w p
ack
et
tra
nsp
ort
(Me
tro
E )
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
old
pa
cke
t
tra
nsp
ort
Ch
all
en
ge
s
5.
Un
ab
leto
mo
nit
or
en
dto
en
dsy
nch
ron
iza
tio
nsi
gn
al
pe
rfo
rma
nce
.
a.
RA
No
pe
rato
rd
oe
stn
ot
eq
uip
the
irsy
ste
mw
ith
clo
cksi
gn
al
pe
rfo
rma
nce
(on
lyo
nth
est
atu
so
fth
ecl
ock
sig
na
l)
6.
Th
est
rin
ge
nt
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
an
dti
min
gre
qu
ire
me
nt
for
rea
lti
me
serv
ice
sa
sp
rop
ose
db
yth
ein
tern
ati
on
al
sta
nd
ard
s,re
qu
ire
sfu
rth
er
stu
dy
an
da
na
lysi
so
nh
ow
toa
da
pt
the
ne
wp
rop
ose
sta
nd
ard
sin
the
stu
dy
an
da
na
lysi
so
nh
ow
toa
da
pt
the
ne
wp
rop
ose
sta
nd
ard
sin
the
exi
stin
gn
etw
ork
.
Ch
all
en
ge
s
7.
Sla
ve
IEE
E1
58
8V
2lo
cati
on
:-
a.
Bu
ilt
inR
AN
solu
tio
n
b.
Bu
ilt
inTr
an
spo
rtso
luti
on
c.S
tan
da
lon
eso
luti
on
De
scri
pti
on
In B
an
d R
AN
Sta
nd
Alo
ne
Ca
pa
bil
ity
to
ma
na
ge
sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n
pe
rfo
rma
nce
by
sin
gle
NM
S
No
t S
up
po
rtS
up
po
rt
pe
rfo
rma
nce
by
sin
gle
NM
S
Ca
pa
bil
ity
to
co
nn
ect
to
tw
o d
iffe
ren
t
Gra
nd
Ma
ste
r fo
r p
rote
ctio
n
Su
pp
ort
Su
pp
ort
Sim
pli
fyo
pe
rati
on
al
in v
iew
of
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
pe
rfo
rma
nce
iss
ue
No
t S
up
po
rtS
up
po
rt
Sla
ve
eq
uip
me
nt
reli
ab
ilit
yD
ep
en
d t
o R
AN
sup
pli
er
Ea
sy t
o m
an
ag
e
Co
st im
pa
ct o
f R
AN
re
pla
cem
en
t Im
pa
ctN
o im
pa
ct
Inte
rwo
rkin
g iss
ue
be
twe
en
Sla
ve
to
Gra
nd
Ma
ste
r
Imp
act
No
im
pa
ct
Ch
all
en
ge
s
8.
Sla
ve
IEE
E1
58
8V
2im
pro
ve
me
nt
reli
ab
ilit
yre
qu
ire
me
nt:
-
a.
Du
alp
are
nti
ng
Gra
nd
ma
ste
rp
er
Sla
ve
IEE
E1
58
8V
2
b.
Pro
tect
ion
of
Gra
nd
ma
ste
rn
etw
ork
ele
me
nt
9.
Eth
ern
et
Tra
nsp
ort
ve
rifi
cati
on
of
com
pli
an
cew
ith
IEE
E1
58
8V
2.
IEE
E
15
88
Sla
ve
IEE
15
88
Pa
cke
t N
etw
ork
Ma
in s
ite
: I
P x
:x:x
:x
Gra
nd
Ma
ste
r
IEE
E
15
88
Ma
in s
ite
: I
P x
:x:y
:y1
stP
rio
rity
2n
d P
rio
rity
P1
x:x
:y:y
P2
x:x:
x:x
Cli
en
t
IEE
E1
58
8v
2
Pro
of
of
con
cep
t b
asi
c se
tup
Sym
me
tric
om
TP
50
00
IEE
E-1
58
8 G
MTA
75
00
,
Rb
IOC
Re
f
GP
S
Ro
ute
r
Re
f
GP
S
Ma
in S
ite
Re
mo
te S
ite
Clo
ck S
ou
rce
PT
P F
low
TD
M
Sym
me
tric
om
TP
50
0
IEE
E-1
58
8 C
lie
nt
Eth
ern
et
Tra
nsp
ort
Dli
nk
GE
Hu
b
Ro
ute
r
Ro
ute
r
Re
mo
te s
ite
Clo
ck o
utp
ut
me
asu
rem
en
t vs
GP
S S
ou
rce
Pro
of
of
Co
nce
pt-
3rd
Pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
Lea
sin
g
Ma
in S
ite
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Co
lle
cto
r
VLA
N 1
01
-25
Mb
ps
VLA
N 1
02
RNC
RNC
VLA
N 1
04
–4
Mb
ps
Sco
pe
of
me
asu
rem
en
t in
th
e P
ack
et
tra
nsp
ort
ov
er
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
lea
se l
ine
im
ple
me
nta
tio
n P
OC
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se L
ine
li
nk
pe
rfo
rma
nce
te
st
1
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
BTx
Tx
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se L
ine
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
PT
NP
TN
IEE
E
15
88
Re
mo
te
Sit
e A
VLA
N 1
02
–5
0 M
bp
sE
the
rne
tLe
ase
Lin
e
lin
k p
erf
orm
an
ce t
est
Mo
bil
e A
cce
ss N
etw
ork
pe
rfo
rma
nce
be
fore
mig
rate
to E
the
rne
t Le
ase
Lin
e
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Ne
two
rk p
erf
orm
an
ce
Mic
row
ave
on
ly
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Ne
two
rk p
erf
orm
an
ce
E2
E
Mo
bil
e A
cce
ss N
etw
ork
mig
rate
to
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se
Lin
e m
ed
ium
Mo
bil
e A
cce
ss N
etw
ork
pe
rfo
rma
nce
aft
er
mig
rate
to E
the
rne
t Le
ase
Lin
e
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n I
EE
E 1
58
8 V
2 T
est
ing
Re
mo
te
Sit
e B
2
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n I
EE
E 1
58
8 V
2
me
asu
rem
en
t p
oin
t
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
B
No
de
BTx
Tx
Pro
of
of
Co
nce
pt-
3rd
Pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
Lea
sin
g Ma
in S
ite
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Co
lle
cto
r
VLA
N 1
01
-25
Mb
ps
VLA
N 1
02
RNC
RNC
VLA
N 1
04
–4
Mb
ps
1
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
BTx
Tx
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se L
ine
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
PT
NP
TN
IEE
E
15
88
Pa
cke
t Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n
So
urc
e:-
Me
asu
rem
en
t:-
a)C
lock
Sig
na
l
Re
mo
te
Sit
e A
VLA
N 1
02
–5
0 M
bp
s
Re
mo
te
Sit
e B
2
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n I
EE
E 1
58
8
V2
m
ea
sure
me
nt
po
int
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
B
No
de
BTx
Tx
So
urc
e:-
a)S
ym
etr
ico
mm
b)
Bri
lia
nt
a)C
lock
Sig
na
l
b)
Pa
cke
t D
ela
y
Va
ria
tio
n
Eth
ern
et
ove
r S
DH
(EO
SD
H)
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
ne
w p
ack
et
tra
nsp
ort
(Me
tro
E )
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
old
pa
cke
t
tra
nsp
ort
RA
N s
olu
tio
n:-
a)
NS
N
b)
Hu
aw
ei
Pro
of
of
Co
nce
pt-
3rd
Pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
Lea
sin
g-
resu
lt
Eth
ern
et
ove
r S
DH
(EO
SD
H)
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
ne
w p
ack
et
tra
nsp
ort
(Me
tro
E )
Eth
ern
et
ove
r
old
pa
cke
t
tra
nsp
ort
Clo
ck
Sig
na
lP
ass
Pa
ssP
ass
PD
V
va
lue
Hig
hLo
wH
igh
Pro
of
of
Co
nce
pt-
Pa
cke
t Tr
an
spo
rt N
etw
ork M
ain
Sit
eTra
nsm
issi
on
Co
lle
cto
r
VLA
N 1
01
-25
Mb
ps
VLA
N 1
02
RNC
RNC
VLA
N 1
04
–4
Mb
ps
1
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
BTx
Tx
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se L
ine
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
3rd
pa
rty
Eth
ern
et
eq
p
PT
NP
TN
IEE
E
15
88
DW
DM
Re
mo
te
Sit
e A
VLA
N 1
02
–5
0 M
bp
s
Re
mo
te
Sit
e B
2
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n I
EE
E 1
58
8 V
2
me
asu
rem
en
t p
oin
t
IEE
E 1
58
8
No
de
B
No
de
BTx
Tx
DW
DM
ne
two
rk
PT
N
Eth
ern
et
Lea
se L
ine
PT
NIE
EE
15
88
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Co
lle
cto
r
Re
mo
te
Ma
in S
ite
3
Co
ncl
usi
on
Alt
ho
ug
h P
ack
et
Sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n is
com
pli
cate
d t
o d
ep
loy,
b
ut
un
til
tod
ay
tha
t is
th
e o
nly
lig
ht
for
us
to f
oll
ow
. T
he
im
ple
me
nta
tio
n o
f p
ack
et
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
se
ek
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
:-
�Tr
an
sfo
rma
tio
n o
f m
ob
ile
op
era
tor
syn
chro
niz
ati
on
po
licy
�Tr
an
sfo
rma
tio
n o
f sy
nch
ron
iza
tio
n p
ers
on
ne
l a
pp
roa
ch
�Tr
an
sfo
rma
tio
n o
f n
etw
ork
arc
hit
ect
ure
to
acc
om
mo
da
te t
he
tech
no
log
y c
ha
ng
es
tech
no
log
y c
ha
ng
es
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Page 20
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