Primary packaging is the wrapping or containers handled by the consumer

Secondary packaging is the term used to describe larger cases or boxes that are used to group quantities of primary packaged goods

Transit packaging groups into larger loads for transport, which facilitates loading and unloading of goods

Plastic packaging ofvarious types andplastic materials.

Glass bottles and jars Paper and cardboard wrapping and boxes Metal cans Wood

• In many countries, thin polyethene carrying bags are just thrown away. As they are not biodegradable, they pile

up, and then block drains and cause floods. During monsoon the city of Mumbai was flooded for days due to drainage

blocks.

• Therefore, the use of these bags (20 or 30 micrometer) has been

banned in many countries

• The main “method” of waste management in many countries

is open burning. If waste contains chlorine, dioxins and furans

are formed.

• Pre-consumer waste materials come directly from manufacturers.

• Postconsumer waste materials come from consumers, after they have used the product.

• Consumers include citizens, shops, offices, markets, hospitals

• Recyclable materials are mixed with other waste Recyclable materials include: paper, cardboard, glass and metal packaging, newspapers, food waste, garden trimmings

• Placing different waste materials into separate containers before they are thrown away together is called waste segregation at source.

• In order to be successful, the segregation system has to be convenient to waste generators (citizens and others).

• In addition, adequate and sufficient information and instructions should be provided, and active contribution of other stakeholders required.

• Waste generators (e.g. households and businesses) store their segregated waste materials

• Bring them to designated communal containers, drop off centers

• Give them to informal collectors• Bring them back to shops, as part of

producer responsibility system for beverage bottles (if supported by a deposit)

• Retailers take over discarded products as part of producer responsibility system

Most of the recycling today is actually Downcycling: in every new cycle material loses quality

Upcycling – 90% recycled PET

Direct heating (boiler house) Electricity production / combined heat

power Upgrading to natural gas quality

Materials used in products (and packaging) could successfully be reused again and again

Materials are biodegradable Pure in their chemical composition

Pollutant or a combination of pollutants discharged into the environment by manufacturing or production process from process industries.

The process industries includes chemical,pharmaceutical,biotechnology,food and drink,oil and gas,power generation and mineral sectors.

Process waste includes solid,liquid and gaseous wastes.

Ex:◦ Textile effluent waste.◦ waste from power generaion

Conceptual process waste flow diagram

Prevention Minimization Recycling Discharge

Waste management implies activity at a number of levels in the organisation◦ Company mangement (Investment proposals and

projects)◦ Research and Engineering◦ Production

Reducing process waste by increasing efficiency has two major imapct◦ Maximization of Profit◦ Better public relation value

The waste generated from the resources that society consumes are called as consumption wastes.

Mostly go for further recycling.

Material Composition %

Glass 10

Paper/Cardboard 30

Metals 9

Textiles 3

Plastics 4

Vegetable Waste 23

Dust, Cinders, Miscellaneous 21

It consists of: packaging parts that are not needed, such as fruit skins,

bones in meat, etc. broken things, things no longer working, spoilt

food, worn-out clothes, clothes which no longer fit outgrown items toys, clothing, books, schoolwork disposables such as finished batteries, tissues human waste, waste of pets, waste water from

various forms of cleaning

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