pacemakers murmurs hypertension ,angina, cabg ,ccf, …mi, pm , cabg.… · murmurs extra,...
TRANSCRIPT
SYMPTOMS
Chest pain
Rapid or pounding heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Weakness
Fever cough
Paleness
CAUSES
Defective Heart Valve
Holes in the heart wall
Surgical repair of congenital heart defects
Fever
Anemia
INTENSITY/PITCH
Grade I: Faintest, Heard with difficulty
Grade II: Faint but identified immediately
Grade III: Moderately loud
Grade IV: Loud, associated with palpable thrill
Grade V: Very loud
Grade VI: Loudest, can be heard without
stethoscope
CONFIGURATION
Crescendo: increasing
Decrescendo: decreasing
Crescendo-Decrescendo: diamond-
shaped
Plateau: unchanged
DURATION & TIMING
Length of systole
or diastole a
murmur occupies
Most important
in determining
cause
In relation to
normal cardiac
cycle
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/site497/m
ainpageS497PO.html
http://heartlink.mcw.edu/article/880000049.ht
ml
http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyc
lopedia/HTMLfiles/3168.html
Introduction
• Electrical impulses from the heart muscle
cause your heart to beat (contract). This
electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial
(SA) node, atrium). The SA node is
sometimes called the heart’s “natural
pacemaker.”
A pacemaker (or "artificial
pacemaker”)
• so as not to be confused with the heart's natural
pacemaker) is a medical device designed to
regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose
of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the
heart when either the heart's native pacemaker
is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the
heart's electrical conduction system preventing
the propagation of electrical impulses from the
native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the
heart, known as the ventricles.
Heart Regulators • Pacemakers are small electrical generators that
control your heart beat. They are often just called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker is one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry, and a connector block inside. The battery supplies the power. The circuitry is like a little computer inside the pacemaker - it changes energy from the battery into tiny electrical pulses that go to your heart through wires called leads. The connector block is plastic, on top of the pacemaker. That's where the leads connect to the generator unit.
Devices that will not affect or
damage pacemakers • CB Radios
• Electric Drills
• Electric Blankets
• Electric Shavers
• Ham Radios
• Heating Pads
• Metal Detectors
• Microwave Ovens
• TV Transmitters
• TV Remote controls
• X-Ray Machines
• Airport Security Detectors
Devices that will affect or damage
the pacemaker
• Power Generating Equipment
• Welding Equipment
• Certain pieces of equipment used by dentists
• Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) machines
• Radiation machines for treating cancer
• Heavy equipment or motors that have powerful magnets
Electrocardiogram
• This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart
• Reads the electric pulses in the heart
A pacemaker is about the size of a
matchbox. It is made up of two
parts.
• A pulse generator, which includes the
battery and several electronic circuits
• Wires called leads, which are attached to
the heart wall. Depending on the type of
pacemaker you need, there may be one or
two leads
Pacemaker Patients
• For most people, work, hobbies, sexual
activity, travel, and other aspects of their
lifestyles are no different once they have a
Guidant implanted device. It will help you
enjoy as active and productive a lifestyle
as your overall health permits.
What is high blood pressure?
High blood pressure is when you have a blood reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) or higher.
It is high tension in the arteries.
Also called hypertension.
It does not mean excessive tension or stress.
It is able to cause heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke.
Facts about high blood pressure
One in three Americans has high blood pressure.
It is often called the silent killer because there are no symptoms.
Some people may not find out until they have trouble with their hearts, brains, and kidneys.
If not found and treated
It can cause the heart to become larger, which may lead to heart problems.
Small bulges form on the blood vessels.
Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow.
Arteries in the body to harden.
Blood vessels in the eyes they burst or bleed, which may cause vision changes or blindness.
Essential hypertension
Is a far more common condition and accounts for 95% of hypertension.
It is multilateral in the sense that there are
many causes.
Secondary hypertension
Is 5% of hypertension.
Secondary to a specific abnormality in one or more of the organs.
Treatment
Keep in mind that hypertension occurs way before it does any damage.
Increased public awareness is a good treatment.
Goals
The public awareness is to warn the people of the dangers and the good chance that they might have it.
This is because it is obviously easier to treat it earlier than later.
Sources
www.medicinet.com
www.will-net.com
What Is It?
• Chest pain or discomfort that occurs
when the heart muscle doesn’t get
enough blood.
• Symptom of coronary artery disease.
• The heart doesn’t receive enough
oxygen due to a narrowed coronary
artery.
What Does It Look Like?
• The coronary
artery is narrowed
reducing the flow
of oxygen to the
heart.
• It is easier for
plaque to get
inside a narrower
artery.
What Does It Feel Like?
• May feel like pressure or a squeezing
pain in your chest.
• Pain could also occur in the
shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
• Could also feel like indigestion.
Stable Angina
• Most common type of angina.
• Occurs when the heart is working
harder than usual.
• Regular pattern.
• Pain goes away a few minutes after
resting or taking medicine.
• Makes it more likely to have a heart
attack in the future.
Unstable Angina
• Very dangerous condition that
requires emergency treatment.
• Could be a sign that heart attack
might occur soon.
• Does not follow a pattern.
• Can occur without physical exertion.
• Not relieved by rest or medicine.
Variant Angina
• Very rare.
• Usually occurs when one is at rest
between midnight and in the early
morning.
• Pain can be severe.
• Relieved by medicine.
Treatments
• Do It Yourself Treatments
• Control high blood
pressure
• Quit smoking
• Control cholesterol
levels
• Control weight
• Physical activity
• Regular exercise
which must be
ensured by a doctor
that it will not trigger
angina.
• Control diabetes
• Avoid stress
• Avoid getting cold
• Avoid excessive
alcohol
More Treatments
• Medications
• Nitroglycerin
• Glycerin Trinitrate
Tablets
• Beta Blockers
• Calcium and Channel
Blockers
• Surgery
• Coronary Artery
Bypass Surgery
• Balloon Angioplasty
• Artery Stent
Sources
• http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/an
gina/treatments.htm
• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/
Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html
• http://www.umm.edu/patiented/graph
ics/images/en/18054.jpg
Definition • Heart attack (myocardial
infarction) is a medical emergency in which some of the heart’s blood supply is suddenly and severely reduced or cut off, causing the heart muscle (myocardium) to die because it is deprived of its oxygen supply.
Symptoms
• chest pain or discomfort in the center of the chest, “heaviness” or “crushing” feeling that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back
• pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper body including arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach
More Symptoms • difficulty breathing, shortness of
breath • sweating or “cold sweat” • fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling
(may feel like “heartburn”) • nausea or vomiting • light-headedness • extreme weakness or anxiety • rapid or irregular heart beats
Causes
• usually occurs when a blockage in a coronary artery reduces or cuts off the blood supply to an area of the heart
• a blood clot is the most common cause of a blocked coronary artery
More Causes • uncommonly, a heart attack results
when a clot forms in the heart itself, breaks away, and lodges in a coronary artery
Complications • A person who has a heart attack
may experience any of the following complications: Myocardial Rupture, Scar Tissue, Ventricular Aneurysm, Blood Clots, and Heart Failure.
Rehabilitation • Cardiac rehabilitation, an important
part of recovery, begins at the hospital.
• people who have had a heart attack can usually progress to sitting in a chair, passive exercise, use of a commode chair, and reading on the first day.
More Rehabilitation • By the second or third day,
people are encouraged to walk to the bathroom and engage in nonstressful activities, and they can perform more activities each day.
Getting Back on Track • Most people can return to work and the
activities they enjoy within a few weeks of having a heart attack.
• For the first few days after your heart attack, you may need to rest and let your heart heal.
• You may do stretching exercises and get up and walk.
Risk Factors for Another Heart Attack
• not exercising • being overweight • high cholesterol level • high blood sugar level if you have
diabetes • high blood pressure • smoking • too much stress in your life
References • http://www.clevelandclinic.org/hear
tcenter/pub/guide/disease/cad/mi_symptoms.htm
• http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec03/ch033/ch033c.html
• http://www.familydoctor.org.xml
What is coronary artery bypass surgery?
type of heart surgery
reroutes, ”bypasses” blood around clogged arteries
improves blood flow and oxygen flow to the heart
Why is bypass needed?
Coronary arteries (the arteries that carry blood to the heart) can become clogged
clogging is caused by plaque (fat, cholesterol, and other substances)
buildup hinders blood flow through vessels
lack of blood flow can cause chest pain and or a heart attack
How is coronary bypass done?
segment of healthy blood vessel is taken from leg to reroute blood through heart
one end of the vein is sewn onto the aorta and the other is grafted below the blockage on the coronary artery
patients can undergo one, two, three or more bypasses depending on the extent of the damage
After surgery…
Patients’ blood pressures and heart activity are monitored for three to five days
Patients are given pain killers to keep them comfortable
Tests are done to evaluate patient’s condition
A healthy diet and exercise plan are recommended
Side Effects
loss of appetite
constipation
swelling
fatigue
depression
difficulty sleeping
muscle pain or tightness
Alternatives to Bypass
Medications
Stent
o a wire mesh tube used to prop open an artery
Angioplasty
o a tiny balloon is inserted into the blocked blood vessel and inflated to widen the opening
Facts
Woman have a higher mortality rate than men with coronary bypass surgery
About 7 million Americans suffer from Coronary Heart Disease.
Heart Disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. each year
500,000 Americans die of heart attacks caused by CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).
normal heart
blockage occurs
heart becomes deprived of blood
saphenous vein used to bypass blockage
vein graft restores normal blood flow to heart
Works Cited
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4484
adam.about.com/ surgery/100190.htm
www.americanheart.org
Google images
Congestive heart failure (CHF), is a condition in which the heart can't pump
enough blood to the body's other organs.
•Narrowed arteries that supply blood to
the heart muscle — coronary artery
disease.
•Past heart attack, with scar tissue that
interferes with the heart muscle's
normal work.
•High blood pressure.
•*&* many more…
•Frequent bathroom usage.
•Tired and weak.
•Weight gain from excess fluid.
•Chest pain.
•Swollen feet, legs, and/or ankles.
•Loss of appetite.
•Swollen neck veins.
•Skin is cold and sweaty.
•Pulse is irregular.
Most doctors can make a tentative
diagnosis of CHF from the presence of
edema(accumulation of fluid) and
shortness of breath.
•Crackling sounds of fluid in the lungs can
be heard with a stethoscope.
•A chest x-ray can show if your heart is
enlarged.
•If you smoke, quit.
•Learn to control high blood pressure,
cholesterol levels, and diabetes.
•Eat a sensible diet that is low in calories,
saturated fat, and salt.
•Limit how much alcohol you drink.
•Weigh yourself daily to watch for fluid
buildup.
•Vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin,
which open up narrowed vessels.
•Calcium channel blockers, which keep
vessels open and lower blood pressure.
•ACE inhibitors, which keep vessels
open and lower blood pressure.
•Heart valve repair or replacement
•Pacemaker insertion
•Correction of congenital heart defects
•Coronary artery bypass surgery
•Mechanical assist devices
•Heart transplant
•http://www.americanheart.org
•http://www.texasheartinstitute.org
•http://www.mayoclinic.com
•http://en.wikipedia.org
Diabetes is when your pancreas does not
produce enough insulin for your body. It is
a leading factor in developing heart
disease.
Blood Sugar Monitoring
Eating Right
Exercising
Medications
Pancreas Transplants
Islet Cell Transplants
Make a commitment to manage
your diabetes
Yearly Physical
Have needed vaccinations
Take care of your feet
Don’t smoke
Avoid alcohol
Take aspirin daily
Monitor your blood pressure
Monitor blood fats
Learn to manage stress
http://www.mayoclinic.com
http://www.uab.edu
http://www.diabetes.com
http://www.lifeclinic.com