PA Writing

Session #2 - StructurePA WritingWhat we worked on yesterdayRundown of the syllabusRundown of the writing assignmentDifferences between high school, college and university writingYour expectations (What this writing course teaches you/what would you like to learn?)Why writing is so important, and what its forAt this point it would be helpful to explain how the things we covered the week before tie into the current weeks content

2Today well look at:What conventions exist relating to structure and flow in basic essay writingWhat elements need to be present in introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions in order for them to be effectiveVariations of an argumentative writing assignment in different disciplines

**Through the session well be drawing on content from the book Writing Analytically by Rosenwasser, Stephen and BabingtonThe Failsafe MethodLets draw this outThe Hamburger Writing an essay that meets a university level standard draws on some of what is taught in high schools as the hamburger format, but its much more complex.

**Exercise: As a group were going to draw a deluxe, university level hamburger on the white board :)Have the facilitator use a variety of coloured markers, and ask the students to think of things that might be necessary to include in a university level essay, starting with the basic hamburger structure theyve learned in high school. Have them choose toppings and elements of the sandwich to represent those components and draw a big saucy, messy creation like the university level essay55 Step Process for Paragraph Development/Essay FlowLets walk through a 5-step process to building a paragraph. Each step of the process will include an explanation of the step and a bit of model text to illustrate how the step works. Our finished model paragraph will be about slave spirituals, the original songs that African Americans created during slavery. The model paragraph uses illustration (giving examples) to prove its point.

**Through the 5-Step Process for Paragraph Development section well be using content from the Writing Centre at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hills website

How to develop paragraphs, common issues and how to resolve the structure and flow of them more information than whats included in the slides here from the 5-step process: http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/paragraphs/

6Step #1Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence

Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraphs development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraphs controlling idea. Here is the controlling idea for our model paragraph, expressed in a topic sentence:

Model controlling idea and topic sentence Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings.

Step #2Step 2. Explain the controlling idea Paragraph development continues with an expression of the rationale or the explanation that the writer gives for how the reader should interpret the information presented in the idea statement or topic sentence of the paragraph. The writer explains his/her thinking about the main topic, idea, or focus of the paragraph. Heres the sentence that would follow the controlling idea about slave spirituals:

Model explanationOn one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul; but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance.

Step #3Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples)Paragraph development progresses with the expression of some type of support or evidence for the idea and the explanation that came before it. The example serves as a sign or representation of the relationship established in the idea and explanation portions of the paragraph. Here are two examples that we could use to illustrate the double meanings in slave spirituals:

Model example A For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song O Canaan, Sweet Canaan spoke of slaves longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: I dont expect to stay / Much longer here. / Run to Jesus, shun the danger. / I dont expect to stay.

Model example B Slaves even used songs like Steal Away to Jesus (at midnight) to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings.

Step #4Step 4. Explain the example(s)

Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the example. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence. Look at these explanations for the two examples in the slave spirituals paragraph:

Model explanation for example A When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also could have been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North.

Model explanation for example B[The relationship between example B and the main idea of the paragraph's controlling idea is clear enough without adding another sentence to explain it.]

Step #5Step 5. Complete the paragraphs idea or transition into the next paragraph

The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph and reminding the reader of the relevance of the information in this paragraph to the main or controlling idea of the paper. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the information that you just discussed in the paragraph. You might feel more comfortable, however, simply transitioning your reader to the next development in the next paragraph. Heres an example of a sentence that completes the slave spirituals paragraph:

Model sentence for completing a paragraph What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say.

Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph.

What makes for a good Introduction?IntroductionsIntroductions should raise issues rather than settle them and conclusions should go beyond merely restating what has already been said

The function of introductions:Define your topic the issue, question, or problem and say why it mattersIndicate your method of approach to the topicProvide necessary background or contextOffer the working thesis (hypothesis) that your paper will develop

Introduction cont.You dont need a gimmick to engage your readers, just a genuinely interesting topic

Here you are trying to locate a problem or question within a context that provides background and rationale, culminating in a working thesis

Typical problems that are symptoms of doing too muchDigressionIncoherence (when youre trying to do too much)Prejudgment

What makes for a good Conclusion?ConclusionsThe function of conclusions:

Judgment the conclusion normally reconsiders the issue raised by the opening hypothesis and amends that hypothesis, based upon the evidence presentedCulmination you bring things together and ascend to one final statement of your thinkingSend-off a final opening outward of the topic that leads the reader out of the paper with something further to think aboutConclusions cont.**strategies for writing effective conclusions:

1. Pursue implications consider broader issues, including practical consequences and applications, or future-oriented issues such as avenues for further research2. Come full circle interpret the results fo your analysis in light of the context you established in your intro3. Identify limitations acknowledge restrictions of method or focus in your analysis, and qualify your conclusion (and its implications) accordingly

Conclusion cont.Watch for:

Redundancy instead use selective repetitionRaising a totally new point instead be sure to express the conceptual link between your central conclusion and any implications you may draw, capping judgments must have an obvious lead up throughout your paperOverstatement Anticlimax if your final answer comes from quoting an authority in place of establishing your own, instead answer so what? as the last statement in your paper

Writing Assignments Across Disciplines Whats Similar & Whats Different?Reflective WritingWriting example in the discipline of Community Services

Check this out for information about the structure of reflective writing assignments, and examples of them:

http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/studentsupport/ask/resources/handouts/writtenassignments/filetodownload,73259,en.pdf

Business Report/PlanWriting example in the discipline of Business

Check this out for information about the structure of business report writing assignments, and examples of them:

http://owll.massey.ac.nz/assignment-types/business-report.php

Lab ReportsWriting example in the discipline of Science and Engineering

Check this out for information about the structure of lab reports, and examples of them:

http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/lab-report

Research EssayCommon in the Social Science and Humanities Disciplines

We have been and will be talking more about this one in class, stay tuned!