PA 395 Day 5

Non-Profits and the EnvironmentGary FlomenhoftJune 21, 2003

Hubbert curve based on ~2 trillion barrels

Doom and Gloom?

BP R/P ratios

http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0612-09.htm

The industry-funded right-wing think tank the American EnterpriseInstitute (AEI) has taken aim at non-governmental organizations.During a recent all-day conference, "Nongovernmental Organizations:The Growing Power of an Unelected Few," speakers delivered themessage that NGOs "are using their growing prominence and power to pursue a 'liberal' agenda at the international level that threatensU.S. sovereignty and free-market capitalism." According to AEI andthe conference co-sponsor, the rightist Institute of Public Affairsof Australia, "NGOs have created their own rules and regulationsand demanded that governments and corporations abide by thoserules." Jim Lobe writes for OneWorld, "Several speakers praised thework of NGOs ... but stressed that, at the international policylevel, much of what they did actually hurt the intendedbeneficiaries." NGOs' opposition to the use of DDT to fight malariaand to the delivery of genetically-engineered corn in southernAfrica were cited as examples of policies which amounted to"eco-imperialism" and showed a "callous disregard for human life."SOURCE: OneWorld, June 12, 2003

U.S. Conservatives Take Aim at NGOs

Theories of Environmental Change-Costain/Lester

2) Policy Learning-SabatierCompeting Coalitions. Triggered by external

events

A) Intermediate level of informed conflict between two interest groups

Primary aspects of one group vs. core aspects of another or

Secondary aspects of both

B) Forum is prestigious enough to force professionals from different coalitions and dominated by professional norms.

Term paper approaches-example

Competing Coalitions

“Save the whales”

Pro Con

Interest Group NGOs: Greenpeace, IFAW, etc.

Whaling countries:

Japan, Norway

Inuits, etc.

Core values Deep ecology, intrinsic value, bio-centrism

Food, sovereignty

Forum IWC IWC

Interest Groups and Social Movements

Interest Group: “Organized body of individuals who share some goals and who try to influence public policy.” -Berry

“Any group that, on the basis of one or more shared attitudes, makes certain claims upon other groups in society for the establishment, maintenance, or enhancement of other forms of behavior that are implied by the shared attitudes.”-Truman

“Advance the the common interests of groups of individuals.”-Olson

Organizations which seek incremental changes in laws, regulations, or judicial decision through institutional means. McAdam

Normative analysis: imposition of cultural norms

FOOD Western culture

Eastern culture

Semitic culture (jews and islam)

Hindu/

Buddhist

Some Africans

Mammals it is OK to eat

Cows, pigs, sheep, (goats), deer, elk, moose, antelope

ALL including dolphins/

Whales, dogs/cats

All except below. (Split hoof)

None? “Bush meat” Gorillas, chimps

Mammals it is Not OK to eat

(charismatic megafauna: cute seals, dolphins, etc)

Dogs, cats, horses (OK for dog food) cetaceans (dolphins, whales), primates

None? Humans usually (except PNG)

Pigs, horse, others?

Hindus: Cows

?

Humans usually

Normative analysis: imposition of cultural norms

501©1 Corporation organized act of Congress 20

501©2 Titleholding corporations 7100

501©3 Charitable and religious 654,186

501©4 Social Welfare 139,512

501©5 Labor, agricultural 64,955

501©6 Business leagues 77,274

501©7 Social and recreational 60,845

501©8 Fraternal beneficiary societies 91,972

501©9 Voluntary employees’ beneficiary society 14,486

501©10 Domestic fraternal beneficiary societies 20,925

501©11 Teachers’ retirement funds 13

501©12 Benevolent liffe insurance associations 6,343

501©13 Cemetary companies 9,562

501©14 State-chartered credit unions 5,157

501©15 Mutual insurance companies 1,212

501©16 Corporations to finance crop operations 23

501©17 Supplemental unemployment benefit trusts 565

501©18 Employee-funded pension trusts 2

501©19 War veterans organizations 31,464

501©20 Legal service organizations 131

Etc. To 501©25, 501(d), 501(e), 501(f), 521

Types of 501 organizations

Advocacy activities by non-profits

DESCRIPTION 501©3 CHARITABLE ORG 501©4 SOCIAL WELFARE ORG

KEY TAX RULES May receive deductible contribution. No federal gift tax on contributions

Tax-exempt but contributors do not receive deduction. Donor may owe federal gift tax on >$10,000. Org taxed on investment income to extent of electioneering expenditure

General permitted activities

Charitable and educational activities, including public education, lobbying (for public charities)

May engage in any activity permitted a 501-©3, plus any activity that serves public purposes, such as lobbying & advocacy in the public interest.

Lobbying allowed? Public charities: Yes, to a limited extent-subject to 501(h) limits or to requirements that it not be “substantial.” Private foundations: NO lobbying

Yes, allowed. May even be the orgs exclusive actitivity

Is an affiliated PAC allowed?

No, but affiliated 501©4 may have PAC Yes

What campaign related activities are allowed?

Non-partisan voter registration, voter education, and get-out-the vote efforts. Campaign intervention strictly prohibited

May engage in electioneering as long it is not the organization’s primary activity and is not “express advocacy” (except MFCL)

Is express advocacy allowed?

No No, unless org is an MCFL

What issue advocacy activities are allowed?

“issue advocacy”, educational and lobbying. Limits on issue advocacy that promotes or criticizes particular candidates (20%), and electioneering prohibited

Neither election laws nor tax laws limit issue advocacy

What disclosure is required

No requirement to disclose their donors to the public Most are not required to disclose their donors. MCFL corporations making express advocacy independent expenditures must file regular, publicly available reports with FEC

Advocacy activities by non-profits

Express Advocacy, also called explicit candidate advertising, are communications which use words of express advocacy, such as "Vote for Smith," "Support Jones," "Defeat Senator Jones," etc. In some cases, communications with "marginally less direct" exhortations to vote have nonetheless been ruled express advocacy, while in others they have been ruled issue advocacy.

Issue Advocacy has come to mean everything that is not express candidate advocacy, and has two sub-categories:

*Candidate-Specific Issue Advertising/Electioneering Communication, which discusses or clearly identifies a candidate, but does not use explicit words of express advocacy; and *Pure Issue Advertising, which discusses an issue without mentioning the name or showing video/images of a candidate.

Issue Advocacy is not totally free of federal regulation; the FEC, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) disclosure regulations and IRS non-profit rules

UBIT

Unrelated Business Income Tax

Public/Private collaboration

PHILANTHROPIC TRANSACTIONAL INTEGRATIVE

MIND-SET Gratefulness and charity

Minimal collaboration in defining activities

separateness

Partnering mind-set

Increased understanding and trust

“We” mentality in place of us vs. them

STRATEGIC-ALIGNMENT

Minimal fit required beyond a shared interest in a particular issue area

Overlap in mission and values

Shared visioning at top of organization

Broad scope of activities of strategic significance

Relationships as strategic tool

High mission mesh

Shared values

COLLABORATION VALUE

Generic resource transfer

Unequal exchange of resources

Corre competancy exchange

More equal exchange of resources

Projects of limited scope and risk that demonstrate success

Projects developed at all levels in the organization, with leadership support

Joint benefit creation

Need for value renewal

Shared-equity investment for mutual return

RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Corporate-commmunity affairs

Ngo-development

Corporate-minimal connection to cause

Project communicated via writing

Minimal peformance expectations

Expanded personal relationships thorughout org

Strong personal connection of leadership

Emerging infrastructure, including relationship managers and communication channels

Explicit perfformance expectations

Informal learning

Expanded opportunities for direct employee involvement in relationship

Deep personal relationships across organizations

Culture of each org inffluenced by other

Partner relationship mgrs.

Org integration in execution including shared resources

Incentive to partner

Active learning

PARTNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS-AUSTIN

Case study: TNC and Georgia-Pacific Lumber

From Tree-huggers vs. land-rapersTo

Collaboration

Georgia-Pacific Nature Conservancy

Ownership, operation, upkeep, maintenance of properties, including associated costs and for joinntly developing and monitoring the ecosystem management plan

Responsible for protecting the properties;monitoring and managing plant and animal populations, plant communities, and natural habitats; and jointly developing the ecosystem management plan. TNC will be given all hunting rights and the event of ownership transferr have 1st right of refusal

Case study: TNC and Georgia-Pacific Lumber

Ecosystem management plan

Land management plan

Ensures highest level off conservation, and if compatible timber production. Timber harvesting is prohibited within 600 feet of the channel of any permanent stream or estuary, and all timber will have to be removed by helicopter.

Ecosystem management plan was developed and is managed by GP/TNC partenership, which met quarterly thru ‘95 and meets periodically. Members include NC Wildlife resources Comm. US fish and Wildlife Service, NC state Dept. Forestry, GP, and TNC

Social Venture Capital/Venture Philanthropy(Social Return on Investment)

Venture Philanthropy Partners (VPP), a philanthropic investment organization, is working to improve the lives of children from low-income communities by pursuing two interrelated goals. First, we help strengthen nonprofit organizations, offering not just major funding but also significant management expertise and other non-financial resources that are too rarely available to nonprofits. Second, we are joining with others in our field to inspire philanthropists, corporate and nonprofit leaders, and public policymakers to help increase the effectiveness and the flow of capital, talent, and other resources to nonprofit organizations meeting the core needs of children.

Social Venture Capital/Venture Philanthropy(Social Return on Investment)