p1 introduction to wireless comm system
TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
References:Bernhard (Chapter 1, 4, 6-14)
Rappaport (Chapter 1)
Prasad (Chapter 1)
Kaaranen (Chapter 1)
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INTRODUCTION
Communication Medium
Acoustical
Optical
Mechanical
Electrical
- wired
- wireless
Wirelessversus Mobile
Privateversus Public
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Communication history heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
150 BC smoke signals for communication;(Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Electromagnetic Wave
1831-79 Faraday and Maxwell demonstrateselectromagnetic induction and theory ofelectromagnetic fields
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave
character of electrical transmission through space
HISTORY
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1896 Guglielmo Marconi
first demonstration of wirelesstelegraphy
long wave transmission, hightransmission power necessary ( +200kw)
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic connections
huge ground stations (30 by 100m antennas) 1915 Wireless voice transmission NY - SF
1920 Discovery of short waves (< 100m) by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere
(cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possibledue to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, LeeDeForest and Robert von Lieben)
HISTORY
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1920 First commercial radio broadcast in Pgh.
1928 many TV broadcast trials
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1935 First telephone call around the world
1958, then 1972 A-Netz and B-Netz in Germany
analog, 160 MHz, connection setup from the fixed
network too (but location of the mobile station hasto be known)
1974 FCC allocates 40 MHz for Cellular telephony
1982 Start of GSM-specification in Europe (Global
System for Mobile communication)
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced MobilePhone System, analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
HISTORY
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1986 C-Netz in Germany
analog voice, 450 MHz, handoff possible, digital
signaling, automatic location of mobile device still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX,
modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
1991 Specification of DECT
Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: DigitalEnhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
- ~100 - 500 m range, 120 duplex ch., 1,2 Mbps datatransmission, voice encryption, authentication
1992 Start of GSM
fully digital, 900 MHz, 124 channels
automatic location, handoff, cellular
roaming in Europe - now worldwide > 100 countries
services: data with 9,6 kbps, FAX, voice, ...
HISTORY
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1994 E-Netz in Germany
GSM with 1800 MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11
countries
1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
standardization of type 1: 5,155,30GHz, 23,5 Mbps
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5 GHz) and 4
(17 GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155 Mbps) 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
IEEE-Standard, 2,42,5 GHz and infrared, 2 Mbps
already many products (with proprietary extensions)
1998 Specification of GSM successors for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
HISTORY
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2000
IMT2000/UMTS tested and deployed with multimedia
services
2010s
Wireless Broadband communication will be available with B-
OFDM and all IP
2010s+
Radio over fiber (such as fiber optic micro cell)
HISTORY/FUTURE?
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VISION
People and their machines should be able to access
information and communicate with each other easily
and securely, in any medium or combination of media-voice, data, image, video, or multimedia-any time,
anywhere, in a timely, cost-effective way
Dr George H.Heilmeier IEEE Communication
Mag.October 1992
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Advantages
Cost independent of terrain and distance
Suitable for incremental capacity enhancement, i.e. flexibleplanning
Reduced maintenance effort, i.e. better reliability
Ease of installation and maintenance, i.e. suitability for temporary
or emergency services
Dynamic use of medium, i.e trunking capability
Limited mobility
Suitable for multiple operators, i.e. service liberalisation
Limitation
Capacity limited by frequency allocation, i.e. cellular design is
expensive
Margin has to be provided for multipath propagation effect, i.e.
expensive for normal urban application
Power source required at terminal end
WIRELESS ADVANTAGES/LIMITATION
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FAMILY TREE (Ramjee Prasad)
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GENERATIONS
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SERVICES
Walkie Talkie/Radiophone
PagingPrivate Mobile Radio and Trunked Mobile Radio
Cordless System
Cellular System and Personal Communication
Bluetooth, Adhoc Network and Wireless PAN
Wireless Local Loop (WiLL/RiLL)
Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wireless ATM (WATM)
Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS)
Mobile Satellite
DSRR and etc.
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WALKIE TALKIE
Push on and off
Half duplex
Low quality
Short Distance
No privacy to user
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Radio paging is defined in CCIR Recommendation 584 as:a non-speech, one-way, personal selective calling system with alert, without
message or with defined message such as numeric or alphanumeric
Simplex and up to 1000 character (Low quality) can be sent Strength: inexpensive, small receiver, wide area, no antenna
required, discrete communication of messages
Weakness: no confirmation of received message, malicious user
Form of paging: Public (wide area) and Private (on site)
The Paging Network Controller (PNC) handles the user interfaceand the user features of a paging system via PSTN
The Transmission Network (TN) is the infrastructure through which
the pages are distributed to Paging Base Stations (PBS) which are
located over a wide geographical area.
Older paging concepts: 2Tone, 5Tone, NEC, Golay, Voice Paging
RDS (Radio Data System) and based on sequential tone
Today, there are two different digital:
Post Office Code Standard Advisory Group (POCSAG)
European Radio Messaging System (ERMES)
PAGING
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Private Mobile Radio
Use one radio channel
Duplex operation
Serve needs of certain group Control fleet of mobile e.g. police, taxi, etc.
Use common channel
Buy or rent equipment
Pay to system operator for accessing fee Limitation
Congestion
Limited number of channels
Low capacity system
High transmission power from RBS Interference because no frequency re-use
Lack of control over users and lack of privacy
No link to PSTN
Limited support of voice and data transmission
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PMR
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TRUNKED RADIO
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TRUNKED RADIO
TRUNKED RADIO
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TRUNKED RADIO
Standard
MPT1327 (1988)
Analog system in Great Britain, Germany etc. Service - normal call, priority call, recorded announcement,
conference call, radio telegram etc.
Signalling standard is possible to configure the systems of
any type and size: Single-site system (2-20 channels), RegionalNetwork (2 - 100 channels), Multi-regional or national network
Other related standards - MPT 1343 (terminal), 1347 (fixed
network), 1352 (network conformity)
Band 3 Sub Band 1 - 177.2125 > 183.4875 MHz Base Transmit /
Mobiles Transmit + 8 MHz
Band 3 Sub Band 2 - 201.2125 > 207.4875 MHz Base Transmit /
Mobiles Transmit - 8 MHz
Data network e.g. MOBITEX, MODACOM, ARDIS, COGNITO
Trans European TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) Introduced by Mobile Digital Trunked Radio System (MDTRS)
2 families: Voice plus Data Standard (V+D) and Data only (Packet
Data Optimized Standard, PDO)
410-415 MHz (Portable Tx), 420-425 MHz (Base Tx)
CORDLESS SYSTEM
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CORDLESS SYSTEM
The cordless telephone, as its name implies, replaces the cord to the
handset with a radio link, giving user degree of mobility
Cordless telephone consists of (1)Base unitand (2)Portable unit The range to the fixed base unit can be many tens of meters,
depending on its siting
The principal difference between cellular and cordless communication
technologies is the degree of mobility provided to the subscriber
Cellular system allow mobile subscriber to communicate continuouslyover wide areas by providing handover to adjacent cells while cordless
system restrict mobility to a finite area
First generation cordless (CT-1) system are based on analogue
technologies and charaterised by variable quality and are prone to
interference with nearby system. Other disadvantages:
poor speech quality
limited range
bulky
short battery life
poor security
CORDLESS FREQUENCY
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CORDLESS FREQUENCY
1.7 MHz(CT-0)- The earliest analog models (just above the AM band).No longer in production, and were very susceptible to interference from
fluorescent lights and nearby automobile ignition systems 46-47 MHz(330m)- This band contains a huge installed base of
analog models. Low-power walk-talkies and baby monitors share this
same frequency band of 10-25 channels. Some models use audio
inversion for scrambling. The unscrambled models are very easily heard
by practically any radio scanner or a neighbor with a similar phone. This
band can be quite crowded, depending on density of users in a givenarea.
902-928 MHz (1.5-21, km)- Identified by their shorter non-telescoping antennas. Only the models with digital spread spectrum
(DSS) cannot be readily heard by a radio scanner but not the analog
models. This band is much less crowded than the 46-47 MHz band and
have 80 channels. Each manufacturer uses some but not all of the
available channels
2.7 GHz- Consists of 50-100 channels. Few radio scanners cover thisband, and analog and digital spread spectrum models are available to
ensure privacy.
Others - 5.8 GHz (http://www.vtech.com/about/press/5.8GHz_phone.pdf)
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CORDLESS STANDARD
SWAP - Shared Wireless
Access Protocol
CTM - Cordless Terminal
Mobility
CT 2 d CT3 (DECT)
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CT-2 and CT3 (DECT)
CT2 Use digital technology
3 main applications: Domestic use (Residential), Cordless PABX ,Telepoint
promoted as Telepoint
DECT A standard originally developed by ETSI (1992) in Europe
Applications includes domestic cordless, Telepoint, cordless PBXs, and
RLL Support multiple bearer channels for speech and data transmission,
handover, location registration, and paging
DECT is closer to a cellular system than to a classical cordless
telephone. However, the interface to the PSTN or ISDN network
remains the same as for PBX or corded telephone
DIGITAL CORDLESS
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DIGITAL CORDLESS
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SATELLITE
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SATELLITE (Orbit and Application)
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WLAN
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WLAN
Wireless equivalent of Ethernet
Unlicensed: ISM Band (2.4 GHz)
BenefitsMobility, Installation speed and simplicity,Installationflexibility, Reduced cost of ownership, Scalability
Base stations (APs): Connect to Ethernet
Laptop Cards: Drivers for Windows, Linux, MacOS
Typical range is up to 300 m/30 m
Technology
Spread spectrum (wideband) RF
Use more spectrum for better reliability
Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum
Direct-Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
Narrowband RF
Infrared Standard developed by IEEE and ETSI BRAN
WLAN STANDARD
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WLAN STANDARD
ETSI BRAN
HIPERLAN- HIgh
PErformance Radio LANHIPERLAN/1- 1996
uses 5.15-5.30 GHz band
data rates up to 20 Mbps
channel access method:
EY-NPMA (Elimination
Yield Non-Pre-emptive
Multiple Access)
HIPERLAN/2- 2000
only minor differences
from IEEE 802.11a
uses 5.15-5.30 GHz
data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18,
27, 36 and 54 Mbps
2 operating modes:
centralized and direct
mandatory FEC
IEEE standards
802.11
provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the2.4 GHz band
using either FH or DS
802.11a
provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz
band
uses an orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM)encoding scheme
802.11b
also referred to as 802.11 High Rateor
Wi-Fiby WECA
provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a
fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4GHz band.
uses only DS
802.11g
provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
WLAN STANDARD
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WLAN STANDARD
IEEE 802.11 FH1, 2 Mb/s
ETSI BRAN H123 Mb/s
ETSI BRAN H29-54 Mb/s
IEEE802.11a9-54 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11 DS1, 2 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11b HR1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mb/s
Proxim OpenAir FH1.6 Mb/s
HomeRF FH1.6 Mb/s
1996
2000
1997
1998
1999
2.4 GHz (BW 80 MHz) 5 GHz (BW 450 MHz)
ETSI BRAN H29-54 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11b HR1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mb/s
IEEE 802.11gstandard
20+ Mb/s
WLANproducts
2002
WATM
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WATM
WATM- Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM + Radio Access
WATM provides wireless broadband access to a fixed ATM network
Created in 1996 by ATM Forum Working Group (WG)
ATM Data rate:155-622 MbpsTransmission medium:Fiber optics
Cell-switching and multiplexing technology:Fixed 53-byte cells
and Connection-oriented
Constant or variable data rate, different service types
Useful for high-speed LAN interconnectionAllows user terminal mobility withhigh-speed capacity and QoS
FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS
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FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS
MOBILEWIRELESS ACCESS
(MWA)
NARROW BAND(NWA)
BROAD BAND(BWA)
MULTI MEDIA(MWS)
FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS(FWA) or
WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP(WLL)
NOMADIC WIRELESS ACCESS(NWA) or
WIRELESS LOCAL AREANETWORKS (WLAN)
WIRELESS ACCESS(WA)
WHAT IS FWA?
BROADBAND, BROADERBAND, NARROWBAND, VOICE, DATA,
INTERNET, VIDEO, TELEMEDICINE, TELE-EDUCATION,
CONNECTIVITY, . . .DATA OVER FWA; MEGABYTES AND EVEN GIGABYTES/SECOND
DEFINITIONS IN JRG 8A-9BWIRELESS ACCESS
MOBILE WIRELESS ACCESS
NOMADIC WIRELESS ACCESS
BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESSEND USER AND END USER CONNECTION POINT
HAPS
MULTIPOINT SYSTEMS
FWA IS NOT AN ALLOCATION OR SPECTRUM DESIGNATION
WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)
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WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)
WLLis a generic term for an access system that uses a wireless
link to connect subscribers to their local exchange in place of
conventional copper cable
Benefit
low installation and maintenance costs
rapid deployment
reduced outside plant requirement
immediate availability of enhanced services Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular/MicrocellularCordlessSatellite (specific and adjunct)
Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL)Fixed-Radio Access (FRA)
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MMDS
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MMDS
LMDS (Local Multi Point Distribution System)
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LMDS (Local Multi-Point Distribution System) LMDS is a broadband wireless access technology to deliver voice,
data, Internet and video services that provides point-to-multipoint
microwave connections in the 28-GHz and 31-GHz range. (27.5 to
29.5 GHz band in the US)L(Local)- Denotes that propagation characteristics of signals in this
frequency range limit the potential coverage area of a single cell site;
(up to 5 miles)
M(Multipoint)- Indicates that signals are transmitted in a point to
multipoint or broadcast method.D(Distribution)- refers to the distribution of signals, which may
consists of simultaneous voice, data, Internet, and video traffic.
S(Service)- Implies the nature of relationship between operator andclient. The services offered are basically depended on the operator
choice of business.
Cable modem, XDSL/ADSL and fiber deployment is often
undesirable - existing buildings and infrastructure
impractical - terrain
costly - extensive build-up
Shot haul and Line-Of-Sight (LOS) connection
LMDS
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LMDS
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DATA SERVICES