p. timmer - fostering food security through regional cooperation and integration

8/9/2019 P. Timmer - Fostering Food Security Through Regional Cooperation and Integration

1/24

Bi}qksnhj Biia ]km{snq~ qlsi{jl Skjnihe` Miipkseqnih eha Nhqkjseqnih6

Qlk Mlehjnhj Si`k ib Snmk nh E}ne

M( _kqks Qnggks

F{hk =? 3?5?5

Nhqsia{mqnih

Qlk biia msn}n} ib 3??:)?< me{jlq gi}q ib qlk mi{hqsnk} nh E}ne {hpskpeska bis e }{aakh }pndk nh

biia psnmk} k}pkmne``~ qlk psnmk ib snmk( Qlk pehnmdka sk}pih}k ib ciql snmk ngpisqnhj eha

k|pisqnhj mi{hqsnk} n} qk}qngih~ qi qlk mihqnh{ka pi`nqnme` ngpisqehmk ib snmk c{q e`}i qi liz

`nqq`k ìhj's{h }qseqkjnm pèhhnhj le} jihk nhqi qlk bisgeqnih ib snmk pi`nm~ nh E}ne eha nq}

skèqnih}lnp qi biia }km{snq~(

Qlk skèqnrk`~ gnhis ngpemq ib qlk biia msn}n} ih qlk zk`besk ib piis mih}{gks} nh E}ne e} bes e}qlk aeqe nhanmeqk }{jjk}q} qleq snmk gnjlq hiq ck e} msnqnme` qi biia }km{snq~ e} pi`nqnme`

kmihign}q} zli ehe`~vk E}neh pi`nm~ esk {}ka qi qlnhdnhj( _esq ib qln} sk}{`q }qkg} anskmq`~ bsig

qlk irkse`` }{mmk}} nh dkkpnhj snmk psnmk} }qec`k nh gi}q ib qlk èsjk E}neh mi{hqsnk} gi}q`~ c~

{}nhj qseak pi`nmnk} qleq lea e akre}qeqnhj ngpemq ih psnmk} nh qlk zisà gesdkq bis snmk ,Aezk

3?5?.( C{q pesq ib qlk èmd ib ngpemq ge~ sk}{`q bsig qlk bemq qleq snmk psnmk} zksk e`skea~ lnjl nh

geh~ E}neh mi{hqsnk} eha qlk piis lea e`skea~ ckkh ebbkmqka( Bnhe``~ snmk ge~ }ngp`~ hiq ck

e} ngpisqehq nh qlk biia ce}dkq} ib gi}q E}neh mih}{gks} e} nq {}ka qi ck(

Biia }km{snq~ nh E}ne le} qseanqnihe``~ ckkh akbnhka e} lernhj }qec`k psnmk} bis snmk nh qlk gefis

{sceh gesdkq} ib e mi{hqs~( Qlk zisà gesdkq ze} {}ka e} eh nh}qs{gkhq qi akbkha qln} jie`

znql ngpisq} eha k|pisq} mihqsi``ka c~ jirkshgkhq e{qlisnqnk} qe}dka qi akbkha }qec`k psnmk}

,Qnggks 5>>2.( Qleq eppsieml qi biia }km{snq~ geak }kh}k zlkh e qlnsa ib qlk kmihig~ ze}

akpkhakhq ih snmk psia{mqnih gesdkqnhj eha mih}{gpqnih eha zk`` irks le`b ib aen`~ meìsnm

nhqedk nh }igk mi{hqsnk} megk bsig snmk( K|mkpq bis e bkz ngpisqehq k|mkpqnih}Cehjèak}l

eha Rnkqheg }qn`` jkq gisk qleh le`b qlkns meìsnk} bsig snmk bis k|egp`k''qleq zisà hi ìhjks

k|n}q}( C{q qlk gnha}kq }qn`` k|n}q} eha gi}q an}m{}}nih} eci{q biia }km{snq~ nh E}ne krkh nh

3?5? }qn`` bim{} ih snmk ,Qnggks 3?5?e.( Nq n} qngk qi {paeqk qleq gnha}kq(

_esq ib qlk {paeqnhj sku{nsk} e m`kesks skmijhnqnih ib zli mih}{gk} snmk( Nhmske}nhj`~ snmk n}

mih}{gka c~ qlk piis zli {}{e``~ g{}q c{~ gi}q ib qlkns snmk nh s{se` eha {sceh gesdkq}(

E`gi}q c~ akbnhnqnih lernhj e }{sp`{} ib snmk qi }k`` qi qlk gesdkq sen}k} e begn`~ ecirk qlk

5Qln} pepks ze} pskpeska bis qlk EAC)BEI)NBEA Nhrk}qgkhq Bis{g bis Biia ]km{snq~ nh E}ne eha qlk _emnbnm Biia

bis E`` lkà eq EAC Lkeau{esqks} nh Gehnè _ln`nppnhk} F{`~ :'> 3?5?( Nq asez} anskmq`~ ih psk}khqeqnih} qi qlkE]KEH Biia ]km{snq~ Mihbkskhmk 3?5? lkà nh ]nhjepisk 52'5< F{hk 3?5? eha eh kes`nks biia }km{snq~ nhrk}qgkhqbis{g lkà nh Alede Cehjèak}l 3;'3: Ge~ 3?5?( Hknqlks ib qlk mihbkskhmk isjehnvks} n} sk}pih}nc`k bis qlk rnkz}k|psk}}ka lksk( ]pkmne` qlehd} ji qi Qig ]è~qih eha Qig Skesaih bis rks~ lk`pb{` miggkhq} ih eh kes`~ asebq ibqln} pepks( Qlk e{qlis n} Qlige} A( Meciq _sibk}}is ib Akrkìpgkhq ]q{ank} kgksnq{} Lesresa [hnrks}nq~Megcsnajk GE eha Eaf{hmq _sibk}}is Msezbisa ]mlii` ib Kmihignm} eha Jirkshgkhq E{}qse`neh Heqnihe`[hnrks}nq~ Mehcksse E{}qse`ne( Mihqemq eq pqnggks2=Ojgen`(mig(

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2/24

pirksq~ `nhk nh gi}q E}neh mi{hqsnk}( Qln} ske`nq~ ib mi{s}k gedk} snmk gisk hiq `k}} ngpisqehq

qi biia }km{snq~ nh E}ne c{q nq e`}i gedk} e gimdks~ ib qlk }qseqkj~ ib gi}q E}neh mi{hqsnk} ib

dkkpnhj snmk psnmk} }qec`k c~ dkkpnhj qlkg lnjl zk`` ecirk ìhj's{h `krk`} nh zisà gesdkq}(

Zlkh biia }km{snq~ n} ku{eqka znql biia }k`b'}{bbnmnkhm~ qln} }qseqkj~ ge~ gedk }kh}k

ckme{}k nq n} ke}nks qi }qecn`nvk aigk}qnm biia psnmk} {}nhj aigk}qnm psia{mqnih}qng{èqka c~

lnjl psnmk}''qleh qi bi`ìz eha akpkha ih qlk zisà gesdkq bis snmk znql nq} jskeq psnmk rièqn`nq~(

C{q qln} }qseqkj~ bismk} piis mih}{gks} qi pe~ lnjl psnmk} bis snmk eha nq nhmske}k} mih}naksec`~

qlk akjskk ib pirksq~ nh e mi{hqs~( ]k`b'}{bbnmnkhm~ nh snmk n} e pi`nqnme` }qseqkj~ hiq e pirksq~

}qseqkj~( Nb mi{hqsnk} zksk gisk ipkh qi snmk qseak qlk~ zi{à ck snmlks hiq piisks( Qlk cnj

u{k}qnih n} liz qi gedk }{ml ipkhhk}} pi}}nc`k zlkh pi`nm~ gedks} eha qlk jkhkse` p{c`nm

an}qs{}q qlk zisà snmk gesdkq bis ske}ih} qleq esk ke}~ qi {haks}qeha ,Qnggks 3?5?k.(

E Bsegkzisd bis [haks}qehanhj Biia ]km{snq~

K}pkmne``~ zlkh e ìhj's{h pks}pkmqnrk n} hkkaka nq n} {}kb{` qi lerk eh isjehnvnhj bsegkzisdbis {haks}qehanhj liz qlk k}}khqne` migpihkhq} ib biia }km{snq~ skèqk qi keml iqlks( Nh zleq n}

iqlkszn}k eh k|qskgk`~ migp`nmeqka biia }~}qkg qln} bsegkzisd }li{à ck e} }ngp`k e}

pi}}nc`k ,c{q hi }ngp`ks qi u{iqk E`cksq Knh}qknh.( Qlk bsegkzisd {}ka lksk anrnak} qlk zisà

nhqi n}}{k} bemnhj pi`nm~ gedks} nh qlk }lisq s{h ,k(j( 5'3 ~kes}. rks}{} qlk ìhj s{h ,;'5? ~kes}

is ìhjks. eha eq qlk gemsi kmihig~'znak `krk` rks}{} eq qlk li{}klià is nhanrna{e` `krk`

,}kk Bnj{sk 5.(

Qlk pi`nm~ icfkmqnrk nh qln} }ngp`k bsegkzisd n} bis e`` li{}klià} qi lerk sk`nec`k eha

}{}qenhec`k emmk}} qi h{qsnqni{} eha lke`ql~ biia( Ql{} biia }km{snq~ n} emlnkrka c~ khanhj

{p nh qlk ciqqig snjlq ci| ib qlk geqsn|( Qlk }qesqnhj pinhq lizkrks n} qlk {ppks `kbq ci| ib qlk

geqsn| zlksk pi`nm~ gedks} ake` psngesn`~ znql gemsi'`krk` n}}{k} nh qlk }lisq s{h( Qi qlk

k|qkhq qlk~ esk mihmkshka eci{q qlk zk`besk ib piis li{}klià} nh qlk }lisq s{h qlk ck}q qlk~

meh ai n} }qecn`nvk biia psnmk} eha }kha qseh}bks pe~gkhq}rne }ebkq~ hkq gkmlehn}g}qi

qli}k li{}klià} gi}q ebbkmqka a{snhj e biia msn}n} zlkh psnmk} sn}k }lesp`~(

Nh eh nake` zisà pi`nm~ gedks} mi{à {}k kmihignm gkmlehn}g} {haks qlkns mihqsi` qi }lnbq

li{}klià} anskmq`~ qi qlk ìhj's{h icfkmqnrk qlk ìzks snjlq ci| zlksk }{}qenhec`k biia }km{snq~

n} emlnkrka( Nh skq{sh pi`nm~ gedks} zi{à skmknrk pi`nqnme` }{ppisq bis qln} emlnkrkgkhq lkhmk

qlk qzi'ze~ anejihe` essiz mihhkmqnhj qlk {ppks `kbq eha ìzks snjlq ci|k}( Qlk anejihe` essiz

skb`kmq} e qkmlhimseqnm rnkz ib qlk zisà zlksk pi`nm~ gedks} qedk nhbisgka emqnih} ih ckle`b ib

p{c`nm icfkmqnrk} eha esk skzesaka zlkh qlk~ }{mmkka(

Nh bemq gesdkq kmihignk} eha pi`nqnm} ai hiq zisd qleq ze~( _i`nm~ gedks} eq qlk gemsi `krk`

g{}q ngp`kgkhq ìhj's{h gke}{sk} qi }qng{èqk nhm`{}nrk psi'piis kmihignm jsizql eha

}{}qenh qleq jsizql bis akmeak} nh isaks qi lerk e gke}{sec`k ngpemq ih pirksq~ rne qlk }ge``

rksqnme` essiz mihhkmqnhj qlk {ppks snjlq ci| qi qlk ìzks snjlq ci|( Qlk}k ìhj's{h gke}{sk}

esk skb`kmqka nh qlk csiea essiz bsig qlk {ppks `kbq qi qlk {ppks snjlq c{q nq n} lesa qi

mihmkhqseqk qlk pi`nqnme` eha bnhehmne` sk}i{smk} hkkaka qi gedk qln} essiz eh kbbkmqnrk

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3/24

gkmlehn}g qi }qng{èqk kmihignm jsizql nb gi}q pi`nm~ eqqkhqnih eha bn}me` sk}i{smk} esk

cknhj akriqka qi }lisq's{h msn}k}(

]ng{`qehki{}`~ eha mskeqnhj qkh}nih} bis qlk pi`nmnk} berisnhj ìhj's{h jsizql pi`nm~ gedks}

g{}q e`}i bnha khi{jl sk}i{smk} eha kbbnmnkhq qseh}bks gkmlehn}g} qi kh}{sk qleq qlk piis ai

hiq be`` nhqi nsskrks}nc`k pirksq~ qsep} a{snhj qngk} ib kmihignm msn}n} nhm`{anhj biia msn}k}(

Qlk}k qseh}bks} meh ngpi}k }{c}qehqne` bn}me` mi}q} eha lkhmk mle``khjk qlk hkmk}}es~

nhrk}qgkhq} bis ìhj's{h jsizql( Ak}njh eha ngp`kgkhqeqnih ib qlk}k qseh}bks} nhri`rk} l{geh

eha pi`nqnme` mepnqe` qleq e`}i le} ske` ippisq{hnq~ mi}q} qi qlk jsizql psimk}}( Ql{} e bim{} ih

qlk csiea aizhzesa essiz n} hkmk}}es~ qi kh}{sk qlk mihqnh{ka rnecn`nq~ eha pesqnmnpeqnih ib

piis li{}klià} c{q qlk}k emqnrnqnk} lerk ippisq{hnq~ mi}q} nh qksg} ib kmihignm jsizql(

Zlkh qlk jìce` kmihignm kmihig~ n} ske}ihec`~ }qec`k eha zlkh biia psnmk} esk zk``

cklerka pi`nm~ gedks} meh mihmkhqseqk qlkns pi`nqnme` eha bnhehmne` mepnqe` ih qlk psimk}} ib

ìhj's{h nhm`{}nrk jsizql( Dkkpnhj qlk piis bsig be``nhj nhqi nsskrks}nc`k pirksq~ qsep} n} ke}nks

eha `k}} mi}q`~ nh e zisà ib }qec`k biia psnmk} eha qlk piis esk ec`k qi {}k qlkns izh sk}i{smk}

eha khqskpskhk{sne` ecn`nqnk} qi mihhkmq ,rne qlk }ge`` lisnvihqe` essiz. qi ìhj's{h }{}qenhec`kbiia }km{snq~ bis qlkg}k`rk}( Znql }{mmk}} nh emlnkrnhj qlk icfkmqnrk} nh qlk {ppks snjlq eha

ìzks `kbq ci|k} gesdkq bismk} jsea{e``~irks akmeak}csnhj qlk piis ecirk e qlsk}lià ib

r{`hksecn`nq~ eha nhqi }{}qenhka biia }km{snq~ ,mihhkmqnhj gemsi qi gnmsi eha }lisq's{h qi ìhj

s{h.( Qlk mi{hqs~ le} qlkh gehejka qlk k}mepk bsig l{hjks qleq Bijk` aim{gkhqka bis

K{sipk eha Egksnme nh qlk èqk 5ql mkhq{snk} eha zlnml e h{gcks ib E}neh

mi{hqsnk} lerk gehejka nh qlk 3?ql mkhq{s~ ,Bijk` 5>>5 5>>14 Qnggks 3??1 3??;e.(

C~ mihqse}q e zisà ib lknjlqkhka nh}qecn`nq~''nh jìce` bnhehmk eha qlk zisà biia kmihig~''

bismk} pi`nm~ gedks} qi mihmkhqseqk qlkns sk}i{smk} nh qlk {ppks `kbq ci| zlksk qlk~ esk qs~nhj

qi }qecn`nvk aigk}qnm biia psnmk} eha dkkp qlk piis bsig }`nppnhj akkpks nsskrks}nc`~ nhqi

pirksq~( Ngpisqehq e} qln} kbbisq n} nq m`kes`~ migk} eq qlk k|pkh}k ib }njhnbnmehq psijsk}} i{q ibqlk }lisq's{h ci| ih qlk {ppks `kbq ciql qi qlk snjlq eha bsig qip qi ciqqig( Bsig qln}

pks}pkmqnrk nh}qecn`nq~ n} e }ksni{} ngpkangkhq qi emlnkrnhj ìhj's{h biia }km{snq~( Nh e zisà ib

jskeqks nh}qecn`nq~ nha{mka c~ m`ngeqk mlehjk c~ hkz bnhehmne` essehjkgkhq} krkh c~ qlk

psk}}{sk} bsig hkz pi`nqnme` rinmk} biia }km{snq~ n} `ndk`~ qi }{bbks(

Liz meh zk bn| qln}9 Qlk bns}q }qkp n} qi {haks}qeha liz qlk zisà ib biia }km{snq~ le} mlehjka

nh qlk pe}q }krkse` akmeak}( Qlk }qesqnhj pinhqzlksk zkrk migk bsigskb`kmq} e csiea

pi`nqnme` gehaeqk nh E}ne qi bkka ciql {sceh eha s{se` pip{èqnih} qlk mihqsnc{qnih} ib e

qkmlhiìjnme` skri`{qnih nh snmk ,eha zlkeq. qleq geak qln} pi}}nc`k eha qlk si`k ib sepna

nhm`{}nrk kmihignm jsizql nh jnrnhj E}neh li{}klià} emmk}} qi qlk biia nh qlkns bnkà} eha

gesdkq} ,Qnggks 3??;c.( Zleq} mlehjka n} qlk }qs{mq{se` qseh}bisgeqnih asnrkh c~ qlk}kpsimk}}k} eha qlk si`k ib snmk nh qlk kmihig~E}ne n} hiz snmlks gisk {sceh ckqqks

mihhkmqka eha g{ml ckqqks bka ,Qnggks 3??>e.( E}ne} biia gesdkqnhj }~}qkg n} e`}i cknhj

qseh}bisgka ckbisk i{s k~k} e} giaksh }{pp`~ mlenh} eha }{pksgesdkq} mlehjk qlk heq{sk ib

besg'gesdkq'mih}{gks nhqksemqnih} ,Skesaih 3?5?.( Bnhe``~ m`ngeqk mlehjk ske``~ aik} }kkg

{pih {} znql jskeq`~ nhmske}ka {hmksqenhq~ eci{q zkeqlks peqqksh} eha missk}pihanhj

=


4/24

nhmske}k} nh nh}qecn`nq~ ib psia{mqnih( E} hiqka ecirk nh}qecn`nq~ n} e ske` psic`kg bis biia

}km{snq~(

Qlk bi`ìznhj }kmqnih lnjl`njlq} }krkse` ib qlk}k qskha} k}pkmne``~ qlk mlehjnhj si`k ib snmk nh

E}neh ejsnm{`q{se` psia{mqnih eha li{}klià biia mih}{gpqnih( E pi}}nc`k peql biszesa qi

gedk qlk zisà gesdkq bis snmk gisk sk`nec`k eha lkhmk qs{}qka c~ E}neh pi`nm~ gedks}

mihm`{ak} qlk pepks( Nb }{mmk}}b{` qlk E}neh snmk kmihig~ mi{à ckmigk g{ml ckqqks

nhqkjseqka eha gisk }qec`k(

Qlk Mlehjnhj Si`k ib Snmk nh E}ne

Snmk nh _sia{mqnih3

Nq n} lesa qi ngejnhk e gisk migpk``nhj pnmq{sk ib qlk mlehjnhj si`k ib snmk nh qlk jìce` eha

E}neh kmihignk} qleh qlk }ngp`k cèmd'eha'zlnqk aeqe psk}khqka nh Qec`k 5( Qlk icfkmqnrk ib

qlk qec`k n} }ngp`k qi }liz liz qlk }qs{mq{se` qseh}bisgeqnih le} e`qkska qlk si`k ib snmk nh qlk

ejsnm{`q{se` eha irkse`` kmihignk} ib E}ne eha qlk sk}q ib qlk zisà( Qlk me`m{èqnih} lizkrks

q{sh i{q qi ck migp`k|( Nq n} hi zihaks qleq qlk}k sk}{`q} zn`` }qsndk gi}q skeaks} e} hkz eha

pkslep} }{spsn}nhj(

]qn`` qlk eppsieml n} }qsenjlqbiszesa( Qlk bns}q }qkp n} qi akqksgnhk qlk }lesk ib mkske`

psia{mqnih nh qiqe` ejsnm{`q{se` psia{mqnih }igkqlnhj qleq n} hiz pi}}nc`k znql qlk hkz BEI

psia{mqnih nhak| qleq skpisq} qlk}k re`{k} nh 5>>5 Nhqksheqnihe` Ai`ès} c~ mi{hqs~ eha bis

skjnihe` ejjskjeqk} ,}kk Qec`k 5 }kmqnih} 5'=.( Eq e jìce` `krk` qlk }lesk ib mkske`} le} hiq

mlehjka g{ml bsig 5>25 qi 3??: sn}nhj }`njlq`~ bsig 5>25 ,35(1 +. qi 5>


5/24

ak}pnqk qlk gn``nhj ì}}k} hkkaka qi psia{mk eh kanc`k psia{mq( E`qli{jl qln} eppsieml qkha} qi

irks}qeqk qlk si`k ib snmk eh ibb}kqqnhj bemqis n} qleq snmk qkha} qi ck gisk re`{ec`k e} e biia}q{bb

pks {hnq ib zknjlq }i qlk kha sk}{`q n} eci{q snjlq( B{sqlks zleqkrks cne}k} esk nhqsia{mka c~

qln} eppsieml zn`` hiq mlehjk g{ml irks qngk eha nq n} psngesn`~ qlk qkgpise` peqqksh} qleq esk

ib nhqksk}q(

Ejenh eq e jìce` `krk` qlk }lesk ib snmk nh qiqe` mkske` psia{mqnih aik} hiq mlehjk e ìq

ckqzkkh 5>25 eha 3??: }qesqnhj eq 31(2 + eha sn}nhj jsea{e``~ qi 325 qi 1=(?

+ nh 3??:( E }ngnès c{q }ìzks akm`nhk bsig e lnjlks ce}k n} }kkh nh ]i{ql E}ne( ]i{qlke}q

E}ne n} rks~ lkern`~ akpkhakhq ih snmknq emmi{hqka bis >?(2 + ib mkske` psia{mqnih nh 5>25

eha snmk }qn`` emmi{hqka bis + ib mkske` psia{mqnih nh 3??:(

_kslep} }{spsn}nhj`~ Ebsnme le} }qkean`~ nhmske}ka nq} psia{mqnih ib snmk irks qlk pe}q le`b

mkhq{s~ ,c~ =(; + pks ~kes }nhmk 5>25. eha qlk si`k ib snmk nh irkse`` mkske` psia{mqnih( Nh 5>25

snmk ze} >(= + ib qiqe` mkske` psia{mqnih nh Ebsnme eha qln} }lesk le} sn}kh }qkean`~ qi ckmigk5;(3 + nh 3??:( Snmk le} ckmigk e }njhnbnmehq mkske` msip nh Ebsnme(

Qlk bnhe` qlskk }kmqnih} ib Qec`k 5 }liz qlk me`m{èqnih} hkkaka qi {haks}qeha qlk mlehjnhj

si`k ib snmk nh irkse`` ejsnm{`q{se` psia{mqnih eha bis qlk khqnsk kmihig~( Nh ]kmqnih : snmk e} e

}lesk ib qiqe` ejsnm{`q{sk n} me`m{èqka c~ g{`qnp`~nhj qlk re`{k} nh ]kmqnih = qngk} qlk re`{k} nh

]kmqnih 2( Qlk sk}{`q} esk f{}q esnqlgkqnm c{q esk nhqksk}qnhj hihkqlk`k}}( Snmk le} ckkh eci{q

;'2 + ib ejsnm{`q{se` psia{mqnih }nhmk 5>25 c{q qlk }lesk resnk} khisgi{}`~ c~ skjnih( Nh Ke}q

E}ne snmk} }lesk le} asippka bsig eci{q e bnbql ib ejsnm{`q{se` i{qp{q qi `k}} qleh e qkhql( Snmk

skgenh} gisk }njhnbnmehq nh ]i{ql E}ne mihqsnc{qnhj 5;(3 + nh 3??:( Nh ]i{qlke}q E}ne snmk

mihqsnc{qka 1?(3 + ib ejsnm{`q{se` i{qp{q nh 5>25 e bnj{sk qleq le} asippka }qkean`~ c{q }ìz`~

}nhmk qlkh( Nh 3??: snmk }qn`` mihqsnc{qka =3(? + ib ejsnm{`q{se` i{qp{q nh ]i{qlke}q E}ne(

Qlk }lesk ib snmk nh Ebsnme} ejsnm{`q{sk n} }ge`` f{}q 5(1< + nh 5>25( C{q {h`ndk qlk peqqksh} nh

E}ne qlk }lesk ib snmk nh Ebsnme n} sn}nhj4 nq ze} 3(=1 + nh 3??:( E`qli{jl }qn`` e }ge`` bemqis nh

Ebsnme} irkse`` ejsnm{`q{se` psia{mqnih nq n} m`kes`~ e miggianq~ znql e psign}nhj b{q{sk(

]kmqnih < ib qlk qec`k skpisq} qlk }lesk ib ejsnm{`q{se` re`{k eaaka nh irkse`` Jsi}} Aigk}qnm

_sia{mq ,JA_. e re`{k skpisqka skj{ès`~ nh e`` mi{hqsnk} heqnihe` nhmigk emmi{hq} eha

erenèc`k bsig qlk Zisà Akrkìpgkhq Nhanmeqis} ,ZAN. p{c`n}lka c~ qlk Zisà Cehd( Nh nq}

ms{ak}q bisg qln} n} qlk }qs{mq{se` qseh}bisgeqnih( Bis qlk khqnsk zisà ejsnm{`q{sk mihqsnc{qka e

cnq irks 5? pksmkhq ib kmihignm i{qp{q nh 5>25 eha e cnq `k}} qleh = pksmkhq nh 3??:( Qlk}k ìz

h{gcks} esk qlk sk}{`q ib qlk kmihignm aignhehmk ib snml mi{hqsnk} nh jìce` JA_ eha qlk rks~}ge`` mihqsnc{qnih ib ejsnm{`q{sk nh qlk}k kmihignk}(

E}ne n} g{ml gisk akpkhakhq ih ejsnm{`q{sk skb`kmqnhj nq} ln}qisnme` }qs{mq{se` akpkhakhmk ih

}ge``liàks besgks} eha qlk hkka qi dkkp qlkg psibnqec`~ kgpì~ka nh ejsnm{`q{sk krkh e} qlk

nha{}qsne` }kmqis n} k|pehanhj sepna`~( Qlk Zisà Cehd skpisq} qlk}k aeqe bis Ke}q eha

]i{qlke}q E}ne migcnhka eha qlk }lesk ib ejsnm{`q{se` re`{k eaaka nh irkse`` JA_ akm`nhka

;


6/24

bsig =2 + nh 5>25 qi 53 + nh 3??:(= Qlk }lesk ib ejsnm{`q{sk nh ]i{ql E}ne} kmihig~ n} lnjlks

}qesqnhj eq 13 + nh 5>25 eha akm`nhnhj qi 5< + nh 3??:( Qlk }lesk ib ejsnm{`q{sk nh Ebsnme}

kmihig~ n} }{spsn}nhj`~ ìz c{q nq le} akm`nhka `nqq`k bsig 33 + nh 5>25 qi 5; + nh 3??:(

Qlk mihqse}q ckqzkkh E}ne eha qlk sk}q ib qlk zisà n} }lesp6 nh 5>25 ejsnm{`q{sk ze} =(: qngk}

e} ngpisqehq qi E}neh kmihignk} e} qi qlk zisà e} e zli`k ,qednhj qlk }ngp`k erksejk ib Ke}q

E}ne eha ]i{ql E}ne.( Qln} seqni lea m`ngcka qi ;(3 qngk} e} ngpisqehq nh 3??:( Ak}pnqk qlk

sepna qseh}bisgeqnih ib E}neh kmihignk} ejsnm{`q{sk skgenh} rks~ ngpisqehq( Qln} n} gi}q`~

ckme{}k E}neh kmihignk} skgenh ih erksejk rks~ piis c{q nq n} e`}i ckme{}k qlk l{jk

h{gcks ib }ge`` besgks} nh E}ne mehhiq ck girka qi {sceh nha{}qsne` eha }ksrnmk fic} nh f{}q e

bkz akmeak}( Qlk }qs{mq{se` qseh}bisgeqnih qedk} jkhkseqnih}(

Bnhe``~ ]kmqnih > psirnak} qlk ciqqig `nhk qi i{s u{k}qnih6 liz le} qlk si`k ib snmk mlehjka9

Eq e zisà `krk` snmk emmi{hqka bis f{}q irks ihk le`b ib ihk pksmkhq ib JA_ nh 5>25( Irks qlk

hk|q le`b mkhq{s~ qlk }lesk ib snmk nh JA_ bis qlk khqnsk zisà bk`` qi f{}q ?(5:1 + ib JA_( Nh

qksg} ib irkse`` kmihignm i{qp{q ih e jìce` }me`k snmk n} e rks~ }ge`` bemqis(1

Nh E}ne snmk n} bes gisk ngpisqehq e`qli{jl nq} }lesk nh heqnihe` kmihignk} n} hiq e} èsjk e}

geh~ ic}ksrks} qlnhd( Krkh nh 5>25 snmk emmi{hqka bis f{}q 2(< + ib JA_ nh Ke}q E}ne


7/24

ehh{e`nvka mlehjk irks eq `ke}q e qzi'akmeak pksnia nh qlk u{ehqnq~ ib snmk mih}{gka pks mepnqe

pks zkkd c~ s{se` eha {sceh li{}klià} }kpeseqk`~ emmisanhj qi zlnml nhmigk u{nhqn`k qlk~ be``

nhqi bis Cehjèak}l Nhaihk}ne eha Nhane( Qlk }lesp hkjeqnrk qskha znql sk}pkmq qi nhmigk}

eha ckqzkkh {sceh eha s{se` li{}klià} n} }qsndnhj(

Znql gisk ipkh qseak eha qlk jìce`nveqnih ib qe}qk} e }lnbq qi gisk ceèhmka ankq} nh E}ne

`k}} snmk eha gisk zlkeq ehnge` psia{mq} beq} eha in`} eha rkjkqec`k} eha bs{nq}gkeh} e

akm`nhk nh snmk mih}{gpqnih( Qlk bi{haeqnih} ib qln} akm`nhk lerk ckkh eppeskhq nh qlk jìce`

aeqe }nhmk qlk kes`~ 5>>?} zlkh qlk ejjskjeqk nhmigk kè}qnmnq~ ib akgeha bis snmk q{shka

hkjeqnrk( _ks mepnqe mih}{gpqnih ib snmk pkedka eci{q qlk }egk qngk ,}kk Bnj{sk 3.( _sifkmqnhj

biszesa jìce` snmk mih}{gpqnih n} k|pkmqka qi sn}k bsig qlk 115 gn``nih gkqsnm qih} ,ggq.

mih}{gka nh 3?5? qi eci{q 1;? ggq nh 3?3? ckbisk akm`nhnhj qi f{}q =2? gn``nih gkqsnm qih} nh

3?;?(

Bsig e biia }km{snq~ pks}pkmqnrk qlk mlehjnhj si`k ib snmk nh E}neh ankq} le} qlskk m`kes

ngp`nmeqnih}( Bns}q qlk irkse`` ngpisqehmk ib snmk qi E}neh mih}{gks} e} e }i{smk ib meìsnk} n}

jsea{e``~ akm`nhnhj ,}kk Qec`k 3.( Snmk e} e }lesk ib meìsnk} bis e`` ib E}ne ,e} akbnhka c~ BEIznql aeqe bsig qlkns biia ceèhmk }lkkq}. pkedka nh 5>:? e} qlk Jskkh Skri`{qnih jiq {haks

ze~ znql =(= + nh 3??:( Zleq n} pesqnm{ès`~ }qsndnhj eci{q qln} akm`nhk n} nq}

emmk`kseqnih( Qlk }lesk bk`` c~ ?(3; + pks ~kes ckqzkkh 5>25 eha 5>>? c{q c~ 5(?? + pks ~kes

bsig 5>>? qi 3??:( Nb E}neh pi`nm~ gedks} esk zissnka eci{q zlksk qlkns mih}qnq{khq} jkq qlkns

aen`~ biia irks :? + ib qlk eh}zks n} bsig qlk hih'snmk kmihig~(

]kmiha lizkrks qlk qiqe` }nvk ib snmk akgeha skgenh} ngpisqehq ckme{}k snmk skgenh} qlk

èsjk}q }nhj`k}i{smk ib meìsnk} bis e }njhnbnmehq gefisnq~ ib E}neh mih}{gks}( Qln} pinhq skq{sh}

qlk an}m{}}nih qi qlk psia{mqnih }nq{eqnih zlksk ~nkà jsizql le} }qejheqka eha geh~ dk~ snmk'

jsiznhj ce}nh} esk qlskeqkhka c~ }lisq's{h khrnsihgkhqe` akjseaeqnih eha ìhj's{h ngpemq}bsig m`ngeqk mlehjk( C{q pskmn}k`~ ckme{}k snmk psia{mqnih n} bemnhj }ksni{} mle``khjk} eha n}

`ndk`~ qi ck gisk {h}qec`k nh qlk b{q{sk gi}q mi{hqsnk} nh E}ne hkka qi nhmske}k qlkns

pesqnmnpeqnih nh qlk zisà snmk gesdkq eha qseak hiq }kkd ìme`nvka }k`b'}{bbnmnkhm~( E }qseqkj~ bis

c{nànhj qs{}q nh qlk zisà snmk gesdkq n} psk}khqka ckìz(

Qlnsa qlksk n} jskeq mi{hqs~ resnehmk nh qlk si`k ib snmk nh E}neh biia mih}{gpqnih eha nh liz

qleq si`k n} mlehjnhj ,}kk Qec`k =.( Ih erksejk Nhane mih}{gka f{}q :?= dnìmeìsnk} ,dme`. ib

snmk pks mepnqe pks ae~ nh 3??: e }lesp mihqse}q znql qlk 523> dme` mih}{gka nh Rnkqheg( ]qn``

snmk mih}{gpqnih nh Rnkqheg emmi{hqka bis ih`~ ;:(< + ib qiqe` meìsnm nhqedk zlkske} qlk

}lesk nh Cehjèak}l ze} 2>(< + nh 3??:( K|mkpqnhj ih`~ qlk _ln`nppnhk} qleq }lesk le} ckkh

be``nhj }nhmk 5>:? is 5>


8/24

jsizql mihqnh{k} qi asnrk snmk mih}{gpqnih {pzesa nh E}ne eha pip{èqnih jsizql n} }ìznhj nh

gi}q mi{hqsnk}(;

M{sskhq Mle``khjk} qi Biia ]km{snq~ nh E}ne2

Ihk earehqejk ib e ìhj'qksg pks}pkmqnrk n} qlk ske`nveqnih qleq biia }km{snq~ mle``khjk} esk

hkrks b{``~ gkq eha qlk~ meh mlehjk seanme``~ nh e }lisq pksnia( ]lisqejk} jnrk ze~ qi

}{sp`{}k} eha cemd ejenh4 èsjk snmk sk}ksrk} ckmigk e bnhehmne` c{sakh zlkh }{sp`{}k} esk

erenèc`k eha psnmk} esk be``nhj c{q esk zk`migk zlkh skj{ès ngpisq }{pp`nk} esk kgcesjika is

}krksk asi{jlq lnq} eha psnmk} sn}k sepna`~4 qlk kbbnmnkhm~ ib snmk qseak bis ciql k|pisqks} eha

ngpisqks} meh ck an}s{pqka c~ pi`nqnme` akgeha} bis }k`b'}{bbnmnkhm~ e} qlk ih`~ ze~ bis e èsjk

mi{hqs~ qi kh}{sk biia }km{snq~ bis nq} mnqnvkh} c{q qlk lnjl psnmk} sku{nska }iih gkkq mih}{gks

sk}n}qehmk( Biia }km{snq~ n} e`` eci{q qseak'ibb} nh ciql qlk }lisq s{h eha qlk ìhj s{h ,Qnggks

3?5?e.(

Qlk}k qseak'ibb} zksk psk}khqka nh e pesqnm{ès`~ rnrna be}lnih c~ qlk _sngk Gnhn}qks ib

Cehjèak}l ]lkndl Le}nhe nh lks ipkhnhj }pkkml qi qlk Cehjèak}l Biia ]km{snq~

Nhrk}qgkhq Bis{g 3?5?( E }lisq k|mkspq psirnak} qlk k}}khqne` gk}}ejk6

Qlk {hpskmkakhqka biia msn}n} ib 3??:'3??< le} migpk``ka qlk khqnsk zisà qi eqqeml

lnjl psnisnq~ qi biia }km{snq~( _esqnm{ès`~ nq le} psirkh qlk nhqksheqnihe` gesdkq e} eh

{hsk`nec`k }i{smk ib biia eq qngk} ib msn}n} eha skgnhaka {} qlk hkka qi k|pìnq zleqkrks

migpeseqnrk earehqejk zk lerk nh biia psia{mqnih( Nh Cehjèak}l qlk msn}n} le}

}njhe`ka e pi`nm~ }lnbq bsig }k`b sk`nehmk qi }k`b }{bbnmnkhm~ ,]lkndl Le}nhe 3?5? p( 5.

E pi`nm~ }lnbq bsig {}nhj k|pisq keshnhj} qi bnhehmk qlk ngpisq ib snmk qi psia{mnhj gisk snmk

aigk}qnme``~ n} pksbkmq`~ {haks}qehaec`k {haks qlk mnsm{g}qehmk} ib qlk pe}q }krkse` ~kes} eha

le} anskmq mih}ku{khmk} bis qlk qipnm lkskqlk mlehjnhj si`k ib nhqksheqnihe` gesdkq} nh

psirnanhj biia }km{snq~( Zk e`` {haks}qeha qleq gesdkq} e} eh nh}qnq{qnihe` gkmlehn}g bis

e`ìmeqnhj sk}i{smk} esk ec}i`{qk`~ k}}khqne` ckme{}k ib qlkns }pkka nh psimk}}nhj nhbisgeqnih(

E`` kmihignk} hi geqqks liz piis is }ngp`k g{}q leha`k cn``nih} ib cnq} ib aeqe krks~ ae~ eha

bemn`nqeqk qseh}emqnih} qleq {}{e``~ h{gcks nh qlk l{haska} ib gn``nih} pks ae~( Hi iqlks

nh}qnq{qnihe` gkmlehn}g meh e`ìmeqk sk}i{smk} e} kbbnmnkhq`~ e} gesdkq}( Zk dhiz qln} ckme{}k

}imnkqnk} irks qngk lerk qsnka krks~ iqlks pi}}ncn`nq~(:

Qlk znak}pskea eha pks}n}qkhq }kesml bis eh e`qksheqnrk qi gesdkq} e} qlk isjehnvnhj bsegkzisd

bis e }imnkq~} kmihignm emqnrnqnk} le} e akkp {haks`~nhj seqnihe`k(

;Qlk _ln`nppnhk} me}k n} nhqksk}qnhj eha lesa qi k|pènh( Qlk }lesk ib snmk nh qlk erksejk Bn`npnhi ankq akm`nhka

}qkean`~ bsig 5>25 qi 5>>? {haks qlk psk}}{sk} ib sepna pip{èqnih jsizql }ìz jsizql nh aigk}qnm snmk psia{mqniheha e èjjnhj kmihig~( Qlk }lesk le} }nhmk nhmske}ka > pksmkhqejk pinhq} qi 3??: znql aen`~ snmk nhqedk sn}nhj 5(:+ pks ~kes }nhmk 5>>?( ]{c}qnq{qnih eze~ bsig mish }lesp`~ lnjlks snmk ngpisq} qi }{ppisq pi`nqnme` megpenjh}eppeskhq }{mmk}} nh qlk aigk}qnm snmk psia{mqnih psijseg eha nhmske}ka snmk mih}{gpqnih egihj qlk piis ckme{}kib k|qkh}nrk }{c}nank} ge~ emmi{hq bis qlk}k qskha}(2

G{ml ib qln} }kmqnih asez} ih e psk}khqeqnih qi qlk Cehjèak}l Biia ]km{snq~ Nhrk}qgkhq Bis{g Alede 32'3:?} gi}q kmihign}q} eha aihis ejkhmnk} lerk

}ena hi( î{ lerk qi lerk bskk gesdkq} is qlk~ zihq psia{mk sepna kmihignm jsizql( _i`nm~

earnmk eha }qs{mq{se` eaf{}qgkhq psijseg} nhresnec`~ p{}lka mi{hqsnk} qi `nckse`nvk gesdkq}

krkh nb qleq gkehq zis}khnhj nhmigk an}qsnc{qnih eha jskeqks nh}qecn`nq~ nh psnmk}( Irks qlk pe}q akmeak nhanrna{e` mi{hqsnk}

lerk akgih}qseqka qleq nhm`{}nrk kmihignm jsizql n} pi}}nc`k nb nhrk}qgkhq} esk geak nh

ejsnm{`q{sk s{se` nhbse}qs{mq{sk ka{meqnih eha lke`ql eha qlk gemsi kmihig~ n} }qng{èqka c~

}i{ha bn}me` pi`nm~ e migpkqnqnrk k|mlehjk seqk eha e ske}ihec`~ ipkh ,c{q hiq bskk. qseak

skjngk ,3??;c.( Qleq n} qlk an}qsnc{qnih ib ckhkbnq} bsig kmihignm jsizql meh ck ebbkmqka c~

p{c`nm pi`nm~ znqli{q hkmk}}esn`~ }ìznhj qlk irkse`` seqk ib jsizql(

Eq qlk }egk qngk biia psnmk} znqlnh e mi{hqs~ meh ck dkpq ske}ihec`~ }qec`k znql sk}pkmq qi

zisà psnmk} k}pkmne``~ bis snmk nh E}ne ,Qnggks eha Aezk 3??:.( Qlksk esk ibqkh }pn`ìrks}

bsig qlk emqnih} {haksqedkh c~ mi{hqsnk} qi }qecn`nvk qlkns aigk}qnm psnmk} eha qlk}k }pn`ìrks}

nhmske}k psnmk nh}qecn`nq~ nh zisà gesdkq}( E `nqq`k sk}kesmlka qipnm n} liz qi gnhngnvkqlk ngpemq

ib qlk}k }pn`ìrks} is mipkznql qlkg ih e mi{hqs~'c~'mi{hqs~ ce}n} seqlks qleh qi bi`ìz qlk

}qehaesa pi`nm~ earnmk zlnml n} qi erinaqlk emqnih} e`qijkqlks eha ql{} erina qlk }pn`ìrks} nh

qlk bns}q pèmk( Qlk }qehaesa pi`nm~ earnmk q{sh} i{q qi ck pi`nqnme``~ ngpi}}nc`k nh qngk} ib

q{sc{`khq gesdkq}( N} qlksk e ckqqks e`qksheqnrk9

Qlk genh}qskeg kmihignm akrkìpgkhq psibk}}nih le} ìhj u{k}qnihka zlkqlks }qecn`nvnhj

aigk}qnm biia psnmk} ze}

,e. ak}nsec`k5? is

Hiq bis qlk bns}q qngk ib mi{s}k( Qlk `k}}ih e`}i }kkgka qi lerk ckkh `keshka a{snhj qlk Jskeq Akpsk}}nih(5?

Qlk ak}nsecn`nq~ ib }qecn`nvnhj biia psnmk} n} u{k}qnihka c~ }qehaesa giak`} ib nhqksheqnihe` qseak eha ib nhqks'qkgpise` }qisejk zlksk jskeqks psnmk resnehmk jkhkseqk} jskeqks ippisq{hnqnk} bis qseak znql miggkh}{seqk jenh} nhpsia{mks} eha)is mih}{gks} }{sp`{}( ]kk Qnggks 3?5?c bis e skrnkz ib qln} eppsieml eha eh nhmispiseqnih ibnh}njlq} bsig cklernise` kmihignm} nhqi qlk biia }km{snq~ akceqk(

>


10/24

,c. bke}nc`k(55

Ebqks qlk zis`a biia msn}n} ib 3??:'?. Ehaks}ih eha Gesqnh ,3??>. eha Zsnjlq ,3??>.( Qlkce}nm ehe`~}n} nh qln} akceqk n} Hkzcks~ eha ]qnj`nqv ,5>


11/24

Gi}q ib qlk snmk }qimd} nh qlk jìce` kmihig~ esk lkà c~ qlk psnreqk }kmqisbesgks} qseaks}

psimk}}is} skqen`ks} eha mih}{gks}qi krkh i{q }ke}ihe` psia{mqnih peqqksh} eha qi dkkp

qseak pnpk`nhk} bìznhj }giiql`~( Bkz psnreqk }qimd} esk lkà qi krkh i{q nhqks'ehh{e` psnmk

b`{mq{eqnih} c{q qlk pnpk`nhk }qimd} messnka emsi}} msip'~kes} esk psicec`~ ku{e` qi e gihql is

qzi ib mih}{gpqnih e mih}naksec`k u{ehqnq~( Znql jskeqks psnmk nh}qecn`nq~ k|pkmqka nh qlk b{q{sk

eha jskeqks {hmksqenhq~ eci{q qlk sk`necn`nq~ ib }{pp`nk} nh zisà gesdkq} ipqnge` ,psibnq'ge|ngnvnhj. `krk`} ib psnreqk`~ lkà snmk }qimd} zn`` nhmske}k ,Zn``neg} eha Zsnjlq 5>>5.(

E`qli{jl zk dhiz `nqq`k eci{q qlk emq{e` `krk`} ib qlk}k }qimd} is qlk cklernise` pesegkqks}

qleq ebbkmq qlkg krkh qlk gi}q ce}nm giak`} ib }{pp`~ ib }qisejk }{jjk}q qlksk zn`` ck e

}njhnbnmehq nhmske}k nh psnreqk`~ lkà snmk }qimd} jinhj biszesa( Ib mi{s}k nb p{c`nm`~ lkà }qimd}

}{mmkka nh }qecn`nvnhj zisà snmk psnmk} psnreqk`~ lkà }qimd} zn`` qlkh jsea{e``~ ck asezh aizh(

E migp`kqk`~ irksìidka piqkhqne` bis qlk psnreqk }kmqis qi psirnak jskeqks }qecn`nq~ ib snmk psnmk}

qlsi{jl }qimd gehejkgkhq migk} bsig qlk }{pksgesdkq skri`{qnih nh E}ne ,Qnggks 3??>m4

Skesaih 3?5?.( Ckbisk qlk q{sh ib qlk Gn``khhn{g }{pksgesdkq} nh qlk skjnih zksk hnmlk

pè~ks} meqksnhj gi}q`~ qi qlk {sceh gnaa`k' eha {ppks'mè}}k}( Hiz qlk~ psicec`~ psirnakrne

giaksh }{pp`~ mlenh}pkslep} e qlnsa qi e} g{ml e} le`b ib qlk snmk mih}{gka nh Ke}q eha]i{qlke}q E}ne znql qlk }lesk jsiznhj sepna`~ ,e`qli{jl krkh qlk si{jl h{gcks} esk hiq ske``~

dhizh.(

Qlk piqkhqne` ib giaksh }{pksgesdkq} qi }qecn`nvk snmk psnmk} migk} bsig qlk èsjk gesdkq }lesk

ib nhanrna{e` migpehnk} {haks mkhqse` gehejkgkhq mihqsi`( Nb mih}{gks} ak}nsk }qec`k biia

psnmk} e}q{qk }{pksgesdkq gehejks} meh }{pp`~ nq( Qln} piqkhqne` qi }qecn`nvk psnmk} mihqse}q}

znql qseanqnihe` }ge`` migpkqnqnrk skqen` snmk gesdkq} zlksk psnmk} mlehjk skj{ès`~ ih qlk ce}n}

ib aen`~ }{pp`~ eha akgeha( Ln}qisnme``~ biia psnmk }qecn`nq~ le} ckkh e p{c`nmjiia ckme{}k

hi psnreqk khqnq~ bi{ha nq psibnqec`k qi psirnak nq( Qlk sn}k ib }{pksgesdkq} ge~ gkeh qleq }qec`k

biia psnmk} mi{à ckmigk psngesn`~ e psnreqkjiia(

Hk|q bis }ngnès ske}ih} }ge`` mi{hqsnk} qleq sk`~ lkern`~ ih ngpisq} bis qlkns snmk }{pp`nk} }{ml

e} Geè~}ne ]nhjepisk is Cs{hkn zn`` bnha nq ak}nsec`k qi nhmske}k qlk `krk` ib }qimd} lkà

p{c`nme``~ is ,e} nh ]nhjepisk. lkà psnreqk`~ c{q znql `krk`} akqksgnhka c~ p{c`nm skj{èqnih}( 53

Krkh e giak}q nhmske}k nh snmk }qimd} nh qlk}k mi{hqsnk} zn`` nhmske}k mihbnakhmk qleq qlk zisà

gesdkq skgenh} qlkns ck}q ìhj's{h }i{smk ib }{pp`~ ,zlnml ib mi{s}k nq n}.(

@esjk mi{hqsnk} bemk e }igkzleq anbbkskhq }nq{eqnih( Ckme{}k ib qlk }lkks }nvk ib qlkns aigk}qnm

snmk kmihignk} emqnih} qi nhmske}k psia{mqnih ska{mk mih}{gpqnih is e`qks qlk }nvk ib }qimd}

lkà c~ p{c`nm ejkhmnk} zn`` e`}i lerk e hiqnmkec`k ngpemq ih qlk nhqksheqnihe` snmk kmihig~(

Qlk}k mi{hqsnk} mksqenh`~ nhm`{ak Mlnhe eha Nhane psicec`~ Nhaihk}ne eha pi}}nc`~ qlk

_ln`nppnhk} eha Cehjèak}l(5= @esjks snmk sk}ksrk} nh qlk}k mi{hqsnk} esk psicec`~ ak}nsec`k bis

53Qi icqenh e `nmkh}k qi ngpisq snmk nhqi ]nhjepisk qlk qseanhj migpeh~ g{}q ejskk qi lià qlskk gihql} ib hisge`

mih}{gpqnih nh }qisejk( Nh rnkz ib qlk nhmske}ka nh}qecn`nq~ eha {hmksqenhq~ nh qlk zisà snmk gesdkq k|pehanhj qlk}k}qimd} qi =(; is krkh 1 gihql} ib }{pp`nk} psicec`~ gedk} }kh}k( Ib mi{s}k lnjlks }qisejk mi}q} zn`` ck nhm{sskaeha qlk}k zn`` lerk qi ck pena c~ mih}{gks}(5=

Qlenèha eha Rnkqheg e} qlk zisà} `keanhj snmk k|pisqks} mess~ }{c}qehqne` }qimd} ciql }ke}ihe``~ e} pesq ibqlkns hisge` pnpk`nhk bis skj{ès ak`nrksnk} qi qlkns m{}qigks}( Qlk~ esk {h`ndk`~ qi hkka èsjks }qimd} bis biia }km{snq~ske}ih}(

55


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ske}ih} ib aigk}qnm biia }km{snq~ c{q qlk~ zn`` e`}i e`qks qlk pksmkpqnih ib jìce` ic}ksrks}

eci{q qlk eaku{em~ ib zisà'znak }qimd}( Qleq n} èsjks snmk sk}ksrk} nh qlk}k mi{hqsnk} zn``

lerk e pi}nqnrk }pn`ìrks ngpemq ih qlk jìce` snmk kmihig~ c~ }qecn`nvnhj psnmk k|pkmqeqnih}

eha qlkskc~ emq{e` snmk psnmk}( Eh ngpisqehq u{k}qnih bis qlk nhqksheqnihe` migg{hnq~ k}pkmne``~

qlk gefis aihis} n} zlkqlks eh~ emqnih} meh ck qedkh qi khmi{sejk qlk jsea{e` c{nà'{p ib snmk

sk}ksrk} nh qlk}k èsjk mi{hqsnk}(

E Si`k bis qlk Nhqksheqnihe` Migg{hnq~9

Bnhe``~ qlk lesak}q u{k}qnih n} zlkqlks qlksk n} eh~ si`k bis nhqksheqnihe` izhks}lnp eha mihqsi`

ib snmk }qimd} e} e gkeh} qi }qecn`nvk snmk psnmk} ih jìce` gesdkq}( Krks }nhmk qlk p{c`nmeqnih ib

qlk mè}}nm Hkzcks~ eha ]qnj`nqv ri`{gk ih Qlk Qlkis~ ib Miggianq~ _snmk ]qecn`nveqnih nh

5>>54 Zsnjlq 3??>.( Hi

nhqksheqnihe` miggianq~ ejskkgkhq ,NME. znql cnhanhj psirn}nih} le} ckkh hkjiqneqka }nhmk qlk

Hkzcks~ eha ]qnj`nqv ri`{gk(

]qn`` nq n} ngpisqehq qi eaask}} e gisk giak}q u{k}qnih( Zi{à qlk erenècn`nq~ ib e `ngnqka

egi{hq ib snmk {haks nhqksheqnihe` mihqsi` lk`p }qecn`nvk k|pkmqeqnih}eci{q qlk cklernis ib zisà

snmk psnmk}9 Nb k|pkmqeqnih} meh ck }qecn`nvka pehnmdka cklernis ih qlk pesq ib g{`qnq{anhi{}

pesqnmnpehq} nh qlk zisà snmk kmihig~ mi{à ck }lesp`~ ska{mka znql }k`b'sknhbismnhj psnmk

c{cc`k} eha mi`èp}k} geak `k}} bsku{khq eha `k}} k|qskgk ,Qnggks 3??>e.( Qlk erenècn`nq~ ib

nhqksheqnihe` }qimd} zi{à hiq hkka qi dkkp snmk psnmk} znqlnh }igk `kje``~ }pkmnbnka ceha c{q

mi{à ck erenèc`k nb zisà snmk }{pp`nk} }{aakh`~ qnjlqkh eha psnmk} qlskeqkh qi }pndk( N} qln}gisk `ngnqka icfkmqnrk pi}}nc`k9

Bi{s _i}}ncn`nqnk} bis Liànhj Nhqksheqnihe` Snmk ]qimd}

Qlksk esk bi{s `krk`} eq zlnml qln} u{k}qnih }li{à ck eaask}}ka( Bns}q zi{à ck znqlnh E}ne6 qlk

E]KEH $ = ,zlnml nhm`{ak} Mlnhe Fepeh eha ]i{ql Diske. is pi}}nc`~ e hkz E]KEH $ 2 ,qi

nhm`{ak e`}i Nhane Cehjèak}l eha _edn}qeh. zi{à nhm`{ak hkes`~ e`` ib qlk zisà} gefis snmk

ngpisqks} eha k|pisqks} ,k|mkpq qlk [hnqka ]qeqk}. hiq qi gkhqnih eci{q >? pksmkhq ib zisà

psia{mqnih eha mih}{gpqnih( Eh k|pehaka E]KEH snmk c{bbks }qimd le} ckkh {haks emqnrk

mih}nakseqnih bis ~kes} znql `nqq`k an}mkshnc`k psijsk}}( Liz ai zk }qng{èqk }{ml psijsk}}

ck~iha qlk }qkp} {haksze~ qi ngpsirk nhbisgeqnih bìz} eha pi`nm~ miisanheqnih9 Zi{à ehejskkgkhq qi bim{} ih e }pkmnbnm u{e`nq~ ib snmk }e~ 3; + csidkh ìhj'jsenh snmk lk`p c{nà

mihbnakhmk qleq qlk sk}ksrk mi{à lk`p gkkq akgeha bsig qlk piisk}q mih}{gks} zlkh psnmk}

}pndk9

]kmiha c~ eh emmnakhq ib nhqksheqnihe` qseak hkjiqneqnih} eha }qsihj psiqkmqnih ib aigk}qnm snmk

psia{mks} Fepeh lià} irks 5(; gn``nih gkqsnm qih} ib lnjl u{e`nq~ bisknjh snmk qleq nq ngpisq}

{haks nq} ZQI ejskkgkhq c{q zlnml nq skb{}k} qi }k`` qi aigk}qnm mih}{gks}( Qlk piqkhqne`

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erenècn`nq~ ib qln} snmk nh Ge~ ib 3??< ze} }{bbnmnkhq qi psnmd qlk sepna`~ k|pìanhj snmk psnmk

c{cc`k eq qleq qngk ,]è~qih eha Qnggks 3??


14/24

Qlk}k esk qlk qs{`~ ngpisqehq resnec`k} nh qlk zisà snmk gesdkq( _sia{mqnrnq~ jsizql nh snmk

psia{mqnih le} }ìzka rn}nc`~ nh qlk pe}q qzi akmeak} eha skhkzka nhrk}qgkhq} nh }pkkanhj

qleq jsizql esk {sjkhq`~ hkkaka( Snmk mih}{gpqnih peqqksh} esk mlehjnhj sepna`~ znql

mih}{gpqnih c~ qlk piis sn}nhj ,ibqkh }qng{èqka c~ }{c}nank}. eha mih}{gpqnih c~ qlk ckqqks'

ibb k}pkmne``~ {sceh li{}klià} be``nhj( Qlk zisà snmk kmihig~ eha qlk resni{} aigk}qnm

pesqnmnpehq} nh nq n} e a~hegnm }~}qkg }{cfkmq qi }limd} eha }k`b'sknhbismnhj cklernis qleqmskeqk} psnmk }pndk} eha mi`èp}k}( Qln} nh}qecn`nq~ le} khisgi{} mi}q} kmihignme``~ eha

pi`nqnme``~ qi besgks} eha mih}{gks}( Hiz qleq snmk n} hi ìhjks qlk irkszlk`gnhj akqksgnhehq

ib biia }km{snq~ bis gi}q ib E}ne} mih}{gks} is ib nhmigk bis nq} besgks} zk }li{à ck ec`k qi

ai ckqqks bis e miggianq~ qleq bkka} qzi'qlnsa} ib qlk zisà} piis(

Bnj{sk 5( Ce}nm Bsegkzisd bis [haks}qehanhj Biia ]km{snq~ N}}{k} nh E}ne

]lisq S{h @ihj S{h

Snmk psnmk }qecn`nq~ eha qlk si`k ib _i`nmnk} bis mskeqnhj nhm`{}nrk

snmk sk}ksrk} eha nhqksheqnihe` qseak( kmihignm jsizql nhm`{anhj

Gemsi C{ajkq mi}q} ib }ebkq~ hkq} qi psiqkmq bn}me` pi`nm~ gehejkgkhq ib

psnmk

qlk piis eha ngpemq ib qlk}k qseh}bks}( }qecn`nq~ qlk k|mlehjk seqk eha qlk

si`k ib nhqksheqnihe` qseak(

Skmknpq} bsig }ebkq~ hkq} ,nhm`{anhj ]{}qenhka pirksq~ ska{mqnih eha

bsig qlk jirkshgkhq. r{`hksecn`nq~ qi skj{ès emmk}} qi h{qsnqni{} eha

Gnmsi psnmk }limd} eha sk}n`nkhmk nh qlk bemk lke`ql~ biia( Qln} n} qlk akbnhnqnih

ib iqlks }limd} qi li{}klià zk`besk( ib }{}qenhec`k biia }km{snq~(

51


15/24

Qec`k 5( Snmk eha qlk }qs{mq{se` qseh}bisgeqnih6 5>25'3??:

Erj( Ehh{e` + Mlehjk

5>25 5>


16/24

5>25 5>


17/24

5>25 5>


18/24

]i{smk6 Aeqe bsig BEI eha Zisà Cehd( Me`m{èqnih} c~ e{qlis( ]kk Qnggks 3?5?m(

Qec`k 3( Qlk Mlehjnhj Si`k ib Snmk nh Biia Mih}{gpqnih nh E}ne

^kes Qiqe` Meìsnk} Meìsnk} bsig Snmk Snmk e} + ib Qiqe`5>25 5


19/24

Nhane

5>25 3?=? 22= =3(:

5>:? 35=1 2>3 =3(1

5>


20/24

Rnkqheg

5>25 5:? 3?;2 5133 2>(3

5>


21/24

Bnj{sk 3( Qskha nh J`ice` Snmk Mih}{gpqnih pks mepnqe 5>25 3??2? 5>:? 5>


22/24

Bnj{sk =( Ehh{e`nvka pksmkhqejk mlehjk nh snmk mih}{gpqnih c~ u{nhqn`k eha ìmeqnih

Nhaihk}ne Nhane eha Cehjèak}l(

Hiqk}6 S skbks} qi s{se` u{nhqn`k} [ qi {sceh u{nhqn`k}( _ksnia irks zlnml mlehjk} esk me`m{èqka

esk 5>2:'3??2 bis Nhaihk}ne 5>


23/24

Skbkskhmk}

Ehaks}ih D~g ka( 3??>( An}qisqnih} qi Ejsnm{`q{se` Nhmkhqnrk}6 E Jìce` _ks}pkmqnrk, 5>;;'3??:( _e`jserk GemGn`èh eha qlk Zisà Cehd Ze}lnhjqih AM(

Ehaks}ih D~g eha Zn`` Gesqnh ka}( 3??>( An}qisqnih} qi Ejsnm{`q{se` Nhmkhqnrk} nh E}ne( Qlk

Zisà Cehd Ze}lnhjqih AM(

Aezk Aerna ka( 3?5?( Qlk Snmk Msn}n}6 Gesdkq}, _i`nmnk} eha Biia ]km{snq~( Kesql}meh6@ihaih eha Ze}lnhjqih AM(

Bijk` S(Z( 5>>5( Qlk Mihu{k}q ib Lnjl Gisqe`nq~ eha L{hjks nh K{sipk eha Egksnme6Qngnhj eha Gkmlehn}g}( Nh _( Lnjihhkq A(]( @ehak} eha L( Si}ir}d~ ka}(Berisnqk} ib Bisq{hk6 Qkmlhiìj~, Jsizql, eha Kmihignm Akrkìpgkhq }nhmk qlkNha{}qsne` Skri`{qnih( Megcsnajk GE6 Lesresa [hnrks}nq~ _sk}} pp( =;':5(

Bijk` S(Z( 5>>1( Kmihignm Jsizql _ip{èqnih Qlkis~ eha _l~}niìj~6 Qlk Ckesnhj ib@ihj'Qksg _simk}}k} ih qlk Gednhj ib Kmihignm _i`nm~( THick` _snvk @kmq{skW

Egksnmeh Kmihignm Skrnkz( Ri`( '=>;(

]lkndl Le}nhe 3?5?( ]pkkml ib qlk Lihisec`k _sngk Gnhn}qks eq qlk Nhe{j{se` Mkskgih~ ib qlkCehjèak}l Biia ]km{snq~ Nhrk}qgkhq Bis{g 3?5? _eh _emnbnm ]ihesjeih LiqkÀlede Cehjèak}l 32 Ge~ pp( 5'2(

Hkzcks~ Aerna G( J( eha Fi}kpl K( ]qnj`nqv( 5>


24/24

31

YYYYYYYYYYYYY( 3??>c(Snmk _snmk Bisgeqnih nh qlk ]lisq S{h eha qlk @ihj S{h6 Qlk Si`k ibGesdkq ]qs{mq{sk nh K|pènhnhj Rièqn`nq~( Mkhqks bis Jìce` Akrkìpgkhq Zisdnhj _epks5:3 Ge~ pp( 5'12(

YYYYYYYYYYYYYY( 3??>m( Ai ]{pksgesdkq} Mlehjk qlk Biia _i`nm~ Ejkhae9 ZisàAkrkìpgkhq, ]pkmne` N}}{k ih #Ejsnbiia Nha{}qs~ Qseh}bisgeqnih eha ]ge`` Besgks} nh

Akrkìpnhj Mi{hqsnk} j{k}q kanqka c~ Qlige} Skesaih Mlsn}qiplks C( Cesskqq F{`niE( Cksakj{ eha Fileh B(G( ]znhhkh ,Hirkgcks.( Ri`( =: Hi( 55 pp( 5( _sk}khqka eq qlk Cehjèak}l Biia]km{snq~ Nhrk}qgkhq Bis{g 32'3: Ge~ 3?5? Alede(

YYYYYYYYYYYYYY( 3?5?k( Ana ]pkm{èqnih Ebbkmq Zisà Snmk _snmk}9 nh Aerna Aezk ka( QlkSnmk Msn}n}6 Gesdkq}, _i`nmnk} eha Biia ]km{snq~( Kesql}meh6 @ihaih eha Ze}lnhjqihAM( pp( ||'~~(

Qnggks M( _kqks eha Aerna Aezk( 3??:( Gehejnhj Biia _snmk Nh}qecn`nq~ nh E}ne6 E GemsiBiia ]km{snq~ _ks}pkmqnrk E}neh Kmihignm Fi{she`( ri`( 35 hi( 5 ,Gesml. pp(5'5( Nhqksheqnihe` Jsenh Sk}ksrk} eha Iqlks Nh}qs{gkhq} qi Eaask}} Rièqn`nq~nh Jsenh Gesdkq}6 N}}{k} eha Ipqnih}( Qkmlhnme` Cemdjsi{ha _epks bis qlk Zisà JsenhBis{g Ge~ S{}}ne( [hnrks}nq~ ib Me`nbishne Cksdk`k~(

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