p q, p?ksz npzny,pfq,vv@;u,ksz -...

$: P Q, P?KSZ NPZNY,PFQ,VV@;U,KSZ - archive.orgarchive.org/download/Kristhumathachedanam-SreeChattampiSwamikal/... · 3 Cu {KŸ-sØ-∏‰n {ioaZv hnZym-\-μ-Xo¿∞-]m-Z¿ “{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS$
mcX nsâ B²ymßnIÚ m\hpw kmwkvImcnIss]XrIhpw

]cnt]mjnn¡pIbpw {]Ncnn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ alZv{KÙ§Ä,

AhbpsS aqeyhpw hyàXbpw H«pw tNmÀ¶pt]mImsXXs¶,

\qX\ kmt¦XnIhnZy D]tbmKnv ]cnc£n¡pIbpw

PnÚ mkpIÄ¡v kuP\yambn ]IÀ¶psImSp¡pIbpw sN¿pI

F¶ t{ibkv utÊjsâ e£y km£mXvImcamWv t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dn.

{KÙimeIfpsSbpw B²ymßnI {]Øm\§fpsSbpw {KÙimeIfpsSbpw B²ymßnI {]Øm\§fpsSbpw

hyànIfpsSbpw klIcWt msS tImÀ nW¡nbncn¡p¶

Cu Hm¬sse³ sse{_dnbnÂ A]qÀÆ§fmb hninjvS{KÙ§Ä

kvIm³sNbvXv anIhmÀ¶ sNdnb ]n Un F v bepIfmbn

eyam¡nbncn¡p¶p. Ch I¼yq«dntem {]nâv sNbvtXm

Ffp¯nÂ hmbn¡mhp¶XmWv.

t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnbnÂ eyamb

{KÙ§Ä hyàn]camb Bhiy§Ä¡pth{KÙ§Ä hyàn]camb Bhiy§Ä¡pthÊn kuP\yambn D]tbmKn¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶mÂ hmWnPy]chpw aäpamb

Imcy§Ä¡mbn Ch Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿p¶Xv XoÀbmbpw

A\phZ\obaÃ.

Cu {KÙtiJc n\v apXÂ¡q«mb Cu ]pWy{KÙ¯nsâ

cNbnXmhn\pw {]ImiIÀ¡pw \µn tcJsSp p¶p.

t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnsb¡pdnpw t{ibkv t{ibkv Hm¬sse³ UnPnäÂ sse{_dnsb¡pdnpw t{ibkv

utÊjs\¡pdnpw IqSpXÂ hnhc§Ä Adnbm\pw {]hÀ \§fnÂ ]¦mfnbmIm\pw t{ibkv sh_vsskäv

kµÀin¡pI.

http://sreyas.in

digitized by www.sreyas.in

1

{InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z\w

N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ


2 {InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z\w


3

Cu {KŸ-sØ-∏‰n

{ioaZv hnZym-\-μ-Xo¿∞-]m-Z¿

“{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `cWw h∂-t∏mgpw ]mXn-cn-{]-ÿm\w

({InkvXy≥) ]q¿Δm-[nIw i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. t£{Xm-cm-[-\bv°p t]mIp∂ `‡-∑m-cmb lnμp-°sf XS-™p-\n¿Øn

‘]nim-Nns\ sXmgm≥ t]mI-cp-sX∂pw kXy-ssZ-h-amb ssZhsØhniz-kn®v Xß-fpsS aX-Øn¬ tNc-W-’sa∂pw ]mXn-cn-am¿ ss[cy-

ambn {]kvXm-hn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS {]Jym-]-\sØ FXn¿°p-∂-Xnt\m \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnt\m A∂v lnμp-°-fn¬ Bcpw-

Xs∂ apt∂m-´p-h-∂n-√. B Np‰p-]m-Sn-emWv ]c-a-`-´mc {io N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ j◊p-J-Zm-k≥ F∂ t]cp-sh®v {InkvXp-a-X-t—-Z-\-sa∂

]pkvXIw FgpXn A®-Sn -∏n®v {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp -Øn-b-Xv. CXv1070˛mam≠n\n-Sbv°v Bbn-cp∂p F∂m-W-dn-hv. G‰p-am-\q¿ D’-h-

Øn\p IqSp∂ lnμp-°sf kphn-ti-j-{]-kwKw tIƒ∏n-°m≥ A∂vtIm -b-Øp-\n∂p {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ G‰p-am-\q¿ t£{X-Øns‚

ap∂n¬ hcnI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bp≈ L´-Øn¬ Imfn-bm-¶¬ \oe-I-WvT-]n≈ F∂ am\ys\ ‘{InkvXp-a-X-t—-Z\w’ FgpXn

sImSpØp ]Tn-∏n®v G‰p-am-\q¿ t£{X-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬sh®v BZy-ambn kzman Xncp-h-Sn-Iƒ {]kw-Kn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v Sn. \oe-I-WvT-∏n-

≈bpw Icphm IrjvW-\m-im\pw tIc-f-sam-´p°p k©-cn®v‘{InkvXp-a-X-t—-Z-\’-Ønse Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n®v ]mXn-cn-{]-ÿm-

\sØ Ipsd-sb√mw kvXw`n-∏n-®p.”“am\-kn-I-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w-sIm-≠-√, euIn-I-{]-tem- -\-ßƒsIm-

≠mWv lnμp-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ lcn-P-\-ßfpw a‰pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°p amdm≥ \n¿∫≤cm-b-sX∂v Cu {]kvXm-h-\-sIm≠v a\- n-

em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m. aX-{]-Nm-c-tØ-°mƒ kzk-ap-Zmb hnIm-k-

amWv {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Nm-c-I-∑m-cpsS e£y-sa-∂p-IqSn \ymb-ambn

Duln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cßs\ lnμp-°ƒ A\y-a-X-Øns‚ t]cn¬



A\y-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ ebn-°p-∂-Xn\v A∂sØ kh¿Æ-ln-μp-

°fpw Ipsd-sb√mw Imc-W-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\v Nne kqN-

\-Iƒ.... ]q¿Δ-]o-Tn-I-bn¬ kzman-Xn-cp-h-Sn-Iƒ Dt√-J\w sNbvXn-

´p≠v.

“..........-{In-kvXp-a-XsØ JWvUn-°-W-sa∂p am{X-a√ B aX-

Ønse XØz-ßƒ lnμp-°fpw a\- n-em-°p-I-bpw, AXpw lnμp-a-

Xhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w sNø-W-sa-∂pw-IqSn ]c-a-`-´mc {io

N -ºn-kzm-an-Xn-cp-h-Sn-Iƒ B {KŸ-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww-sIm-≠p-t±-in-®n-

cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ B {KŸ-Øns‚ H∂mw-`mKw {InkvXp-a-X-km-c-

am-bn´pw c≠mw `mKw ‘{InkvXp-a-X-\n-cq-]-W-’am-bn-´p-amWv At±-l-

sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv. ss__n-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ {InkvXp-a-X-X-Øz-ß-

fpsS Npcp°w wKn-bmw-hÆw {InkvXp-a-X-km-c-Øn¬ At±lw AS-

°n-bn-´p-≠v.

`mc-Xob Zm¿i-\nI ZrjvSn-bn¬IqSn B XØz-ßsf \ncq-]Ww

sNbvI-bmWv c≠mw-`m-K-Øn¬ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A∂sØ

{InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ qcn-]-£-Øn\pw {InkvXp-a-X-X-Øz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

icn-bmb t_m[-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ss__n-fnse Iptd IY-Ifpw D]-

tZ-i-ßfpw ImWmsX ]Tn-°pI am{Xta A°q-´¿ A∂p sNbvXn-

cp-∂p-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v {InkvXp-a-X-Ønse kn≤m-¥-ßfpw BNm-

cm-\p-jvTm-\-{I-a-ßfpw Ah¿°p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

AXn-\m¬ {InkvXp-a-X-kmcw Ah¿°p-IqSn hfsc {]tbm-P-\-s∏´p

F∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse A∂sØ tIc-f-Ønse

lnμp-°-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw t]¿°pw lnμp-a-X-X-Øz-ßfpw Adn-

bp-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.... anj-\-dn-am¿ lnμp-a-X-X-Øz-ßsf \ncq-

]-Ww-sNbvXp \nμn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\p kam-[m\w ]d-bp-hm≥

A∂sØ lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v Aev]w-t]mepw Ign-hn-√m-bn-cp-∂p....

AXn-\m¬ lnμp-a-X-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°p-hm-\pw, ]mXn-cn-am-cpsS hmZ-

ßƒ°p kap-Nn-X-amb adp-]Sn ]d™v Ah-cpsS aXw am{Xta

kXyhpw ]cn-ip-≤-hp-am-bn-´p≈q F∂ hmZsØ XI¿°m-\p-amWv

{io N´-ºn-kzman Xncp-h-Sn-Iƒ {ian-®-Xv.

‘AXn-\p-th≠n Ahn-Sp∂p Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv Imfn-bm-¶¬ \oe-

I-WvT-∏n-≈-tbbpw Icphm IrjvW-\m-im-t\-bp-am-Wv..... Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dn¬ tIm -b-Øp-\n∂v hS-t°m v \oe-I-WvT-∏n-≈bpw tIm -b-Øp-

\n∂v sXt°m´v IrjvW-\m-im\pw aX-{]-kw-K-Øn\p \ntbm-Kn-°-


5

s∏-´p. lnμp-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®p {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw B XØz-ß-fnepw

sslμ-h-]p-cm-W-I-Y-I-fnepw {InkvXy≥ ]mXn-cn-am¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-

°m-dp≈ Bt£-]-ßƒ°p kap-Nn-X-amb kam[m\w ]c™v lnμp-

a-X-ssh-injvSyw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p B {]kw-K-ß-fnse ]cn-

]m-Sn.....

[˛’{ioaZv Xo¿∞-]m-Z-]-c-a-lw-k-kzm-an-Iƒ’ H∂mw mKw “{InkvXy≥

]mXn-cn-am-cpsS aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-kw-cw`w” F∂ A≤ym-bw.]

a∂Øp ]fl-\m- ≥

“D]-tZ-in-am-cpsS lnμp-a-X-hn-tZz-j-{]-kwKw tI´v Zp -l-\m-

bn, bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ A{K-K-Wy-\mb N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ‘{InkvXp-

a-X-t—-Z\w’ Fs∂mcp hninjvS {KŸ-sa-gpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-t°-≠n-

h-∂n-´p-≠v. AXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Icphm IrjvW-\m-im≥

Fs∂mcp Cugh-{]-am-Wnbpw Imfn-bm-¶¬ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈

Fs∂mcp \mb¿{]-am-Wnbpw ]e {]kw-K-ßƒ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Ah-

cpsS {]kw-K-ßƒ D]-tZ-in-amsc HmSn-°-Ø-°-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.”(Fs‚ Pohn-X-kva-c-W-Iƒ, 213, 214 t]Pp-Iƒ)

t_mt[-iz-c≥

“Cu cmPysØ {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Nm-cWw kzman-bn-ep-≠m-°n-bn-

´p≈ {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf-¥m-sW∂v Adn-b-W-sa-∂p-≈-h¿ ‘{InkvXp-

a-X-t—-Z\w’ H∂p hmbn-®n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. `mc-X-Øns‚ kwkvIm-

c-tØbpw XZzmcm mc-X-tØbpw kwc-£n-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-h¿°v Cu

cmPyØv hntZ-io-b-a-X-ßsf ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-hm≥ sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbmsS Ign-™p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ H°p-∂-X-√-t√m.

kzman-bpsS Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ImeØv cNn-°-s∏´ Cu IrXn (‘{In-

kvXp-a-X-t—-Z-\w’) `mc-Xob Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsS ho£-W-tIm-Sn-

bn¬°qSn Hcp aX-{]-am-WsØ kao-]n-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏-´-

Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Icphm IrjvW-\m-im≥ Imfn-bm-¶¬ XpS-ßnb

injy-k-Ø-a-∑m¿ B hgn-°p≈ aX-J-WvU-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-

SpØv D{K-X-c-am-°n-s®-bvXn-cp∂p F∂v F\n°v a\- n-em-°p-hm≥

kwK-Xn-bm-bn-´p-≠v. shfn-bn¬\n-∂p≈ bmsXmcp t_m[-\-ßfpw

e`n-°m-\n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ lnμp-°ƒ°p-th-≠Xv

{InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z\w



F¥m-sW-∂-dn-bp-hm≥ kzman°v (N- -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ°v) D≠m-bn-cp∂

Ign-hp-Isf th≠-h¿ th≠-X-c-Øn¬ I≠-dn-™n√m F∂p-≈Xv

hninjym {]kvXm-hn-°-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m.

(‘{io N´-ºn-kzman iXm-_vZ-kvam-cI {KŸw’:hymk\pw i¶-c-\pw)

{io. sI. `mkvI-c-]n≈

“Cu {KŸ-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ tZzj-_p≤n Z¿in® Hcp kwi-bm-

ep-hn\v Ahn-Sp∂p (N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ) \¬Inb adp-]Sn CXmWv:

‘{InkvXp-a-X-Z¿i\w A\p-k-cn®p am{X-amWv Rm≥ AXns\

tOZn-®n- p-≈-Xv. F√m-Øn-s\bpw ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa∂pw \√-Xns\

apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°-W-sa∂pw D≈Xv Ah-cpsS {]am-W-am-Wv. AXp-

t]mse Rm\pw ]cn-tim-[n-®p. Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ A¥¿`m-KØv

InS-°p-∂-hsb ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ tOZn-°msX F¥m

\nhrØn? _oPw Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ ew s]m´n®v sXm≠p-am‰n

t\m°-Ww. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Aßs\ sNbvXp. Fs‚ tOZ\w

A[nIw D]-Im-c-ambn hn-®Xv Ah¿°m-Wv. X∂-Øms\ Adn-bm≥

AXp ]e¿°pw D]-Im-c-s∏´p F∂v Nne {InkvXy≥ kvt\ln-X-

∑m¿ Ft∂mSv ]d-™n-´p-≠v’.................................-{In-kvXp-a-X-X-Øz-ßsf {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn®v hc-

ºn´v Xncn®v tIhew 21 ]pd-ß-fn¬ HXp°n \ndp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw B aX-Øns‚ cXv\-®p-cp-°-am-Wv. B `mKsØ

{InkvXob ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw ap‡-IWvTw {]iw-kn-®n-´p-≠v.”(‘N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ’ t]Pv 47, 48


7

]q¿Δ]o-TnI

A√tbm alm-P-\-ßsf! Fs‚ Cu D]-{Iaw {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ XØzsØ Gg-I-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬

[cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Ip-∂p. {InkvXp-a-X-ÿ-cmb ]mXn-cn-am¿ apX-embHmtcmtcm Ip£nw- -cn-Iƒ \ΩpsS lnμp-a-X-tØbpw Cuiz-c-t\bpw

{ipXn, kvarXn apX-emb B]vX-hm-Iy-ß-tfbpw \ymbw IqSmsXZpjn®pw A⁄m-\-Ip-Tm-cw, {Xnaq¿Øn-e-£-Ww, Ipcp-´p-h-gn, adp-

P-∑w, k¬Kp-cp-em- w, kXy-⁄m-t\m-Z-bw, ka-b-]-co-£, imkv{Xw,‘]pt√en IpwNp’ apX-emb Zqj-W-]p-kvX-I-ßsf A®-Sn-∏n®v

{]kn≤w sNbvXp-sIm≠v km[p-°fpw A⁄-∑mcp-amb ]pe-b¿Nm∂m¿ ]d-b¿ apX-emb lnμp-°-fpsS a\- ns\ sXm∏n, Ip∏mbw

apX-em-b-Xp-Isf sImSpØp ab°n t`Zn-∏n®v kza-X-am¿§-Øn¬G¿s∏-SpØn \c-I-Øn\p ]m{Xo-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ \mw I≠pw

tI´p-an-cp-∂p-sIm≠v Cu alm-]m-X-I-Øns\ XSbm≥ bmsXmcpIgnhpw kºm-Zn-°msX AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Aev]hpw DNn-X-a-

s√∂p am{X-a-√, Cu DZm-ko-\-X-bn¬ sh®v lnμp-°-fn¬ CXp-hscA©n-semcp `mK-tØmfw P\-ßƒ Cu A]-I-S-Øn-e-I-s∏-´p-t]m-

Ip-∂-Xn\pw, taepw Cu IjvSX {]Nm-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXp-\n-anØw \ap°pw \ΩpsS k¥-Xn-Iƒ°pw sFln-Im-ap-{Xn-I-ß-fmb

At\-I-^-e-ßƒ°v XSÿw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwK-Xn-bmbnXo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ÿnXn°v \ΩpsS lnμp-°-fn-ep≈ ]WvUn-

X-∑m¿ F√m-t]cpw kzIm-cy-Øn¬Øs∂ hy{Kn®v Ime-t£]wsNømsX A\n¿hm-Ny-a-ln-bp-sSbpw AXy-¥-]p-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw

irwKm-S-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu ]tcm-]-Im-c-Øn¬°qSn kz¬]w ZrjvSn-h-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Cu Pt\m-]-{Zhw F{Xtbm Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Zqco-`-

hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-\n-anØw At\-I-Po-h-∑m¿ CutemI-]-c-tem-I-ß-fn¬ kpJn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwK-Xn-bm-Ip-sa-∂p-≈Xv Rm≥ ]d-

b-W-sa-∂n-√-s√m, t`m! t`m! alm-∑m-sc, CXn-t\-°mƒ al-Ø-c-ambn thsd bmsXmcp ]pWy-hp-an-s√-∂mWv Fs‚ DØ-a-hn-izm-kw.

Fs¥-∂m¬ {hXw, Zm\w, P]w, bP-\w, A≤y-b\w apX-emb ]pWy-



ßƒ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS kpJ-Øn-\p-am-{X-sa-∂-√msX A\y-∑m¿°v

A{X-Xs∂ e-{]-Z-am-sW∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂pt≠m? “Aß-s\-b√m”Cu ]pWyw X\n°pw Xs‚ k¥m-\-ßƒ°pw A\y-∑m¿°pw

hninjym {InkvXp-a-X-s°m-Spw-Ip-gn-bn¬s∏´v IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ s]cp-ºm-]n-Iƒ°p-t]mepw kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. hnti-jn®v ae-bm-

fn-I-fmb lnμp-°ƒ Cu kwK-Xnsb Atijw Btem-Nn-°m-sX,Ah-cpsS ]mSv Ah¿°v, \ΩpsS Imcyw \ap-°v, F∂n-ßs\ hnNm-

cn®v Poh-Im-cpWyw IqSmsX AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cuiz-c-tIm-]-Øn\v apJy-amb Imc-W-a-√tbm? lnμp-°-fmb alm-∑msc! \nßƒ

C\nsb-¶nepw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°msX Ah-c-h-cpsS i‡n-°p-X-°-hÆwhnZy-sImt≠m [\w-sImt≠m Ign-bp-∂Xpw D’m-ln®v Cu {InkvXp-

a-X-Zp-cm-Nm-c-ßsf \nhr-Øn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Xp\n-bp-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Atijw [\-]p-jvSnbpw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn- √ Fs‚ Cu D]-

{I-aw. ]ns∂-tbm, AÆm-d-°-Æ\pw X∂m-em-bXv F∂ ]g-sam-gn-tbbpw D’m-ln\w ]pcp-j-knw-l-ap-ss]Xn e£vaox F∂ k÷-

\-h-N-\-sØbpw A\p-k-cn®v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ F∂m¬ Ign-bp-∂XpwD’m-ln-∏m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xm-Wv. B D’m-l-Øns‚ ]q¿Δ-]o-Tn-I-bm-bn- mWv Rm≥ {InkvXp-a-X-t—-Z-\-sa∂ Cu ]pkvX-IsØ FgpXn

C{]-Imcw {]kn≤w sNøp-am-dm°nbXv. Cu D]-\ym-k-Øn¬ bp‡n-\ym-b-ßƒt°m at‰m h√ `wKhpw h∂n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXns\ ]cn-

jvI-cn-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ alm-∑m-cmb \nß-fpsS A\p-{K-l-sa∂phniz-kn®v Cu ]pkvX-IsØ \nß-fpsS Znhy-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-

®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

˛ j-◊p-J-Zm-k≥


9

inh-abw

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw

]Xn-{]-I-cWw

ssZh-Øns‚ cq]w

A\mZy\¥-\n-Xy-\mbn, hym]-I-\mbn, kzX-{¥-\mbn, Acq-]-

\mbn, Ahn-Im-cn-bm-bn, kXyw, ⁄m\w, AS-°w, \ymbw, Ir],\∑, ta∑, \ndhv apX-emb Znhy-Kp-W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\mbn ]nXmhv,

]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-∑mhv F∂p aq∂p-t]-cmb Hcp-h-\m-Ip∂p ssZhw.Ah-cn¬ ]nXm-hn\p btlmhm F∂pw ]p{X\p {InkvXp F∂pw

tbip F∂pw ]hn-{Xm-flm-hn\p ]cn-ip-≤-Bhn F∂pw IqSn \ma-ßƒ D≠v. (k-¶o¿Ø\w 90˛A, 2˛-hm. bdan 23-˛-A, 24-˛-hm.

a¿t°mkv 10 A. 27 hm. 1 Xnsam-sY-bpkv 6 -A. 15- -hm. k¶o¿Ø\w102-˛-A. 27-˛-hm. shfn-]mSv 1˛-A. 8˛-hm. 1˛-\m-fm-Kaw 28-˛-A. 9˛-hm.

BZn. 17-˛-A. 1˛-hm. ]pd∏mSv 15-˛-A. 12-˛-hm. k¶o¿Ø\w 145˛A. 17-˛-hm. ]pd-∏mSv 34-˛-A. 6˛-hm. aØmbn 28-˛-A. 19-˛-hm. Bh¿Ø-\-]p-

kvXIw 32-˛-A. 4˛-hm. Sn. 33-˛-A. 27-˛-hm.) krjvSn, ÿnXn, kwlm-cw, \n{K-lw, A\p-{Klw Ch-I-fm-Ip∂p ssZh-Ir-Xy-ßƒ. A\m-

Zy-\mb ssZhw BZyw-Xs∂ IrXyw sNøp-hm≥ C—n-®p. ]c-a-WvU-e-Øn-¶¬ ssZh-Zq-X-∑msc krjvSn-°pIbpw Ah-cn¬ X\n°v hntcm-

[n-I-fmb Nnesc ]nim-Np-°-fm°n \c-I-Øn¬ Ccn-°-Ø-°-hÆw\nb-an-°bpw sNbvXp. (b-lq-Zm. 6˛-sh-fn-]mSv 12-˛-A. 9˛-hm.) ]n∂oSv

`qan-sbbpw BIm-i-sØbpw H∂mw-Zn-hkw Hfn-sbbpw c≠mw-Zn-hkw shfn-sbbpw Pe-cq-]-ß-fmb taL-ß-sfbpw aq∂mw-Zn-hkw

aÆn¬\n∂pw ÿmh-c-Po-h-∑m-scbpw \memw-Zn-hkw alm-{]-Im-i-I-ß-fmb \£-{X-ß-sfbpw A©mw-Zn-hkw Pe-Øn¬ Pe-N-c-ß-

sfbpw Bdmw-Zn-hkw \m\m-hn[ arK-ß-sfbpw krjvSn-®p. A\-¥cw B Znh-kw-Xs∂ Xs‚ kzcq-]-am-bn´v a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°-



W-sa∂p k¶-ev]n-®p-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ D≠m°n aq°ns‚ Zzmcw-

h-gn-bm-bn´p Poh-izm-ksØ DuXn-°-b‰n Ahs\ Pohm-flm-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\m-°n. ]n∂oSv B a\p-jys‚ ico-c-°q-dn¬\n∂v Hcp

kv{Xosb-°qSn D≠m-°p-Ibpw B BZn-a-a-\p-jysc Gjym-J-WvU-Ønse Xpep°v tZi-Øp≈ GZ-s\∂ ÿeØp \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´

tXm´-Øn¬ Ccp-Øn. krjvSn-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ a\p-jy-tcmSv \nßƒk¥XntbmSp-IqSn ]e hwi-°m-cmbn qan-bn¬ \nd™v AXn-ep≈

kI-e-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw ]cn-]m-en-∏n≥ F∂v Bio¿h-Zn-°p-Ibpwa\p-jy¿°p ÿmh-c-Po-h-∑msc t`mP-\-am-bn v \nb-an-°p-Ibpw GZ-

\n-ep≈ tXm´-Øn¬ ImØp-\n∂p the sNøp-∂-Xn\pw tXm´-Øn-ep≈ kI-e-hn[ hr£-ß-fpsS ]g-ßsf `£n-®p-sIm-≈p-hm\pw

B⁄m-]n-°p-I-bpw, tXm´-Øns‚ \Sp-°p≈ KpW-tZm-j-ßsfAdn-hn-°p∂ hr£-Øns‚ I\nsb £n-°-cp-sX∂p hne-°pIbpw,

`£n-°p∂p F¶n¬ B Znh-k-Øn¬Øs∂ acn-°p-sa∂ in£]d-Ibpw sNbvXp. ssZhsØ D]-N-cn°, i\n-hm-c-\n-b-aw, krjvSn-

Iƒ°p-]-N-cn-°, hn[n-®-Xns\ sNøp-I, hne-°nb I\nsb XyPn°:C{X-bp-am-Ip∂p BZn-a-\p-jy¿°p \nb-an-°-s∏´ aXw. Ah¿AhnsS A{]-Im-c-an-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]nim-Nm-[n-]-Xn-bmb k¿∏w h∂v

hne-°-s∏´ hr£-Øns‚ I\nsb `£n-®m¬ acn° C√m F∂pw\b-\-{]-Im-ihpw KpW-tZm-j-⁄m-\hpw D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw B

kv{XotbmSp ]d-™p. A\-¥cw B ]gw Xo‰n°p ckhpw ImgvNbv°v wKn-bp-≈Xpw _p≤nsb sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Ip-∂p F∂p I≠

B kv{Xobpw, Ahƒ sImSp-Øn´v B a\p-jy\pw `£n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿°v \b-\-tim` D≠m-Ip-Ibpw At∏mƒØs∂ Ah¿

\·-cm-bn´v Ccn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂-dn™v AØn Ce-Isf Xbv®v Ac-bn¬ sI´n-s°m-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\-¥cw ]I¬ Ah-km-\n-®-

t∏mƒ tXm -Øn¬ k©-cn-®p-h-cp∂ btlm-h-bpsS i_vZsØ tI vAh¿ tZh-k-∂n-[m-\-Øn¬\n∂p amdn ac-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ Hfn®n-

cn-°p-Ibpw At∏mƒ btlmh a\p-jys\ hnfn®v “\o FhnsS”F∂p tNmZn-°bpw AXn-\-h≥ “Rm≥ \·-\m-I-sIm≠v `b-s∏´v

Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂p” F∂ adp-]Sn ]d-Ibpw At∏mƒ btlmh “\ns∂\·-s\∂v Bc-dn-bn®p? \o hne°nb I\nsb Xnt∂m” F∂p tNmZn-

°bpw “Ft∂m-Sp-IqSn Ccp-Ønb kv{Xo X∂p Rm≥ AXns\`£n®p.” F∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw btlmh kv{XotbmSv “\o F¥mWv

Cßs\ sNbvXXv?” F∂p tNmZn-°bpw Ahƒ “k¿∏-Øns‚h©\ tlXp-hm-bn´p Rm≥ Xn∂p-t]m-b-XmWv” F∂p-]-d-Ibpw,


11

btlmh k¿∏sØ t\m°n, \o C{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v F√m

arK-P-¥p-°-sf-°mfpw G‰hpw i]n-°-s∏ v Poh-]-cy¥w hb-dp-sIm-≠n-g™v aÆp-Xn∂p t]mIpw. AXp-Iq-Sm-sXbpw \n\°pw Cu

kv{Xo°pw \ns‚ k¥-Xn°pw XΩn¬ i{Xp-X-bp-≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm≠v \ns‚ Xesb NX-bv°pw. \o AXns‚ IpXn-Im-ens\

NXbv°pw F∂pw, ]n∂oSv kv{Xosb t\m°n “\o A[n-I-th-Z-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ip´n-Isf {]k-hn-°p-Ibpw \ns‚ ¿Øm-hns‚ Iogn¬

Ccn-°p-Ibpw Ah≥ \ns∂ ]cn-]m-en-°p-I-bpw, sNøp-sa∂pw]n∂oSv a\p-jys\ t\m°n \o \nanØw `qan i]n-°-s∏-´p. AXp

\n\°v C\n ap≈p-sN-Sn-I-sfbpw ap≈p-a-c-ß-sfbpw apf-∏n-°p-sa-∂pw, \o Poh-]-cy¥w t¢i-s∏´p qan-bn-ep≈ kky-ßsf hnb¿∏p-

ap-J-tØm-Sp-IqSn Xn∂p aÆmb \o aÆn¬Øs∂ tNcp-sa∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (B-Zy-]p-kvXIw 2˛w 3˛w A.)

btlmhm ]ns∂bpw B BZn-a-\p-jy-cpsS k¥m-\-cq-]-ambn´pXs∂ Bflm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v hne-°-s∏´Xns\

sNbvX B BZn-a-\p-jycpw Ah-cpsS ip¢-tim-Wn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pwP\n-°p∂ kI-e-a-\p-jycpw ]m]n-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]m]w tlXp-

hm-bn´p ZpxJ-ap-≠m-bn. (tdm-am. 5˛-A. 12-˛19 hm. k¶o.51 A.5-˛-hm)

btlmhm C{]-Imcw Bflm-°sf krjvSn®v Xm\m-{K-ln®

Imew-h-scbpw ico-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn Pohn-®n-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw ÿnXnsNbvXv ÿnXn-bpsS Ah-km-\Øv kwl-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn¬

X\n°p hntcm-[n-I-fmb Aip-≤-∑msc \n{K-ln-°p-Ibpw Xs∂ hniz-kn®p hgn-s∏-Sp∂ `‡-∑m-cmb ip≤-∑msc A\p-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.

(k-¶o. 103-˛-A. 19-˛-hm. ]t{Xmkv 3-˛-A. 10-˛-hm. aØmbn 25-˛-A.

46-˛-hm.)

Poh-e-£Ww

D¬∏-Øn-°m-eØv btlm-h-bm¬ ip≤-kz-cq-]-am-bn´p krjvSn-

°-s∏-´-h-cmbn BZy\-¥-\n-Xy-∑m-cmbn Ahym-]-I-∑m-cmbn kzmh-[n-]-cy¥w kzX-{¥-∑m-cmbn Acq-]-∑m-cmbn a\- m-Ip∂ kw_-‘-

km-[-\-tØmSp IqSn-b-h-cmbn Nn¥, Adn-hv, kvt\lw, tZzjw,bXv\w, kpJw, ZpxJw F∂ KpW-ßƒ D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ tNX-

\-∑m-ct{X Poh-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-Xv. B Poh-∑m-cn¬ krjvSn- ap-X¬ ]m]w

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw



sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-h-cmb tZh-Zq-X-∑mcpw ]m]-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s]-´-

h-cmb ap‡-∑mcpw ip≤-Po-h-∑m-sc∂pw Xß-fmepw Xß-fpsS]q¿Δn-I-∑m-cmepw kºm-Zn-°-s∏´ ]m]-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h¿ Aip-≤-

Po-h-∑m-sc∂pw, ]d-bs∏Spw. (B-Zy-]p-kvXIw 27. tbm_v. 33 A. 4hm. 32 A. 8 hm. aØmbn 10 A. 28-˛-hm., eqt°mkv 24-˛-A. 39-˛-hm.

tbm_v. 35-˛-A. 10-˛-hm., {]kw-K-°m-c≥ 12-˛-A. 7˛-hm.)

Poh-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ]m]-I¿Ωw tlXp-hm-bn´p \n{K-l-^-

esØ {]m]n-°-sIm≠v kzX-{¥-∑m-cm-Ip∂p F¶nepw kzIo-b-]p-Wy-I¿Ωw-sIm≠v A\p-{K-l-^-esØ {]m]n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]c-X-

{¥-∑m-cp-am-Ip-∂p.

]mi-\n-cq-]Ww

BZy-¥-ap-≈-Xmbpw A\n-Xy-ambpw tZh-\n-baw D≈-t∏mƒ A\-¥-\n-Xy-am-Ip-∂-Xmbpw Ahym-]-I-ambpw ]c-X-{¥-ambpw C{μn-b-hn-j-b-ambpw hnIm-cn-bmbpw AtN-X-\-ambpw Ccn-°p∂ PU-h-kvXp-hm-Ip∂p ]miw. AXv Imcy-]m-i-sa∂pw ZpjvI¿Ω-]m-i-sa∂pw c≠phn[-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-bn¬ ssZh-Øn-\m¬ D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Ww-Iq-SmsXkrjvSn-°-s∏´ PU-]-Zm¿∞w Imcy-]m-iw. AXm-Is´ ]rYn-hn, Pew,hmbp, tXP- v F∂v `qX-hm-Ny-ß-fm-Ip∂ {Zhy-ßfpw KpW-ßfpwI¿Ω-ß-fp-am-Ip∂p. B Imcy-]m-iw-Xs∂ ip≤-sa∂pw Aip-≤-sa∂pw c≠v hn[-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ah-bn¬ ip≤-]m-i-sa-∂Xv krjvSn-°-s∏-´-am-Xn-cn-bn¬Øs∂ Ccn-°p∂ kz¿§-a-WvUew apX-em-b-h-bpw, Aip-≤-]m-i-sa-∂Xv krjvSn-®-Xns‚ tijw Poh-∑m-cpsS ]m]wtlXp-hm-bn´v tZmj-s∏´ `qan apX-em-b-hbpw BIp-∂p. C\nZpjvI¿Ω-]m-i-sa-∂Xv Poh-∑m¿°v hn[n-°-s∏´ I¿ΩsØ sNøm-bvI-sIm≠pw hne-°-s∏-´-Xns\ sNbvI-sIm≠pw D≠mb hmk-\m-cq-]hpw ip¢-tim-Wn-X-h-gn-bpsS k¥-Xn-bn¬ sN√p-∂Xpw ]cn-ip-≤nsb sISp-Øp-∂Xpw ab-°sØ sNøp-∂Xpw bw, t¢iw, hym[n,aq∏v, acWw F∂n-h-Isf D≠m-°p-∂Xpw ZpxJ-km-[-\hpw _en-Zm-\-Øm¬ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmØ ÿnXn°v\nXy-\-c-I-th-Z-\bv°v Imc-Whpw PU-Kp-Whpw Bbn-cn-°p∂ ]m]-I¿Ω-am-Ip-∂p. AXpw P∑-]m-]-sa∂pw, I¿Ω-]m-]-sa-∂pw c≠p-hn[w. C\n ]m]-am-Ip-∂Xv tZh-hm-IysØ hniz-kn-°m-Ø-Xm-sW∂pw tZh-hn-[nsb ewLn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIwA`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]£-°mcpw D≠v. ss__nƒim-kv{X-Øn¬


13

kv]jvS-ambn ]d-b-s∏-SmØ hnj-b-ßƒ°pw hymJym-Xm-°-∑m¿

Hmtcmtcm k¶-ev∏-{]-Imcw Ah-\-hs‚ t]m°n\p X°-hÆw A`n-

{]m-b-s∏´v At\ym\yw ae-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v.

Poh-IrXyw

ico-cn-I-fmbn P\n® Bflm-°ƒ P∑-]m-]-hm-k-\m-tl-Xp-hm-

bn´p Zpcn-—-tbm-Sp-IqSn ta¬°p-ta¬ ]m]-ßsf sNøpw. Nne¿ Nne

]pWy-sØbpw sNbvsX∂v ht∂-°mw. F¶nepw Cuiz-tc-—m-{]-Im-

i-\-amb ss__nƒt_m-[-ap-≠mbn _‘-a-‰-h¿ am{Xta ap‡n-km-

[-\m-k-º-∂-∑m-cmbpw ]pWy-Ir-Øp-°-fmbpw `hn-°q.

Poh-t`mKw

Bflm-°ƒ Ct∏mƒ {]b-Xv\n®v tZh-Nn-Ø-{]-Imcw kpJ-˛-Zpx-

J-ßsf A\p-`-hn-°pw. Cl-Øn¬ ]m]w-sN-bvX-hcpw ap‡n-km-[-

t\m-]m-b-k-ºmZyw IqSmsX ]pWyw sNbvX-hcpw ]c-Øn¬ \nXy-

\-c-IsØ {]m]n®v Ah-km-\-an-√mØ ZpxJsØ A\p-`-hn-°pw.

krjvSn-°p-]n≥]v 4005 h’-c-ti-jw, ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-

{Xm-flmhv F∂-h-cn¬, ]p{X-\mb {InkvXp qan-bn¬ Gjym-J-WvU-

Øn¬ Xpep-°-tZ-iØv Im\m-s\∂ \m´n¬ tbmtk∏v F∂-h\p

`mcy-bm-bn´p \nb-an-°-s∏´ acymƒ F∂-h-fpsS hb-‰n¬ ]hn-{Xm-

flm-hn-\m¬ D≠m-°-s∏´ K¿`-]n-WvU-Øn¬ h∂-I-s∏´v, a\p-jy-

Xzhpw ssZh-Xzhpw D≈-h-\mbn P\n®p hf¿∂v ]WvUn-X-∑m-tcmSv

{]kw-Kn-®p-\-S∂v 30 hb- n¬ tbmhmt\mSv (tbm-l-∂m-t\m-Sv)

kv\m\-ta‰v ]hn-{Xm-flm-hns‚ Bth-ihpw kn≤n®v 40 Znh-kw-h-

scbpw Im´n¬ `£Ww IqSmsX Ccp∂v ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-°-

s∏´v a\p-jysc h©n® ]nim-Nns\ Xm≥ Pbn®v A¤p-X-ßsf

sNbvXv a\p-jy¿ ewLn® I¬]-\-Isf Xm≥ A\p-jvTn-®p- Im-Wn®v

aX-t_m-[-I-∑m-cmb At∏m-kvX-e-∑mtc B⁄m-]n®v, G¿s∏-SpØn

⁄m\-⁄m-]-I-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf \nb-an®v a\p-jy-cpsS kIe ]m]-

ß-sfbpw Xm≥ G‰p-sIm≠v Ah-c-\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xmb thZ-\-Isf

Xm≥Xs∂ A\p-`-hn®psIm≠v Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-s∏´v k¿Δ-]m-]-

_-en-bmbn acn®p aq∂mw Znhkw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰v kz¿§-a-WvU-

e-Øn¬ Ibdn ]nXm-hmb btlm-h-bpsS heØp hi-Øn-cn-°p∂p.

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw



{InkvXp-hn-\m¬ sNø-s∏´ _en-Zm-\-amb tZh-]pWyw am{Xta

ap‡n-km-[-\-ambpw {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-]q¿Æ-hn-izmkwH∂p-am-{Xta Poh-∑m¿°v tZh-]p-Wy- ew kn≤n-°p-∂-Xn-te°v D]m-

b-ambpw `hn-°q. ap‡n-km-[-t\m-]m-b-ambn hnizm-k-ap-≈n-SØpkXyw, \oXn, Zb apX-emb Poh-]p-Wy-ßƒ \nb-X-Imcyw am{X-am-

bn-cn-°pw. Ah-Iƒ IS-a-bm-I-sIm≠v _en-bm-I-bn-√-Xm-\pw.

tZh-]p-Wy-{]-km-Z, ^e, ⁄m]-I-Øn-te-°p-th≠n {InkvXp-

hn-\m¬ c≠p-hI kwkvIm-c-ßƒ \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. Ah kv\m\hpw\¬I-cp -Wbpw BIp-∂p. kv\m\-sa-∂Xv a\- ns\ Xncn -

°p∂Xnte°pw ]m]-ip-≤n°pw tlXp-hmb {InkvXp-hns‚ Ir]-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ωbv°v AS-bm-f-an´v {XntZ-h-\m-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb

Pew-sIm-≠p≈ kv\m\-am-Ip-∂p. CXns\ Aev]w t`Z-s∏-SpØnkzoI-cn-°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cp-ap-≠v. \¬I-cp-W-sb-∂Xv ]m]-_-

en-bmb {InkvXp-hns‚ amwk-c‡ßsf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ω-bv°p-th≠n AS-bm-f-an´p £n-°p∂ A∏hpw {Zm£m-c-khpw BIp-∂p.

kv\m\w enwKm-{K-N¿Ω-t—-Z-\-Øn\p ]I-chpw \¬I-cpW \nkvIm-tcm-’-h-Øn\p ]I-c-hp-am-bn-´t{X h®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw ]d-

b-s∏´ aX-amWv bqZ-a-X-Øns‚ ⁄m]y-h-kvXp-hmb ip≤-{In-kvXp-a-Xw. CXp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ ⁄m]-I-ß-fmb bqZ-a-X-{In-b-Iƒ X≈-

s∏´p.

ap‡n-km-[\w

Cßs\ \ymb-{]-Imcw btlmhm i]n-®-Xp-sIm≠v Bflm-

°ƒ°v F√m-h¿°pw ]m]-I¿Ωw D≠m-°n-b-Xns\ I≠v Ah-cpsSta¬ tXm∂nb Zb tlXp-hm-bn´v A\p-{Klw sNbvhm≥ C—n®p

ap‡n-km-[-t\m-]mbw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-te°v \n›-bn-®p.

ap‡n-km-[-\-am-Ip-∂Xv

]m]-]-cn-lm-c-ambn ]cn-ip-≤-ÿm-\sØ D≠m-°p∂ km[-\-am-Ip∂p ap‡n-km-[-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]m]-\o-°-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb I¿Ωw

_en-Zm-\-am-Ip-∂p. _en F∂Xv D]-lm-c-]-Zm¿∞-am-Ip-∂p. tZmj-\n-hr-Øn-°m-bn-s°m≠v Poh-∑m-cm¬ sImSp-°-s∏´ BSv, amSv, apX-

emb D]-lm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ tZhs‚ DS-a-Ifpw Ah-cm¬ sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]pWy-I¿Ω-ß-sf√mw tZh\p sNøp-hm-\p≈ IS-a-Ifpw


15

BIp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Poh-∑m¿ _en-Zm-\-Øn\p kzX-{¥-I¿Øm-

°-∑m-c-√m. BSv, amSv apX-em-bh kzX-{¥-_-en-I-fp-a-√m. Poh-]p-Wy-ßƒ kzX-{¥-]p-Wy-I¿Ω-ß-fp-a-√. AXp-sIm≠v ]c-X-{¥-ß-

fmb Ch-I-sf√mw tZhm-\p-{K-l-\n-b-a-Øm-e-√msX ên-°p-∂-h-b√m. _en-Zm-\-Øn\p kzX-{¥-I¿Ømhp tZh≥X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p.

tZh-\mb {InkvXp-hs{X Ah-Xm-c-Zzmcm kzX-{¥-_-en-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-te°v kΩ-Xn-®-h≥. {InkvXp-hns‚ ico-c-\n-th-Z-\w, acWw apX-

emb tZh-]p-Wy-{In-b-Iƒ am{Xta kzX-{¥-]p-Wy-I¿Ω-ß-fm-bn´p`hn-°q. AXp-sIm≠v btlmh Xs‚ ]p{X-\mb {InkvXp-hns\ B

a\p-jy-cpsS k¥-Xn-bn¬ Hcp a\p-jy-\m-bn v Ah-X-cn®v ]nim-Nns\Pbn®v ]c-am¿t∞m-]-tZiw sNbvXv, Xs∂ ]m]-_-en-bm-bn-´p-sIm-

SpØv Poh-∑msc A\p-{K-ln-°-Ø-°-hÆw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw,{InkvXp AXn-te°v kΩ-Xn®p a≤y-ÿ-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXns\ kqNn-∏n-®mWv kv{XobpsS k¥Xn k¿∏-Øns‚ XesbAdp-°p-sa∂v tZh≥ im]-Im-e-Øn¬Øs∂ AS-bm-f-ambn ]d-™n-

´p-≈-Xv. AXmWv Ir]m-\n-b-aw. AXp-sIm≠v {InkvXp-hns‚ _en-Zm-\-Øns‚ ⁄m]-I-Nn-”-am-bn-´m-Ip∂p Bń≥Ip-ńsb _en-Zm-\-Øn-te°p \nb-an-®-Xv. ]q¿Δn-I-∑mcpw A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ {InkvXp-

hns‚ _en-Zm-\-amb ⁄m]y-sØ-°p-dn®v hniz-kn®v taj-_-en-Zm-\-amb ⁄m]-IsØ sNbvXp-h-∂p.

B k¶-ev]hpw hnizm-khpw \S-]-Sn-bpw-Xs∂ BZn {InkvXp-

a-Xw. krjvSn-°p-]n≥]v 1657 kwh-’cw Ign-™-Xns‚ tijw Pe-{]-f-bmh-km-\-Im-eØv amwk-t`m-P-\-sØbpw krjvSn-bpsS 2106˛mw

kwh-’-c-Øn¬ A{_-lm-an¬ enwKm-{K-N¿Ω-t—-Z-\-sØbpw \nb-an-®p. krjvSn-bpsS 2513˛mw kwh-’-c-Øns‚ tijw btlmhm tami

F∂-h\p {]Xy-£-\m-bn´p ]q¿Δ-\n-b-a-Øns‚ hnkvXm-c-amb aq∂p-hI hn[n-Isf D]-tZ-in-®p. Ah k-∑m¿§-hn-[n, {Inbm-hn-[n, \oXn-

hn[n F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1. Htc ssZh-sØ-Øs∂ hW-ß-Ww.

2. A\y-ssZ-hsØ hW-ß-cp-Xv.

3. ssZh-\m-asØ hrYm D®-cn-°-cp-Xv.

4. i\n-]p-Wy-hm-c-\n-baw (F∂ Cu tZhm¿∞-Im-cy-ßƒ\mepw)

5. A—-\-Ω-amsc D]-N-cn-°.

6. sIm√mbvI

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw



7. hy`n-N-cn-°mbvI

8. tamjvSn-°m-bvI.

9. I≈-km£n ]d-bm-bvI.

10. A\y-ap-Xens\ B{K-ln-°m-bvI.

(F∂ a\p-jym¿∞-Imcyw Bdpw-Iq-Sn) Cßs\ ]Øp-hn-[-amb\nb-aw ]p-Wy-ßsf hn[n-°p∂ 10 Iev]-\-I-fm-Ip∂p k∑m¿§-hn-

[n-Iƒ. AXn∂p tZh-\ym-b-{]-amWw F∂pw t]cp-≠v.

ico-c-ip-≤n, {Zhy-ip-≤n, Biu-Nw, D]-hm-kw, ]pWy-ÿ-ew,

]pWy-Im-ew, ]pWy-{Z-hyw, Kpcp-Xzw, Be-b-tk-h, ]qP, \nkv°m-tcm-’hw apX-emb \nb-a-]p-Wy-ßsf Adn-hn-°p-∂Xv {Inbm-hn[n.

C\n \oXn-hn[n F∂Xv

bp≤w, kam-[m-\w, amXm-hv, Ip´n-Iƒ, DS-b-h≥, ASn-b-h≥,

A∂w, hkv{Xw, hoSv, \new, [m\yw, {]`p-Xzw, ]Ww, BSv, amSv,]£n, arKw, ISn-™q¬, tehym-Po-h-\w, a\p-jy-i-co-cw, Poh≥

F∂n-h-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hgp-°-h-g-°-ß-sfbpw ZWvU-sØbpw Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Ch-I-fn¬ {Inbm-hn[n F∂Xv CjvS-kn-≤n°pw ‡n°pw Imc-W-ambpw `‡-∑msc th¿s]-Sp-Øp∂ ap{Z-bmbpw {InkvXp IrXy-

⁄m-]-I-Nn-”-ambpw Ccn-°p-∂p. CXv BZn {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚]ncn-hmb bqZ-{In-kvXp-aXw F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]hn-{Xm-flI IrXyw

aq∂p-t]-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mb ]hn-{Xm-flmhv krjvSn apX-emb Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ klm-bn-°p-∂p. (k-¶o¿Ø\w 104- -A. 30- -hm) ]cn-ip≤

`‡-∑msc DW¿Øn Ah-sc-s°m≠p ss__n-fns\ D≠m-°n-®p.(Xo-sam-sY-bqkv 3 -A. 16- -hm. ]t{Xmkv 1 -A. 12- -hm) {InkvXp-hns\

tZmj-c-ln-X-a-\p-jy-\m-bn´p P\n-∏n®v At±-l-Øn\p ]q¿Æ-⁄m-\-sØbpw Ir]-sbbpw sImSp-Øp-]-I-cn®v GXp-Im-eØpw {InkvXp-

hns\ `Pn-°p∂ `‡-∑m¿°v ss__nƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn´v Ah-cpsS a\- ns\ {]Im-in-∏n®v {]m¿∞n-°-Ø-°h-Æam°n. {InkvXp

tZh-]p-{X-\m-Ip∂p F∂p-≈-Xns\ Ah-cn¬ ImWn® ZpxJ-Øn¬\n∂pw c£n®p _mlym-¥-c-ß-fmbn kIe ]m]-ß-sfbpw \o°n


17

ip≤o-I-cn®v tZhs\ ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-bn´p tkhn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p X°-

Xmb B¿{Z-X-sbbpw sImSpØv ]ns∂ th≠-h-bmb kI-e-k¬Kp-W-]-c-a-]p-Wy-ß-sf-s°m≠p Ahsc Ae-¶-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

]hn-{Xm-flm-hns‚ kn≤n°v {]m¿∞-\-bm-Ip∂p apJy-km-[-\w.Cßs\ ]d-b-s∏´ {InkvXp-a-X-Øns\ Adn™v kI-e-a-\p-jycpw

Xs‚ ]m]-sØ-°p-dn®v DW¿∂v ]›m-Øm-]-s∏´v ss__nƒhn-[n-{]-Imcw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn {InkvXp-`-‡-k-aq-

l-amb {iok-`-bn¬ tN¿∂v kv\m\w, \¬I-cpW F∂o kwkvIm-c-ßsf sNbvXv tZhs\ {]m¿∞n®v ZrV-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSn ssZh-

]pWyw kºm-Zn-®p-sIm≠v ss__n-fns\ HmXn DW¿∂v F√m-h-tcmSpw {]kw-Kn-®p-sIm≠v \ne-bn¬\n∂pw sX‰msX Ccn-t°-≠-

Xm-Ip-∂p.

\n{K-lm-\p-{Klw

{InkvXp-\m-Y≥ temIm-h-km-\-Im-eØv hnNm-cW As√-¶n¬

\ymb-Xo¿∏p sNøp-∂-Xn-te°p aln-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn h∂v At∏mƒPohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hsc am{X-a-√, acn-®-h-scbpw ico-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn Fgp-

t∂¬∏n®v F√m-h-tcbpw Xs‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ hcpØn k∑m¿§n-Isf he-Xp-h-iØpw Zp¿Ωm¿§n-Isf CS-Xp-h-iØpw Bbn´p

\n¿Øn Ah-cpsS ]pWy-]m-]-ßsf hnNm-c-W-sNbvXv Ah-cn¬Xs∂ hnizkn°mØ Zp¿am¿§n-Isf K‘-Ihpw A·nbpw IqSn

Fcn-bp∂ \nXy-\-c-I-Øn¬ X≈n \n{Kln°p-Ibpw Xs∂ hniz-kn® k∑m¿§nIsf am{Xw ]m]hpw, ZpJhpw, ac-Whpw AW-bmØ

ip≤-ÿ-e-amb kz¿§-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ CcpØn A\p-{K-ln-°p-IbpwsNøpw.

ap‡n

]m]w \oßn ]cn-ip-≤-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]th-in®v ap‡n-ÿm-\Øv

ip≤-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂v tZhs\ kvXpXn-®p-]mSn tZh-a-ln-asb h¿≤n-∏n®v tZh-k-∂n-[m-\-kp-JsØ \nXyhpw A\p- -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.

Cßs\ {InkvXp-a-X-kmcwkam-]vXw.

{InkvXp-a-X-kmcw



{InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z\w

IrXy-\n-anØw

A√tbm {InkvXo-b-{]-kw-Kn-Isf!

btlm-hm, NnZ-Nn-{Zq-]-amb Cu temIsØ krjvSn-®p-h-t√m.

Imcyw Imc-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXv F∂-√tbm \ymbw. B ÿnXn°v

Cu temIw Imcy-am-I-bm¬ CXn\pw \nan-Ø-Im-c-W-amb {]tbm-

P\w At]-£y-am-Ip-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Bsc-¶nepw Fs¥-¶nepw

Hcp ImcysØ Hcp \nan-Øhpw IqSmsX sNbvI-bn-√. “{]tbm-P-\-

a-\p-±niy \ atμmf]n {]h¿Ø-tX”˛{]tbm-P-\sØ At]-£n-

°msX aμ-\m-bp-≈-h≥t]mepw H∂pw-Xs∂ {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√m.

F∂m¬ B {]tbm-P\w kzm¿∞tam ]c-m¿∞tam F∂p t\m°p-

tºmƒ (b-imbm 43 A. 7˛-hm) Rm≥ Ahs\ Fs‚ al-Xz-Øn-\m-

bn´p krjvSn®p F∂p \nß-fpsS ss__nƒ {]am-W-Øn¬ ]d-

™n-cn-°-sIm≠v btlm-hm-bpsS Cu temI-krjvSn kzm¿∞-am-bn-

´p-X-s∂-sb∂v Xo¿®-bm-Ip-∂p. A{X-bp-a-√. krjvSn°p aptº Poh-

∑m-cn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈Xv \nß-fpsS aX-Øns‚ ]c-a-kn-≤m-¥-

am-I-bm¬ A\y-∑m¿ \nan-Ø-sa∂v ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\p hgnbpw ImWp-

∂n-√. 1]mcn-ti-jy-bp-‡n-bm¬ btlmhm Xs‚ \nan-Ø-am-bn- p-Xs∂

temIsØ krjvSn®p F∂p kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

btlmhm BZyw ip≤-⁄m-\-an-√msX A⁄m-\-_-‘-ap-≈-

h-cm-bn-´p-Xs∂ c≠p a\p-jysc krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kao-

]-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-an-√mØ Hcp hr£sØ h®p-≠m-°p-Ibpw

AXns‚ I\nsb Xn∂p-t]m-I-cp-sX∂ \ymbw IqSmsX Hcp Iev]\

Ah¿°p sImSp-°p-Ibpw ]nim-Nns\ \in-∏n-®p-I-f-bp-Itbm

hne°n \ndp-Øp-Itbm sNømsX qan-bn¬ Poh-∑msc ]co-£n-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn G¿s∏SpØn hnSp-Ibpw B BZn-a-\p-jy¿ _p≤n-tam-

l-Ømepw hnj-tb-—-bmepw ]nim-Nns‚ Zp¿t∫m-[-\-bmepw Iev]-

\sb ewLn®p ]m]n-I-fm-bn-t∏m-Ibpw sNbvXp.


19

A\-¥cw thsd bmsXmcp am¿§hpw t\m°msX B ]m]n-I-

fpsS k¥m-\-cq-]-am-bn- p-Xs∂ ]ns∂bpw krjvSn-°-s∏- -Xp-sIm≠v

F√m Poh-∑mcpw ]m]n-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]m]n-I-fp-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠v

A\p-{K-lhpw At]-£n-X-am-bn. Aßs\ ]m]n-I-fp-≠m-b-Xn\p

tlXp-hm-I-bm¬ Cu krjvSn A\p-{K-l-Øn\p \nan-Ø-ambpw

`hn®p. ]m]n-Iƒ°p ]co-£m-cq-]-am-bn´v ap‡yp-]m-b-ßƒ Adn-bn-

°-s∏-´p. B D]m-b-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂-hsc tZhs\ A\p-k-cn-°p-I-

sb∂ KpW-ap≈ ip≤-∑m-sc∂pw A√m-Ø-hsc ssZh-hn-tcm-[-Kp-

W-ap≈ Aip-≤-∑m-sc∂pw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ip≤-∑m¿°v ]c-tem-

I-Im-cy-ßsf DW¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-amWv 2Agn-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb `qan-bn¬

]m]n-Iƒ°v A[n-hmkw \nb-an-°-s∏-´-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu hn[-

ap≈ ÿnXn (c-£bpw ÿnXn-bpsS A\-¥cw kwlm-chpw A\p-

{K-l-\n-an-Ø-ß-fm-Ipw.) ap‡n-bn¬ Ccn-°p∂ ip≤-∑msc tZthm-

]-Nm-c-hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw amdn-°-f-bm-Xn-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw ZWvU- bw

sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Aip-≤-∑msc Agn-®p-hn-SmsX ZWvUn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xmb \n{K-lw. AXp-sIm≠v \n{Klw, A\p-{Klw \ne-\n¬°p-

∂-Xn-te°p \nan-Ø-am-Ipw. C{]-Imcw krjvSn-ÿn-Xn-kw-lm-cw. \n{K-

l-ßƒ sIm≠v \nd-th-‰-s∏´ A\p-{K-l-amWv {][m-\-Ir-Xyw. B

A\p-{K-lta tZthm-]-Nm-c-Øn\p \nan-Ø-am-Iq. AXp-sIm≠p tZh-

a-lna {]Im-in-°pw. BI-∏msS F√m Imcy-ßƒsIm≠pw kw`-hn-

°p∂ ]c-a-{]-tbm-P\w btlm-h-bpsS B\-μm-\p-`-hw-X-s∂. C{]-

Imcw A\p-`-h-sØ-s°m-≠p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ krjvSn-bpsS kzm¿∞-

IXzw kv]jvS-X-sb-Øs∂ {]m]n-°p-∂p.

Poh-∑m¿ Xs‚ aln-asb Adn™p b-s∏´v Xs∂ kvXpXn®p

hW-ßp-∂-Xn\pw X∂n-anØw Xs‚ alna kw{]-Im-in-°p-∂-Xn\pw

th≠n-bmWv btlmhm temIsØ krjvSn-®-Xv. BI-bm¬ krjvSn-

Im-e-Øn-\p-apºv Xs‚ alna {]Im-in-°m-sXbpw AXp X\n°v Hcp

Ipd-hm-bn- pw-X-s∂-bn-cp∂p F∂pw, B Ipd-hns\ \o°p-∂-Xn-te°v

Imw£n-®mWv krjvSn-∏m≥ XpS-ßn-b-sX∂pw \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

AX-√, Xs‚ alna aptº-Xs∂ Ipd-hp-Iq-SmsX kzbw-{]-Im-

in-®n-cp∂p F¶n¬ B aln-asb ho≠pw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\pth≠n sNøp∂ {]hrØn \njv^-e-am-Ip-∂p. B aln-asb

Poh-∑m-cn¬ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te°v {]th-in-®n-cp∂p F¶n¬

AXpw Xs‚ \nan-Ø-am-I-bm¬ ap≥]-d-b-s∏´ tZmjw ]‰pw.

{InkvXp-a-X-tO-Z\w IrXy-\n-anØw



Poh-∑m¿\n-anØw Xs∂ Poh-∑m-cn¬ {]Im-in-∏n∏m≥ XpSßnF¶n¬ krjvSn-°p-aptº Poh-∑m-cn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-XpsIm≠v AXpw hncp-≤w-X-s∂.

X∂m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥t]m-Ip∂ Poh-∑m-cn¬ Xs‚ aln-asb {]Im-in-∏n-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ krjvSn-∏v {]Im-in-∏n-∂pw, {]Im-in∏p krjvSn-∏n-∂pw, \nan-Ø-sa∂p hcn-I-bm¬ 3At\ym-\ym-{i-b-sa∂ tZmj-Øn\p kwK-Xn-bm-Ipw.

apºn-\mse {]Im-in-®p-X-s∂-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw, Xs∂-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Bcp-an-√m-sX-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SmsXhrYm InS∂ B aln-asb A\p- -hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Poh-∑msc krjvSn-®-sX-¶n¬ Xs‚ aln-a-b°p Xm≥Xs∂ t`m‡m-hm-bn-cns° ta¬{]-Imcw hrYm InS∂p F∂p-≈Xv bp‡-am-Ip-∂n-√.Poh-∑m-cn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xm≥ Xs‚ aln-asb Ahsc A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw th≠. thW-sa-¶n¬ A\p-`-hn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p-≈XvkrjvSn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xn∂pw \nanØw F∂p-h-cn-I-bm¬ Chn-sSbpwA-t\ym-\ym-{i-bsa∂ tZmjw A\p-h¿Øn-°pw. BI-bm¬ GXp-{]-Imcw ]d-™mepw alna {]Im-in-°msX Ccp-∂Xv Fß-s\bpwbtlm-hbv°v Hcp Ipd-®n¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te-°p-th≠n {]b-Xv\n-°-W-sa-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B Ipd-®n¬ apºn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Poh-∑msc A√m aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂btlmhsbØs∂ kw_-‘n-°pw. BI-bm¬ btlmh Xs‚alna {]Im-in-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Ipd-hp-≈-h-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂ph∂p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ Ipd-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-s\∂pw At∏mƒ AXn\vFXn-cmbn \nd-hn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw B Ipd-®n¬sIm≠pw AXns\\nh¿Øn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw {]b-Xv\n-°-sIm≠pw, hymIp-e-s∏-´n-cp-∂-h-\m-I-bm¬ ]c-am-\μw C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw X\n°v B\-μ-{]m-]vXn-°p-th≠n krjvSn -∏m≥Xp-Sßn F∂p ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠vkpJsØ sNøp-∂-h-sb-°p-dn®v Imahpw ZpxJsØ sNøp-∂-hsb°pdn®v t{Im[hpw B c≠n-s‚bpw aqe-amb tamlhpw D≈-h-s\∂pw A\m-Zn-bm-bn´v Cu Ipd-hns\ \o°p-∂-Xn-te°v D]mbwAdn-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A\m-Zn-⁄m\w C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw A\m-Zn-bm-bn´p IrXyw sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v 4A\m-Zn-I¿XrXzw C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw A\m-Zntb I¿XrXzw C√mXncp∂v Nne Ime-ßƒ°papsº I¿Xr-XzsØ {]m]n®v IrXyw XpS-ßn-b-Xp-sIm≠v btlmh{]m]n® I¿XrXzw aptº C√m-Xn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xmb Imcy-e-£-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-I-sIm≠pw AXn\p thsd-sbmcp I¿Ømhv


21

At]£n°-s∏-Sp-I-bmepw AXp \nanØw btlmhm AXns\thsdmcp I¿Øm-hn-¶¬\n∂p kºm-Zn-®-Xm-sW∂pw sXfn-hm-I-sIm≠pw kzX-{¥Xzw C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw A\m-Zn-bm-bn-´-√msX CS-bn¬ Ipd-thmSp IqSnb 5In-©n¬ I¿Xr-XzsØ {]m]n®p kz`mhwth¿s]-Sp-I-bm¬ Ahn-Im-cnXzw6 C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw hnIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-sIm≠pw Ipd-hp-≈-Xp-sIm≠pw A\m-Zn-\n-Xy-hym-]-I-Xz-an-√mØhs\∂pw Xs‚ kpJ-Øn-\m-bn´p Xm≥Xs∂ ]m]w hnf-bp-∂-Xn-te°v tlXp D≠m°n ]e Poh-∑m-scbpw \nXy-ImeZWvUn-∏m-dm-°n-b-Xp-sIm≠v \ymb-hpw, Ir]-bpw, \∑bpw C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw Poh-∑m-cn¬Xs∂ \nXyhpw D]-N-cn-°-Ø-°-h¿ C∂m-sc-√m-am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xns\ ⁄m\w-sIm≠v Adn-bmsX Ahsc]m]n-I-fm°n `qan-bn-en-cpØn hn[n-Isf sImSpØv ]co-£n-®n´pam{Xw Adn-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v k¿Δ-⁄Xzw C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw Poh-∑m¿°p ]m]hpw ZpxJhpw hcp-ØmsX Ah-sc-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ D]-N-cn-∏n-°bpw X\n°p kpJsØ D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v k¿Δ-i-‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p.]ns∂bpw ]m]w D≠m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-Xns\ ap≥t]-Iq-´n-b-dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ]q¿Æ-⁄m\w C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw Adn-™n´pw AXns\XSp-∏m≥ Ign-bmsX Hgn™p F∂p-h-cp-In¬ ]q¿Æ-i-‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h-s\-∂pw-IqSn kv]jvS-am-Ipw. Poh-∑m-cpsS kpJm-\p-`-h-Øn\p]pWyhpw ZpxJm-\p-`-h-Øn\p ]m]hpw \nb-X-Im-c-W-sa-∂-dn-™-Xp-sIm≠p kpJsØ P\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mWv ]m]-sØ-bp-≠m-°n-b-sX-∂p-h-cn-In¬ ]m]w C√mØ tZh-Zq-X-∑m¿°pw kpJw D≠m-°n-bncn-°-bm¬ AhnsS kpJm-\p- -h-Øn\v ]m]w Imc-W-am-Im-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v BbXp Xosc tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. C{]-Imcw Ipd-hv, hymIp-e-X, Imaw, t{Im[w, BZn-⁄m-\w, tamlw, BZn-Ir-Xyw, ]c-X-{¥-Xzw, hnIm-c-Xzw, Ahym-]I-Xzw, A\ym-bw, AXn-I-Tn-\-X, ZpjvS-X,In©n-⁄-Xzw, In©n-—‡n apX-emb tZmj-ßƒ D≈-h-\m-I-bm¬btlmh Cuiz-cXzw D≈-h-\-√. ]m]n-jvT≥ F∂p-Xs∂ \ymbw-sIm≠p kn≤n-°p∂p. Cu tZmj-ß-sf√mw Al¥, I¿Ωw, ambF∂ ]mi-ß-fm-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-h-bm-Ip∂p F∂p ssZh-imkv{XwtLmjn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v btlm-h-bm-Is´ ]mi-_-≤≥X-s∂-bm-Wv.BI-bm¬ A\m-Zn-bm-bn v Al-¥m-]m-i-Øm¬ _‘n-°-s∏ v Xs‚]cn-]m-I-bn-—m-i-‡n°p hy‡n- C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ]c-X-{¥-\m-bn-cp∂ btlmh A\m-Zn-\n-Xy-hym-]-I-kz-X{¥ k¿Δ-⁄-\mbpw A\m-Zn-kn≤_-≤m-fl-\n-anØw A\m-Zn-Ir-Xy-I¿Øm-hmbpw c£n-Xm-




hmbpw Ccn-°p∂ ]c-a-in-hs‚ Znhy-{]-km-Z-cq-]-k-Xy-k-¶-ev]-Im-c-W-Øm¬ Xs‚ ]q¿Δ-Im-eo\ I¿Ωm-\p-k-c-W-am-bn´p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ ambm-Im-cy-amb ico-chpw Imc-Whpw FSpØv In©n-⁄XzwAev]-IrXyw apX-emb \nb-X-`p-h-\Øn-en-cp∂v \nb-X-t`m-K-ßsfA\p- -hn-®p -Xs‚ A[n-Im-cm-h-km-\-Øn¬ acn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp ]ip-hm-Ip∂p F∂p “ssih-kn-≤m-¥w.”

C\n Nne {InkvXy-∑m¿ C∂ Ime-Øn¬ C∂-ÿ-eØv C∂-{]-Imcw Hcp \nan-Øhpw IqSmsX krjvSn-IrXyw sNø-W-sa∂Hcp k¶ev]w btlm-hm-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ A\m-Zn-bm-bn´v AS-ßn-°n-S-°p∂p F∂pw B A\m-Zn-kn-≤-k-¶-ev]-{]-Imcw \nb-X-Im-e-Øn¬ thsd Hcp \nan-Øhpw IqSmsX btlmhm krjvSn®pF∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. B hN\w ss__n-fn¬ C√m-ØXpsIm≠pwX\n-°p-th≠n krjvSn®p F∂-dn-bn-°p∂ ta∏Sn {]am-W-ß-sf-s°m≠v XSp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmepw A{]-am-W-am-Ip-∂p.

taepw C∂-Im-e-Øn¬ C∂ ÿe-Øn¬ C∂-{]-Imcw krjvSn-sN-ø-W-sa∂ k¶ev]w btlm-hm-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ A\m-Zn-bm-bn´v AS-ßn-°n-S∂p F∂p-h-cn-In¬ A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ C∂-Im-eØvC∂-bn∂{]Imcw ÿnXn-kw-lm-c, \n{K-l-ßƒ F∂ IrXy-ß-sfbpw sNtø-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈ k¶-ev]hpw IqSn k¿Δ-⁄-\mbbtlm-hm-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ A\m-Zn-bm-bn´v AS-ßn-°n-S∂p F∂p]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. BI-bm¬ krjvSn-Ir-Xy-Øn\p thsd Hcp \nan-Øhpw At]-£n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-t]mse Xs∂, a‰p≈ IrXy-ßƒ°pw thsd bmsXmcp \nan-Øhpw At]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√.Bb-Xp-sIm≠v btlmhm Poh-∑m-cpsS ]m]-]p-Wy-ß-fmb \nan-Ø-Im-c-W-ßsf Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂pw 7A\m-Zn-kn-≤-k-¶-ev]-{]-Imcw Ah-c-h¿°p \c-I-ap-‡n-Isf sImSp-°p-sa∂pw B ÿnXn°pPoh-∑m¿ tam£-kn-≤n-°m-bn´v bmsXm-cp-Im-cy-sØbpw \ncq-]n-°bpw sNbvIbpw ths≠∂pw Aßs\ ths≠-∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒPoh-∑m¿ tam£-Øn-te-°p-th≠n hnizm-k-sØbpw {]b-Xv\-sØbpw ssIs°m≠p sNø-W-sa∂p \nb-an-°p∂ ss__nƒ shdp-sX-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂pw B ss__n-fns\ I¬]n® btlmhm Adn-hn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw h∂p-t]m-Ipw. AXn-\m¬ A\m-Zn-kn-≤-k-¶-ev]-\n-an-Ø-kzo-Imcw km[p-hm-Ip-∂-X-√.

C\n tZhs‚ IrXy-\n-anØw F¥m-Ip∂p F∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv Poh-∑m¿°p X°-X√ F∂pw tZh≥ Xs‚ C—m-{]-Imcw sNøp-


23

∂-X-√msX Poh-∑m-cpsS bp‡n°v tNc-Ø-°-hÆw sNøp-∂-h-\√F∂pw Nnecp ]d-bp-∂-p-≠v. B hm°p-sIm≠v 8A\njvS{]kwKwD≠m-Ipw. Fs¥-∂m¬ kI-e-a-X-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ah-\-hs‚ aX-im-kv{X-sØ-Øs∂ ssZh-hmIyw F∂p tLmjn-°p-am-sdbp≈q. Ah-bn¬Ak-Øp-°-fmb aX-im-kv{X-ßsf tZh-hm-Iy-ß-f-√m-sb∂p tim[-\-sN-bvXp X≈p-∂-Xn-te°v AXmXp imkv{X-ß-fn-ep≈ sX‰p-IƒImWn®v Bt£]w sNøp-tºmƒ tZh-\n¿Ωn-X-im-kv{X-am-sW∂pwBbXp In©n-⁄-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ Poh-∑m-cpsS bp‡n°v A\p-km-cn-bm-bn-cn-°-bn-s√∂pw tZh≥ tkz—-{]-Imcw sNøp-sa∂pw Ah-I-sf-°p-dn®v Poh-∑m¿ hnNm-cn-®p-Iq-Sm-sb∂pw AXmXv aX-°m-cm¬kam-[m-\w-]-d-b-s∏Spw. B ÿnXn°v kIe aX-ßfpw kXy-am-bn-´p-≈-h-Xs∂ F∂v h∂p-t]m-Ibpw At∏mƒ {InkvXp-aXw H∂p-am-{Xta kXy-am-bn-´p≈p F∂ hmZw Zqsc sXdn-®p-t]m-Ibpw sNøp-at√m.

A√m-sX-bpw, X\n-°p-th≠n krjvSn®p F∂p btlm-h-bm¬ss__n-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠pw Adn-hn∂p hnj-b-am-Im-ØXp{]am-W-Øn¬ ]d-b-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw, krjvSn-bpsS\nanØw 9Ah-t⁄-b-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ (A-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-I-bm¬) AXns‚ t_m[w Poh-∑m¿°v A\¿l-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ss__n-fn\p hncp-≤-am-Ip-∂p. C\nbpw ssZh-Ir-Xy-\n-anØwAhm-Ny-am-bn-´p-≈-sX∂p ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ h-_-‘-tØm-Sp- (kw-km-c-_-‘w) Iq-Snb Poh-∑m¿°v A{Km-lyhpw AXn-\m¬ {ipXn-bn¬ (th-Z-Øn¬) ]d-b-s∏-Sm-ØXpw Bb ]c-a-c-l-ky-a-√t√mAhm-Nyw. ChnsS Aßn-s\-b-√-t√m. IrXy-\n-anØw tZh-a-lna{]Im-i-sa∂v btlmhm ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-t√m. F∂n´pw AXns\Ahm-Ny-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ‘AΩ a®n’ F∂p ]p{X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hnNm-cn-°mw.

Cßs\ ssZh-Ir-Xy-\n-an-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw

ssZh-e-£-W-an-s√∂p km[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. btlm-hm-bmWv temIsØ krjvSn-®Xv F∂pw, krjvSn-°p-th≠ F√m-

Im-cy-ßfpw btlm-h-X-s∂-bmWv sNbvX-sX∂pw, btlm-h-bv°p-apºv A\y-∑m-cmcpw krjvSn-\-S-Øn-bn-´n√ F∂pw ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂p. BI-bm¬ BkrjvSn-Pm-e-ß-fn¬h-cp∂ KpW-tZm-j-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw btlm-h-




bv°p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]m]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS Imc-W-°m-c≥ btlm-h-bm-sW-∂p-h-cp-∂p. F√mw btlm-h-X-s∂-bmWv sNbvX-sX∂pw, a‰mcpw H∂pw-Xs∂sNbvXn-´n√ F∂pw sXfn-bp-∂-XmWv ]mcn-ti-jy-bp-‡n.

2. Agnhv = {]fbw AYhm kºq¿Æ-amb am‰w

3. At\ym-\ym-{i-b-sa∂ tZmjw. IpS-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p Ifn-a-ÆmWv B{i-bw.AXn-\m¬ IpSw Ifn-a-Æns\ B{i-bn-°p-∂p. Ifn-a-Æn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬IpSw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ChnsS IpS-Øn\p I≈n-a-Æn-t\m-Sp-am-{Xta B{i-b-ap-≈q. A√msX adn-®-√. ss__nƒ {]Imcw BZna a\p-jys‚ krjvSn°pImc-Ww, B{ibw btlm-h-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ btlmh Xs‚ aln-a-bv°p-th≠n Xs‚ krjvSn-bmb a\p-jys\ B{i-bn-°pI F∂Xv At\ym-\ym-{i-b-tZm-j-am-Wv. Cßs\ B{i-bn-°p-∂Xp bp‡n°p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv.

4. kXyw-⁄m-\-a-\¥w {_“, F∂mWv B]vX-hm-Iyw. {_“w k¿Δ-{X, k¿Δ-Zm-]-cn-]q¿Æ-amWv F∂ D]-\n-jØv k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p. F∂p-h-®m¬ {]m]-©n-I-amb \yq\-X-I-sfm∂pw {_“-Øn-\n-s√-∂¿∞w. N´-ºn-kzm-an-IƒChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv ss__n-fnse krjvSn-k-¶-ev]-a-\p-k-cn®v btlm-hbv°p {]m]-©n-I-amb \yq\-X-I-sf√mw Ds≠-∂m-Wv. Imaw, t{Im[w,tamlw, I¿Ω-tZmjw XpS-ßnb At\Iw tZmj-ßƒ°p At±lw hnt[-b-\m-sW∂p Cu hmIy-Øn-eqsS kzmanPn \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww, km[m-cW a\p-jys\t∏mse btlmh tIm]n-°p-Ibpw ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw a\p-jys\in£n-°p-Ibpw Hs° sNøp-∂p. CXv ssZhw kvt\l-am-sW∂pw kXy-am-sW-∂p-ap≈ s]mXp-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-Wv. btlmh Xs‚ aln-asb{]N-cn-∏n-°-W-sa∂p tXm∂n-b-t∏m-gmWv AXn-\p-th≠n a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®-Xv. krjvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬Xs∂ mhn-Im-cy-ß-sf√mw Adn™v th≠-sX√mw sNøm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. krjvSn-°p-tijw Nne Ipg-∏-ßƒ I≠-t∏mƒ a\p-jys\ i]n-®p. CXv A\m-Zn-I¿XrXzw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

5. In©n¬ I¿XrXzw = A]q¿Æ-amb I¿XrXzw

6. Ahn-Im-cnXzw C√mbva = btlm-hbv°p At\Iw \yq\-X-I-fp-s≠∂p Is≠-Ønb tijw kzman-Iƒ Hmtcm \yq\-Xbpw FSpØp hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn-sem-∂mWv Ahn-Im-cnXzw C√m-bva. hnIm-c-ap≈ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. hnImcwam‰-am-Wv. amdp∂ hkvXp A\-¥-ambn amdn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. CXns‚A¿∞w btlmh amdn-amdn btlm-h-b-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-sa-∂m-Wv.

7. A\m-Zn-Im-e-Øv, AXm-bXv krjvSn-I¿Ωw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂krjvSn F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, `mhn-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ k¶ev]w btlm-h-bpsS a\- n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂vNne {InkvXy-∑m¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. CXn-s\-bmWv A\m-Zn-kn-≤-k-¶ev]wF∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ krjvSn-°p-tijw a\p-jy¿°p]pXnb hnizm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-t°-≠n-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ A\m-Zn-kn-≤-k-¶ev]w C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p hcp-∂p.

8. A\n-jvS-{]-kwKw = Dt±-in-®-Xn-\v, AYhm t\csØ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn\v hn]-co-X-amb {]kvXm-h-\.

9. Ah-t⁄bw = Adn-tb-≠-Xv.


25

D]m-Zm\w

A√tbm {InkvXob {]kw-Kn-Isf!

btlmhm 1D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw IqSmsX iq\y-Øn¬\n-∂mWvtemIsØ krjvSn-®-sX∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. F∂m¬ kXv°m-c-WØn¬\n∂p kXv°m-cyta P\n-°q. Imc-W-Øn¬ i‡n cq]-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ ]ns∂ Imc-I-ß-fm¬ (Im-c-I-ßƒ-˛-I¿Øm-hv,I¿Ωw XpS-ßn-b-h) hy‡n-cq-]-am-bn´p Imcy-am-Ipw. hnØn¬\n∂vacw Fß-s\tbm AXp-t]mse ImcWw IqSmsX Imtcym¬]ØnHcn-S-Øp-an-√. Ak-XvIm-c-W-Øn¬ Ak-Xv°mcyw A√msXkXvImcyw P\n-°p-I-bp-an-√. aW-en¬\n∂v FÆ D≠m-I-bn-√.s]m∂n¬\n∂v Ccp-ºp-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ F√m-h-‰n¬\n∂pw F√mw D≠mIp-∂n-√. IpSsØ At]-£n®p aÆn-s\bpwssXcns\ At]-£n®p ]men-s\bpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mseAXmXp Imcy-ßsf At]-£n®v Imc-W-ßsf kzoI-cn° F∂p-≈Xpw, Imcy-Øn¬ Imc-WXzw Ccn-°p∂p F∂p-≈Xpw \ymb-kn-≤-am-I-bm¬ kXvIm-cy-hmZw km[n-°-s∏-´p. BI-bm¬ LSw apX-emb Imcy-ßƒ°v Ipeme≥ apX-emb I¿Ør-Im-c-Whpw aÆv apX-emb D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Whpw am‰-an-√msX \nb-X-am-bn-cn-°-bm¬ Imcy-amb temI-Øn\v I¿Ømhpw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-hpw Bh-iy-am-bn-´p-≈-sX∂v A\p-an-°-s∏-Spw. temI-amb Hcp ]£-Øn¬ (]-£w-˛-km≤yw Dt≠m C√tbm F∂v kwi-bap≈ ÿe-amWv ]£w)Imcy-Xz-amb Hcp A\p-am-\-Øm¬ (Hcp ]£-Øn¬ tlXp-hns\B{i-bn®v km≤y-ap-s≠∂v ÿm]n-°p∂ {]am-W-amWv A\p-am-\w)A\p-an-°-s∏-Sp∂ I¿Ømhpw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Whpw Bb c≠pkm≤y-ß-fn¬ H∂p (I¿Øm-hv) kn≤-amIpw F∂pw at‰Xv Akn-≤-am-Ip-sa∂pw Iev]n-°p-∂Xv Hcphn[-Ønepw bp‡-am-Ip-∂n-√-t√m.

AX√, A{]-Imcw kΩ-Xn° F∂p h∂m¬ A\p-am-\-{]-am-W-ß-sf√mw (A\p-am-\-{]-am-W-Øns‚ {]mamWyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa-

∂¿∞w) Agn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.



Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ 2Imcy-Xz-tl-Xp-hn-\m¬ 3ZrjvSm-¥-kn-≤-L-

Sm-Zn-I¿Øm-°-fn¬ F∂-t]mse Zm¿jvSm-¥nI kn≤-tem-I-I¿Øm-hnepw Aev]-⁄m\w Aev]-i‡n ]c-h-iX apXemb KpW-ßƒD≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-h-∂p-t]m-Ip-a-t√m. F∂m¬ ZrjvSm-¥-Øn¬ LS-I-¿Øm-hmb Pohm-flm-hm-Is´ LSsØ \nhr-Øn-°p-∂-Xmb Xs‚Imcy-sØ-°p-dn®v apgp-h\pw Adn-bp-∂-h\pw apgp-h\pw sNøp-∂-h\pw kzX-{¥\pw Xs‚ Imcy-\n-hr-Øn-°p-X-°-Xmb ico-cm-h[n-\n-e-bp-≈-h\pw Bbn-cn-°pw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Cui\pw Xs‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-⁄m\w apX-em-b-h-tbmSpw IqSn-b-h-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂vXo¿®-bm-Ipw.

Aßs\ F¶n¬ LS--I¿Ømhv (L-Sw-˛-Ip-Sw, ]Sw-˛-h-kv{Xw)Xs‚ Imcy-a-√mØ ]Sw apX-em-b-hsb sNøm-Ø-Xp-t]mseCui\pw Xs‚ Imcy-a-√mØ thsdm-∂ns\ sNøm-Ø-h-\m-Ip-a-t√m.F∂m¬,

Cuis‚ Imcy-a-√msX A\y-Im-cy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Cukwi-b-Øn-te°v Ah-k-cta C√, AXn-\m¬ Imcy-Xz-tl-Xphn\m¬D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw km[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

F∂m¬ ssZhw k¿Δ kma¿∞yw-sIm≠v ImcWw IqSmsXImcysØ P\n-∏n°pw F∂p-h-cn-In¬,

AXp tNcp-I-bn-√, k¿Δ-km-a¿∞y-sa-∂Xv icn-bmbn F√m-h-s‰bpw XS- w-Iq-SmsX \S-Øp∂ i‡n-bm-Ip∂p. B i‡n Ds≠-∂pw-h®v icn-bm-b-Xns\ A√msX icn-b-√m-Ø-Xns\ sNbvI F∂p-≈Xv Hcp hn[-Ønepw k¿Δ-km-a¿∞ysØ Xmßp-∂-X-√. Iri-Xbpw ÿqe-Xbpw amdmsX Ccn-°th ISp-In-\-IØv aesb IS-Øp-∂Xv X°-X-√. Aßs\ sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v k¿Δ-km-a¿∞y-`wKw Hcn-°epw D≠m-I-bn-√. D≠mIp-sa-∂p-h-cn-In¬ ssZhw X\n°pXpey-\mb thsd Hcp A\m-Zn-ssZ-hsØ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Xs∂C√m-Xm-°n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ign-bm-Ø-h-\m-I-bm¬ Ak-a¿∞-s\∂p htc-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp \nß-ƒ°p kΩ-X-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠vD]m-Zm-\ImcWsØ At]-£n°-bm¬ 4k¿Δ-km-a¿∞y-`wKw Hcn-°epw D≠m-Ip-∂-X-√.

C\nbpw ssZhw Xm≥Xs∂ D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Whpw \nan-Ø-Im-c-

W-hp-am-bn-´p-\n∂v temIsØ P\n-∏n®p F∂v \n›-bn-°m-a-t√m.

F¶n¬,


27

AXpw tNcp-I-bn-√, Imcyw Imc-Wm-flIw F∂mWv \ymbw.

BI-bm¬ shfpØ hkv{X-Øns‚ D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-amb X¥phpwshfpØ \nd-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse tNX-\hpw AtN-

X-\-hp-amb temI-Øn\v D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v ssZhhpwtNX-\-Xzhpw AtN-X-\-Xzhpw D≈-h-s\∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.

At∏mƒ At\ym\yw hncp-≤-ß-fmb tNX-\-Xzm-tN-X-\-Xz-ß-sf∂c≠p [¿Ω-ßfpw IqSn Hcp [¿Ωn-bn¬ Ccn-°p-I-bp-an-√-t√m.

Hcw-iw-sIm≠p tNX-\-Xzhpw Hcw-iw-sIm≠v AtN-X-\-XzhpwD≈-h-s\∂p hcn-In¬, 5kmh-b-hXzw D≠mbn 6LS-]-Sm-Zn-Iƒ°v

F∂-t]mse 7ImcyXzw h∂v 8]c-a-Im-c-W-Xz-`wKw hn-°pw. “bZyZvkmh-bhw XØXv Imcyw bYm LS-]-SmZn” GsX√mw Ah-b-h-

tØmSp IqSn-btXm AsX√mw Imcy-am-Ip-∂p. LSw ]Sw apX-em-bh Fß-s\tbm A{]-Imcw CX-√tbm \ymbw.

C\nbpw ssZhw kzX-{¥-Xz-ap-≈-h-\m-I-bm¬ thsdm-∂ns\At]-£n-°msX tkz—m-{]-Imcw temIsØ \n¿Ωn-®p-sh∂v A\p-

h-Zn-°m-sa-¶n¬, AXpw tNcp-I-bn-√m. kzX-{¥Xzw D≈XpsIm≠v\ymbsØ t\m°m-sXtbm t\m°ntbm IrXysØ sNøp-∂Xv?

t\m°msX sNøp-sa-¶n¬, Poh-∑m-cpsS ]pWy-]m-]-ß-fm-Ip∂Imc-W-ßƒ ths≠∂pw tXm∂n-b-t]mse \nb-aw-Iq-SmsX kpJ-

Zpx-J-ßsf sImSp-°p-sa∂pw, Imcy-Øn\p X°-Xmb Imew, tZiwapX-emb kmam-\y-Im-c-W-ß-sfbpw t\m°msX btYjvSw IrXyw

sNøp-sa∂pw 9[¿Ωn-[¿Ω- m-h-kw-_-‘-\ymbw (`q-an°v ImTn-\yhpwK‘-hpw, Pe-Øn\v {Zh-Øzhpw ck-hpw, A·n°v cq]w, hmbp-hn\v

kv]¿iw F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv [¿Ωn-[¿Ω- m-h-kw-_-‘w) t\m°msXImTn-\y-ap-≈-Xmb `qansb {Zh-Xz-ap-≈-Xm-°p-Ibpw {Zh-Xz-ap≈

PesØ ImTn-\yhpw K‘hpw D≈-Xm-°p-Ibpw A·nsb ck-ap-≈-Xm-°p-Ibpw hmbp-hns\ cq]-ap-≈-Xm-°p-Ibpw C\nbpw tXm∂n-

b-{]-Im-c-sa√mw sNøp-sa∂pw, \ymbw t\m°n-Ø-s∂-bm-sW-¶n¬Imcy-Im-c-W-kz-`m-h-kw-_-‘-\ym-b-sØbpw 10k¬°m-cy-hm-Z-\ym-

b-sØbpw A\p-k-cn®v D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-WsØ At]-£n®v IrXywsNøpw F∂-√tbm kΩ-Xn-t°-≠Xv?

Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw apX-em-b-hsb At]-£n®v IrXyw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ssZhw kzX-{¥Xzw C√m-Ø-h-

\m-Ip-a-t√m. F∂m¬ Aßs\ A√. ssZh-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-

D]m-Zm\w



sa∂Xv kzX-{¥-amb thsd H∂n-\m¬ t{]cy-am-W-a-√msXbncp∂vkm[\w apX-em-b-hsb \nb-an®p \S-Øp∂ i‡n-bm-Ip-∂p.A√msX Poh-I¿Ωw apX-em-b-hsb At]-£n-°msX Ccn-°p-∂-X-√. WvUmKmcw apX-em-b-hsb At]-£n®v Zm\w apX-emb IrXy-ßsf sNøp∂ cmPm-hn\p kzmh[n kzX-{¥Xzw Ipd-bm-Ø-Xp-t]mse, \nanØw, D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw, Poh-I¿Ωw apX-em-b-hsbAt]-£n®p IrXyw sNøp∂ ssZh-Øn\pw kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pbmsXmcp Ipdhpw C√.

Cßs\ D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw ssZh-

e-£-W-an-s√∂p I≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw: GsX-¶nepw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p B[m-c-ambn \n¬°p∂

hkvXp D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Ww. \qen\v ]™n D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-am-Wv. ap≠n\p \qevD]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-am-Wv. ap≠p-≠m-°p∂ Bƒ I¿Xr-Im-c-W-am-Wv. krjvSn°pC{]-Imcw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-an-√msX btlmhm iq\y-Øn¬\n∂p krjvSn-\-SØn F∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

2. Imcy-Xz-tlXp = krjvSn-bpsS Imc-Ww.

3. ZrjvSm-¥-kn-≤-L-Sm-Zn-I¿Øm-°ƒ Cuiz-c≥ temIsØ krjvSn-°p-tºmƒF¥m-Wp-kr-jvSn-t°-≠Xv Fßs\ krjvSn-°sW Fs∂√mw Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. IpS-ap-≠m-°p∂ Ipem-e\v (L-Sm-Zn-I¿Øm-hv) aÆv Fß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww, IpSw Fßs\ D≠m-°Ww F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v \√ Adn-hp-≠v. AXp-t]mse temIsØ krjvSn® ssZh-Øn\p (Zm-jvSm-¥nI kn≤-tem-I-I¿Ømhv = kz¥w B⁄-sIm≠v temIsØ krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂Bƒ) temI-kr-jvSn-bpsS \m\m-h-i-sØ-°p-dn®v \√ Adn-hp-≠v. F∂m¬btlmh krjvSn-Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ `mhn-bn¬ hcm≥t]m-Ip∂ ]e-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Adn-hn-√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv ss__nƒh-N-\w-sIm≠pImWp-∂-Xv.

4. k¿Δ-km-a¿∞y- wKw = F√mw sNøm≥ Ign-hp≠v F∂ Ah-ÿ-bpsS wKw.

5. kmh-b-hXzw = Ah-b-h-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ahÿ

6. LS-]-Sm-Zn-Iƒ = IpSw, hkv{Xw apX-em-bh

7. ImcyXzw = Ah-b-hw AYhm cq]w D≈ Ahÿ

8. ]c-a-Im-c-W-Xz-`wKw = ]c-a-{]-[m-\-amb AYhm G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambImcWw F∂ XØz-Øns‚ `wKw

9. [¿Ωn-[¿Ωm- m-h-kw-_-‘-\ymbw = hkvXp-hn-s\bpw AXns‚ [¿Ω-sØbpwt\m°n _‘n-∏n-°p∂ \ymbw. `qan-bpsS [¿Ωw ImTn-\yhpw K‘-hp-am-Wv,Pe-Øns‚ [¿Ωw {Zh-Xz-hpw.

10. k¬°m-cyhm-Z-\ymbw = ImcyImc-W-_-‘-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ XXzm-t\z-jWw


29

BZn-krjvSn


btlmh BZn-a-\p-jysc hnth-I-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-bn´p krjvSn-®XvF¥n\v? Aßs\ A√ Ah¿ hnth-I-ap-≈-h¿Xs∂ Bbncp∂p

F¶n¬ hne-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns\ sNøp-∂-XmWv NoØ, sNøm-Xncn°p∂-XmWv \√Xv F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bmsX hne-°nb I\nsb

`£n-®Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

B I\nsb £n-®-Xns‚ tijw D≠mb KpW-tZm-j-⁄m\w

apsº C√m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw F¥p-sIm≠v?

A{]-Imcw krjvSn® btlmhm Ahsc Ccp-Ønb tXm -Øn¬

D]-tbm-K-an-√mØ Hcp hr£-sØ-bpw-IqSn D≠m-°n-h-®Xv F¥n\v?Hcp ]nXm-hm-Is´ ImgvNbv°p \√-Xmb Hcp hnj-°-\nsb sIm≠p-

sN∂p hnth-I-an-√mØ Ipń-Iƒ Ccn-°p∂ Xs‚ hoń¬sh-®v,CXns\ `£n-°-cp-sX∂p hne-°n-tb®v t]mb-Xns‚ tijw Ah¿

AXns\ `£n®v A]-N-b-s∏-´p-sh-¶n¬ B Ip‰w B ]nXm-hns‚t]cn-e-√msX Ipń-I-fpsS t]cn-em-Ip-tam? AXp-t]mse BZn-a-\p-

jy¿ ]m]n-I-fmbIp‰w, B btlmhm F∂ ssZh-Øn-e-√msX Ah-cn¬ Ccn-°ptam?

C\nbpw B ssZhw, Xm≥ ]d-™-{]-Imcw hne°nb ]gsØ`£n® Bfns\ A∂p-Xs∂ ac-W-in£ sImSp-°msX hn´p-I-f-

™Xv \oXntbm? AXv Ir]-sIm-s≠∂p-h-cn-In¬ k¿Δ-⁄-\mbXm≥ ]n∂oSv hcp-hm≥t]m-Ip∂ F√m-h-s‰bpw Adn-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-

cns° AXns\ apºn¬°qń \ncq-]n-°msX hn´p-t]m-bXv F¥p-sIm≠v?

taepw, B I\nsb Xn∂m¬ KpW-tZm-j-⁄m\w D≠m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈Xp hmkvX-h-am-W-t√m. B ÿnXn°v AXns\ hne-°n-b-Xp-

Xs∂ h©-I-a-√tbm? F∂m¬ Aßs\ A√, B hr£-Øn\pkzbta KpW-tZm-j-⁄m\w Adn-bn-°p∂ Hcp i‡n C√. btlmh



hn[n-®-{]-Imcw sNøp-∂Xp \√-sX∂pw hne-°n-b-Xns\ sNøp-∂-XmWv NoØ F∂pw Adn-bp-∂-Xn-te°v Hcp Adn-Ip-dn-bmbn \n¬°-sIm≠v AXns\ KpW-tZm-jsØ DW¿Øp∂ hr£-sa∂p ]d-™p, F∂phcn-In¬, Cu A¿∞sØ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p {]am-W-sam-∂pan-√m-sXbpw B I\nsb `£n-®-s∏ƒ Ah-cpsS IÆp-Iƒ Xpd-°-s∏´p F∂p ]d™pw Ccn-°-sIm≠v BbXv XosctNcp-I-bn-√.

C\nbpw Fs¥-¶n-ep-am-I-s´, hr£sØ AhnsS hbvIp-IbpwCXns‚ ]gsØ `£n-°-cp-sX∂p hne-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv F¥n-\m-bn´v? Xs‚ hn[n°v AS-ßp-∂Xv KpWw, AS-ßm-ØXv tZmjwF∂p-≈-Xns\ B acw hgn-bmbn Ah¿°v Adn-hp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂p\ncq-]n-®n-´m-Ip∂p F¶n¬ X\n°pw ]c-∑m¿°pw D]-Im-c-s∏-S-Ø-°-Xmb thsd h√ I¬]-\-I-sfbpw I¬]n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Hcpêhpw C√m-Ø-Xmb Cu hrYm-I¬]-\sb I¬]n-®Xv F¥n\v?

AXpw Bflm-°ƒ°v hnth-IsØ sImSp-Ø-XmWv F¶n¬ssZh-am-Ip∂p k¿Δ-Im-c-W-s\∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Ahs‚ hn[nsbA\p-k-cn-°p-∂-XmWp KpW-am-bn-´p-≈-sX∂pw A√m-Ø-Xv tZmj-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ \√-Xn≥hÆw Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ AXn-te-°m-bn v Cu hnj-hr£w thW-sa-∂n-√t√m? thW-sa-¶n¬ ap‡-∑m-cm-b-h¿°pw Cß-s\-bp≈ I¬]-\-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bncp-∂-t√m.

A√m-sX-bpw, Xs‚ B⁄-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sptam C√tbm F∂p]co-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p hnj-hr-£-sØ-h®v hne-°n-t\m°n F∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ apºn¬Iqń Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v k¿Δ-⁄-\-s√∂p h∂p-t]m-Ip-a-t√m.

ssZhw a\p-jy¿°v kzm[o-\sØ sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS t]cn¬ A√msX ssZh-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Ip‰-an-√.F¶n¬,

Hcp ]nXmhv hnth-I-an-√mØ Ipń-Iƒ°p kzm[o-\-Xsb sImSp-°p-Ibpw AXp-tl-Xp-hm-bn v Ah¿ henb tZmj-ßsf sNøp-IbpwsNbvXm¬ B tZmj-ßƒ BcpsS t]cn¬ Ccn°pw? hnth-I-an-√m-Ø-h¿°v kzm[o-\-Xsb sImSp-ØXp \oXntbm? AXpw Ccn-°-s´, ssZhw Xs‚ cq]-am-bn´p krjvSn® a\p-jysc h©n®p sISp-X¬sN-øp-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]nimNv i‡-\m-Iptam? A{]-Imcw ]nimNph∂p tZmj-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ssZhw AhnsS C√m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬


31

k¿Δ-hym-]-I-\-s√-∂pw, AXns\ Adn-™n-s√-¶n¬ k¿Δ-⁄-\-

s√-∂pw, Adn-™n´pw B ]nim-Nns\ JWvUn-∏m≥ Ign-bmsX Ccp-∂p-t]mbn F¶n¬- A-\¥i‡n-bp-≈-h-\-s√∂pw AXn-te°v kΩ-

Xn-®n-cp∂p F¶n¬ Icp-W-bn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw Xo¿®-bm-°mw.

Hcp ZpjvS-arKw h∂p Xs‚ Ip´nsb sIm√p-∂-Xn-\p-Xp-S-ßp-

tºmƒ AXns\ hne-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw {]bm-k-s∏-Sm-sX, hrYmt\m°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-hs\ ]nXmhv F∂p ]d-bmtam? Hcn-°epw

]d-™p-Iq-Sm. B ÿnXn°p \nß-fpsS ssZhsØ k¿Δ-tem-I-]n-Xm-hm-sW∂v \ncq-]n-°p-∂Xpw ]d-bp-∂Xpw icn-bmtWm?

]nim-Nns\ in£n-°p-Ibpw a\p-jysc ap‡n-bn¬ tN¿Øp-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNømw F∂p≈ A`n-{]m-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn Bbn-cp∂p

F¶n¬ hym[n-tbbpw Huj-[-tØbpw kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xv _p≤n-tI-Sm-I-bm¬ AXv Hcp {`m¥-Ir-Xy-am-bn-´m-bn-cn°pw F∂p-am{Xw ]d-

tb-≠n-h-cpw.

C\nbpw a\p-jy-cpsS ip≤nsb \in-∏n-®Xv ]nim-Nm-sW∂p

]d-bp-∂-t√m. B ÿnXn°v aptº-Xs∂ tZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS ip≤nsb\in-∏n®v Cu ]nim-Nm-I-Ø-°-hÆw B°n-Øo¿ØXv thsd Hcp

]nimNv F∂p \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn-te°v A∂v AhnsS A{]-Imcw Hcp ]nimNv C√m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v btlm-hm-Xs∂ F√m-h-

tcbpw sISpØ ]nimNv F∂p ]d-b-s∏-S-Ww.

AXp-Iq-Sm-sXbpw ]nimNv k¿∏-thjw sI´n-h∂p a\p-jysc

tZmj-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-sIm≠v B ]nim-Nns\ i]n-°msX k¿∏-ßsfF√mw i]n-®Xv F¥n\v?

]m]w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp hn[-Ønepw Imc-W-ß-fm-ImØk¿∏-ßƒ F√mw im]-ta‰ ÿnXn°v B ]mt]m-Xv∏-Øn°p t\sc

Imc-W-am-bn-cp∂ ]nimNpw hr£hpw AXp-Isf krjvSn®ssZhhpw im]-ta-ev°msX Hgn-™Xp \oXn-bm-bn- -≈-Xp-X-s∂tbm?

C\nbpw BZn-a-\p-jy¿ tZmjw sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿°p-sIm-SpØ im]w Ah-cpsS k¥-Xn-bn¬ P\n-°p∂ F√m a\p-

jy¿°pw ]‰-Ø-°-hÆw \n›-bn-®-Xns‚ Imc-W-sa-¥mWv?

BZn-]p-kvXIw 6 A. 6˛7 hm. Xm≥ qan-bn¬ a\p-jysc krjvSn-®-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cn-X-]n-®p. AXv btlm-hm-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ thZ-\-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. \mw a\p-jysc krjvSn-®Xv \ap°p ]cn-Xm-]-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

BZn-krjvSn



btlm-hm, C{]-Imcw C—-tbm-Sp-IqSn a\p-jysc krjvSn-®n´v

]ns∂ ]cn-X-]n-®Xv F¥n\v?

Xm≥ krjvSn® a\p-jy¿ ip≤-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°m-sX, ]m]n-I-fmbn

t]mb-Xp-sIm≠v ]cn-X-]n®p F¶n¬,

AXp \ymbw-X-s∂, B a\p-jy¿ ]m]n-I-fm-sb-∂p-am-{X-at√

D≈q. thsd A\ym-b-sam∂pw sNbvXn-√-t√m. Ahsc krjvSn®Xns\-°p-dn®v ]cn-X-]n®v btlmhm Xm≥ krjvSn® ssZh-Zq-X≥

]m]n-bmbpw ]nim-Nmbpw Xo¿∂p F∂p-am-{X-a-√, Xs‚ ASn-a-I-fmb a\p-jy-scbpw tZmj-s∏-Sp-Øn, Xs‚ t]cn¬ A]-Io¿Ønbpw

D≠m-°n-Øo¿Øp, Xs‚ Iev]-\-sbbpw ewLn®v Xm≥ P\n®vIjvS-s∏´p acn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v CS-bm-°n. P\-\-a-c-W-an-√m-Ø-h-s\-

∂p≈ t]cn-s\bpw A\¿∞-h-Øm-°n. Cßs\ F√mw X\n°palm-\m-i-ßsf sNbvXp-sIm≠v B Ahsc krjvSn-®-Xns\ hnNm-

cn®v AXy¥w ]cn-X-]n-°m-\p-≈-Xm-bn-cns° Aev]w-t]mepw AXn-s\-∏‰n ]cn-X-]n-°msX Ccp-∂Xv F¥p-sImt≠m? krjvSn®p XpS-

ßn-bm¬ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ tZmj-ß-sf√mw kw -hn-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xns\apºn¬°q´n Adn-™n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ k¿Δ-⁄-\√ F∂pw Adn-

™p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ir] C√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw]n∂oSp ]cn-X-]n-®Xp I≈-sa∂pw \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

A√m-sXbpw temIØv C∂Xv C∂-t]mse BIp-sa∂v Adn-™n-cp-∂m¬ C∂Xv C∂-hÆw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈ \nb-X-\n-

›-b-hpw-IqSn At∏mƒ sNbvXp-sIm-≈p-I-bn-√tbm? B ÿnXn°pbtlmhm \n›-bn-®-{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ F√mw \S°pw F∂-√msX

CSbv°p sX‰n-t∏m-Iptam? sX‰n-t∏m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ k¿Δ-⁄-Xzhpwk¿h-I¿Ør-Xzhpw C√m-Xm-Ip-a-t√m. Aßs\ H∂pw sX‰n-t∏m-bn-

s√-¶n¬ ka-kvXhpw btlm-hm-bpsS \nb-a-{]-Imcw Xs∂ kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v kI-e-]m-]-ßfpw

hogvN-Ifpw btlm-hm-bpsS t]cn¬ A√msX a\p-jy-cpsS ta¬Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p Xosc \ymbw C√.

BZy-ta-Xs∂ kI-e-sØbpw \n›-bn-®n-cp∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\p{]amWw (]p-Xnb \nb-a-Øn-ep≈ Cu teJ\w ]utemkv At∏m-

kvX-es‚XmIp-∂p. Fs^-tkm-kp-Im¿ F∂mWv ss__n-fns‚]pXnb X¿÷-a-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv) Fs^-kn-b-°m¿ 1-

A. 4˛-hm. \mw ip≤n-bp-≈-h-cmbpw kvt\l-Øn¬ Xs‚ apºmsI


33

Ip‰-an-√m-Ø-h-cmbpw Ccn-t°-≠p-∂-Xn\v Ah≥ temI-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn\p aptº \sΩ Ch-¶¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]Im-cw-Xs∂ Sn (11-˛-hm). Xs‚ a\- ns‚ Btem-N-\-t]m-se-Xs∂ kI-

e-sØbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns‚ \n¿Æ-b-{]-Imcw \mw ap≥ \nb-an-°-s∏- n v Ch-¶¬ \ap°v Hc-h-Imiw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tdmam-°m¿

8˛-A. 28-˛-hm. hnti-jn®pw ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-hcpw Ahs‚ap≥\n-›-b-{]-Imcw hnfn-°-s∏-´-hcpw Bbp-≈-h¿°v F√m Imcy-

ßfpw \∑-bv°m-bn´v Hcp-an®p hym]m-cn-°p∂p F∂p \mw Adn-bp-∂p. tdmam. 8˛A. 29-˛-hm. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah≥ ap≥ Adn-

™-hsc Xs‚ ]p{X≥ At\-I-k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ BZy-Pm-X-\m-bn-cn-t°-≠p-∂-Xn\v Ahs‚ kzcq-]-tØmSv A\p-cq-]-s∏-Sp-hm-\m-bn´p

ap≥\n-›-bn-®p. Sn. 30. Ah≥ Ghsc ap≥ \n›-bn-®pthm Ah-sc-Øs∂ Ah≥ \oXo-I-cn-®p. Ghsc Ah≥ \oXo-I-cn-®pthm Ahsc

Ah≥ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øn. (A-t∏mkvtXm: \S-∏p-Iƒ 2 A. 22 hm.).ssZh-Øns‚ \n›b Btem-N-\-bmepw ap≥ Adn-hn-\mepw Gev∏n-

°-s∏-Sp-I-sIm≠v \nßƒ Ah-s\-∏n-Sn®v ZpjvS-ssI-IƒsIm≠vAhs\ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®p-sIm-∂p. (tdm-am-°m¿ 9˛-A. 22-˛33 hm)]ns∂ ssZhw Xs‚ t{Im[sØ ImWn-∏m\pw Xs‚ i‡nsb

Adn-bn-∏m\pw CjvS-s∏ v \mi-Øn\p tbmKy-amb t{Im[-]m-{X-ßsfhfsc Zo¿L-im-¥-X-tbmSp kln®p F¶n¬ F¥v? Xm≥ al-Xz-

Øn-\p-ap-ºn¬ Hcp-°nb Imcp-Wy-]m-{X-ß-fn¬ Xs‚ al-Xz-Øns‚sFiz-cysØ Adn-bn-∏m\pw CjvS-s∏-´p-sh-¶n¬ F¥v? 2. sX -

tem-\n-b-°m¿ 2.A. 13.-hm. F∂m¬ I¿Øm-hn-\m¬ tkhn-°-s∏´ktlm-Z-c-∑m-sc, \nßsf ssZhw BZn XpSßn Bflm-hn-\m-ep≈

ip≤o-I-c-W-Ømepw kXy-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Ømepw c£bv°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°-sIm-≠v,

Cu hmIy-ß-fn¬ C∂Xv C∂-hÆw \S-Ø-W-sa∂p krjvSn-

Im-eØv BZyw-Xs∂ btlmhm \n›-bn-®n-cp∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v btlm-hm-bpsS \nb-a-{]-Im-cw-X-s∂-bmWv kIe

tZmj-ßfpw kw -hn®Xv F∂p sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬ BssZhw Xm≥ sNbvX ]m]-Øn-te-°p-th≠n Bflm-°sf ZWvUn-

∏n-°p-∂Xv alm A\ym-b-am-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ BZn-krjvSn\n-cq-

]WwsIm≠v ssZh-e-£-W-an-s√∂v km[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p

BZn-krjvSn



Zp¿§pWw


\nß-fpsS btlmhm F∂ ssZh-Øn¬, C√m-Ø-h-bmb k¿Δ-⁄-Xzm-Zn-Kp-W-ßƒ B ssZh-Øn¬ D≈-Xm-bn´v henb I≈w]d™p F∂p-X-s∂-bp-a√ At±-l-Øn-\p-≈-h-I-fmb sshcm-Kyw(ssh-c- m-hw), tIm]w, Akqb, Poh-t{Zm-lw, kvXpXn-{]o-Xn, hymIp-e-Xzw, ZpjvS-Xzw, Ak-Xyw apX-emb henb Zp¿§p-W-ßsf H∂n-t\bpw shfn°p ]d-bmsX ad-®p-sh-®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXt√m?

F∂m¬ Rßƒ ap≥]-d™ Zp¿§p-W-ßƒ F√mw btlm-hbv°v Ds≠-∂p -≈-Xns\, \nß-ƒ kXy -sa∂pssIs°m≠ncn°p∂, ss__nƒ{]-am-WwsIm≠pXs∂ km[n-°mw. ]pd-∏m-Sp-]p-kvXIw (20A. 5hm) Rm≥ sshcm-Ky-ap≈ ssZhw;(Sn. 34 A. 14hm.) sshcm-Kysa∂ \ma-ap≈ btlmhm sshcm-Ky-ap≈ ssZhw; tbmiphm (24˛A. 19˛hm.) Ah≥ sshcm-Ky-ap≈ssZhw F∂n-ßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v sshcm-Ky-ap-≈-h-s\-∂pw,

kwJym-]p-kvX-Iw. (16- -A. 46- -hm) AXn-tIm]w btlm-hm-bpsSk∂n-[n-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v _m[-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (]p-d-∏m-Sv, 32-˛-A. 10-˛-hm). Fs‚ tIm]w Ah¿°p hntcm-[-ambn IØn Rm≥Ahsc \in-∏n-t°-≠p-∂-Xn\v Fs∂ hnSp-I. Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v tIm]-ap-≈-h-s\-∂pw. BZy-]p-kvXIw (3- -A. 22- 23- -hm.)A\-¥cw ssZhw ]d-™p: CXm a\p-jy¿ KpW-tZm-j-ßsf Adn-b-Ø-°-h-\mbn \Ωn¬ Hcp-h-s\-t∏mse Bbn. Ct∏mƒ Ah≥Xs‚ Iøp \o´n Poh-hr-£-Øns‚ I\ntbbpw ]dn®p `£n-®p -kZmIm-ehpw Pohn-®n-cn-°m-Ø-hÆw \nb-an-°-W-sa∂p ]d™p (I-cp-Xn) GZ≥ F∂ tXm´-Øn¬\n∂pw Ahs\ Cd-°n-hn-´p. (B-Zy-]p-kvXIw 11-˛-A.) P\-ßƒ Hcp henb D∂-X-amb tImhn¬ sI´p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xns\ I≠v AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ alm-Io¿Øn AS-bm≥ t]mIp∂p F∂p IcpXn btlmhm Ahsc `n∂n-∏n-®p-I-f-™-Xn-\m¬ Akqb D≈-h-s\-∂pw,


35

(]p-d-∏m-Sp-]p-kvXIw 12-˛-A.) an{kbnw tZi-Øp≈ F√m ISn-

™q¬Ip-´n-I-sfbpw ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bn¬ sIm∂p. ]d-thm-hns‚ lrZ-

bsØ ITn-\-s∏-SpØn Xs‚ Iev]-\sb ssIs°m-≈msX hne-

°n-s°m≠v Ah-s\bpw Ahs‚ tk\-I-sfbpw Xs‚ alna {]Im-

in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n kap-{Z-Øn¬ ap°n-s°m-∂p. (se-hnbm

]pkvXIw 16- -A. 1 -hm.) Xs‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ h∂ Al-tcms‚ ]p{X-

∑msc c≠p-t]sc sIm∂p (i-ap-sb¬ 1˛-]p-kvX-Iw. 25 A. 38-˛-hm.)

\m_m≥ F∂-hs\ ASn-®p-sIm-∂p. ]ns∂bpw C{k-tb¬ P\-ß-

fp-sSbpw a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ At\I Ie-l-ßsf D≠m°n

hfsc sIme-sNbvXp F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm-≠v, Poh-t{Zmln

F∂pw,

Xs‚ alna {]Im-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n {]b-Xv\n®p Xncn-bp-

∂-h-s\∂pw ss__n-fn¬ ]e ÿeØpw ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v

kvXpXn-{]n-b-s\-∂pw,

krjvSn-®-t∏mƒ kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ]cn-X-]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v hymIp-e-Xz-ap-≈-h-s\∂pw (]p-d-∏mSv 1˛-A.) hb-

‰m-´n-I-fmb kn{]mbpw ]qbmbpw (in-^m-dm-]q-hm) I≈w ]d-™-Xp-

sIm≠v Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-®p. (1-˛-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ 22-˛-A.) Hcp Bflm-

hns\ Ab®p I≈w ]d-bn® Blm_v F∂-h-s\bpw Ahs‚

tk\-I-sfbpw sIm∂p F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v Ak-Xy-hm-

s\∂pw, (]p-d-∏mSv 11.-A.)

C{k-tb-ey-∑msc Ab¬°m-tcmSv B`-c-W-ßsf Cc-h¬

hmßn-s°m≠p Hfn®v HmSn-t∏m-I-Ø-°-hÆw sImfp-Øn-hn- p. (2 iap-

th¬ 12- -A.) ZmhoZv F∂-h≥ Ddn-bm-hns‚ mcysb ]nSn-®-Xp-sIm≠v

Zmho-Zns‚ kv{XoIsf Ahs‚ Ab¬°m-c-t\mSp ibn-°m≥ I¬]n-

®p. (B-Zy-]p-kvXIw 20-˛-A. A{_m-lmhpw 26-˛-A.) Ck-lm°pw

I≈w ]d-™-Xns‚ tijw Ahsc in£n-°msX A\p-{K-ln-®p.

(slm-ibm 1 A. 2 hm.) \o sN∂v \n\°p thiym-hr-Øn-bp≈ Hcp

`mcy-tbbpw thiym-hr-Øn-I-fnse ss]X-ß-sfbpw FSp-Øp-sImƒI

F∂n-ß-s\-sb√mw ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v alm-Zp-jvS-X-bp-≈-h≥

F∂pw ImWp-∂p.

C\nbpw ss__nƒ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ImWp∂ btlm-hm-bpsS

Zp¿§p-W-ß-sfbpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw Zp¿hm-°p-I-sfbpw F√mw

Zp¿§pWw



]dI F∂p-h-®m¬ A[n-I-hn-kvXm-c-ambn t]mIp-sa∂pw C{Xbpw

sIm≠v aXn-bm-Ip-sa∂pw IcpXn ChnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p∂p.

C\n (B-Zn-]p-kvXIw 1 A. 26-˛27 hm.) ssZhw Xs‚ cq]-am-

bn´p a\p-jys\ krjvSn®p F∂p ImWp-∂p. At∏mƒ btlmhm

Acq-]ntbm kzcq-]ntbm? Hcn-°epw kzcq-]n-b-√m. Acq-]n-

Xs∂bmWv. F¶n¬ Acq-]-amb kzcq-]-Øn-e-√tbm krjvSn-®n-cn°q.

Ct∏mƒ a\p-jy-sc∂p ]d-b-s∏-´p-h-cp∂ a\p-jy-sc-Ø-s∂-bmWp

krjvSn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂p-h-cp-In¬ krjvSn® ssZhw Acq-]n-b√m

kzcq]n At{X.

sl! Aßs\ A√ Xs‚ kzcq-]-sa∂p ]d-™-Xn-\¿∞w ico-

c-sa-∂√m Bflmhv F∂mWv F¶n¬ btlmhm krjvSn-®Xp ico-

c-sØtbm Bflm-hn-s\-tbm, c≠n-t\-bpw-Iq-Sntbm? BZn-]p-kvXIw

2 A. 7 hm. btlmhm a\p-jys\ aÆp-sIm≠v krjvSn®p Poh-izm-

ksØ aq°n¬°qSn DuXn a\p-jys\ Pohm-flm-hm°n F∂p

ImWp-I-bm¬ krjvSn-®Xv Xs‚ cq]-Øn-se-∂n-cn-°-sIm≠pw

Bflmhv ssZh-Øns‚ Poh-izm-k-am-I-bm¬ AXp krjvSn-°-s∏-´-

X-s√∂v Ccn-°-bmepw Bflm-hn-s\-b√ ico-c-sØ-bmWv krjvSn-

®-Xv. ⁄m\-Øns‚ hSn-hn¬ krjvSn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬

C\nbpw henb tZmjw Ccn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv BZn-a-\p-jys\

⁄m\-Øns‚ cq]-am-bn-´mWp krjvSn-®-sX-¶n¬ Ah\p kzm`m-

hn-I-am-bn´p ⁄m\w {]Im-in-°msX Ccn-°ptam? {]Im-in-®n-cp∂p

F¶n¬ KpW-tZm-j-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bmsX Ccn-°ptam? Adn-™n-

cp∂p F¶n¬ Xs‚ kv{Xo, ]nim-Nmb k¿∏-Øns‚ ssIh-i-s∏-

´p-t]m-Iptam? Ahƒ hi-s∏´p t]mbmepw Ah-fpsS hm°ns\

Ch≥ tIƒ°p-am-bn-cpt∂m? C√-t√m. AXp-sIm≠v kzcq-]-sa-∂Xv

Adn-h-√, ico-cw-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

C\nbpw kzcq-]-sa-∂p-≈-Xn\v A¿∞w Adnhv F∂mWv

F¶n¬ a\p-jy\p I\n Xn∂p-∂-Xn\v apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ⁄m\ta

ssZh-Øn-\p-ffp F∂pw At∏mƒ I\n Xn∂-Xns‚ tijw a\p-jy-

\p-≠mb KpW-tZm-j-⁄m-\w-t]mepw ssZh-Øn-\n-s√∂pw Hcp-thf

Ds≠∂p ]d-bp-∂-]£w btlm-hmbpw Cu I\nsb Ft∏mtgm

Hcn-°¬ Xn∂n-´mWv KpW-tZm-j-⁄m\w h∂n-´p-≈Xv F∂pw,

kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn´v Cu ⁄m\w Cs√∂pw Xo¿®-bmIpw F∂m-

Ip∂p.


37

]ns∂bpw aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m°n F∂pw aq°n¬ DuXn F∂pw

Iev]\ sImSpØp F∂pw ImWp-∂-t√m. CXn-te°v Iøv, hmbv,aq°v Ch-Ifpw, ssZhwhcp∂ i_vZsØ tI´p F∂p ImWp-I-

bm¬ i_vZw tIƒ°p-amdp \S-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Imep-Ifpw Imb≥,t\mhm apX-em-b-h¿°p ImW-s∏´p F∂n-cn-°-bm¬ cq]hpw

IqSmsX Fßs\ BWv? C\nbpw BZw \·-\m-I-sIm≠v e÷n®vHfn-®n-cp∂p F∂ ImWp-∂p. At∏mƒ Acq-]nsb ImWp-∂-Xnt\m

ImWmsX e÷n-°p-∂-Xnt\m B¿s°-¶nepw CS-h-cptam? C√-t√m.CsX-√mw-sIm≠pw t\m°p-tºmƒ btlmhm kzcq-]n-sb-∂p-Xs∂

\n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

BZn-]p-kvXIw 3 A. 8 hm. ]I¬ XWp-∏≈ ka-bØp tXm´-

Øn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ btlmhm F∂n-cn-°-bm¬ btlmhm D®-°m-esØ shbn-ens\ `b-s∏´v Ff-sh-bn-en¬ kpJ-Øn\pth≠n

emØp-∂p-sh∂pw AXp-sIm≠p iotXm-jvW-kp-J-Zpx-Jm-Zn-Iƒ D≈-h-s\∂pw Dd-∏m-Ip-∂p.

C\nbpw ]e-Xp-ap-≠v. Ah-I-sf√mw Ccn-°-s´.

Cßs\ F√mw-sIm≠pw btlm-hbv°p ssZh-e-£-W-an-

s√∂pw Bb-Xn-\m¬ hW-ß-Ø-°-h-s\∂pw al-Xz-ap-≈-h-s\∂pwA¿∞-ap-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ ‘Ftemlnw’ k¿Δ-h-√-`-s\∂v

A¿∞-ap-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ ‘Gen-tbm≥’ X∂m¬Øm\mbnPoh-\p-≈-h≥, \nXy≥, bYm-hm≥, BZy-¥-an-√m-Ø-h≥, am‰-an-√m-

Ø-h≥ Cu A¿∞-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ ‘btlmhm’ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw taepw ssZh-amb-h≥ kI-e-Xn\pw \ymbm-[n-]Xn F∂

A¿∞-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ ‘iZmbn’ F{_m-b- m-j-bn-ep≈Cu \ma-ßfpw ssZh-sa-∂¿∞-ap≈ ‘sXsbm n’ I¿Øm-sh-

∂¿∞-ap≈ ‘Iqdn-tbm n’ {Ko°p- m-j-bn-ep≈ Cu \ma-ßfpw Cu

btlmhmssZh-Øn\p tNcm-Ø-h-bm-Ip∂p F∂pw kv]jvS-am-Ip∂p.

Zp¿§pWw



{InkvXp-N-cnXw

tbip-{In-kvXphpw Aev]w-t]mepw ssZh-Xz-an-√mØ Bfm-

sW∂p ImWn-°mw.

bqtdm-∏p-J-WvU-Øn-ep≈ ]q¿Δ-N-cn-{X-ß-fn¬ tbip-hns‚

ImeØp kw -hn-®n- p≈ kwK-Xn-Isf D≈-{]-Imcw ImetZi-ßsf

\n¿Æ-bn®v Fgp-Xn-h-®Xv sbmkn-tamkv F∂ Bfm-Ip-∂p. tbip-

hm-Is´ bYm¿∞-am-bn v A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cn-°bpw acn-®-hsc Pohn-

∏n-°¬ apX-emb A¤p-X-ßƒsIm≠v P\-ßsf {`an-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂p F¶n¬ sbmkn-tamkv Fgp-Xnb Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]d-

bmsX hn´p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cpt∂m? Hcp-thf Ah-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚

sNhn-bn¬ IS-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. F¶nepw tbip Ipcn-

in-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ]I¬k-abw cm{Xn-k-abw t]mse A‘-Im-c-am-

bn-cp∂p F∂p≈ hnti-j-kw-`-h-sØ-°qSn At±lw Adn-bm-Xn-cp-

∂p-t]mtbm? Hcp-k-abw Aß-s\-bp-an-cn-°-s´. A∂p-≠m-b-Xmbn

]d-b-s∏´ `qI-º-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hm¿Ωbpw At±-l-Øns‚ a\-

n¬\n∂pw Xosc \oßn-t∏mtbm? A{X-bp-a-√, tbip P\n® B≠v,

amkw, XobXn Ch-Isf ss__n-fn¬ ]d-bmsX hn´p-I-f-™-sX-

¥p-sIm≠v? P\n® Znh-k-sØ-°mfpw acn® Znhkw Ahiyw KWn-

°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂n´pw Bb-Xn-s\bpw ]d-™n-´n-√-t√m. \qX-\-

am-bn´v Hcp \£{Xw DZn®v AXn-s\-s°m≠p P\-\-\m-fns\ KWn-

°m-a-t√m. F∂m¬ 11890 kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p-aptº A{]-Imcw Hcp

\£{Xw DZn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn C≥Uym, No\, t]¿jy, bqtdm∏v Cu

ÿe-ß-fn-ep≈ BIm-i-K-Wn-X-im-kv{Xn-am¿ Bsc-¶nepw kΩ-Xn-

°p-∂pt≠m? AXp-an-√. BI-bm¬ tbip Fs∂m-cm-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p

F∂p-≈-Xp-Xs∂ ktμ-l-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

AXn-cn-°-s´, hmkvX-hambn´p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p-Xs∂ hnNm-cn-

°mw. F∂mepw tbip-hns‚ P\\w apXevt° a‰p-≈-h-sc-t∏mse

A√msX thsd Fs¥-¶nepw hnti-j-ap-≠m-bn-cpt∂m? K¿`-Øn-e-


39

I-s∏-Sm-sX-tbm, tbm\o-kw-_‘w IqSm-sXtbm P\nt®m? P\n-®-

t∏mƒØs∂ temI-{]-kn-≤-ß-fmb A¤p-X-ßƒ Fs¥-¶n-ep-ap-

≠mtbm? km[m-cW {]kn-≤-ß-fmb A¤p-X-ßƒ Fs¥-¶nepw

D≠mtbm? km[mW a\p-jy-cq-]-sØ-t∏m-se-b-√msX \mep Xe

F´p ssI Cßs\ h√-hn-[-ap-am-bn-cpt∂m? P\n-®-t∏mƒXs∂

FWo-‰p-\-S∂v D]-Z-in-∏m≥ XpS-ßntbm? hni-∏v, Zmlw, \n{Z, Pew,

aew CuhI D]m-[n-I-tfmSp IqSmsX hf¿t∂m? C√-t√m. ]ns∂

At±lw P\n® aplq¿Ø-hn-ti-jw-sIm≠v BZyw-Xs∂ amXm-hn-

¶¬ ]mXn-{h-Xy-tZm-j-i¶ Btcm-]n-°-s∏´p. c≠m-aXv B Zn°n¬

At∂-Zn-hkw c≠p-h-b- n-\Iw {]mb-ap≈ aqhm-bncw Ip´n-Iƒ

sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw X∂n-anØw P\-ßƒ°p-≠mb hyk-\m-[nIyw

tlXp-hm-bn´v B Zn°p apgp-h\pw iq\y-a-S-™p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ssZh-]p-{X-\mWv P\n-®-sX-¶n¬ AXp-\n-anØw kt¥m-j-s∏-Sp-hm-

\p≈ Zn°p apgp-h\pw Cßs\ hyk\w sIm≠m-Sptam? Hcn-°-ep-

an-√. Bb-Xp-sIm≠p {InkvXp-Xs∂ A\m-Zn-bm-bn´p _‘n® aqe-

Im-c-W-Øm¬ ]q¿Δ-Im-eo\ I¿Ωm-\p-km-c-am-bn´v ambm-Imcyamb

N¿Ωw, c‡w, amwkw, taZ- v, Aÿn, a÷, ipIvfw F∂ k]vX-

[m-Xp-°-sf-s°m-≠p-≠mb ico-csØ FSpØp K¿t`m¬]Øn Bb-

t∏mƒ amXm-hns‚ aqem-·n-sIm≠p X]n® K¿ -k-©n-bn¬ \nd™

\ocn¬ apgpIn hmbp-hn-\m¬ s\cpßn XØ-fn®v amXm-hn-\p-≠mb

hni-∏v, Zmlw apX-emb thZ-\-I-fm¬ IjvS-s∏´p tbm\o-Zzm-c-Øn¬

sRcpßn P\-\-th-Z\ apgp-h\pw A\p-`-hn®p P\n-®p-h-f¿∂v aX-

t{Zmlw, ssZh-Zq-jWw apX-emb ITn-\-]m-X-I-ßsf sNbvXv Ae-

™p-Xn -cn™v 33 -˛mw hb- n¬ Xm≥ sNbvX alm-tZm -j-

ßƒ\nanØw Ipcn-in¬ Xd-bv°-s∏´p \ne-hn-fn®v ]d-™-h-km-\n-

∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ thZ-\-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn acn-®-Xp-sIm≠pw a‰p Imc-

W-ß-fmepw At±lw km[m-c-W-Po-h-∑m-sc-°mfpw ZpjvS-Po-h-\m-

sW-∂p-≈Xp sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

(a¿t°mkv 13-˛-A. 32 hm.) F∂m¬ B \mfn-s\bpw \mgn-I-

sbbpw Ipdn®p ]nXm-h-√msX Hcp-Ø\pw Adn-bp-∂n-√. kz¿§-Øn-

ep≈ ZqX-∑m-cm-Is´ ]p{X≥ (tb-ip) BIs´ Adn-bp-∂n-√. Cu

hmIyw-sIm≠v k¿Δ-⁄-\mb (F-√m-a-dn-™) ssZhw (]n-Xm-hv)

Hcp-Ø-\n-cn-°p-s∂∂pw tbip-hn\v A{]-Im-c-ap≈ i‡n Cs√∂pw

sXfn-hm-I-bm¬ {InkvXp k¿Δ-⁄-\-√.

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



tbip Xs‚ ssZh-kz-`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn \sΩ-t∏mse ]in-Zm-

l-ßfpw _e-lo-\-X-I-fpw D-≈-Xmb Hcp a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-tØbpw

[cn-®n-cp∂p F∂pw {InkvXp-hns\ ss__n-fn¬ ssZh-]p-{X-s\∂pw

a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\∂pw ]d-bp-∂-Xmbpw kz¿§-Øp≈ ZqXcpw ]p{X\pw

IqsS Adn-bp-∂n-s√-∂-√msX ssZh-]p-{X\pw IqsS F∂p ]d-™n-

√-t√m. AXp-sIm≠v a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\-∂mWv AXn\v A¿∞w

tN¿t°-≠-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂p F¶n¬ CXn∂p {]am-Wta C√. AXp

IqSm-sXbpw \nßƒ tbip-hn\v Adn-™p-Iq-sS∂pw s]mXp-th-bp≈

\ymb-amb A¿∞-sØ-b-√msX C{]-Imcw Akw-_-‘-ßsf

hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂Xp Xosc A_-≤-am-bn´p `hn-°pw.

Fßs\ F∂m¬,

ChnsS ssZh-]p-{X-s\∂p ]d-™n-´n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ‘Adn-I-

bn-s√’-∂p≈ hm°ns\ ssZh-kz- m-htØmSp tN¿Øp-IqSm F¶n¬

a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\∂p ]d-™n-´n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-

tØmSpw tN¿Øq-IqSm F∂pw, ssZhw F∂pw a\p-jy≥ F∂pw

IqSmsX shdpw ]p{X-s\-∂p-am{Xw ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠p shdpw

kz`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqsS Xs∂ tN¿°mhq F∂pw At∏mƒ tbip-hns\

ssZh-Xzw, a\p-jXzw CXp-Iƒ c≠pw A√mØ Hcp shdpw-˛-Xzw-˛-

C-ßs\ aq∂v ‘Xz‘ßƒ Ds≠∂pw BbXp ss__n-fn\p hntcm-[-

sa∂pw h∂p-t]m-Ipw.

ta¬]-d™ \mfn-t\bpw \mgn-I-tbbpw a\p-jy-\mWv Adn-bm≥

]mSn-√m-Ø-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Adn-I-bn√ F∂ hm°ns\ a\p-jy-Xz-

tØm-Sp-Xs∂ tN¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv F¶n¬ a\p-jy-cn¬ tPymXn-»m-

kv{X-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ temIm-h-km-\-Imew apX-emb Ime-ßsf \√-

t]mse Adn-™p-sIm-≈p-∂-t√m. ssZh-Xz-Øn-\m¬ am{Xta Adn-

b-s∏- n- p≈p F∂p \nß-fm¬ ]d-b-s∏´ temIm-h-km-\-k-a-b-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w tPymXn-»mkv{X ]WvUn-X-∑m-cnepw Ccn-°-

sIm≠v Ah-cnepw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ssZhXzw Ds≠∂p ]d-

tb-≠-Xm-bn´p t\cn-Spw. ]ns∂ aqV-∑m¿ CXns\ Adn-I-bn-s√∂v

Bt£]w IqSmsX ]d-bmw. AXp-sIm≠v Adn-I-bn-√ F∂p≈

hm°ns\ a\p-jy-Xz-tØmSpw tN¿°m≥ ]mSn√ ˛ aqV-Xz-tØmSpw

tN¿t°-≠-Xm-bnt´ Ccn-°q. B ÿnXn°v Cu hm°ns\ tbip-

hns‚ aqV-Xz-tØmSp tN¿t°-≠-Xm-bn´pw At∏mƒ tbip-hn\p

aqVXzw Fs∂mcp Xzw ˛ IqsS tN¿°-W-sa∂pw \n›-bn-t°-≠n-


41

h-cpw. Hcp-thf tbip hcpw-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v h√Xpw ]d-™n-´p-

≈-Xmbn \n›-bn-®p-sIm-≠m-epw- -C-t∏mƒ km[m-cW IWn-bm-∑mcpw

Nne I¿Æ-b-£n-tk-h-I-∑mcpw Nne tImS-¶n-Ifpw AXp-t]mse

Xs∂ hcpw-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-™p-h-cp-∂Xv {]Xy-£-am-bn-cn-

°-sIm≠v BbXv Hcp hnti-j-ambn Icp-Xn-°q-Sm.

tPymXn-»mkv{Xw Ak-Xyhpw tPym’y-∑m¿ apX-em-b-h¿ I≈-

∑mcpw BIp∂p F¶n¬, {KlWw apX-em-b-hsb C∂-t∏mƒ F√m-

sa∂v ap≥Iq´n I≠p-]n-Sn-°-sIm≠pw a\p-jy¿°v hcm≥ t]mIp∂

kIe A\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v PmXIw \n¿Ωn-°¬ XpS-ßn-bp-

≈h {]Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°-sIm≠pw B hm°v A¬]w-t]mepw km[p-

hm-I-bn-√.

tPym’y-∑m-cm¬ C∂-t∏mƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏- n- p≈ ka-b-Øp-

X-s∂-bmWv temIw Ah-km-\n-°m≥t]m-Ip-∂-sX-∂p-≈Xp {]Xy-

£m-\p- hw A√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Bb-Xns\ hniz-kn-°-bn√m F¶n¬

{Kl-∏n-g-k-a-b-ßƒ, ac-W-\mƒ, £ma-Im-ew, {Kl-W-ßƒ apX-em-

bh tPym’y-∑m¿ C∂-t∏m-sg-√m-sa∂p ]d-™m¬ AXn≥hÆw

HØp-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v temIm-h-km-\-k-a-bhpw Ah-cpsS IW-°p-

{]-Imcw H°p-∂-Xm-sW∂p hniz-kn-°m≥ am¿§-an-cn-s°, Bb-Xns\

hniz-kn-°-bn-s√∂pw ss__n-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ temIm-h-km-\-Im-e-

tØbpw \ymb-hn-Nm-c-W-tbbpw Ipdn®p ]e-hn-[-amb X¿°-ßfpw

XI-cm-dp-Ifpw t\cn´pw hniz-kn-°-Ø-°-Xmb bmsXmcp Imc-Whpw

{]Xy-£m-\p-`-hhpw C√m-sXbpw Ccp-∂n´pw Bb-Xns\ hniz-kn-

°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥v A\ym-b-amWv? A√m-sXbpw tZh-

Zq-X-∑mcpw ]p{X-\pw-IqsS Adn-I-bn-s√-∂p˛ Xpey-am-bn´p ]d-™n-

cns° \nßƒ ]p{Xs\ am{Xw hnti-j-s∏-SpØn FSpØp ]d-bp-

∂Xv B hmIy-Øn-\pwIqSn hncp-≤-am-Ip-∂p. C\nbpw Adn-I-bn-s√-

∂p-≈Xv Adn-bn° Cs√-∂pw-IqSn A¿∞-an-cn°pw F∂p ]d-™p-

sIm-≠mepw AXpw \n›-b-am-bn´p tZh-Zq-X-∑m¿°pw IqSn ]‰pw.

]ns∂bpw Ipg-°m-bn-´p-Xo-cpw. Fß-s\-sb√mw D]mbw t\m°n-

bmepw k¿Δ-⁄Xzw Cs√-∂p-≈-Xn\v Dd-∏-√msX Cf°w A¬]w-

t]mepw hcp-∂-X√m. CXn-te°v CXm H∂p-IqSn ImWn-®p-t]m-Ip-

∂p. (a¿t°mkv 11 A. 13 hm.) (Ce-I-fp≈ Hcp AØn-a-csØ Zqc-

Øp-\n∂v I≠v AXn¬ h√Xpw In´ptam F∂p h®v sN∂v AXn-\-

cnsI FØn-b-t∏mƒ Ce-Iƒ A√msX H∂pw I≠n-√m, AØn-∏-g-

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



ß-fpsS kabw At∏m-g-√m-™p.) Cu hmIyw-sIm≠pw km[m-cW

a\p-jy-sc-t∏m-se-Xs∂ tbip-hn\pw ASp-Øp-sN∂p t\m°p-∂-Xn\p

apºv Adn™psIm≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈ k¿Δ-⁄m\w Cs√∂p \n›-

b-am-Ip-∂p.

tl Aß-s\-b√m; tbip CsXm-cp-]-a-bm-bn´p ]d-™-Xm-Wv.

Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ Ce-I-fp≈ Hcp AØn-a-csØ Zqc-Øp-\n∂pw

I≠Xv Zqc-am-Ip∂ kz¿§-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pjvSn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂ Pdp-

k-e-ans\ I≠-Xn\pw AXn¬ h√Xpw I≠p-In´pw F∂p-h®v AXn-

\-cnsI sN∂Xp Pdp-k-e-ay-cn¬ \ymbw, I\n-hv, hnizmkw apX-

emb \√ e-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°ptam F∂v ASp-Ø-t\z-jn-®-Xn\pw

Ce-Iƒ A√msX H∂pw ImWm-™Xv C{km-tb-ey-cn¬ am¿§-

Øns‚ ]pd-sa-bp≈ BNm-c-ß-fmb shdpw thj-a-√msX hnizm-

k-Øns‚ e-ßƒ bmsXm∂pw C√m-Ø-Xn\pw AØn-∏-g-ß-fpsS

Imew At∏m-f-√m™p F∂Xv Pdp-k-tew, Xs‚ kμ¿i-\-Im-

esØ Adn-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\pw C\n \n¶¬\n∂v Ft∂°pw Bcpw

^ew Xn∂-cp-sX∂v tbip i]n-®Xp \n∂n¬ I√n-t∑¬ I√p-ti-

jn-°m-Xn-cn-°pw-\m-fp-Iƒ hcp-sa-∂-Xn-\pw, DSs\ AØn DW-ßn-

t∏m-bXp Pdp-k-te-ans‚ \mi-Øn\pw AS-bm-f-am-Ip∂p F∂p ]d-

™mepw k¿Δ-⁄m-\-an-s√-∂p-≈-Xn\v A[n-I-ÿn-c-X-b-√msX

Ipdhv Aev]w-t]mepw ImWp-∂n-√. Fßs\ F∂m¬ shdpw thj-

a-√msX I\n-hv, hnizmkw apX-em-bh C√mØ Pdp-k-te-aysc kz¿§-

Øp-\n∂pw ImWp-∂-Xn\p apºn¬Øs∂ Ah-cpsS hmkvX-hsØ

Adn-bp-∂-XmWv k¿Δ-⁄m-\-Øns‚ e£-Ww. AXp-t]m-bn´v

kz¿§-Øp-\n∂pw I≠-t∏m-sg-¶n-ep-a-dnt™m? AXpw C√. ASp-Øp-

sN∂v At\z-jn-®-Xns‚ tij-at√ Adn-™p-≈q. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v

CXv k¿Δ-⁄m-\-e-£-W-am-sW-¶n¬ F√m-h-tcbpw k¿Δ-⁄-∑m-

sc∂pXs∂ ]d-bmw. A√m-sXbpw Pdp-k-te-ans\ i]n-®Xv henb

A\ym-b-a-√tbm? hnizmkw apX-em-b-hsb D≠m-°p-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-

flm-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bmb sXmgn-em-bn-cns° A{]-Imcw sNbvXp \∂m-

°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ A√tbm i]n-°m-\p-≈Xv? A{X-bp-a-

√, AØn-a-csØ i]n-®-XmWv AXnepw hnti-j-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. CsX-

s¥mcp {`m¥v! IjvSw! IjvSw! km£m¬ kz¿§-Øn-en-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

C√mØ k¿Δ-⁄m-\hpw hI-Xn-cn-hp-amtWm tbip-hn\p qan-bn¬

h∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ D≠mbn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv? C\n-bpw,


43

(eq-t°mkv 22. A. 43 hm.) BIm-i-Øp-\n∂v Hcp tZh-Zq-X≥

h∂v Ahs\ _e-s∏-SpØn (tbm-l-∂m≥ 11-˛-A. 58-˛-hm) tbip

blq-Z-∑msc `b-s∏´v Hfn-®p-\-S∂p F∂p ImWp-I-sIm≠v k¿Δ-

I¿Xr-Xzhpw kzmX-{¥y-hpw D≈-h-\√m (`-b-∂-h-\m-Ip-∂p).

aØmbn 26-˛-A. 37, 38 hm. tbip-\m-Y≥ ZpxJ-s∏´v AXn-hy-k-

\-s∏´p XpS-ßn. Fs‚ Bflmhp ac-Ww-h-scbpw alm-Zpx-J-s∏-ń-

cn-°p∂p F∂p ImWp-I-bm¬ tbip ka-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-\-s√∂pw

ZpxJ-sØ-°p-dn®p t]Snbpw kpJ-sØ-°p-dn®p Imahpw D≈-h-\m-

sW∂pw h∂p-t]m-I-bm¬ \nXym-\-μ-\√. (a-Ømbn 12 A. 17-˛-hm.)

I≠m-epw, Rm≥ Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-´p≈ Fs‚ `rXy≥, Fs‚

kvt\ln-X≥, Fs‚ Bflmhv Ah-¶¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p tbip-

hn-s\-°p-dn®v btlmhm ]d-™-Xm-bn´pw (eq-t°mkv 13- -A. 35- -hm.)

I¿Øm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ hcp-∂-h≥ A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´-h≥ F∂pw

ImWp-I-bm¬ tbip ssZh-Øns‚ CjvShpw A\p-{K-lhpw kn≤n®

Hcp `rXy-s\-∂p-am{Xw sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

(a-Ømbn 23-˛-A. 46-˛-hm) hnti-jn®pw tbip- ]n-Xmth! \ns‚

ssII-fn¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ Bflm-hns\ G¬]n-°p-∂p. (a-Ømbn 26-

˛-A. 39-˛-hm.) Fs‚ ]nXmth! Rm\n-—n-°pw-t]m-se-b√ \o C—n-

°pw-t]m-se-b-t{X, F∂p tbip ]d-™-Xmbn ImWp-I sIm≠p

Xs‚ Bflm-hn\v DS-b-h\pw c£n-Xm-hp-am-bn´v ]nXmhv (ssZ-hw)

Hcp-Ø-\p-s≠∂pw Xm≥ ssZh-a-s√∂pw Xs‚ C— t]mse H∂pw

ên-°-bn-s√∂pw ên-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ssZh-tØm-S-t]-£n-°-W-

sa∂pw kn≤n-°p-∂p. A-t±lw X\n®v P]-[ym\w sNbvhm≥ Hcp

ae-bpsS apI-fn¬ Ibdn F∂pw tbip-hns\ Ipcn-in¬ Xd-®n´v P\-

ßƒ ]cn-l-kn-®-t∏mƒ (a-Ømbn 27- -A. 46- -hm) “Gen, Gen, emam

i_-‡m\n” (A¿∞w: Fs‚ ssZhta! Fs‚ ssZhta! F¥p-

sIm≠p \o Fs∂ ssIhn-´Xv?) F∂p tbip D®-Øn¬ \ne-hn-

fn®p ]d-™-Xmbpw ImWp-∂p. CXn-\m¬ tbip km[m-c-W-a-\p-

jy-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ ac-W-sØ-°p-dn®p bhpw {àhpw D≈-h-\mbpw

\ne-hn-fn-®-Xp-sIm≠v thZ-\sb kln-∏m≥ ss[cyhpw i‡nbpw

C√m-Ø-h-\mbpw k¿Δ-i-‡-\-√mØ A¬]-tZ-h-Xsb tkhn-®-Xp-

sIm≠v Ah-km-\-Im-eØv \ncm-[m-c-\mbpw Xs‚ hnizm-khpw B{K-

lhpw hn^-e-ß-fmbpw `hn®p F∂p kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



(a-Ømbn 20-˛-A. 20-˛23˛-hm.) sk_-Xn-]p-{X-∑m-cpsS AΩ Ah-

fpsS ]p{X-∑msc A\p-{K-ln-°-W-sa∂v tbip-hn-t\mSp bmNn-®-Xns‚

tijw AXv Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-\m¬ B¿°v Hcp-°-s∏-Sp-∂pthm

Ah¿°-√msX Xcp-hm≥ F\n-°p-≈-X√ F∂p ]d-™-Xm-bn´p

ImWp-∂p. CXn-\m¬ B¿°pw H∂pw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-te°v tbip-

hn\p Ign-I-bn-s√∂v X∂-Øm≥ kΩ-Xn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kwK-Xn-

I-sf-s°m≠p t\m°p-tºmƒ tbip-hm-Is´ A¬]hpw kzmX{¥yw

IqSmsX as‰mcp ssZhsØ tkhn®v Ahs‚ \mawsIm≠p alna

kn≤n®v Ah-\m-bn´v Xs‚ {]m-W-ßsf sImSpØv Ah-\m¬ t{]cn-

°-s∏´v Ahs‚ C—-t]mse F√mw sNbvXp {]m¿∞n®v Ahs‚

I¬]-\-{]-Imcw \n¬°p∂ ASn-a-bm-Ip∂p F∂p \n›-bw.

tbip a\p-jy-Xzhpw ssZh-Xzhpw D≈-h-\m-I-sIm≠v, ta¬∏-

d™ kwK-Xn-I-sf√mw At±-l-Øns‚ a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\p tN¿∂-h-

bm-Ip∂p F¶n¬, BbXp Xosc tN¿®-bm-Ip-∂n-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-

∂m¬, tbip-hn¬ shdpw a\p-jyXzw am{X-a-√msX ssZh-Xz-hpw-Iq-

Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ At±lw kv\m\w-sNbvXt∏mƒ ]hn-{Xm-

flmhv BIm-i-Øn¬\n∂p {]mhns‚ cq]-am-bn v At±-l-Øn-s‚-ta¬

{]th-in-°p-Ibpw At±lw hymIpe-\mbn `hn-°p-I-bpw, tZh-Zq-X-

\m¬ _e-s∏-Sp-Øs∏-SpIbpw, acn-°p-tºmƒ ssZhta Fs∂ F¥p-

sIm≠v ssIhn´p F∂p ]d™p \ne-hn-fn-°p-I-bpw, ssZh-Øn-\m¬

tkh-I-s\∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A√m-

sXbpw km[m-c-W-P-\n-®p-h-f¿∂v Fs¥ms° A¬]w {]kw-Kn-®p-

sIm-≠p-\-S-∂-Xmb Hcp a\p-jy-\n¬ ssZh-Xzw-IqSn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂v A¬]w-t]mepw aXn-bmb ImcWw IqSmsX ]d™p km[n-

∏m≥ D’m-ln-®p-t\m-°p-∂Xp tNcp-∂n√; tNcp-I-bp-an-√.

aXn-bmb Imc-W-ßƒ D≠v. Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ ssZhw tbip-

hns\ Xs‚ ]p{X-s\∂pw Xm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXm-sh∂pw ]d-

™n-cn-°-sIm≠v tbip-hn\v ssZh-Xz-ap-s≠∂v km[n-°m-a-t√m-sb-

¶n¬,

(tbm-l-∂m≥ 10 A. 33 apX¬ 36 hsc hm.) blq-Z-∑mcv tbip-

hn-t\mSv a\p-jy-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ \o Ft¥ \ns∂-Øs∂ tZh≥ F∂v

]d-bp-Ibpw tZhs\ Zpjn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂p IS∂p tNmZn-

®-t∏mƒ Ah-tcmSv DØ-c-am-bn v “\nßƒ ssZh-ß-fm-Ip∂p” F∂p

Rm≥ ]d™p F∂v \nß-fpsS thZ-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂n-


45

√tbm? ssZh-Øns‚ hN\w B¿°p-≠mtbm Ah¿ ssZh-ßƒ

F∂v Ah≥ sNm√p∂p F¶n¬ (thZ-hm-Iytam ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥

Ign-bp-I-bn-√-t√m). ]nXmhv ip≤-am°n temI-Øn¬ Ab-®n-´p-≈-

Fs∂-°p-dn®v ‘Rm≥ ssZh-Øns‚ ]p{X-\m-Ip-∂p’. F∂v \nß-

tfmSp ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v \o ssZh-Zq-jWw ]d-bp∂p F∂v \nßƒ

]d-bp-∂pthm? (tbm-l-∂m≥ 20 A. 17 hm.) Fs∂ sXmS-cp-Xv. F¥p-

sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Rm≥ Fs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ASp-°-te°v CXp-h-scbpw

Itc-dn-t∏m-bn-√. F∂m¬ \o Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS ASp-°¬

t]mbn´p Rm≥ Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw \nß-fpsS ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw

Fs‚ ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw \nß-fpsS ssZh-Øns‚bpw ASp-°¬ Itc-

dn-t∏m-Ip-∂p F∂p ]d-I. CXm tbip-hns‚ Cu Hcp hmIyhpw

t]msctbm? CXn¬ kwibw AdØp ]d-™p-I-f-™-t√m (tbip

ssZh-a-s√-∂v). CXp-sIm≠v a‰p-≈-h¿°v GXmtWm ssZhw AXp-

Xs∂ tbip-hn\pw ssZh-sa∂pw tbip-hn\v BcmtWm ]nXmhv

Ah≥Xs∂ a‰p-≈-h¿°pw ]nXmhv F∂pw \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. (b-d-

anb 31 A. 9 hm.) Rm≥ C{k-tben\v ]nXmhpw F{_mlnw Fs‚

ISn-™qepw BIp∂p F∂v btlmhm ]d-™-Xmbn´pw D≠v.

C\nbpw ss__n-fn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw CXp-t]mse ImWmw. AXp-

sIm≠v a‰v ]e-tc-bpw, ]p{X-∑m-sc∂v ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tbip-

hn-t\bpw ]p{X-s\∂v Hcp D]-Nm-c-am-bn´p ]d-™p-sh-∂-√msX CXn-

te°v At±-l-Øn-\p-am{Xw {]tXy-In®v bmsXmcp hnti-j-Xbpw

ImWp-∂n-√. Cu ÿnXn°p ssZh-]p-{X≥ F∂p ]d-™-Xns\ Imc-

W-am°ns°m≠p ssZhw-Xs∂ F∂p \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F¶n¬

ta¬∏-d-b-s∏´ ssZh-]p-{X-∑mcpw IqSn ssZh-ß-fm-sW∂pw

F{_mlnw aqØ-]p-{X-\m-I-bm¬ aqØ ssZh-sa∂pw B apdbv°v

IS-in-bn-ep-≈-h-\m-I-sIm≠v tbip F√m-t]-cnepw Cf-b-]p-{X\pw

Cf-b-ssZ-h-hp-am-Ip-∂p F∂pw At∏m-ƒ At\-I-ssZ-h-ßfpw

Ds≠∂v h∂p-t]m-Ipw. BbXv ]cn-lm-k-Øn-\n-S-bmbn´p hn-°pw.

C\nbpw adn-b-sa∂ I\y-I-bn¬ `¿Ør-kw-tbmKw IqSmsX

P\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v tbip-hn\p tZhXzw Ds≠∂phcmw. F¶n¬,

B kv{Xosb tbmk-∏n\p `mcy-bm-bn´p \nb-an-°-s∏-´-Xn\p

tijw K¿`w [cn-®-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-\m¬ BIs´ thsd BIs´

tNc-s∏- p-Xs∂ K¿`w [cn-°-W-sa-∂-√msX tNcm-sX-bm-sW∂p ]d-

bp-∂-sX-ßs\?

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



tbmtk∏pw adn-bhpw euInI Bisb Xosc XyPn®p ac-

Ww-hsc tNcm-sX-Xs∂ a\x-]q¿Δ-am-bn´p Xt]m-hr-Øn-bn-en-cp∂p

F¶n¬ Ah¿ hnhm-l-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-S-W-sa-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂-t√m,

A√m-sXbpw (a-Ømbn 1 A. 25 hm.) Ahƒ Ah-fpsS {]Y-a-]p-

{Xs\ {]k-hn-°p-thm-fw Ah≥ Ahsf Adn-bm-tX-bn-cp∂p F∂-

Xp-sIm≠v aqØ-a-Is\ s]‰-Xns‚ tijw tN¿∂p-sh∂pw (tbm-l-

∂m≥ 2 A. 12 hm.) AXn-s‚-tijw Ah\pw Ahs‚ ktlm-Z-c-

∑mcpw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw B{K-l-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p

F∂-√msX B{K-lsØ XyPn-®-h-c-s√∂pw sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v

]ns∂ tN¿∂Xp t]mse-Xs∂ apºnepw tN¿∂n-cn-°pw, F∂p-X-

s∂-bp-a√ hnhmlw \nb-an-°-s∏´ Znhkw apX¬ Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw

Hcp ÿe-Øp-X-s∂-bmWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-

∂n´pw Ah¿ tN¿∂n-´n-s√∂v \nßƒ°v Fß-s\-b-dnbmw?

Ah¿Xs∂ A{]-Imcw ]d™p F¶n¬ AXv Ah-cpsS A`n-am-

\sØ c£n-°p-∂-Xnt\m thsd Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-Øn-t\m-th≠n

A{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cn-°mw. AXp-sIm≠v \nßƒ C{]-Imcw kn≤m-

¥n®p ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b-√.

tbip-hns‚ injy-∑m¿, Xß-fpsS Kpcp-hns\ kvXpXn-°p-∂-

Xn-\m-bn´v tbip acn®v F{Xtbm kwh-’-c-ßƒ Ign-™-Xn-\p-

tijw Fgp-Xnb I≈-°-Y-Isf Fß-s\-bmWv hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv?

BI-bm¬ adnbw ]pcp-j-t\mSp tNcmsX ]p{Xs\ {]k-hn®p

F∂p-≈Xv ip≤ta I≈-am-I-sIm≠v AXp-tl-Xp-hm-bn v tbip-hn\p

ssZhXzw km[n-®p-Iq-Sm. AsXm-cp-thf kXy-sa∂p IcpXns°m

≠mepw a\p-jy-cn¬ h®v Hcp hnti-j-a-\p-jy≥ F∂-√msX P\n-

∏n-°-s∏-´-hs\ alm-ssZ-h-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tNcm-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.

C\n tbip-\m-Y≥ P∑-]m-]-kw-_‘w IqSmsX P\n®p F∂p

\nß-ƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. BZn-a-\p-jy≥ sNbvX ]m]w hn´p-t]mIm-X-

sIm≠v Ahs‚ k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ tNcp-sa∂v ssZh-\n-baw Ccn-°-

sIm≠pw tbip F∂ Bfpw B BZn-a-\p-jys‚ k¥-Xn-bn¬\n-

∂p≠mb adn-b-Øns‚ DZ-c-Øn¬ Ah-fpsS timWn-X-Im-cy-i-co-cn-

bmbn P\n-®-h-\m-I-sIm≠v P∑-]m]w kw_-‘n-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-

te°p ktμ-l-an-√. At±lw ]cn-ip-≤-\m-I-bm¬ ]m]w kw_-‘n-

°-bn-√m-sb-¶n¬ P\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-aptº ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p∂

Poh-∑msc F√m-h-scbpw P\n-°p-tºmƒ P∑-]m]w ]nSn-Iq-Sp-sa-∂-


47

Xp-sIm-≠pw, ssZhw ]£-]mXn A√m-Ø-h-\m-I-sIm≠pw P∑-]m]w

kw_-‘n-°-bn√m F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp Xosc bp‡-am-Ip-∂n-√.

“ssZhta Fs∂ ssIhnt´m” F∂p \ne-hn-fn®pw “Fs‚ Pohs\

\ns‚ ssII-fn¬ Gev]n-°p∂p” F∂p ]d™p acn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v,

At±lw ssZh-Øns‚ Ir]sb At]-£n-®n-´p≈ Hcp-h-\m-Ip-∂p.

Xm≥ ssZh-am-Ip∂p F∂v tbip Xs∂-Øms\ ]d-™n-´pt≠m

F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p ss__n-fns\ Bbncw {]mhiyw adn®pw Xncn®pw

t\m°n-bmepw Hcn-SØpw Hcp acp-∂n-s\-¶nepw Aev]w ImWp-I-

bn√. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Fß-s\-bmWv GXv {]am-WsØ A\p-k-

cn-®mWv tbip-hns\ ssZh-sa∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv?

Xm≥ ssZh-am-sW∂p X∂-Øms\ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-te°v tbip-

hn\p {]nb-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v A{]-Imcw ]d-bm-Xn-cp∂p F¶n¬

tbip-hn\p {]nb-an-√m-ØXpw hntcm-[hpw Xm≥ ]d-™n-´n-√mØ

Xpamb Cu hnUvVnØw F¥n-\mWv a‰p-≈-h¿ D≠m°n ]d-™p-

sIm≠p \S-°p-∂Xv?

tbip X∂-Øms\ a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v k©-

cn-®t√m AXv F¥mWv? a\p-jy-\m-b-h≥ Xm≥ a\p-jy-\m-sW∂p

]d-™p-sIm≠p \S-°m-dn-√-t√m. AXp-sIm≠p tbip Cßs\ ]d-

™Xp-Xs∂ Hcp hnti-j-ap-≠m-bn- mWv F∂v \nß-fn¬ Nne¿ ]d-

bp-∂p-≠v.

icn-X-s∂. AXn¬ hnti-j-an-cn-°p∂p Fs¥∂m¬ X®-\mb

tbip km[m-cW A¬]-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ]Tn-∏n-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb P\-

ß-fn¬ Nnesc ssIh-i-s∏-SpØn, Ah-tcmSp Xm≥ ssZh-]p-{X-\m-

sW∂pw ssZh-Øm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏- -h-\m-sW∂pw ]d-™p-sIm≠v

\S-∂-Xn\v hntcm-[n-I-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿ Fhn-sS-h-®mWv I≠p-]n-Sn®p

sXm¥-chp sNøp-∂-sX-∂-dn-™n√m F∂n-ßs\ `b-s∏-´p. AXn-

te-°p-]m-b-am-bn-´t{X a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\∂p ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv. CXp-X-

s∂-bmWv AXn¬ Ccn-°p∂ hnti-jw. tbip Nne ka-b-ß-fn¬

blq-Z-∑msc I≠v Hfn®p If-™-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv CXn-te°p ZrjvSm-

¥-hpw.

(a-Ømbn 16-˛-A. 27, 28 hm.) a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚

al-Xz-Øn¬ Xs‚ ZqX-∑m-cpambn hcpw At∏mƒ Ah≥ Gh\pw

Ah-\-hs‚ {]hr-Øn°p X° ]Icw \¬Ipw. a\p-jy-]p-{X≥ Xs‚

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



cmPy-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xp ImWp-thmfw ac-WsØ Bkz-Zn-°m-Ø-h¿

Nne¿ Cu \n¬°p-∂-h-cn¬ D≠v F∂v tbip ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

CsX-s¥-∂m¬ ss__n-fn≥{]-Imcw 21890 kwh-’-c-Øn\p

apºn¬ tbip-{InkvXp Cu temI-Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ AhnsS

D≠m-bn-cp∂ P\-ß-tfmSv \nß-fn¬ Nne¿ Poh-t\msS Ccn-°p-

tºmƒXs∂ temI-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Imew hcp-sa∂pw At∏mƒ

\ymb-hn-Nm-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw AXns\ Ah¿ ImWp-sa∂pw

A¿∞am-Ip-∂p.

tbip A{]-Imcw ]d™ ÿnXn°v A°m-e-Øn-cp-∂-h-cn¬

Nne¿ Ct∏m-gn-cn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ Bb-h¿°p Ipd™

]£w 1890 hb v ImWpw. A{X-tØmfw htbm-[n-I-∑m¿ Ct∏m-gn-

√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw Ah¿ acn®v GI-tZiw 1790 kwh-’-c-am-bn-cn-

°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠pw temIm-h-km-\hpw \ymb-hn-Nm-c-W-Im-ehpw

C\nbpw Bbn-´n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw tbip shdpw \pW-bmWv ]d-

™-sX-∂p-IqSn \n›-bn-°mw.

bqtdm-∏p-J-WvU-Øn¬ Cu hmIysØ kXy-sa∂p hniz-kn®v

{InkvXy-∑m-cn¬ At\Iw t]¿ {InkvXp P\n®v 1000-˛mw kwh-’-c-

Øn¬ temIm-h-km-\-Imew h∂p-t]m-sb∂v b-s∏ v ]{X-ß-sf-gpXn

Fßpw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-∂-Xn¬ Gsd-°psd Sn. JWvUw apgp-

h\pw A°m-eØv CXp-Xs∂ Hcp henb tLmj-am-bn-cp-∂p.

CXns\ tI´-h-sc√mw _‘-s∏´ ]mXn-cn-am-cpsS ASp-°¬sN∂v

A`-bw-hoWv ip{iqj sNbvXp-h-∂p. A°m-eØv ssk\y-tØm-Sp-

IqSn t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Hcmƒ kqcy-{K-l-W-ap-≠m-b-Xn-s\-°≠v

“Hmtlm temIm-h-km\w Bcw-`n-®p-t]m-bn. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-

bmWv kqcy≥ ad-bp-∂-Xv. C\n sNdp-Xp-sN-dp-Xm-bn´v ka-kvXhpw

ad-™p-t]m-Ipw” F∂p \n›-bn®v G‰hpw b-s∏´v B a\p-jy\pw

ssk\yhpw Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw I≠ I≠ Zn°p-I-fn-te°v HmSn.

B ka-bØv At\I P\-ßƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS _‘p-°-sfbpw

kzØp-°-tf-bp-ap-t]-£n-®n´v ]me-kvXo-\n¬ {InkvXp h∂p c£n-

°p-sa∂p hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ahn-tS°v HmSn-t∏m-bn. Bbn-S-bn¬

kqcy-{K-l-Wtam N{μ-{K-l-Wtam D≠m-bm¬ temImhkm\w h∂p-

t]m-sb∂pw sNm√n Zn°p-hn-t´mSn Kpl-I-fnepw a‰pw Hfn-®n-cn°

hg-°-am-bn-cp-∂p. `qtKm-f-J-tKm-f-im-kv{X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn-

√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw {InkvXp-hns\ ssZh-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v


49

At±lw ]d™ samgn-Isf kXy-sa∂p hniz-kn-®-Xp-sIm≠pw

BIp∂p Cu A\¿∞w h∂-Xv. AsX√mw F¥n\p ]d-bp∂p!

\mK-cn-I-ap≈ C°m-e-ß-fnepw Nne {InkvXy-∑m¿ 1881-˛mw h¿jw

B hmIysØ hniz-kn®v `b-s∏-´-Xns\ F√m-hcpw Adn-™n-cn-∏m-

\n-S-bp-≠-t√m. Ct∏mgpw Nne sNdnb ]{Xn-I-I-fn¬ {InkvXp CXm

hcp∂p! taL-Øn≥ \Spth hcp∂p! I≈-t\-t∏mse hcp∂p! CXm

h∂p-t]mbn! F∂n-ßs\ FgpXn b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. hniz-kn-∏m≥

Bcp-an-s√-¶nepw Ah¿ Aev]hpw e÷-Iq-SmsX Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn¬

\n∂pw ]n∑m-dp-∂n-√. AXp-an-cn-°-s´, ta¬°m-Wn® \ymb-ß-sf-

s°m≠v tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-a-s√∂pw At±lw apJm-¥ncw a\p-

jy¿°v Cl-]-c-kp-J-ßƒ bmsXm∂pw kn≤n-∏m≥ CS-bn√ F∂pw

\n›-b-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.

C\n Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n tbip-hns‚ A`n-{]mbw Fß-s\-

bm-sW-∂p-IqSn H∂p t\m°n-°-f-bmw.

(a-Ømbn 7 -A. 21- -hm) Ft∂mSp I¿Ømth I¿Ømth F∂p

]d-bp-∂-h≥ F√mw kz¿§-cm-Py-Øn¬ IS-°-bn-√. kz¿§-ÿ-\mb

Fs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ CjvSw sNøp-∂-h-\-t{X. CXn-\m¬ Xm≥ ssZh-

a-s√∂pw I¿Ømhv F∂p ]d-bp∂ Hcp-h\pw kz¿§Øp FØp-I-

bn-s√∂p tbip Xs∂-Øms\ kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-≠-Xmbn sXfn-bp-∂p.

Hcp-h≥ tbip-hns\ \√-h-s\∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ tbip Ah-

t\mSv (a-Ømbn 19- -A. 17- -hm.) Fs∂ \√-h-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥v?

ssZhw Hcp-h-s\m-gnsI \√-h≥ Hcp-Ø\pw C√. CXm, C\n F¥p-

thWw? CXn-te°v C{Xbpw t]msc-¶n¬ ss{X-I-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p

]d-bp∂ {]I-c-W-ßƒ I≠p-sIm-ƒI. sl! Aß-s\-b-√, tbip-

hns\ \√-h-s\∂p hnfn-®-h≥ tbip-hns\ km£m¬ ssZh-sa-

∂p≈ hnizmkw IqSmsX Ccp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw tbip F√m-h-cp-sSbpw

D≈n-en-cp-∏n-t\bpw hcp-hm≥t]m-Ip∂Xnt\bpw F√mw Adn-bp-∂-

h-\m-I-sIm≠pw Ahs‚ Ahn-izm-k-hn-fnsb Xm≥ ssIs°m-≈msX

\ntj-[n-®-Xm-Ip∂p F¶n¬, Cu kam-[m-\-Øn\p hmIy-{]-am-Wta

C√. Hcp-thf Ds≠∂p \ncq-]n-®p-sIm-≠mepw tbip-hn\v A\y-lr-

Z-b-hn-Nm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-™p-Iq-sS-∂p-≈Xv \n›-b-am-Wv. Fs¥-

∂m¬ ]Whpw hmßn-®p-sIm≠v tbip-hns\ sIm√p-∂-Xn-te°v

ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-h-\mb bqZm-hns‚ Ahn-izm-ksØ Adn-™p-

sIm-≈msX Ahs\ Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp-h-\m°n h®p-sIm-≈p-Ibpw

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



Ahs‚ NXn-hns\ Adn™ X¬£-Ww-Xs∂ a\-s -cn™v

s]s´∂v Ahs\ i]n-°bpw sNbvX-Xp-sIm-≠-s{X. C\nbpw At\-I-ap-≠v. Ahn-S-hnsS I≠p-sIm-≈mw.

C\nbpw tbip-\m-Y≥ ]e-{]-Im-c-Ønepw A¤p-X-ßsfsNbvXn-´p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v ssZhw F∂p hnNm-cn-°m-a-t√m. F¶n¬tbip-hn-\m¬ sNø-s∏´ A¤p-X-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂pw AXp-Isf tbip sNbvXp F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp kXyw-X-s∂-tbm, F∂pwBtem-Nn-®p-t\m-°mw.

tbip ]nim-Nns\ Pbn®p HmSn-®p. ]nimNv F∂p-≈XvF¥mWv? AXv Bcm¬ krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv? F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn-te°vss__n-fn-t\mSv At\z-jn-®m¬ BbXv Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n H∂pw]d-bmsX au\-{hXw A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂p. ]ns∂ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm°∑mcpw a‰p≈ {InkvXy-∑mcpw temI-kr-jvSn-k-a-bØv ssZhw At\-Im-bncw tZh-Zq-X-∑m-tcbpw krjvSn®pF∂pw Ah¿ ssZh-Øn\v Iog-S-ßm-bvI-bm¬ ssZhw i]n®pF∂pw Aßs\ i]n-°-s∏-´-h-\m-Ip∂p ]nim-sN∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.ss__n-fn¬ Acn-s®-Sp-Ømepw ISp-I-fhpw AI-s∏-SmØ Sn.hnjbw hymJym-Xm-°-∑m¿°pw a‰p≈ {InkvXy-∑m¿°pw Fßs\Adn-hp-In-´ntbm? Bthm! tlm! tlm! tZh-Zq-X≥ tbmk-^n\pkz]v\-Øn¬ h∂v ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Ch-tcmSpw h∂v ]d-™-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. Hcp-thf B ]nim-Nns‚ IY kXy-sa-∂ph®p-sIm-≠mepwtbip ssZh-am-hp-I-bn√ \n›-bw.

Fßs\ F∂m¬ ]nimNv D∂-X-ÿm-\-Øn¬\n∂pw XmW-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ h∂Xv Bcm¬? ssZh-Øn-\m-e-√tbm? tbip ssZh-am-sW∂p hcn-In¬ ASp-°¬ ]nimNv hcptam? I≠ DSs\ Hm´w]nSn-°p-Itbm Im¬°¬ h∂v \a-kv°-cn-°tbm sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂t√m? amS≥, Imfn, Aø-\m¿, i¶n-en- q-X-Øm≥ apX-emb sNdnbtZh-X-I-fpsS k∂n-[n-ap-ºm-sI-Xs∂ ]nimNv D]-{Z-h-ap-≈-h¿sN∂m¬ ‘Atøm! Rm≥ s]mbvs°m-≈mta! CXm t]mIpt∂! F∂v\ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v _m[n-°-s∏- -hs\ hn´pw If™v ]mbp∂ AS-bm-fhpw ImWn®v s\Spw-I-ºn-\o- p-∂-t√m. AXp-t]m-bn v Cu tbip-\m-Ys\ h∂p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v ]nimNv A¬]w kwi-bn-°-t]mepw sNbvXn-s√-∂-Xn-te°v {]amWw CXm t\m°p-hn≥.

(aØmbn 4˛-A. 1˛4 hm. eqt°mkv 4˛-A. 1 apX¬ 13 hsc hm.){InkvXp-hns\ ]nim-Np-]n-Sn-s®∂pw Ip‰w sNbvhm≥ \n›-bn-s®∂pw


51

]´nWn Cs´∂pw ImSv \mSv apX-emb ]te ÿe-ß-fnepw sIm≠p-

\-S∂p F∂pw Db¿∂ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ Itc‰n F∂pw, Xs∂ hμn-∏m≥ ]d™p F∂pw ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v tbip-hn\p ]nim-Nns\

Xs‚ ASp-°¬ hcm-sX-bm-°p-hmt\m h∂p-]n-Sn-®-Xns‚ tijwXs∂ D]-{Z-hn-°m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ AS°n \ndp-Øp-hmt\m X¬

£Ww am‰n Zqc-Øp-I-f-bp-∂-Xnt\m H∂n\pw Xs∂ i‡n-bn-s√-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

Aß-s\-b-√m, (a-Ømbn 4 A. 1˛-hm.) tbip-\m-Y≥ tbml-∂m-\n¬ \n∂p kv\m\w G‰ DSs\ ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-

h-\mbn Bflm-hn-\m¬ acp-`q-an-bn-te°p ta¬t]m´p \S-Ø-s∏-´p.F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v Bflm-hns‚ A\p-hm-Z-{]-Imcw ]co-£n-

∏m-\m-bn-´mWv tbip-hns\ ]nim-Np-]n-Sn-®-Xv. A√msX ]nim-Nn\ptXm∂n-b-Xp-t]mse A{I-a-am-bn´p h∂p ]nSn-®-X√ F¶n¬ Cu

hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Aev]w ]cym-tem-Nn-°mw. Bflmhv tbip-hns\h\m-¥-c-Øn¬ sIm≠p-sN∂v ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-S-Ø-°-

hÆw B°n-bXv F¥n-\m-bn´v? tbip ]co-£-I-fn¬ Pbn®v ]nim-Nns‚ ]°¬\n∂v Ct±lw ssZh-]p-{X≥X-s∂-bmWv F∂p tbmKy-

Xm-]{Xw (k¿´n-^n-°-‰v) kºm-Zn-®p-sIm≠m¬ temIcv A{]-Imcwhniz-kn-®p-sIm-≈p-sa∂v Bflmhv \ncq-]n-®m-bn-cn-°ptam? ]nXm-hv,

]hn-{Xm-flm-hv, ]p{X≥ Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw ss{XI-Xz-{]-Imcw Hcp-Ø-\t√m BIp-∂-Xv. B ÿnXn°v ]p{X≥ ]hn-{Xm-flm-hn¬\n∂pw

]hn-{Xm-flmhv ]nXm-hn¬ (ssZ-h-Øn¬ AXm-bXv btlm-hm-bn¬)\n∂pw thsdb√-sb∂pw hcp-a-t√m. ]p{X≥ ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-

°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v ]hn-{Xm-flmhpw ]nXm-hpw- IqSn ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-Øs∂ `hn-®p.

C\nbpw ssZhw-Xs∂ As√-¶n¬ Xs‚ Awi-amb tbip-hns\temI¿ AwKo-I-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw ]nim-Nns‚ ]co-£-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®m¬ B ssZhw Hcp-thf ]nim-Nn\pXs∂ (A-s√-¶n¬ Xs‚ Awi-amb tbip-hn-s\)°mfpw i‡n D≠m-

bn-cn-°ptam F∂p kwi-b-ap-≈-h-\mbpw ]nim-Nn\p Xt∂mfw (A-s√-¶n¬ Awi-amb tbip-hn-t\m-fw) i‡n Cs√-∂p≈ \n›bw

C√m-Ø-h-\mbpw Poh-tIm-Sn-Iƒ tbip-hns\ hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn-te°vCXp-Xs∂ \√ am¿§-sa∂p \ncq-]n®pw Ccp-∂n-cn-°p-sa∂v A\p-am-

\n-°p-∂-Xnt\ hgn ImWp-∂p-≈p. lm! lm! At±-l-Øns‚ k¿Δ-⁄-Xztam At±lw ssZh-Øns‚ Hcw-i-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hn[tam

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



At±lw temI-Øns‚ c£m-am¿§sØ I≠p-]n-Sn®v \nb-an®

tbmKy-Xtbm? AΩΩm! CXp-I-sf√mw G‰hpw AXn-i-bn-°-Ø-°-h-I-fm-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. BIs´ C\n tbip ]nim-Nns‚ ]co-

£-I-fn¬ Pbnt®m F∂pw ]co-£-IƒXs∂ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂pF∂pw t\m°mw. ]nimNv tbip-hn\v hni-∏p-s≠∂p I≠n´v

Aev]hpw Iqk¬ IqSmsX \o ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW-¶n¬ Cu I√p-I-tfmSv A∏-am-Im≥ sNm√pI F∂p ]d-™p. F∂n-t´m, tbip A{]-

Imcw sNbvXn-√m. t`jv! _se! CXmtWm Pbw? tbip ]ns∂-sb¥p sNbvXp? a\p-jy≥ A∏w-sIm≠v am{X-a√ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.

ssZh-hm-bqsS hcp∂ kIe hN-\-Øm-es{X F∂v ]d-I-am-{XtasNbvXp-≈p. lm! lm! Cu Akw-_‘w ]d™Xpw I√p-Isf

A∏-am-°msX Ccp-∂Xpw F¥p-sIm≠v? “tbip 40 Znhkw D]-h-kn-®-Xns‚ tijw hni∂p” F∂v aØm-bn-Xs∂ ]d-™n-cn-°-

sIm≠v hni-∏n-√m-™n- m-bn-cp∂p F∂v \n›-bn-∏m\pw ]mSn-√. hni-∏ns\ Pbn-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv F¶n¬ `£-W-Øn\v H∂pw

C√m-Xn-cp∂ B kabw t\m°n hni∏v {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn´p hcp-∂XvF¥p-sIm≠v? h∂mepw tbip DØcw ]d-™-Xp-t]mse ssZh-hm-bqsS hcp∂ kIe hN-\-ß-sf-s°m≠v AXns\ XSp-Øp-I-f-

bm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬, X∂-Øm≥ ad∂v AØn-a-c-Øns\i]n-°-Ø-°-hÆw D≠m-b -tIm-]-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn´p h∂ hni-

∏ns\ XSp-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Cu 3hN-\-t`-j-PsØ A∂p {]tbm-Kn-®p-t\m-°msX Ccp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? {]tbm-Kn-®n´pw ^en-®n√m

F¶n¬ tbip DØcw ]d-™-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂Xv (a-Ømbn 4˛-A. 4˛-hm.) ip≤ta \pW-X-s∂-bm-Wv. BI-bm¬ tbip-hn\p hni-∏n-√m-

™n´pw hni-∏ns\ AS-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw ths≠-∂p-tXm-∂o´pw A√ I√ns\ A∏-am-°m-™-Xv. Znhy-i‡n F∂p th≠,

Hcp Pme-i‡n t]mepw C√m-™n- p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. “DØcw ap´n-bm¬sIm™\w Im´pw” F∂ ]g-s©m-√p-t]m-se-bs{X tbip-hns‚ Nne-

t∏m-gp≈ hm°p-Iƒ. ]ns∂ F¥m-bn-cp∂p ]co£? ]nimNv tbip-hns\ FSp-Øp-sIm≠p sN∂p tZhm-e-b-Ønse amfn-I-ap-I-fn¬

h®pw sIm≠p Xmg-Øp-Nm-Sp-I, ]mSp-tISv H∂pw hcmsX ssZh-Zq-X≥ h∂p Xmßn-s°m-≈p-sa∂p ]d-™p. F∂nt´m? A{]-Im-chpw

sNbvXn-√. Hmtlm! ChnsS H∂n-s\m∂p \√ Pb-am-bn- p-Xs∂bmWvImWp-∂-Xv. F¶nepw tbip apºn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse CXn-te°pw

DØ-c-am-bn´p h√Xpw ]d-™n-´pt≠m? D≠v-˛-D-≠v. \ns‚ I¿Øm-hmb ssZhsØ ]co-£n-°-cp-sX-∂pw-IqSn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂n-√tbm


53

F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]d-™-Xv. CXv Fs¥mcp Akw-_‘w! ]nimNv

]d-™-{]-Imcw NmSm-sX-bn-cp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? tbip £a-bp-≈-h-\m-I-bm¬ Aßs\ sNømsX Ccp-∂-XmWv F¶n¬, C{X £a-

bp≈ ]pWy-hm-f≥ A\ym-b-am-bn v Nne ka-b-ß-fn¬ Nnesc i]n-°p-Ibpw {Iqc-hm°v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠-t√m. AsX-¥p-

sIm≠v? AXn-\m¬ £a-sIm-≠√ b-s∏- n- s{X NmSm-™-Xv. A√m-sXbpw ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏´v Pbn-°m\pw Bflm-hns‚

\ntbm-K-{]-Im-chpw Xs∂-bmWv tbip ]nim-Nns‚ Iøn¬ AI-s∏-´Xv F∂p≈ kam-[m\w Ak-Xy-a-s√∂p hcn-In¬ \n›-b-am-

bn´pw ]co-£n-∏m-\p≈ ISa ]nim-Nns‚ taepw B ka-bØp]n≥hm-ßmsX FXn¿Øp-\n∂v B ]co-£-I-fn¬ Hs° Pbn-t°≠

ISa tbip-hns‚taepw BIp-∂p. B ÿnXn°v ]nimNv ]co-£-bv°p-th≠n ]d-™-sX√mw \SØn Pb-ho-c-\m-bn-s°m-≈msX4tNmam-cn-bmbn (\n- w-K-\m-bn) Ccp-∂p-I-f-™Xpw B ka-bØvBh-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xmb Nne hm°p-Isf ]d-™Xpw A√-tbm, Xs∂

Ab® Bflm-hn-s‚bpw ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn\pw Xm≥G‰p-sIm-≠p-h∂ Imcy-Øn\pw t\sc hncp-≤-am-bn-´p-f-fXv?

AXpw Ccn-°-s´. C\n tbip ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp Ir]-bp-≈-h-s\∂p hcn-Inepw \n›-b-am-bn´v tZh-Zq-X≥ h∂v c£n-°p-sa∂v

ss[cy-s∏´p XmgØp NmSn-°-f-b-cp-Xmt™m? A√m-Ø-]£w Xs‚aln-a-sIm≠v B ]nim-Nns\ XmgØp X≈n-°-f-I-sb-¶nepw Xs‚

kzcq-]sØ XmgØp NmSn-b-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n-∏n° F¶nepw sNø-cp-Xmt™m? CXp-I-fn¬ H∂n-s\bpw sNbvX-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√-t√m.

]ns∂bpw tbip-hns\ ]º-cw-t]mse Id°n FSpØv Hcphenb ae-bpsS apI-fn¬ sIm≠p-sN∂p kIe cmPy-ß-sfbpw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ \a-kvI-cn-®m¬ CXp-I-sf√mw\n\°p Xcm-sa∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbip InS∂v ‘`b-s∏´p’IpSpßn hne-]n®v {`m¥p-]-dI am{Xta At∏mgpw sNbvXn-´p-≈p.]ns∂ `bw-sIm≠v Fs¥√mw tKmjvSn-Iƒ ]nim-Nns‚ apºmsI

ImWn-®n-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿°p c≠p-t]¿°pw Xs∂ Adn-bmw. AXpwCcn-°-s´. ]nim-Nns\ Pbn-°bpw in£n-°bpw sNbvXp F¶n¬

Pb-ho-c-s\∂pw temI-c-£-I-s\∂pw hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≈m-am-bn-cp∂p.ChnsS hmkvX-h-am-bn´p ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ tbip ]nim-Nns\ Pbn-

°-b√ D≠m-b-Xv. ]nimNv tbip-hns\ Pbn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BI-bm¬ ]nXm-hv, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv, ]p{X≥ Cu aq∂p-t]cpw ]co-£-I-

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



\mb ]nim-Nn-t\-°mƒ i‡n Ipd-™-h-cm-sW∂p \√-Xn≥hÆw

sXfn-bp-∂p. Cßs\ ]nim-Nn-t\mSp tXm‰-h≥ ssZh-am-Wp-t]m-epw.

AsX! AsX! Ct±lw \√ ka¿∞≥X-s∂. Ct±lw ]nim-Nns\

Pbn® Pbta Pbw! Ct±lw ae-bn¬\n∂p NmSnb Nm´ta Nm´w!

Ct±lw I√ns\ A∏-am-°nb anSpt° anSp°v! AsS A∏m! F¥v

A¤pXw! Atøm! Xs‚ hm°p-Isf tIƒ°mØ tbip-hns\ A]-

P-b-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ]mh-sa∂pw sNm√n hn´p-I-f™ ]nim-N-√tbm

btlm-h-sb-°mfpw Ir]-bp-≈-h≥? Hcp-Øs\ ]nSn-®n-cp∂ At\Iw

]nim-Np-°ƒ {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv Hcm-bncw ]∂n-Isf `£-W-Øn-\m-

bn´p tNmZn-°bpw {InkvXp A{I-a-am-bn´v A{]-Imcw sImSp-°p-I-

bpw, ]nim-Np-°ƒ B ]∂n-Isf kap-{Z-Øn¬ ap°n-s°m-√p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. B ]∂n-I-fpsS DS-b-°m-c\v F{Xtbm \jvSw! t\m°p-

hn≥! CXpw tbip-hns‚ tZh-Xz-Øn\v Hcp ZrjvSm-¥-amWp t]mepw.

Hcn-°¬ tbip-hn\v hni-∂p-_p-≤n-ap-´n-b-t∏mƒ Bb-Xn\v

Adn™v ]gw sImSp-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v AØn-hr-£sØ i]n®v DW-

°n-°-f-™p. tlm! CXv henb A¤p-Xw-X-s∂. ]g-an-√mØ ImeØv

Fß-s\-bmWv sImSp-°p-∂Xv? Hcp-thf ]gw D≈ ka-bw-Xs∂

Bbn-cp-∂mepw A\y-∑m¿ Bh-iyw-t]mse ]dn-®p-sIm-≈pI

A√msX AXns\ Adn-™p-X-cp-∂-Xn-te°p ac-Øn\p Ign-bptam?

A√m-sXbpw ac-ßƒ hf¿∂v AXm-Xp-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]q°p-∂Xpw

Imbv°p-∂Xpw ]gp-°p-∂Xpw F√mw ssZh-\n-bawt]mse A√tbm?

At±lw ssZh-sa∂p hcn-In¬ ]gw sImSp-°m-Ø-Xn\p ImcWw

a‰m-cp-a-√-t√m. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v tbip Xs∂-Øs∂ i]n-®p-sIm-≈p-

I-b-√msX Hcp tZmj-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-ImØ B hr£sØ i]n-

®Xv F¥n\v? F¶nepw Aºtºm! A{X henb hnit∏m? B hni-

∏ns\ AS-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-\mtWm Xmev]Xp Znh-kw-hsc D]-

h-kn-®Xv? CXp ip≤ta \pW-X-s∂. hni-∏ns\ AS-°p-hm≥ At±-

l-Øn\p i‡n-bp≠v F¶n-epw, Xs‚ aln-asb injy∑m¿°p

ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p i]n-®Xv F¶n¬, ]gw

sImSp-°mØ hr£-Øn-s\-s°m≠v At∏mƒØs∂ sImSp-∏n-

t°≠Xmbn-cp -∂p. AXmWv A[nIw alna. Fs¥-∂m¬

X¬°mew hni∏v ASßn Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw injy-∑m¿ hniz-kn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. thW-sa-∂p-≈Xv H∂pw sNøp-∂-

Xn-te°v tbip-hn\v Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. Ct±lw B ÿnXn°v Hcp-

thf \mev]Xp Pnhkw D]-h-kn®p F∂p-h-cn-Inepw BbXp Xs‚


55

a\-t m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-√m. ]ns∂-tbm Hcp-Øcpw H∂pw sIm≠p-sN-∂p-

sIm-Sp-°m-sXbpw X\n-°p-t]mbn At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]nimNv hn´-

b-bv°m-sXbpw Ccp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Icp-I-cpØ ]´n-Wn-bn¬ AI-s∏-

´p-t]m-b-Xm-Ip-∂p.

C\n tbip sh≈-Øn¬ \S∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ]t£,

kXyw-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂mepw, BbXv Hcp AXn-i-b-a-√. C°m-eØv

km[m-cW a\p-jy¿°p sNø-Ø-°-Xmb Pe-kvXw-`-sa∂p ]d-b-

s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnZy-bm-Ip-∂p.

C\n Pme-hn-Zy-°mcpw sshZy-∑mcpw sakva-dn-k-°mcpw C°m-

e-ß-fn¬ sNøp-∂-Xmb Nne sNdnb hnti-j-ßƒt]mse tbiphpw

sNbvX-Xm-bn´p ImWp-∂p-≠v. Ah-Iƒ \n m-c-ß-fm-I-bm¬ ChnsS

hnh-cn-°p-∂n-√.

tbip acn-®-hsc Pohn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm≠v At±-l-Øns\ ssZh-

sa∂p ]d-bmw. F¶n¬ {InkvXp acn-®-h-cpsS Dbn¿∏n¬ apº-\mbn

F∂v (A-t∏m-kvX-e¿ \S-∏p-Iƒ 26.-A. 23-˛-hm)- A-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂

(sh-fn-∏mSp 1˛-A. 5˛-hm) ]d-I-bm¬, tbip as‰m-cp-Ø-scbpw Pohn-

∏n-®n-´n-s√∂p \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. Fßs\ F∂m¬ Ct±lw thsd

Hcp-Øs\ Pohn-∏n-®n-´p≈ ÿnXn°v Ct±-l-Øn-\m¬ Pohn-∏n-°-

s∏-´-h≥ apº≥ F∂pw Ct±lw ]nº≥ F∂pw hcp-hmt\ ]msSm-

≈p. Fs¥-∂m¬ tbip Dbn¿Ø-Xns‚ tijw as‰m-cp-Øsc Pohn-

∏n-®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-te°v ss__nƒ Xosc kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-Xn-

e-t{X. tbip Pohn-®-h-cn¬ H∂m-a≥ F∂-√msX Pohn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-

cn¬ H∂m-a-s\∂pw ]d-™n-√-t√m. F∂m¬,

Gh≥ tbip-hn-\m¬ Pohn-∏n-°-s∏´p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Spt∂m

B Ah≥ tbip-hn-\m¬ Pohn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-\m-bmepw Xmt\ Pohn-

®-h≥Iq-Sn-bm-Ip-∂p. C∂se cm{Xn CSn-sh- n. AXp-tI v Rm≥ Fgp-

t∂‰p F∂v Hcph≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ i_vZw tlXp-hm-bn-s´-¶nepw

Rm≥ Fgp-t∂‰p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse tbip-hn-\m¬ Pohn-∏n-

°-s∏-´-h≥ Xmt\ Pohn-®-h\pw BIp-∂p.

C\n tbip A\y-∑m-cm¬ Pohn-∏n-°-s∏-SmsX Xmt\ Pohn-®-

h≥Xs∂ BtWm? A√-√. At±-lhpw Pohn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h≥Xs∂

F∂v (tdm-a¿ A˛15, 24-˛-hm.) ssZhw {InkvXp-hns\ acn-®-h-cn¬

\n∂pw Fgp∏n F∂p (sIm-cn¥n. 15 A. 12 apX¬ 15 hsc hm.)

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



tbip Dbn¿Øv Fgp∂p F∂v, ImcWw IqSmsX ]d-™pw-h®v

X¬£-Ww-Xs∂ ssZh-Øm¬ Fgp-t∂¬∏n-°-s∏´p F∂v Imc-

W-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

tdmam. (4-˛-A. 24-˛-hm) tbip-hns\ Poh-t\msS Fgp-∏n-b-hs\

hniz-kn° F∂pw (A-t∏m-kvX-e¿ \S∏v 3˛-A. 5˛-hm.) ssZhw

{InkvXp-hns\ acn-®-h-cn¬\n∂pw Fgp∏n F∂pw (sIm-cn¥n. 15˛A.

12 apX¬ 15 hsc hm.) tbip Db¿Øv Fgp-∂p-h∂p F∂v Imc-Ww-

Iq-SmsX ]d-™ph®v X¬£-Ww-Xs∂ ssZh-Øm¬ Fgp-t∂¬∏n-

°-s∏´p F∂p Imc-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. (tdm-am. 10-˛-

A. 8, 10 hmIyw) ssZhw {InkvXp-hns\ acn-®-h-cn¬\n∂v Fgp-

t∂¬∏n®p F∂p \ns‚ lrZ-b-tØmsS hniz-kn-®m¬ \o c£-s]-

Sp-sa∂p ]cn-jvIm-c-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. BI-bm¬ tbip acn-®p-b¿Ø-

h-cn¬ H∂m-a-s\∂v {]am-W-hmIyw icn-bm-sW∂p hcn-In¬ acn-®-

hsc Pohn-∏n®p F∂Xv A_-≤w-X-s∂.

C\n tbip P\-ß-fpsS kIe ]m]-ßƒ°pw _en-bm-bn´v

acn-®-Xp-sIm≠v ssZhw F∂p ]dbmw F¶n¬,

GXp ssZh-Øn\v BcmWv tbip-hns\ _en-bm-bn´p sImSp-

ØXv? Ip‰w sNbvX tbip-hns\ blq-Z-∑m¿ ]nSn®p sIm∂p-I-f-

™p. A√msX Hcn-°epw _en-bm-b-X-√. At±lw Ip‰-°m-c-\-

√m™p F¶n¬ blq-Z-∑m¿ sIm√p-Ibpw C√m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. At∏mƒ

_enbpw C√-t√m.

AXp-a√m ]m]-_-en-bm-bn´p acn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p a\-t m-Sp-IqSn

Ah-X-cn-®-h-\m-sW-¶n¬ Xm≥ t\sc blq-Z-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]c-

ky-am-°msX KqV-am-bn´p k©-cn-®-sX-¥n\v? KqV-am-bn- -√m-bn-cp∂p

F¶n¬ (tbm-l-∂m≥ 11- -A. 57- -hm.) alm-]p-tcm-ln-Xcpw ]co-kcpw

tbip Ccn-°p∂ ÿesØ Bsc-¶nepw Adn-™m¬ sXcy-s∏-Sp-

Ø-W-sa∂v DØ-c-hp-sIm-SpØv At\z-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t√m.

F∂n´pw ImWmsX Ccp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? AXn-\m¬ P\-ß-

fpsS CS-bn¬ KqV-am-bn-´p-X-s∂-bmWv k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p

\n›bw. F∂n´pw `bw apgp-Øp-X-sIm≠v kam-[m-\-an-√msX

AhnSw hn´v thsd ÿeØv Hfn-®p-Xm-a-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t√m.

AXv F¥n-\m-bn´v? AX-ßs\ hrYm s]mbvt]m-sb-∂-√msX `b-

s∏´pw Hfn®pw A√m F¶n¬ (tbm-l-∂m≥ 11- -A. 53, 54 hm.) A∂papX¬ Ah¿ tbip-hns\ sIm√p-hm≥ Btem-N\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v


57

h∂-Xn-\m¬ tbip {]kn-≤-am-bn´v blq-Z-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ k©-cn-

°msX Ahn-Sw-hn´p acp-`q-an-°-cp-In¬ F{]mbnw F∂ \K-c-Øn-

te°v ]n≥hm-ßn. AhnsS injy-∑m-cp-ambn ]m¿Øp F∂pw (tbm-

l-∂m≥ 8˛-A. 58, 59 hm.) blq-Z-∑m¿ Is√-dn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ

Hfn-®p-s]m-bv°-f-s™∂pw ae-bpsS h°n¬ sIm≠p-sN∂v Xe

Iogmbn XmgØp X≈p-∂-Xn\p blq-Z-∑m¿ mhn-®-t∏mƒ Hfn-t®mSn

F∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? AXp a‰p≈ c‡-km-

£n-I-sf-t∏mse thK-Øntem Nne Bfp-Iƒ am{Xw Adn-Itbm

IjvS-s∏-´m¬ t]mcm Xßƒ°v Hcp c£n-Xmhv h∂v IjvSw A\p-

`-hn®p acn-®Xv temIw Adn-™n-s√∂v \ymb-hn-[n-\m-fn¬ Hgnhp

Ignhp ]d-bm-Xn-cn-∏m≥ {]kn-≤-ambn IjvS-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-I-bm¬

C{km-tb-ey¿ F√m-h-cpw-IqSn hcp∂ henb s]cp-∂m-fmb s]klm

D’-h-Øn¬ ]pd-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Im¨sI-Øs∂ BImhq F∂p ]nXm-

hn-\m¬ \n›-bn-°-s∏´pw ]p{X-\m¬ kΩ-Xn-°-s∏´pw Ccp-∂-Xmb

B kabw hcp-∂-Xn-\pw-apsº IjvS-s∏-Sp∂Xn\p a\- n-√m-™n-

´m-bn-cp∂p Hfn-®n-cp-∂Xv F¶n¬, CXn-te°v hmIy-{]-amWw Dt≠m,

C√-t√m. AXpw Ccn-°-s´. \nßƒ ]d-bp∂ {]Imcw tbip-hns‚

IjvS-∏mSv temIw Bk-Iew Adn-b-W-sa∂v ]nXm-hn\v \n¿_-‘-

ambn D≠mb A`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ F√m-hcpw B IjvS-∏m-Sn-

s\-°p-dn®v Adn-™p-I-gnt™m? Ct∏mƒ Adn-bpt∂m? C\n Adn-

bptam? At\-I-J-WvU-ß-fn¬ At\I P\-ßƒ tbip-hns‚ t]cp-

t]mepw tI´-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p- aptº acn-®p-t]m-bn-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ

F{Xtbm acn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. C\n-sb-{Xtbm acn-®p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw

sNøpw. AXp-sIm≠v ]nXm-hn\v CXn-s\-∏‰n bmsXmcp A`n-{]m-

bhpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. D≠m-bn-cn-s∂-¶n¬ BbXv sX‰n-t∏mbncn°-

bm¬ ]nXm-hns‚ a‰p≈ A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw ^en-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-

°m≥ ]mSn-√. B Zn°n-ep≈ P\-ß-sf-√m-hcpw Adn-b-W-sat∂

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. F¶n¬ ]ns∂-sb-¥mWv \nßƒ a‰p≈ tZi-ß-

fnepw Cu aXsØ sIm≠p-\-S∂p Ime-t£]w sNøp-∂Xv? A√m-

sXbpw ]nXm-hn-\m¬ \n›-bn-°-s∏´ t\c-Øn¬ A√msX AXn\p

aptº IjvS-s∏-Sp-hm≥ a\- n-s√∂v ]d-™-Xn-\m¬ tbip-]n-Xmhv

\n¿_-‘n®v \n›-bn-®-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-amWv IjvSw A\p-`-hn-®-

sX∂pw Xs‚ kz¥-a-\ p IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°v Aev]hpw C√m-

bn-cp∂p F∂pw ]nXm-hns‚ \n¿_‘w As√-¶n¬ At∏mgpw IjvS-

s∏-Sp-I-bn-√m™p F∂pw D≈Xp shfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



C\nbpw ]nXm-hn-\m¬ Hcp-k-abw Ipdn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p

F¶n¬, AXp-t]m-sebpw B ka-bØpw A√msX X\n°v IjvS-∏mSp h∂p-Iq-S-t√m. hcn-I-bp-an-√-t√m. ]ns∂-sb-¥n-\mWv apºn¬

°q´n Hfn-®-Xv? ]nXm-hn-\m¬ Cßs\ Ipdn-°-s∏´ hnhcw Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Hfn-®-sX-¶n¬, Adn-™n-cn-°m-Ø-

t∏mtg AXn\v Xm≥ kΩ-Xn®pw Ccn-°-bn-√. At∏mƒ Cu IjvS-∏mSv a\p-jy¿°p th≠nbpw Xs‚ a\-t m-Sp-Iq-Snbpw A√, Xs‚

Xte-se-gpØpsIm≠v h∂-Xm-sW∂p \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

Aß-s\-b-√, ]nXm-hn-\m¬ \n›-bn-°-s∏- n- p-s≠∂p am{Xta

Adn-™n-cp-∂p-≈q. BbXv C∂ ka-b-am-sW-∂p-≈Xv Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠m-Ip∂p Hfn-®-sX-¶n¬, kabw \n›-b-an-s√∂v

hcn-In¬, Hfn-®-Xn\v ImcWw `b-a-√msX thsd H∂pw As√-∂p-hcpw AXpw Ccn-°s´. 5IS-in-bn¬ ]nSn-Iq-Snb Znhkw Xs∂-bmWv

]nXm-hn-\m¬ Ipdn-°-s∏´ Znh-k-sa∂v AXn\p apºn¬ Adn-™n-cn-°m≥ CS-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v A∂pw Xm≥ Hfn-®p-I-f-tb-≠-X-√m-

bn-cpt∂m? Aßs\ sNømsX t\tc \n∂p-sIm-SpØp F∂p ImWp-∂t√m. AsX-¥mWv? AXn-\p-aptº Nne-cpsS ASp-°¬\n∂v

s]s´∂v ad-™p-I-f-™n-´p≈ Znhy-i‡n At∏mƒ Fhn-sS-t∏m-bn-cp∂p? ]nXr-k-¶-ev]-{]-Imcw F∂p≈ ImcWw ChnsS Hcp-hn-

[hpw tNcm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v AXp tlXp Bbn-´mWv apºv Hfn-®p-I-f-™Xpw ]ns∂ t\sc-\n-∂p-sIm-Sp-ØXpw F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-

te°p ]mSn-√. i{Xp-°-fpsS ssI°p≈n¬ AI-s∏- -Xp-sIm≠v HmSnad™p c£-s]-´p-sIm-≈p-hm≥ At∏mƒ ]mSn-√msX h∂-Xn-\m-

es{X \n∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. A√msX AhnsS F¥p sNøp-hm≥Ignbpw? AXn-\m¬ btlmh At∏mƒ tbip-hns\ ]m]-_-en-°m-

bn´v \n›-bn-°p-Itbm BbXv C∂ ka-b-sØ∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-Itbm, tbip AXns\ Adn-bp-Itbm kΩ-Xn-°p-Itbm H∂pw-Xs∂

sNbvXn-´p-≈-X-s√∂v \n›-bw.

BsI-∏msS ]nXmhv Xs∂-°p-dn®v C∂-t]mse \n›-bn-®n-´p-

s≠∂pw B ÿnXn°v A{]-Im-cta `hn°q F∂pw D≈ Hc-dnhpwhnizm-khpw tbip-hn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ \n›-b-am-bn´pw Hfn-

®p-\-S-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A√m-Ø-]£w tbip-hns\ ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ blq-Zm-hns\ A\p-{K-ln-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw (a-Ømbn 26-˛-A. 24-

-hm.) a\p-jy-]p-{Xs\ ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ a\p-jy\p lm IjvSw!B a\p-jy≥ P\n-®n-s√-¶n¬ Ah-\p-sIm-≈m-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂n-ßs\


59

tbip im]-an-´Xpw F¥n-\m-bn´v? blq-Z-bpsS Cu t{Zml-{]-hr-Øn-sb-∏‰n Ah≥ imkn-°-s∏-ń-s√-∂p hcm-sX-bn--cn-∏m≥th≠n Bb-Xns\ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p sImSp-Ø-XmWv F¶n¬,

A{]-Imcw Hcp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-emb im]w a\- n-√mØ Xs∂Cßs\ \n¿_-‘n®v AI-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h\pw CXn-te°v F√mw Imc-W- q-X-\p-amb ]nXm-hn∂p sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v CXv icnbmb imk-\-b-√. hyk-\w-sIm-≠p≈ im]w-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

kI-ehpw Adn-bp∂ Xs‚ ssZh-kz-`m-h-{]-Imcw blq-Z-bpsSt{ZmlsØ Xm≥ BZyta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\m-bn-´mWv i]n-®-sX-¶n¬ Chs\ t{Zmln-sb∂v BZyta Adn-bmsX At∏m-kvX-e-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-\m-bn v kzoI-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tbip-hn\p apºn¬Iq-ń-bp≈ Adn-hn-√m-bn-cp-∂p F∂p \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. AX√ Xm≥Adn-™p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p F¶n¬ B t{ZmlsØ Xm≥sNøn-®-Xm-bn-´t√ hcq? B apdbv°v IqSntb Xocq F¶n¬ Xs∂-bpw, {][m-\-Im-c-W-°mc\mb btlmhsbbpw A√tbm i]n-®p-sIm-t≈-≠Xv? AXp-sIm≠v Cu kam-[m-\hpw blq-Zmsb am{Xwt{Zmln F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw tNcp-∂n-√.

F√mw-IqSn ASØp apdpIn h∂-t∏mƒ a‰p Nne-sc-t∏msetbiphpw Adn-™n-cn-°p-sa-∂-√msX ap≥Iqń Adn-™n-cp∂p F∂p]d-bp-∂Xp I≈-am-Ip-∂p.

C\nbpw tbip-hns‚ IjvS-Xbv°v ImcWw b-lq-Zm-hns‚ Imń-s°m-Sp-°tem ]nXm-hns‚ \n›-bn-°tem AtXm c≠pw IqSntbm?blq-Zm-hns‚ Imń-s°m-Sp-°-em-sW-¶n¬ ]m]-_-en-b-s√∂p\n›bw. ]nXm-hns‚ \n›-bn-°-em-sW-¶n¬ AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-ens\ sNbvX blq-Zm-hns\ Hcn-°epw t{Zmln-bm-sW∂p ]d-Ibpw \c-I-Øn¬ X≈p-Ibpw sNbvXq-Iq-Sm. c≠pw-IqSn BsW-¶n¬ H∂p KpW-sa∂pw H∂p tZmj-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xvhenb A\ym-b-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ b-s∏ v Hfn-®p-\-S∂ Xs∂ ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-ep-≠mb k¶-Sw-sIm≠v a\-s -cn™p i]n-®-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Cu \ymb-ß-sf-s°m≠v {InkvXp ]m]-_-en-bm-bn-´√macn-®-sX∂p sXfn-bp-∂p.

CXn\p ap≥]n¬ tbip acn-®-Xns‚ tijw ssZh-Øm¬ Pohn-°-s∏- -X-√msX Xmt\ Pohn-®t√m F∂p ]d-™n- p-≠-t√m. Ct∏mƒ

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



ssZhhpw Pohn-∏n-®n√ F∂pw acn-®-h≥ acn-®-h≥Xs∂ F∂pw

ÿm]n°mw (1 sImcn-¥n-b¿ 15-˛-A. 17-˛-hm) {InkvXp Fgp-t∂-‰n-s√-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS hnizmkw hrYm Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂v ]utemkv ]d-

bp-∂p. {InkvXy-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-Øn\p {InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp∂pF∂p-≈Xv apJy-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-°-bm¬ B hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n

{]tXyIw Hcp ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-h-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Bb-Xns\ChnsS Npcp°n ]d-bp-∂p. tbip Dbn¿sØ-gpt∂m C√tbm F∂p-

≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v hnNm-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ At∏m-gp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬Bsc-¶nepw I≠n-´pt≠m F∂v t\mt°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

At∏m-gn-cp∂ blq-Z-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw {InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp∂p F∂vDZvtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv ip≤ta Ak-Xy-am-sW∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p.

Ct∏mƒ ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xns\ {InkvXp-hn\v km[-I-ambn ]d-bp∂ss__nƒsIm≠p t\m°mw. ss__n-fm-Nm-cy-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-Øcpw

tbip Dbn¿sØ-gp -∂-Xns\ t\sc I≠-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂n-√]ns∂tbm? Ah≥ I≠p, Chƒ I≠p Fs∂√mw A\y-∑m-cpsS

ta¬ ]gn Npa-Øp-t∂-bp-≈q. tlm! icn-Xs∂, Ah¿ ImWm-Ø-Xns\ Fß-s\-bmWv I≠-Xm-bn´p ]d-bp-∂-Xv? (a-Ømbn 28-˛-A.17- -hm) ]Xn-s\m∂p injy-∑mcpw tbip-hns\ Keo-en-bm-bn¬ I≠p

hμn-®p. F∂m¬ Nne¿ ktμ-l-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]Xn-s\m∂p t]cn¬ aØm-bnbpw Hcp-h-\m-Wv, Cbmƒ ktμ-l-s∏-´-h-

cn¬ Hcp-Ø≥X-s∂tbm A√tbm F∂-dn-bp-∂n-√. Cbmƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ I≠n-cp∂p F¶n¬ Xm≥ I≠p F∂v F¥p-sIm≠p ]d-

™p-IqSm? AXn-\m¬ Cbmfpw ktμ-ln-®-h-cn¬ Hcp-h≥X-s∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Nne injy-∑m-sc-¶nepw kwi-bn-∏m≥ F¥v? I≠Xv

tbip-hns\ A√tbm? hf-sc-\mƒ ip{iq-jbpw sNbvXp-sIm≠vtbip-hn-t\m-Sp-IqSn k©-cn® {][m\ injy-∑m-cp-t]mepw kwi-

bn®pw hniz-kn-°m-sXbpw Ccn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v 1890 kwh-’-c-Øn\p apºv {InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ \mw

Fß-s\-bmWv hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv? A√m-tX-bpw, tbip Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰p F∂p ]d-™-h-cmb aØm-bn, a¿t°m-kv, eqt°m-kv, tbml-

∂m≥ Ch¿ \mep-t]cpw At\ym-\y-hn-tcm-[-ambn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.AXns\ Npcp°n ImWn°mw! (tbm-l-∂m≥) {]`m-X-Im-eØv Ccp-

´p-≈-t∏mƒ aKvZ-eq¿ adn-bmƒ (H-cp-Øn) tbip-hns‚ I√-dbv°pt]mbn (a-Øm-bn) Dj- n\v aKvZ-eq¿a-dn-bmfpw thsd adn-bmfpw (c-

≠p-t]¿) I√-dbv°p t]mbn (a¿t°m-kv) AXn-Im-eØv kqtcym-Z-b-Øn-¶¬ aKvZ-eq¿a-dn-bmfpw bm-°q-_ns‚ AΩ-bmb adn-bmfpw


61

kmfta F∂-hfpw (aq-∂p-t]¿) I√-d-bv°p-t]mbn (eq-t°mkv)F{Xbpw {]`m-X-Øn¬ aKvZ-eq¿ adn-bm-fpw thsd kv{XoIfpw (]e¿)I√-d-bv°p- t]mbn (a-Øm-bn) tbip-hns‚ I√-d-bn-t∑¬ I√n-cn-°p-∂Xm-bn´p Sn. kv{XoIƒ I≠p. At∏mƒ ssZh-Zq-X≥ hmXn-en-en-cp∂ I√ns\ adn®v X≈nbpw h®v AXn-t∑¬ Ccp∂p (a¿t°m-kv)kv{XoIƒ I≠-t∏mƒ I√-d-bn-t∑¬ I√n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Hcpbphmhv (tZ-h-Zq-X-\-√) I√nt∑encn-°p-∂-Xns\ I≠p. (a¿t°m-kv)c≠p a\p-jy¿ \n¬°p-∂-Xns\ Ah¿ I≠p. ChnsS aØmbna¿t°m-kp-Iƒ ]d™ tZh-Zq-X-s\tbm Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ Ccp-∂-Xn-s\tbm Ch¿ I≠n-√. (tbm-l-∂m≥) kv{XoIƒ c≠v ZqX-∑msc Ccp-∂-Xm-bn´v I≠p. aØmbn ]d™ Hcp tZh-Zq-X-s\tbma¿t°mkv ]d™ Ccp-∂n-cp∂ bphm-hn-s\tbm eqt°mkv ]d™\n∂n-cp-∂-h-cmb c≠p a\p-jy-sctbm kv{XoIƒ I≠n-√. (eq-t°m-kv) ]ns∂ kv{XoIƒ Cu hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n injy-∑m-tcmSp ]d™p(a¿t°mkv 16.-A. 8 -hm.) kv{XoIƒ b∂v Hcp-Ø-tcmSpw ]d-™n√(a-Ømbn 27-˛9) kv{XoIƒ injy-∑msc Adn-bn-°m≥ t]mIp-tºmƒtbip-hns\ I≠n√ (a-Øm-bn) aKvZ-eq¿a-dn-bmƒ tbip-hns\ I≠DSs\ tbip-hns‚ Imens\ sXm´p hWßn (tbm-l-∂m≥ 20-˛-A.15, 17-˛-hm.) aKvZ-eq¿ adn-bmƒ tbip-hns\ sXm´n√ (tbm-l-∂m≥)tbip-hm-sW∂v a\- n-em-bn-√ (tbm-l-∂m≥) BZyw aKvZ-eq¿a-dn-bmƒ°v ImW-s∏´p (a-Øm-bn) tbip kv{XoIƒ°v BZyw ImW-s∏´p (eq-t°mkv 24-A. 50, 51-˛-hm) tbip s_Ø-s\-bn¬\n∂pwkz¿§-Øn-te°v t]mbn (A-t∏m-kvX-e¿ 1 A. 9˛12 hm.) {InkvXpHenhm F∂ ae-bn¬\n∂pw kz¿§-Øn-te°p t]mbn (eq-t°mkv24-˛-A. 33-˛36, 37-˛-hm) (tbm-l-∂m≥ 20-˛-A. 19-˛-hm) tbiphns‚ ]Xn-s\m∂p injy-∑m¿°pw Pdp-k-te-an¬h®v BZy-{]m-hiyw Z¿i\wD≠m-bn. (a-Ømbn 28-˛-A. 16, 17-˛-hm.) ]Xn-s\m∂p injy-∑m¿°pwKeo-em-bn¬h®v tbip BZy-{]m-hiyw ImW-s∏-´p (a-Ømbn 12-˛-A. 40-˛-hm.) tbip I√-d-bn¬ aq∂v ]Iepw aq∂v cmhpw Ccn°pw(F∂v tbip) ]d-™p. (am¿t°mkv 14-˛-A. 25-˛42, 44-˛45, 46-˛-hm.)tbip I√-d-bn¬ Hcp ]Iepw c≠v cmhpw Ccp∂p. Sn. \mep-t]cpw]c-kv]cw hncp-≤-ß-fmbn Cßs\ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v Hcn-°epwhniz-kn-°-Ø-°-h-b-√. C{]-Imcw ssIhn- p-If™ ÿnXn°v thsdC\n Ft¥m-∂mWv CXn-te°v B[m-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv?

Ah¿ \mep-t]cpw C{]-Imcw hncp-≤-ß-fm-bn´p ]d™p F∂phcn-Inepw Ahcn¬ Hcp-Ø-s\-¶nepw {InkvXp Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n√m

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



F∂p ]d-™n-´pt≠m? C√t√m F∂v Nne {InkvXy-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p

F¶n¬ CXn-te°v Hcp ZrjvSm¥w ]d-bmw, tIƒ∏n≥. Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cØv A -°p-f-ßsc jm∏n¬ Iń-en-t∑¬ ImeØv 6 aWn apX¬

sshIn´v 6 aWn hsc Hcp shfpØ Im° Ccp∂p F∂v Hcp-h\pw,

B Im°-Xs∂ B ka-bØp shºm-bØp Ipdp-∏ns‚ hoń¬

InS-°-bn¬ Ccp-∂-Xm-bn´v as‰m-cp-Ø\pw, B ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ B

Im° iwJp-ap-JØv sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Ccp-∂-Xm-bn´v aq∂m-a-sXm-cp-

Ø\pw, B Im° B ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ sIm´m-c-°c t£{X-Øn¬

Ccp-∂-Xm-bn´v Hcp-Ø\pw ]d-™p-I-gn-™m¬ AXns\ tIƒ°p-

∂-h¿ Ch-cn¬ Bcpw shf-f-°m° Cs√∂p ]d-™n-√-t√m, Bb-

Xp-sIm≠v sh≈-°m° D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ F∂v \ncq-]n-°ptam?

]cn-l-kn-°ptam? ]cn-l-kn-°pIXs∂ sNøpw. ta¬°m-Wn® \ymb-

ß-sf-s°m≠v ]nim-Nns\ Pbn®p F∂p-≈-Xp-ap-X¬ acn-®p-b¿Øp

F∂p-≈-Xp-hsc ]d-™n-´p-≈-h-bn¬ Hc-¤p-Xhpw tbip-hn-\m¬

sNø-s∏-ń-ń-s√∂v sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

C{X-bp-ap√, IS-in-bn¬ tbip-hns\ ]nSn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ Ahs\

]cn-lkn-®v X√n, IÆv aqSn-s°-ń, apJØv ASn-t®®v \ns∂ ASn-

®-h≥ Bsc∂p tNmZn-®-Xns‚ tijw tbip-hn\p ]d-bm≥ Ign-

™n-√. Gtcm-tZ-kp-cm-Pmhv tbip-hns\ I≠p hfsc kt¥m-j-

tØm-Sp-IqSn h√Xpw Hc-¤pZw sNbvXp ImWn-∏m≥ ]d-™n´v

AXn\pw Ign-™n-√. F∂n-´mWv Xq°n-en-Sp-hm≥ \nb-an-®-Xv.

alm]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw imkv{Xn-amcpw aq∏-∑mcpw Ch≥ C{km-tb¬

cmPm-sh-¶n¬ Ipcn-in¬\n∂v Cd-ßn-h-cs´ F∂m¬ Rßƒ hniz-

kn°pw F∂p ]-d™n´pw Xm≥ t{]Xwt]mse \n∂-Xt√ D≈q?

It√dp sIm≈p-sa∂p tXm∂n-b-t∏mgpw ae-h-°n¬\n∂p X≈-s∏-

Sm≥t\-cØpw injy-∑m-tcmSp kam-[m\w ]d-t™®p `b∂v Hfn-

t®m-Sn-b-Xns\ Znhy-i-‡n-sIm≠p ad-™p-I-f-™-Xm-sW-∂-√tbm

\nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ B Znhy-i‡n Cu ka-bØv Fhn-

sS-t∏mbn? tbip-hn\v Hfn-®p≈ k©mcw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-

t∏mƒ i{Xp-°ƒ h√-hcpw ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bmepw h√-hn-[hpw Bƒ°q-´-

Øn¬ ]Xpßn Hfn-t®m-SpI ]e-t∏mgpw D≠m-b-Xn-\m¬ Hcn-bv°¬

Ah¿ hfsc XmXv]-cy-s∏´p ]nSn-Iq-Sn. At∏m-g-I-s∏´pwt]mbn.

Aßs\ AI-s∏´ Znhkw ]nXm -hn -\m¬ \nb-an -°-s∏´

ZnhkamsW∂pw ]d-™p-sIm-≈p-∂p. Cu ÿnXn°v kI-e-


63

t]¿°pw ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw Ds≠∂pw ssZh-am-sW∂pw]d-™p-sIm-≈m-a-t√m.

BI-s´, ta¬∏-d™ A¤p-X-ß-sf√mw tbip sNbvX-Xm-bn´vt\m°mw. F∂mepw ssZh-sa∂p ]d-bm≥ ]mSn-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ tami, tbip-hm, Geo-im, Fenbm apX-em-b-hcpw CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ At\Iw A¤p-X-ßsf sNbvX-Xm-bn´pw (]p-d-∏m-Sp-]p-kvX-Iw 7˛-Dw, 8˛Dw A≤ym-bw) \nß-fpsS ss__n-fn¬ tLmjn-°-bm¬ Ah-tcbpw {]tXyIw ssZh-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-bn-´p-h-cpw.AXp-sIm-≠-t{X,

A√m-sXbpw (a-Ømbn 17 A 20 hm) Hcp ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfwam{Xw \nßƒ°p hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bm¬ Cu ae-tbmSv ChnsS \n∂vAhn-tS°v hmßn-t∏m-I-sb∂v (\o-ßn-t∏m-sb-∂v) ]d-bmw. hmßn-t∏m-Ibpw sNøpw. A{X-bp-a√ \nßƒ°v Ign-bm-ØXv H∂pw D≠m-I-bn-√. (Sn-˛22 hm. tbml-∂m≥ 14 A) D]-h-kn®p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h¿°pw ssZh-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap≈ F√mh¿°pw henb A¤p-X-ßsf sNbvhm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw (]pd∏mSp]pkvXIw 7, 8 A≤ymbw)ssZh-Øns‚ aln-a-bn-\m¬ tami apX¬t]sc CuPv]vXv tZiØv]dthm F∂ cmPm-hns‚ ASp-°¬ sN∂p tImens\ ]mºm-°¬,sh≈sØ c‡-am-°¬, Xhf D≠m-°¬ apX-emb A¤p-X-ßsfsNbvX-t∏mƒ cmP-k-ao-]-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw ssZh i{Xp-°fpwiq\y-°m--cp-amb am{¥n-I-∑m¿ CXp-Iƒ°p Xpey-ambpw A[n-I-ambpwsNbvXp F∂p ImWp-∂p. CXp-I-fm¬ ssZhw A√m-Øh¿°pwhnizm-k-an-√mØ ssZh-i-{Xp-°ƒ°pw A¤p-X-ßsf sNøp-hm≥Ign-bp-sa-∂p-≈Xp kv]jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ns∂bpw (a-Ømbn 24-˛-A. 24-˛-hm.) I≈-{In-kvXp-°fpw I≈-Zo¿L-Z¿in-amcpw h∂p-I-gn-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂m¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h-scbpw h©n-∏m≥X-°-hÆw hep-Xm-bn-´p≈ AS-bm-f-ß-sfbpwA¤p-X-ß-sfbpw Im´pw. CXn-\m¬ Hcp-h≥ A¤p-X-ßsfsNbvXm¬ Ahs\ ssZh-sa∂p hniz-kn-®p-t]m-I-cp-Xv. F∂p am{X-a√ ssZh-`-‡-\m-sW-s∂-¶nepw hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v am¿§hpwssZh-i-{Xp-hm-sW∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v bmsXmcp hntcm-[hpwCs√∂pw Dd-∏m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Fßs\ hnNm-cn-®mepw tbip-hns\ssZh-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn-te°v ISp-tIm-fhpw \ymbw ImWp-∂n-√m.

C{]-Imcw acn-®p-t]mb tbip Dbn¿sØ-gp-∂n-s√∂v At\Iw{]_-e-\ym-b-ß-sf-s°m≠p ÿm]n-®p. C\n acn-®-Xns‚ tijw

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



GXv ÿnXn-bn¬ Bbn-cn°mw F∂p-≈-Xns\ ss__n-fnse \ymb-

ß-sf-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°mw.

]m]n-Iƒs°-√m-h¿°pw \c-I-am-Ip∂p \nXy-hm-k-ÿ-ew.

F∂m¬ tbip-hm-Is´ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw kIe]m]-ß-sfbpw G‰p-

t]m-b-Xp-sIm≠v F√m-t]-sc-°mfpw alm-]m-]nbpw AXp-tl-Xp-hm-

bn´v 6XnSn-s\∂p \c-I-Øn¬ t]mbn hogp-∂-Xn-te°p am{X-a-√msX

as‰m-∂n\pw tbmKyX C√m-Øh\pw BIp-∂p. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v

tbip \c-I-Øn¬Xs∂ ]Xn-®n-cn-°p-sa∂v Dd-∏m-bn´p \n›-bn-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv. F∂p Xs∂-bp-a√ CXn-∂-\p-k-c-W-am-bn´p {InkvXp acn-

®-Xns‚ tijw ]mXm-f-Øn¬ Cdßn F∂pw-IqSn At∏m-kvX-e-

∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v ktμ-l-an-√m.

{InkvXp \c-I-Øn¬Xs∂ t]mbn-cn-°p∂p F∂p Xo¿®-bm-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.

C\nbpw \c-I-Øn¬ t]mb-h¿°v Xncn®p Itc-‰-an-s√∂p

\nßƒXs∂ kn≤m-¥-am-bn´p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \c-I-Øn¬

t]mb-h-\mb tbiphpw A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ aSßn Itc-do-´n-s√∂p

\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xnt\ \ymb-ap-≈p. CXn-te°v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn´v (tbm-

l-∂m≥ 20-˛-A. 17-˛-hm.) Fs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ASp-°-te°v CXp-h-

scbpw Itcdn t]mbn-´n√m F∂n-ßs\ {]am-Whpw kn≤n-®n-cn-°-

bm¬ kwi-b-an-√m. tam£-Øn¬ t]mbn- n-s√∂pw IqSn Xo¿®-bmbn.

At∏mƒ tam£-Øn¬ hym]n-°mØ ÿnXn°pw Fßpw hym]n-

®n-cp∂p F∂pw ]d-bm\pw ]mSn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs‚ tbmKy-

Xbv°p X°-hÆw sN∂p-tN¿∂ ÿm\hpw Bcm-bmepw icn

sN∂-I-s∏-´-h¿°v HcpImeØpw tamN-\-an-√mØ ÿehpw Bb

\nXy-\-c-I-Øn¬Øs∂ AS-ßn-°n-S-°p∂p F∂-√msX thsd Hcp-

hn-[-Ønepw ]d-bp-∂-Xn-te°v {ipXnbpw bp‡nbpw A\p-`hhpw

H∂pw-Xs∂ C√m.

BI-bm¬, (tbm-l. 20 A. 28-˛-hm.) (a-Ømbn 1˛-A. 23-˛-hm.)

\tΩm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp≈ ssZhw (F-{_- 1˛-A. 8˛-hm.) \nXy-knw-lm-k-\-

ÿ-\mb ssZhw (tdma. 9˛-A. 5˛-hm.) Ft∂°pw hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-

\mbn k¿Δ-Øn-t∑epw ssZh-am-b-h≥. (b-lqZ. 25-˛-A. Xntam. 1˛-

A. 17-˛-hm.) \ΩpsS c£n-Xm-hmIp∂ GI-⁄m-\n-bmb ssZhw,

(Xo-tam. 6 A. 14-˛16 hsc hm.) [\y-\mb GIm-[n-]-Xnbpw cmPm-[n-

cm-Pmhpw I¿Øm-[n-I¿Øm-hpw, (1 tbml. 3˛-A. 16-˛-hm.) \ap-°p-


65

th≠n Xs‚ Pohs\ h® ssZhw, (A-t∏m. \S∏v. 20-˛-A. 28-˛-hm.)

\sΩ kz¥-c-‡-Øm¬ kºm-Zn® ssZhw. (Xo-Øp. 2˛-A. 14-˛-hm.)

alm-ssZhw (Xo-tam. 3˛-A. 16-˛-hm.) PU-Øn¬ shfn-s∏´ ssZhw (1

tbml. 5˛-A. 2˛-hm.) kXy-ssZhw (F-imb 9˛-A. 6˛-hm.) i‡n-

bp≈ ssZhw (tbm-l. 1˛-A. 1˛-hm.) hN-\-am-Ip∂ ssZhw (sh-fn.

17-˛-A. 14-˛-hm.) I¿Øm-[n-I¿Ømhv (eq-°m. 2˛-A. 6˛-hm.) I¿Øm-

hm-Ip∂ {InkvXp (sh-fn. 1 -A. 8 -hm.) Ccp-∂-h\pw Ccn-°p-∂-h\pw

hcp-∂-h-\p-amb I¿Ømhv (1 sImcn. 8˛-A. 6˛-hm.) tbip-{InkvXp

F∂ GI I¿Ømhv (F-imbm 6˛A. 4˛11-˛-hm.). ssk\y-ß-fpsS

btlm-h-bmb I¿Ømhv (tbml 12-˛-A. 38-˛-hm 1 sImcn¥n. 2˛-A.

8˛-hm.) al-Xz-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv (tdmam. 14-˛-A. 8˛-hm.) Pohn-Iƒ°pw

acn-®-h¿°pw I¿Ømhv (2 sImcn. 15 A. 47 kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂p≈

I¿Øm-hv) \o-Xnbpw Icp-W-bp-ap-≈-h-s\∂ A¿∞-ap-≈-Xmbn ]d-

bp-∂p, A¬∏m-H-taKm (sh-fn. 22-˛A. 13-˛-hm.) BZnbpw A¥hpw

(sh-fn. 3˛-A. 14-˛-hm.) Bta≥. (sh-fn. 19-˛-A. 16-˛-hm.) cmPm-[n-cm-

Pmhv (F-{_m. 1˛-A. 12-˛-hm.) bYm-hm≥ (sh-fn. 2˛-A. 23-˛-hm.) Dƒ∏q-

hp-I-sfbpw lrZ-b-ß-sfbpw Bcm-bp-∂-h≥. (sIm-em. 1˛-A. 17-˛-

hm.) k¿Δ-Øn\pw apº≥ (tbm-l. 16-˛-A. 30-˛-hm.) kI-ehpw Adn-

bp-∂-h≥ (sImsem. 1 A. 16-˛-hm.) kI-ehpw krjvSn-®-h≥ (sh-fn.

1˛-A. 8˛-hm.) k¿Δ-i-‡≥ (2. sX . 1˛-A. 8˛-hm.) \ymbm-[n-]Xn

{]Xn-Imcw sNøp-∂-h≥ (1 tbml. 12- -A. 12- -hm.) \nXy≥ (F-imbm

9˛-A. 6˛-hm.) \nXy-]n-Xmhv (b-d-an. 23 A 5h) cmPmhv (shfn 22. A.

12 h) {]Xn-^ew sImSp-°p-∂-h≥ (a-Øm. 9˛-A. 6˛-hm.) ]m]-ßsf

tamNn-°p-∂-h≥ (tbm-l. 6, 53˛54 hm.) acn-®-hsc Dbn¿∏n-°p-∂-

h≥ (F-{_m. 13-˛-A. 8˛-hm.) am‰-an-√m-Ø-h≥ (sh-fn. 22-˛-A. 13-˛-hm.)

H∂m-a-Ø-h\pw HSp-°-Ø-h\pw (eq-°m. 1˛-A. 76-˛-hm.) AXyp-∂-

X≥ (F-im. 40-˛-A. 3˛-hm. bdn. 23-˛-A. 6˛-hm.) btlmhm (k-¶o. 68-

˛-A. 4˛-hm.) F∂n-ßs\ F√mw tbip-hn-\p-≈-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂

\ma-ß-sfm∂pw tbip-hn\p tNcp-I-bn-√. C{]-Im-c-ap-≈-h-\m-bn-cp∂

tbip-hns\ ssZh-sa∂p ÿm]n-∏m≥th≠n ]d-™n-´p≈ Abp-

‡-ßfpw Ak-Xy-ß-fp-amb kam-[m-\-ß-sfbpw kw -hn-®n- n-√m-Ø-

Xp-I-fmb aln-a-I-sfbpw t\m°p-tºmƒ C\n BscbmWv GXp

Poh-∑m-sc-bmWv \nß-fpsS Cu \ymb-{]-Imcw ssZh-sa∂p ÿm]n-

∏m≥ ]mSn-√m-ØXv? IjvSw! IjvSw! Fs¥-¶nepw X¬°m-e-Im-cy-

em- -sØ-°-cpXn aSn-Iq-SmsX CXn≥hÆw ]d-™p-sIm≠p \S-∏m≥

{InkvXp-N-cnXw



Xp\n-™mepw tIƒ°p-∂-h¿s°√mw Hcp-t]mse aXn-sI-´p-t]m-Ip-

sa∂p \ncq-]nt®m?

Cßs\ tbip-hn-s\-°p-dn®v hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw ssZh-e-£-W-an-

s√∂p I≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. N´-ºn-kzman Cu ]pkvXIw cNn® h¿jsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2. N´-ºn-kzman Cu ]pkvXIw cNn® h¿jsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

3. hN\ t`jPw = hm°m-Ip∂ Huj[w

4. tNmamcn = aTb≥

5. IS-in-bn¬ = Ah-km-\-ambn

6. XnSo-s\∂v = s]s´∂v


67

C\n \n{K-lm-\p-{Klw

{InkvXp temIm-h-km-\Øp hnNm-cW sNbv-hm-\m-bn´p hcpw

F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. hnNm-c-W-Im-e-Øn\p aptº acn-®-

h¿ F√m-t]cpw sN∂p tNcp-∂Xp \c-I-tam-£-ß-fntem? thsd

h√ ÿetØm? thsd ÿe-Øm-Ip-∂p-sh-¶n¬ BZw, A{_lmw

apX-em-b-hcpw hnNm-c-W-Im-e-Øn\p aptº-Xs∂ tam£-Ønepw a‰p

]ecpw \c-I-Ønepw {]th-in-®p-sh∂p \nß-fpsS ss__nƒ ]d-

bp-∂Xp I≈-am-Ip-∂p.

acn-®-h-sc-√m-t]cpw X¬£WwXs∂ \c-I-Ønepw tam£-

Ønepw sN∂v kpJ-Zpx-J-ßsf A\p- -hn°pw F∂p-h-cp-In¬ temIm-

h-km-\-Im-e-Øn¬ hnNm-c-W-sN-ø-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m. AX√ hnNm-cW

sNøWw F¶n¬ B hnNm-c-W-sIm≠v ap‡n-bn¬ Ccp-∂-hsc \c-

I-Ønepw \c-I-Øn¬ Ccp-∂-hsc ap‡n-bnepw am‰n am‰n Ccp-

Øptam? Ccp-Øp-I-bn-s√-¶n¬ hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v {]tbm-

P\w bmsXm∂pw C√-t√m. F∂m¬ aptº-bn-cp-∂-{]-Im-cw-Xs∂

ap‡n-bn¬ Ccp-∂-hsc ap‡n-bnepw \c-I-Øn¬ Ccp-∂-hsc \c-I-

Ønepw CSp-sa-¶n¬ At±lw \qX-\-ambn hnNm-cW sNøp-sa-∂p-

≈Xv F¥n-\m-bn´v? BI-bm¬ temIm-h-km-\-Øn¬ hnNm-c-W-sb-

s∂m-∂p-s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ ip≤-I-≈-am-Ip-∂p.

C\nbpw At±lw hnNm-cW sNøp-tºmƒ a≤y-ÿ-\m-bn-cn-°p-

sa∂v \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. Bflm-°ƒ bmsXmcp I¿Ωhpw sNøm-

Xn-cns° Xs‚ a\- p-t]mse Nnesc kpJ-t`m-Kn-I-fm-bn´pw Nnesc

ZpxJm-\p-t`m-Kn-I-fm-bn´pw krjvSn-®-Xp-sIm≠v ]£-]m-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°p-

∂-h≥ a≤y-ÿ-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p tbmKy-\-√.

C\n {InkvXp-hm-Is´ hnNm-c-W-Im-eØv GXp {]amWwsIm≠p

hnNm-cn°pw? ss__n-fn-s\-s°m≠p hnNm-cn°pw F¶n¬ B

]pkvXIw At\-I-tImSn apJ-ß-fmbn ]ncn™p ap∂pw ]n∂pw H∂n-

s\m∂p hn]-co-X-s∏´v Hcp t]°q-Øp-t]mse Ccn-°p-∂-Xns\



\nßƒ \√-Xn-≥hÆw I≠n-cn-°p-at√m. AXn-s\-s°m-≠p- \oXn

hnNm-cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? AXn-s\-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ Hcp-thf hnNm-cn-

®mepw B ss__n-fns\ I≠pw tI´pw Adn-bmØ ]e ]e tZi-

ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°v GXn-s\-s°m≠v \oXn hnNm-cn°pw?

C∂Xv \√Xv C∂Xv NoØ F∂v ]Ip-Ø-dn-bp∂ hnth-N-\-I-fp≈

a\- m-£n-sb-s°m≠v hnNm-cn-°p-sa-¶n¬ ap≥]-d-™-t]mse

\√Xpw NoØbpw C∂-Xn-∂-Xm-Ip∂p, F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v k{º-Zm-

b-im-kv{X-ßƒ IqSm-sX-I-gn-I-bn-√. BI-bm¬ Ah-\-h≥ ssIs°m-

≠n-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zm-b-im-kv{X-ßƒ°v tN¿®-bm-bn-´p-Xs∂ Ah-

\-h\v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. B ÿnXn°v Ah-\-hs‚ Adn-hm-Ip∂

a\- m-£n-sb-s°m≠v hnNm-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-\-hs‚ aX-

im-kv{X-ß-sf-Øs∂ {]am-W-am-°n-sIm≠v hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

Aßs\ hnNm-cn-°p-∂-]£w ss__n-fn-s\-Øs∂ {]am-W-am-°n-

s°m≠p hnNm-cn-°p-sa∂pw a‰p≈ aXim-kv{X-ß-sf√mw Ak-Xy-

im-kv{X-ß-fm-sW∂pw \nßƒ F¥n\p th≠n-sb-¶nepw \S∂p

tLmjn-°p-∂Xv henb I≈w Bbn-t∏m-Ipw. Ah¿°pw ss__n-

fn-s\-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ hnNm-cn-°p-sa-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS P\\w apX¬

acWw hscbpw I≠pw tI´pw Adn-bmØ ss__nƒ Iev]-\-Isf

Ahcp ssIs°m-≠n√m F∂p tIm]n®v Ahsc ZWvUn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

alm-I-Tn-\hpw A\ym-bhpw Bbn-t∏m-Ipw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ {InkvXp-

hn\p hnNm-c-W-sN-øp-∂-Xn-te°pw {]am-Wta C√.

{InkvXp- Xs∂hnNm-cn-°m-Ø-hsc \nXy-\-c-I-Øn¬ X≈n-°-

f-bp-∂p-sh∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. K¿`-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmgpw

P\n-°p-tºmgpw P\n-®-Xns‚ tijw inip-{]m-b-Ønepw acn-®p-t]mb

Bflm-°fpw IpcpSpw sNInSpw Bbn-cp-∂p. acn-®p-t]m-b-hcpw P\n-

®-\mƒ XpSßn NnØ-{`aw apX-emb hym[n ]nSn-®p-In-S∂p acn-®p-

t]m-b-hcpw {InkvXp-aXw \S-∏m-°mØ tZi-ß-fn-en-cp∂v Ah-\-hs‚

aX-im-kv{Xw-sIm≠v kn≤n® Adn-hn≥{]-Imcw k∑m¿§n-I-fm-bn acn-

®p-t]m-b-hcpw {InkvXp-hns\ Adn™pw hniz-kn®pw Ccn-°-bn-√.

ss__n-fns\ ]Tn-®-dn-™n´pw AXv ssZh-imkv{Xw F∂p-hn-

izmkw hcmsX Xm≥ ssIs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ aX-Øn¬Øs∂

Ccp∂p acn-®-hcpw {InkvXp-hns\ hniz-kn-®n-cn-°-bn-√-t√m. At∏m-

ƒ B Bflm-°sf \c-I-Øn¬ X≈ptam? ap‡n-bn¬ tN¿°ptam?

\c-I-Øn¬ X≈p-sa-¶n¬ AXp-t]m-esØ A\ymbw thsd H∂pw


69

C√. ap‡n-bn¬ Ccp-Øp-sa-¶n¬ Xs∂ hniz-kn-°m-Ø-hsc \c-I-

Øn¬ X≈n-°-f-bp-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv H´pw tNcp-I-bp-an-√.

\nß-fpsS ssZhw Bflm-°sf CS-°m-eØp krjvSn-°bpw

Ah-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-Øs∂ Aip-≤-Xtbbpw ip≤w C√mØ Ic-Wm-Zn-I-tfbpw Ima-t{Im-[-tem- -taml aZ-am-’-cy-Kp-W-ß-sfbpw At±-l-

Øn-\m¬ A√msX a\p-jy-cn¬ Hcp-h-cmepw A\p-jvTn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥Ign-bm-ØXpw bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an-√m-ØXpw Bb Hcp \oXn

hn[nsb \nb-an®v \S-Øn-°bpw sNbvtX®v ]ns∂ hnNm-c-W-Im-eØv B Bflm-°sf Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fm°nØo¿°p-∂Xv F¥p \oXn-

bmWv?

btlmhm Bflm-°sf Aip-≤-∑m-cm-bn v krjvSn-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬Bflm-°ƒ Aip-≤-I-c-Wm-Zn-Isf Xm¥m-ß-fm-bn´v D≠m-°n-

bn´pt≠m? Aßs\ D≠m°nbn√ F∂p-≈-Xn\v {]am-W-am-bn´vtIm]w apX-emb Zp¿§p-W-ß-sf√mw P\n-®-bp-Ss\ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-

t√m. Ah P∑-]m-]w-sIm-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-¶n¬ BZn Bflmhn¬ AhFßs\ D≠mbn? BZn Bflmhv sNbvX ]m]w-sIm-≠p-≠mbnF¶n¬ B ]m]w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-amb hn]-co-X-⁄m\w D≠m-

b-sX-ßs\? BI-bm¬ Bflm-°sf Aip-≤-∑m-cm-bn-´p-Xs∂krjvSn-®p-sh∂p sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

btlmh C∂m¿°v C∂ {]Imcw \S-Ø-W-sa∂v Bcw-`-

Øn¬Øs∂ \nb-a-®n√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \S-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-hsb \nb-an-°m-Ø-t∏mtg Ahsb Adn-™p-an-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Aß-

s\-b√ Adn-™p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶n¬ \nb-an-®p-an-cn-°pw. \nb-an-®n´pw A{]-Imcw \S-°msX sX‰n-t∏m-sb-¶n¬ I¿ØrXzw Cs√-

∂p-h-cpw. AXp-sIm≠v btlm-hm-bpsS \nb-a-{]-Imcw A√msXthsd Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw H∂pw \S-°-bn√ F∂v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠-Xm-

bn´p Xocpw.

BI-bm¬, At±lw X∂-Øms\ Bflm-hn-t\bpw Aip-≤-X-

tbbpw hnj-hr-£-tØbpw bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\hpw C√mØ Hcphn[n-sbbpw ]nim-Nn-s\bpw \n¿Ωn®v HSp°w Xs‚ Cu h√mØ

sNbvh\-I-sf-s°m≠p ]m]w D≠m-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ Ip‰sØ A\y-∑m-cn¬ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Xm≥ Zb-hp-≈-h-s\-t∏mse shfn-bn¬

ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n c≠m-aXpw B ]m]sØ X∂n¬ hln®pwXm≥ thZ-\-s∏-Sp-∂-h-s\-∂-t]mse mhn-°bpw Xt∂m-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-

C\n \n{K-lm-\p-{Klw



jy-Xz-sØ-am{Xw thZ-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Xm≥ c£-I-s\∂p t]sc-

Sp-Øp-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v H∂pw Adn-bm-Ø-h-t\bpwsNøm-Ø-h-t\-bpw-t]mse h∂v \oXn-hn-Nm-cW Ign®v Bflm-°sf

Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fm-°n-Øo¿°p-∂Xp alm-A-\o-Xn-bm-sW∂v Ip™p-ßƒ°p-t]mepw Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. BI-bm¬, At±lw bmsXm-

cp-Ø-tcbpw Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fm-°n-Øo¿∏m≥ \ymb-an-√.

{InkvXp-hns\ Hcp-h≥ hniz-kn-°m-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ]m]-am-Ip-

∂p-sh∂p \nßƒ Xs∂-Øms\ ]d-I-sIm≠pw {InkvXp ap∂pw]n∂pw D≈ kIe ]m]-ßƒ°p-am-bn´v ]mSp-s]´p F∂v ImWp-I-

sIm≠pw hniz-kn-°m-Ø-Xmb ]m]-Øn\pw {InkvXp A\p-`-hn®thZ-\-Xs∂ {]mb-›n-Ø-am-bn´p Xocpw. BI-bm¬ {InkvXp

Xm≥am{Xw \c-I-th-Z\ A\p-`-hn-°-b-√msX a‰p-≈-h-tc-bpw-IqSnA\p-`-hn-∏n-°-sb-∂p-≈Xv \oXn-bm-I-bn-√. Cßs\ \n{K-lm-\p-{K-

l-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw ssZh-e-£-W-an-s√∂p sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


71

]hn-{Xm-fl-N-cn{Xw

]hn-{Xm-flm-hv, krjvSn apX-emb IrXy-ßƒ°p th≠p∂

klmbw sNøp∂p F∂v \nß-ƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. btlmhm k¿Δ-

i-‡≥ F∂p-h-cn-In¬ Xm≥ sNøp∂ IrXy-ßƒ°v ]hn-{Xm-flm-

hns‚ klm-bw-IqSn C—n-°ptam? btlmhm kzbw IrXyw sNøp-

∂-Xn\v {XmWn-bn-√m-Ø-h-\√ F¶nepw At±lw sNøp∂ IrXy-

ßƒ°v Xm\pw-IqSn kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv ]hn-{Xm-

flmhv sNøp∂ klmbw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv F¶n¬ Cu A`n-{]m-

bsØ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p {]amWw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂mepw Ct±-l-Øns‚ kΩ-XsØ C—n-®nt´ btlmhm IrXyw

sNøp-I-bp≈q F∂pw AXn-\m¬ btlmhm A\-¥-i-‡n-bp-≈-h-

\-s√∂pw h∂p-t]m-Ipw. ]hn-{Xm-flmhv ss__n-fns\ Xm≥Xs∂

D≠m-°msX ‡-∑msc DW¿Øn Ah-sc-s°m≠p sNøn-®Xv F¥n-

\m-bn´v? Cu ]hn-{Xm-flmhv {InkvXp-hns\ tZmj-c-ln-X-a-\p-jym-Ir-

Xn -bm-bn´v krjvSn®t∏mtg-Xs∂ At±-l-Øn¬ ip≤nbpw

⁄m\hpw IqSn D≠m-bn-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. B ÿnXn°v

{]mhns‚ cq]w [cn®p h∂p {]th-in-®Xpw (tbm-l-∂m≥ 1˛-A. 32-

˛-hm.) Aßs\ {]th-in-®n-cp-∂n´pw HSp°pw B {InkvXp thZ-\-

tbm-Sp-IqSn \ne-hn-fn-®-t∏m-ƒ c£n-°msX hn´p-I-f-™Xpw F¥n-

\m-bn v? Aß-s\-b√ c£n-°-Xs∂ sNbvXp F∂p-h-cn-In¬ tbip

“Fs‚ ]nXmth Fs‚ ]nXmth” F∂p hnfn-®-t∏m-ƒ At±-l-

Øns‚ AΩ-bmb adn-b-Øn-t\mSv can® ]nXm-hmb Xm≥ an≠m-

sX-bn-cp-∂p-I-f-™Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? AXv Ccn-°-s´.

BZn-a-\p-jys\ h©n-∏m≥ h∂ ]nimNv a‰p≈ thj-ß-sf-

sbm∂pw ssIs°m-≈msX k¿∏-Øns‚ thjsØ ssIs°m-≠-

Xn-\m¬ BbXp ]m]-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn `hn®p F∂p sNm√n

k¿∏-ß-sf-sbms° i]n® btlmhm ]hn-{Xm-flmhv a‰p≈ thj-

ß-sf-sbm-∂n-t\bpw FSp-°msX {]mhns‚ thjsØØs∂ kzoI-



cn-®Xv ]pWy-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bt√m F∂p kt¥m-jn®v {]mhp-I-

sf-sbm-s°bpw “\nßsf Bcpw shSn-sh-°bpw Xn∂p-Ibpw C√”F∂p ]d™v H∂v A\p-{K-ln-®p-I-f-bmsX Ccp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?Cßs\ ]hn{Xmflmhn-s\-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw ssZh-e-£-W-

an-s√∂p sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


73

ss{XyIXzw

Cu hmIyw ss__n-fn-en-√. ]nXmhv F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ btlm-

hmsb ssZh-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-X-√msX Hcn-S-sØ-¶nepw {InkvXp-hns\

ssZhw F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. ]nXmhv ]p{X≥ ]hn-{Xm-flmhv F∂p

aq∂p \maßfpw Hcp-an®v ss__n-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ hmIy-

ßƒ aq∂pw aq∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

H∂m-aXv (tbm-l-∂m≥ 5˛-A. 7 hm.) ]c-tem-I-Øn¬ km£yw

]d-bp-∂-h¿ aqh-cp-≠v. Bflm-hv, Pew, c‡w Ch¿ aq∂pw H∂n-

te-°m-Ip-∂p.

c≠m-aXv (a-Ømbn 28-˛-A. 19-˛-hm.) ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-

flm-hv Ch-cpsS \ma-Øn¬ kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

aq∂m-aXv (sImcn-¥n-b¿ 13-˛-A. 14-˛-hm.) I¿Øm-hmb tbip-

{In-kvXp-hns‚ Ir]bpw ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lhpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-

hns‚ Iq´m-bvabpw \nß-sf-√m-h-tcm-Spw-IqSn Ccn-∏q-Xm-I. Ch-bn¬

BZysØ hmIyw Xan-gnepw Cw•o-jn-ep-ap≈ ss__n-fn¬ am{X-a-

√msX CXp-Iƒ°p aqe-amb {Ko°p- m-j-bn-ep≈ ss__n-fn¬ C√.

]£-]mXw IqSmsX \ymbsØ am{Xw kzoI-cn-°p∂hcmb

Hmtcmtcm bqtdm-]y-{In-kvXy-∑m-cp-t]mepw Cu hmIyw ss__n-fn¬

hymP-am-bn-´mWv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p-I≠v AXns\ \o°n-°-

f-™p. BI-bm¬ AXn-s\-∏‰n Ku\n-°p-∂Xv A\m-h-iy-am-Ip-∂p.

c≠m-asØ hmIy-Øn¬ ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv Cu aq∂n-

t\bpw Hs∂∂p ]d-bp-∂pt≠m? C√ Hmtcm-∂ns\ {]tXyIw {]tXy-

I-sa-¶nepw ssZh-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂pt≠m? AXp-an-√. aq∂pw Xpey-am-

sW∂p ]d-bp-∂pt≠m? Aß-s\bpw C√. B aq∂n-t\bpw hμn-

°p-∂-Xn\p ]d-bp-∂pt≠m? AXp-an-√. C{]-Imcw Hs∂t∂m

shtΔsd ssZh-sat∂m Xpey-sat∂m hμy-sat∂m ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p∂

ÿnXn°v B aq∂n-t\bpw Fß-s\-bmWv \nß-ƒ ssZh-e-£-W-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn ss{XyI-Xz-am°n kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.



aq∂m-aXp hmIy-Øn¬ thsd ssZh-sat∂m aq∂pw Xpey-

sat∂m Hs∂t∂m hμy-sat∂m ]d-™n-´n-√. F∂p-X-s∂-bp-a√mss{XyI-XzsØ \ntj-[n-°p-I-bpw-IqSn sNøp-∂p-≠v. Fßs\

F∂m¬ ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv F∂p ]d-bmsX ssZhw,]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬ B aq∂p-

t]-cn¬ Hcp-Ø≥ ssZh-sa∂pw a‰p c≠p-t]cpw ssZh-a-s√∂pw sXfn-hm-Ip∂p ssZh-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ {InkvXp ss{XyI-Xz-Øn¬ tN¿∂-

h-\-√. (Sn. hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-c-ambn Adn-b-W-sa-∂p-≈-h¿1827-˛mw h¿jw AIvtSm_¿ amkw 28-˛\v sdh-d≠v sl≠v dnhb¿

F∂ ]mXn-cn-bm¬ sNø-s∏´ D]-\ym-ksØ t\m°pI.) C\n CXn-s\-∏‰n ]nXmhv {InkvXp Ch-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw ss__n-fm-

Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sfbpw ImWn®p ss{XyIXzw Xosc C√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°p-∂p-≠v.

(]p-d-∏mSp ]pkvXIw 8˛-A. 3˛-hm.) Fs‚ apºmsI A\y-ssZ-h-ß-ƒ \n\-°p-≠m-I-cpXv (B-h¿Ø-\-]p-kvXIw 32-˛-A. 39-˛-hm.)

Rm≥, Rm≥Xs∂ Ah-\m-Ip-∂p. Ft∂m-Sp-IqSn a‰p ssZh-an-√.(b-imbm 4, 5 A. 5 apX¬ 8 hsc hm.)

Rm≥ btlm-h-bm-Ip-∂p. as‰m-cp-Ø-\p-an-√m. Rm\-√msXas‰mcp ssZhhp-an√. Rm≥ btlm-hm-bm-Ip-∂p. (]p-d-∏m-Sp-]p-kvXIw

3˛-A. 15-˛-hm.) Ccn-°p-∂-h-\mb Rm\n-cn-°p-∂p. (a-Ømbn 22˛A;31, 32 h) A{_-lm-ans‚ ssZhhpw Ck-lm-°ns‚ ssZhhpw

bmt°m-_ns‚ ssZhhpw Bb btlmhm CXv Ft∂°pw Fs‚\mahpw CXp Xe-ap-d-bmbn Fs‚ Hm¿Ω {]kvXm-h-hp-am-Ip-∂p.

ta¬ ]d-b-s∏´ hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n tbip kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xns\t\m°p-hn≥. Rm≥ A{_-lm-ans‚ ssZhhpw BIp∂p F∂v Ah≥

]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ \nßƒ hmbn-®n-√-tbm. (a-Ømbn 19-˛-A. 17-˛-hm). Hcp-h≥ tbip-hns\ \√-h-s\∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ tbip Ah-

t\m-Sm-bn´v Fs∂ \√-h-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥v? ssZhw Hcp-h-s\m-gnsI \√-h-s\m-cp-Ø-\p-an-√. (a¿t°mkv 12-˛-A. 32-˛-hm.) Hcp-

h≥ Hcp ssZhta D≈q Ah-s\m-gnsI a‰m-cp-an√ F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ tbip icn-Xs∂ F∂v kΩ-Xn-®p. (tbm-l-∂m≥ 14-˛-A. 28-˛-

hm.) ]nXmhv Ft∂-°m-ƒ hen-b-h-\m-Ip∂p F∂v tbip ]d-bp∂p.(A-t∏m-kvX-e¿ 2 -A. 22- -hm.) tbip-{In-kvXp-hmb a\p-jys\ ssZhw

kΩ-Xn-®p. Cw•ojv ss__n-fn¬ t\m°pI (1 sImcn¥n. 11 A.3˛hm.) a\p-jy\pw {InkvXp-hn\pw F{X-tØmfw hyXym-k-apt≠m


75

A{X-tØmfw hyXymkw ssZh-Øn\pw {InkvXp-hn\pw XΩn-ep-s≠-

∂p≈ A¿∞-Øn¬ CXm kI-e-]p-cp-j\pw Xe {InkvXp-hm-Ip∂p{InkvXp-hn\p Xe ssZh-sa∂pw; Cßs\ ]d-™p-t]m-bm¬ A[n-

I-hn-kvXm-c-am-Ip-sa∂p IcpXn C\n t]¿ A≤ymbw hN\w Chsbam{Xw ImWn-°p∂p (]p-d-∏mSv ]pkvXIw 3˛-A. 14, 15-˛-hm., Sn. 20-˛-

A. 3˛-hm., Bh¿Ø-\-]p-kvXIw 4˛-A. 39-˛-hm., Sn 6˛-A. 4˛-hm., Sn.32-˛-A. 39-˛-hm., Sn. 5˛-A. 7˛-hm., imap-th¬ 7˛-A. 22-˛-hm., 2 cmPm-°-

∑m¿ 19-˛-A. 19-˛-hm., s\sl-anbm 9˛-A. 6˛-hm., k¶o¿Ø\w 83-˛-A.18-˛-hm, Sn. 36-˛-A. 10-˛-hm., sbimbm 37-˛-A. 16-˛-hm., Sn. 37-˛-A. 27-˛-hm.,

Sn. 40-˛-A. 25-˛-hm., Sn. 41-˛-A. 4˛-hm., Sn. 42-˛-A. 8˛-hm., Sn 44-˛-A. 68-˛-hm., Sn. 45-˛-A. 5, 6˛-hm., Sn. 45-˛-A. 18, 21, 22-˛-hm., Sn. 43-˛-A. 10, 11, 14,

15-˛-hm., Hminbm 13-˛-A. 4˛-hm., tbmsh. 2˛-A. 27-˛-hm., aØmbn 19-˛-A. 17-˛-hm, Sn 7˛-A. 21-˛-hm, Sn˛12 A. 32-˛34 hm; Sn. 20-˛-A. 23-˛-hm.,

aØmbn 26-˛-A. 39-˛-hm., Sn. 5˛-A. 42-˛-hm., tbml-∂m≥-˛17 A˛3 hm,Sn 4˛-A. 34 hm. Sn 5˛-A-. 38 hm. Sn. 6˛-A. 37-˛-hm., Sn. 20-˛-A. 17-˛-hm.,

Sn. 14-˛-A. 28-˛-hm., a¿t°mkv 13-˛-A. 42-˛-hm., a¿t°m: 11-˛-A. 20-hm.Sn 22-˛-A. 29-˛-hm, tdma¿ 17-˛-A. 27-˛-hm, Sn. 10-˛-A. 9˛-hm., Sn. 4˛-A. 24-˛-hm., 1 sImcn-¥n-b¿ 8˛-A. 6˛-hm., Sn. 1˛-A. 6˛-hm., Sn. 11-˛-A. 3˛-hm.,

2 sImcn-¥n-b¿ 8˛-A. 3˛-hm., 1 Xntam-sY-bqkv 1˛-A. 17-˛-hm., Sn. 24-˛-A. 5˛-hm., Sn. 6˛-A. 15, 16-˛-hm., Kem-Xy-°m¿ 3˛-A. 20-˛-hm, F∏n-ko-

b¿ 4˛-A. 6˛hm; Sn. 1˛-A. 17-˛-hm., bmt°m_v 2˛-A. 19-˛-hm. shfn-∏mSv 15-˛-A. 34-˛-hm. sImtem-kn-b¿ 1˛-A. 3˛-hm.

Cu hmIy-ß-fm¬ ss__nƒ{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ss{XyI-Xz-an-

s√∂p \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. C\n-sb-¶nepw ss{XyI-Xz-sa∂ hm°ns\\nßƒ ad-∂p-I-f-hn≥.

BI-s´, F¶nepw Cu hmIyw D≈-Xm-bn- p-Xs∂ \ncq-]n-®mepwBbXp icn-bm-bn-Sptam F∂p t\m°mw. ss{XyIXzw F∂ ]Z-

Øn\p aq∂v H∂mhpw F∂p-≈Xv F∂m-Ip∂p A¿∞w. aq∂v H∂m--Ip-sa-¶n¬ aq∂m-bn-ń-cns° H∂m-Ipt∂m? B aq∂pw \in®v H∂m-

Ipt∂m? aq∂pw aq∂m-bn-ń-cp∂v H∂m-Ip-∂p F¶n¬ aq∂v aq∂m-bn-´p-Xs∂ Ccp-∂m¬ as‰m-∂m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? BbXv Hcn-°epw icn-

bm-I-bn-√. aq∂p amX-f-∏gw aq∂m-bn´p Xs∂ Ccn-°sh Ah Hcp]g-am-Iptam? C√-t√m. AXn-\m¬ aq∂p aq∂m-bn-ń-cn-°-bn¬ H∂m-

Ip-sa-∂p≈ ]£w bp‡-a-√. aq∂p \in®v H∂m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ Baqs∂-∂p-≈Xv C√m-sX-t]m-Ip-a-t√m. A√m-sXbpw aq∂v H∂v Ch-

ss{XyIXzw



bn¬ ImcWw GXv? Imcyw GXv? ap≥]v C√m-Xn-cp∂v D≠m-Ip-∂-

Xm-Ip∂p Imcyw. BI-bm¬ ap≥]v C√m-Xn-cp-∂p-≠mb H∂p Imcy-am-Ipw. Imcy-Øn\p \nb-X-ambn ap≥\n-ev]Xp Imc-W-am-I-bm¬

Imcy-amb H∂ns\ \nb-X-ambn ap≥\n∂v aq∂p Imc-W-am-Ipw. Imc-W-amb aq∂v H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ B aqs∂-∂p-≈Xv \in-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬

Imc-W-an-√msX t]mIp-∂p.

C{]-Imcw D]-ta-b-tØbpw t\m°n-°-≠m¬ ]nXmhv ]p{X≥

]hn-{Xm-flmhv Cu aq∂p-t]cpw \in-®p-t]m-Ipw. Cu aq∂pw \in-

®mepw Ch-bm-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Hs∂-¶nepw \ne-\n¬°-bn-√tbm?

F∂m¬ AXpw \in-®p-t]m-Ipw. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Imcyw \iz-

c-am-Ip∂p F∂n-cn-°-bm-e-s{X. AXn-\m¬ ]nXmhv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-

{Xm-flmhv Cu Imc-W-amb aq∂n-t\m-Spw-IqSn Imcy-amb H∂v \in-

°p-sa-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

C\nbpw aq∂v H∂m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-Xn¬ ]ns∂bpw Hcp tZmj-an-

cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv aq∂n\pw hnIm-c-Xz-ap-≠m-I-em-Ip-∂p. aq∂n\pw

{XnXzw \in®v hnIm-csØ {]m]n-°msX H∂m-I-bn-√. C{]-Imcw

]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv F∂ aps∏m-cp-fn\pw hnImcw

IqSmsX H∂m-Im≥ Ign-I-bn-√.

C\n H∂p aq∂m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ H∂v H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sIm≠v aq∂m-

Ipt∂m? H∂p \in®v aq∂m-Ipt∂m? H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sIm≠v aq∂m-

Ip-sa-¶n¬ BbXv ]mSp-≈-X-√. Hcp amX-f-∏gw H∂m-bn- p-Xs∂ apgp-

h-\p-an-cns° BbXv aq∂p ]g-am-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? BI-bm¬ H∂v

H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sIm≠v aq∂m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-]£w tOZn-°-s∏- p-t]m-Ip-

∂p. H∂v aq∂v Ch-bn¬ H∂v Imc-Whpw aq∂v Imcy-hp-am-Wv. F∂p-

X-s∂-bp-a√ ImcWw \in®v Imcy-am-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. C{]-Imcw

D]-ta-bsØ t\m°n-bm¬ GI-amb ssZhw \in®v ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥,

]hn-{Xm-flmhv F∂ aq∂p t]cmbn `hn-°p-∂p. Imcyw \iz-c-am-bn-

´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. F∂n-cn-°-bm¬ Imcy-ß-fmb Sn. ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥,

]hn-{Xm-flmhv Cu aq∂p t]cpw \in-®p-t]m-I-Ø-°-h-cm-Ip-∂p F∂p

\n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

C\n Sn.- aq-∂p-t]cpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw D≈-h¿Xs∂ F∂p

hcn-Inepw Xpey-i-‡-∑m-c-I-bm¬ Hcp-Ø≥Xs∂ F∂p ]d-bmw,F¶n¬ Nne KpW-ß-sf-s°m≠v Xpey-∑m-cmI-bm¬ a\p-jy-sc-√m-

h-tcbpw Hcp-Ø≥ F∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. a\p-jy-cn¬ Nne KpWw


77

icn-bm-bn´pw Nne KpWw icn-bn-Sm-sXbpw Ccn-°-bm¬ Hcp-Ø-s\∂p]d-™p-Iq-Sm. Sn. aq∂p-t]-cpsS ASp-°epw Aev]hpw t`Zw IqSmsXF√m KpW-ßfpw icn-bm-bn- n-cn-°-bm¬ Ahsc Hcp-h≥ F∂p ]d-bm-sa-¶n¬ aq∂p sh≈n-cq-]m-Iƒ Aev]hpw t`Zw IqSmsX HØn-cp-∂n´pw Ahsb Hcp-cq]m F∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xp-t]mse Sn.aq∂p-t]cpw Xpey-∑m-cmbncp∂mepw Hcp-Ø≥ F∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm.A√m-sXbpw B aq∂pt]cpw {Inb-sIm≠pw Ime-tZ-i-Kp-W-ß-sf-s°m≠pw Xpey-∑m-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v CS-bn-√. ]nXmhvtemIsØ krjvSn-®p. a\p-jysc ]m]n-I-fm-°n. Hgn-hp-\m-fn¬ thesNbvX Hcp-Øs\ Is√-dn™p sIm√p-∂-Xn\p I¬]n-®p. hr≤-t—-Z\w sNømØ Hcp-Øs\ Hfn-®n-cp∂p sIm√p-hm≥ t\m°n. CuPn-]vXy-∑m-tcmSp sIm≈-sN-bvhm≥ ]d™v ]Øp-I-ev]-\sb sImSp-Øp. krjvSn-°p-ap-ºn-cp∂p tbip-hns‚ CS-Øp-`m-K-Øn-cp∂p_ensb kzoI-cn-®p. C\nbpw C{]-Im-c-ap≈ At\-I-Im-cy-ßsfsNbvXp. tbip cmPy-t{Zm-lhpw ssZh-t{Zm-lhpw sNbvXp. F∂pwsNm√n Ipcn-in¬ Xd®p sIm√-s∏´v ]nXm-hns‚ he-Øp-`m-K-Øn-cp∂p.

C\n ]hn-{Xm-flmhv adn-b-Øn¬ {]th-in®v tbip-hmbn hn®p{]mhn-s\-t∏mse `qan-bn-te°p h∂p. CXn-\m¬ aq∂p-t]cpw Hcp-t]m-se-bp-≈-h-c-s√∂p sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p.

Hcp hkvXp c≠v As√-¶n¬ aq∂m-I-sb∂pw aq∂v As√-¶n¬c≠p hkvXp-°ƒ H∂m-I-sb-∂p-ap-≈Xv A]-cn-]q¿Æ-h-kvXp-hn¬A√mØ ]cn-]q¿Æ-h-kvXp-hn¬ kwL-Sn-°-bn-√. Pew \nd™ tae-S-∏n´ Hcp ]m{X-Øn-\-IØv Pew c≠pw aq∂pw BsI-sb-∂p-≈XptNcptam? Hcp hkvXp c≠m-bn´v ]ncn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p thsdÿew th≠n-h-cp-∂p. CS-hn-SmsX Fßpw \nd-™n-cp-∂m¬ ]ncn-hp-≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-√. ]ncn-°bpw IqSp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-sb√mw hnIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb PU-h-kvXp-°ƒ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. A√msX ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb H∂p ]e-Xm-Ibpw ]e-sXm-∂m-Ibpw sNbvI-sb-∂p-≈XvtNcp-I-bn-√m. C{]-Imcw ]nXm-hv, kpX≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv Cu aqhcpwHcp-h-\m-sW∂pw Hcp-h≥ B aqh-cm-Ip∂p F∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xp tZmj-am-bn´p Xocpw.

C\n thsd Hcp {]Im-c-Øn¬ Sn. aq∂p-t]-cn¬ c≠p-t]scFSpØp t\m°mw. BbXp icn-s∏-´m¬ AXn-s\-Øs∂ aq∂pt]¿°pw h®p-sIm-≈mw.

ss{XyIXzw



]m¬ sXcm-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse ]nXmhv ]p{X-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬1]q¿Æ-Xz-tZm-j-an√ F¶n¬ CXp, ImcWw \in®p Imcy-am-Ip∂]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-a-s{X. ]mep-Xs∂ ssXcm-Ip∂p F∂p-≈-Xn¬ ]m¬

\in-®mWv ssXcm-Ip-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw D]-ta-b-tØbpw t\m°n-bm¬]nXmhv \in®p ]p{X-\m-I-Ww. At∏mƒ ]nXmhv ]c-a-WvU-e-Ønepw

]p{X≥ `qan-bnepw Ccp∂p F∂Xv A_-≤-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. Fs¥-∂m¬ ssXcm-bn´p `hn® ]mepw B ssXcpw XΩn¬ ]ncn™pthsd2 ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ccn-°-bn-s√-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-s≠-s{X. BI-bm¬]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw XΩn¬ ]ncn™p c≠p ÿeØv Ccp-∂-XmbnImWp-I-sIm≠v 3£oc-Z-[n-Zr-jvSm¥w LSn-°-bn-√. Cu £oc-Zr-jvSm¥w ]d-bp-∂-Xn-en-\n-bp-samcp tZmjw Ccn-°p-∂p. AXm-b-Xv,]mep \in®v ssXcm-Ip-∂p. A\-¥cw B ssXcpw ssXcm-bn-´p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°msX BbXp \in®v as‰m-∂m-Ipw. B as‰m∂p \in®vthsdm-∂m-Ipw. C{]-Imcw Hcp \ne-bn-√msX s]mbvt∏m-Ip-sa-∂m-Ip-∂p. CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]nXmhv \in®v tbip-hmbn tbip \in®vas‰m-cp-Ø-\mbn Ah\pw \in®v thsdm-cp-Ø-\mbn Cßs\ AfhvIS∂p s]mbvt]m-Ipw. Cu ÿnXn°v X¬°mew ]nXm-hp-an√mtbip-hp-an-√m. Ct∏mƒ Ccn-°p-∂-h≥ C∂-h-s\∂v Adn-bm\pw]mSn√. Hcp-thf Adn-bp-sa∂v sh®p-sIm-≠mepw Bb-h≥Xs∂C\n-taepw Ccn-°p-sa∂p \n›-bn-∏m\pw CS-bn-√. A√m-sXbpw Gh-s\-¶nepw Hcp-h≥ Ct∏m-ƒ D≈-Xm-bn´p \ncq-]n-°-s∏-Sp-In¬Ah≥Xs∂ ]c-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h-s\∂p hc-Ww. BÿnXn°v Ct∏mgpw ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw Ccn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv ss__n-fn\v hntcm-[-ambn `hn-°pw. ss__n-fns\ hntcm-[-ambn \n›-bn-°p-∂-hsc {InkvXy-∑m-sc∂p ]d™pw IqSm. Ccn-°-s´, ]mep apgp-h\pw \in®p ssXcm-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-b√ ]men¬\n∂p Iptd `mKw \in®v ssXcm-Ip-∂-Xmbn `mhn-®p-sIm≠v A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ]nXm-hn¬ Ipsd `mKw \in®v ]p{X\m-Ip∂p F∂p\n›-bn-°m-a-t√m. F¶n¬ \njvI-f-¶\pw \n¿Δn-Im-c-\p-amb ssZh-Øn\p Iptd-`m-K-sa-¶nepw If¶w `hn-®m¬ ta¬]-d™ \njvI-f-¶m-Zn-\m-a-ßƒ tNcm-Ø-h-bm-bn-Øo-cpw. A√m-sXbpw If-¶-s∏´ mK-sam-gn®p If-¶-am-bn-cn-°ptam? F∂m¬ AXp-an-√. F¥p Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcn-°¬ Iptd `mKw If-¶-s∏-´pthm B Imc-W-Øm¬Øs∂ as‰m-cn-°¬ at‰ `mK-hpw, IS-in-bn¬ (A-h-km-\w) at‰`mK-sa-¶nepw Hcp-thf £Ww-sIm≠v apgp-h\pw If-¶-s∏- p-t]m-Ipw.If-¶-s∏ v hnIm-csØ {]m]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂mepw kmh-Im-i-Øn¬ A{]-


79

Im-c-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-Xn-te°p ktμ-l-an-√m. ]nXm-hns‚ Imew

C{X-tØmfw F∂p KWn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Hcp-Ø-cmepw Ign-I-bn-s√∂v\nßƒ Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°-sIm≠v CXn\p apºn¬Øs∂ ]nXmhvIf-¶-s∏´p \in-®p-t]m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]mep \in®p ssXcm-bm¬ho≠pw ]mem-I-bn-√. AXp-t]mse ]nXmhp \in®p ]p{X-\m-bm¬4adp-]-Snbpw (ap-tº-t∏m-se) ]nXm-hm-I-bn-√. Cu ÿnXn°v ]nXmhvCt∏mgpw Ccn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp I≈-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. C\nthsd Hcp-hn-[-Øn¬ t\m°mw. aÆp IpS-am-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse ]nXmhv]p{X-\m-Ip-∂p. CXn¬ aÆp \in-°msX IpS-am-Ip-∂-sXm-∂v, IpSwaS-ßnbpw (Xn-cn-®pw) aÆm-Ip-∂-sXm-∂v. C{]-Imcw ]nXmhp \in-°msX ]p{X-\m-Ip-∂-sXm∂v. ]p{X≥ aS-ßnbpw ]nXm-hm-Ip-∂-sXm∂v, arØn-Ibpw LS-hpw-t]mse ]nXmhp ]p{X≥ Cu c≠p-t]cpw Hcp-Ø-\m-Ip∂p F¶n¬ aÆpw IpShpw shtΔsd A√m HtchkvXp-h-t{X. ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw Aß-s\-b√ thsd thsdBWt√m. aÆv Hcp ÿeØpw IpSw as‰mcp ÿeØpw Ccn-°p-I-bn-√. ]nXmhv Hcp ÿeØpw ]p{X≥ ({In-kvXp) as‰mcpÿeØpw AXm-bXv ]c-a-WvU-e-Ønepw qan-bnepw Ccp∂p F∂pss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂p. BI-bm¬ arXvL-S-Zr-jvSm¥w tN¿®-bp-≈-X-√. aÆm-Is´ 5Iw_p-{Ko-hm-Zn-hn-Im-c-ßsf (Ipw-_p-{Ko-hm-Zn-˛-C-Sp-ßnb IgpØv XpS-ßn-b) {]m]n®v IpS-am-Ip-∂p. A{]-Imcw ]nXm-hmb btlm-hmbpw hnIm-c-s∏´p ]p{X-\m-sb∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.aÆns‚ hnIm-c-Øn-\t{X IpS-sa∂p t]¿. AXp-t]mse tbip F∂\mahpw ]nXm-hns‚ hnIm-c-Øn-\p≈XmsW∂p h∂p-t]m-Ipw. A√m-sX-bpw, aÆpw IpS-hpw-t]mse A`n-∂-am-bn´p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ C\nbpwtZmj-ß-fn-cn-°p-∂p. tbip ap≈p-apSn [cn-®p. ]nXmhpw [cnt®m?tbip Ipcn-in¬ Xqßn acn-®p. ]nXmhpw Aßs\ acnt®m? tbip\ne-hn-fn-®p. ]nXmhpw \ne-hn-fnt®m? tbip ]nXm-hns\ t\m°nFs∂ F¥p-sIm≠v ssIhn´p F∂p ]d™p \ne-hn-fn-®p. ]nXmhpw

Xs‚ ]nXm-hns\ t\m°n A{]-Imcw \ne-hn-fn®p ]dt™m? A{]-Imcw hnfn®p ]d™p F¶n¬ B ]nXm-hns‚ ]nXm-hm-bn´p thsdm-

cp-Ø-\pw Ahs‚ ]nXm-hm-bn´v as‰m-cp-Ø\pw Ccn-°-Ww. Cßs\6A\-hÿmtZmjw D≠m-Ipw. tbip ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw Bbn-

cp-∂p. ]nXmhpw A{]-Im-c-am-bn-cpt∂m? tbip adn-b-Øns‚ DZ-c-Øn¬ P\n®p. ]nXmhpw A{]-Imcw P\nt®m? ]nXmhv ]p{X≥ Cu

c≠p-t]cpw ]c-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ he-Xp-h-iØpw CS-Xp-h-i-Øp-am-bn vCcn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ he-Xp-`m-K-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h≥ CS-Xp-

ss{XyIXzw



`m-KØpw CS-Xp-`m-KØv Ccn-°p-∂-h≥ he-Xp-`m-KØpw C√. CXp-

t]mse aÆpw IpShpw shtΔsd ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Ccn-°p-∂pt≠m?Imc-W-amb aÆn¬\n∂pw IpSsØ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v Ipi-h≥ thW-

sa-∂p-≈-Xp-t]mse Imc-W-amb ]nXm-hn¬\n∂pw tbip-hns\ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-te°v Hcp-Ø≥ thWw. Ah≥ B¿? Ahs\ krjvSn-®-

h≥ Gh≥? C{]-Imcw At\-I-tZm-j-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pwarXvL-S-Zr-jvSm¥w tNcp-I-bn-√.

C\n _nw_-{]-Xn-_nw-_-Zr-jvSm¥w t\m°mw. kqcy-\m-b-_nw_w Pe-Øn¬ {]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]nXm-hmb _nw_w

{]Xn-_nw-_n®v tbip-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXnepw tZmjw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂n-√. ]nXm-hns‚ ÿm\Øv kqcy\pw tbip-hns‚ ÿm\Øv {]Xn-

_nw-_-kq-cy\pw BIp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ kqcy≥ D≈ hkvXp. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ]nXmhv D≈-h\pw tbip C√m-Ø-h\pw tXm∂¬

am{Xhpw F∂p-h-c-Ww, At∏mƒ tbip P\n®p Ipcn-in¬ Xqßnacn®v A¤p-X-ßsf sNbvXv kz¿§-Øn-en-cn-°p∂p; \ymb-hn-[n°v

hcp-sa∂pw a‰pw CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-ßƒAti-jhpw C√m-Ø-h-Im-fmsW∂p Xo¿®-bm-Ipw. tbip C√m-Ø-

h-s\∂p hcp-tºmƒ 7X®-cn-{X-ßƒ t\cm-Iptam? Ncn-{X-ßƒ I≈-sa∂p hcp-tºmƒ ss__nƒam{Xw kXy-am-Iptam? Cu _nw_-{]-

Xn-_nw-_-Zr-jvSm-¥-Øn¬Øs∂ C\nbpw Hcp tZmj-an-cn-°p-∂p. CuZrjvSm¥w A]-cn-]q¿Æ hkvXp-hn-e-√msX ]cn-]q¿Æ-h-kvXp-hn¬

tNcp-I-bn-√. kqcy≥ BIm-iØp \n¬°p-∂p. Pew XmgØpw Ccn-°p-∂p. kqcy≥ Ccn-°p-∂n-SØv Pehpw Pew Ccn-°p-∂n-SØv

kqcy\pw C√. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v kqcy≥ {]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-∂p. kqcy≥CS-hn-SmsX Fßpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Pew Ccn-°p-∂-

Xn\p ÿe-hp-an-√. At∏mƒ {]Xn_nw_-ap-≠m-I-bn-√. \nßƒ ]nXm-hns\ ]cn-]q¿Æ-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. B ÿnXn°v ]nXm-hns‚

{]Xn-_nw-_-amWv tbip F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcn-°epw icn-bm-bn-´p≈X√.

C\n thsd Hcp D]-am\w ]d-™p-t\m-°mw. AXm-bXv c÷p-hn¬ k¿∏hpw Im\-en¬ Pe-hpw-t]m-se-bm-Ip-∂p. CXn¬ D]-tabw

Ib-dns‚ ÿm\Øv ]nXmhpw ]mºns‚ ÿm\Øv tbiphpw BIp-∂p. C\n CXn-ep≈ tZmjw Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬, Ib-dn¬ ]mºpw

Im\-en¬ Pehpw Fßs\ anYy-tbm, Fßs\ k¶ev]w am{X-am-bn-´n-cn-°pt∂m (A-ß-s\) Ib-dn-t\bpw Im\-en-t\bpw Hgn®p


81

k¿∏hpw Pehpw Fß-s\-bn-√tbm A{]-Imcw Xs∂ tbiphpw

an∞ym-`q-X-\pw, ]nXm-hns\ Hgn®p thsd C√m-Ø-h\pw BIp-∂p.

Ib-dn¬ ab-°w-tl-Xp-hm-bn´p ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]mºpw Im\-en¬

tXm∂p∂ Pehpw Hcp kv{XobpsS DZ-c-Øn¬ sN∂p P\n-°ptam?8Nn÷-U-I¿Ω-ß-fn-se-¥ns\ (Nn-Xv, PU-hkvXp F∂n-h-bpsS

I¿Ω-ßƒ) F¶nepw sNøptam? C√-t√m. CXp ip≤ta \pW-X-

s∂-bm-Wv. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ tbip Fs∂m-cmƒ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw

At\-I-Im-cy-ßsf sNbvXp-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xp I≈-am-bn-Øo-cpw.

Ib-dn¬ tXm∂p∂ ]mºn-s\bpw Im\-en¬ tXm∂p∂ Pe-tØbpw

t]mse-bm-sW∂p ]d-t™®p ]ns∂ tbip Fs∂m-cmƒ hmkvX-

h-am-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Bsc-¶nepw ]d-bptam? Cu ÿnXn-bn-

ep≈ Hcm-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp aXhpw thW-sa-∂pt≠m? D≈-]£w B

aXsØ _p≤n-am-∑m¿ A\p-k-cn-°-W-sa∂pw AXns\ kXy-am-bn-

´p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS

apºmsI {]kw-Kn-°-W-sa-∂pw-Iq-Sn-bpt≠m? IjvSw! IjvSw!

]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, Bflmhv Cu aq∂p-t]cpw H∂m-sW-

∂p≈Xnte°v C\nbpw Hcp ZrjvSm¥w ]d-bp-∂p. AXm-bXv (kq-

cy≥) {]Im-iw, h¿Æw, DjvWw Cu aq∂pw H∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-

t]mse Cu aq∂p-t]cpw Hcp-h≥Xs∂ F∂m-Ip-∂p. CXp-sIm≠v

Hmtcm ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ°pw CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ssZzI-Xzw, ss{XyI-

Xzw, NXp-ssc-I-Xzw, ]ss©-I-Xzw, jssU-IXzw, AjvssS-IXzw

apX-emb At\I GI-Xz-ßƒ ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. ]rYn-hn°p ITn-\-

KpWw Ccn-°-sIm≠v GssI-I-Xz-sa∂pw B ]rYn-hn-°p-Xs∂ ITn-

\-tØm-Sp-IqSn K‘w, ckw, cq]w, kv]¿iw, i_vZw, h¿Æw, PU-

Xzw, {]Imiw As√-¶n¬ A{]-Imiw; DjvWw As√-¶n¬ ioXw

Ch-Ifpw Ccn-°-bm¬ {Ia-Øn\p ssZzI-Xzw, ss{XyI-Xzw, NXp-

ssc-IXzw, ]ss©-I-Xzw, jssU-I-Xzw, k]vssX-I-Xzw, AjvssS-

I-Xzw, \ssh-I-Xzw, Zssi-IXzw F∂pw Cßs\ KpW-ßƒ ]e-

Xm-bn-cn-°-bm¬ Hmtcm hkvXp-hn\v H∂p apX¬ At\-ssI-IXzw

]d-tb-≠-Xmbn hcpw. kqcy\p \nßƒ ({In-kvXy-∑m¿) ]d-bp-∂-{]-

Im-cw {]Im-iw, \ndw, DjvWw Cu aq∂p KpW-ß-ƒ am{X-a√

kv]¿iw, PUw, Zqcw, hrØw, Af-hv, BIr-Xn-hn-tijw apX-emb

KpW-ßfpw Ccn-°p-∂p. ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, Bflmhv Ch¿ aq∂p-

t]cpw KpW-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ AXn\p 9KpWn (Kp-W-ap-≈-h≥) GXv?

B KpWn°v Cu KpW-ßƒ `n∂-ß-tfm, A`n-∂-ßtfm? KpWn°v

ss{XyIXzw



KpW-ßƒ A`n-∂-ß-fm-sW∂v D≈Xv B¿°pw A\p- -h-a-t{X. KpW-ß-fm-bh KpWn-tbmSp th¿s] v X\n®v {]h¿Øn-°ptam? DZ-c-Øn¬sN∂p P\n®v A¥x-I-c-W-˛-_-ln-jv°-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn a\p-jym-IrXn FSpØv D≠p-SpØv hmgv∂v Nncn®p Ic™v acn-°ptam? CXpXosc tN¿®-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-I-bm¬ Cs®bvXnI-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]nXm-hv,]p{X≥, Bflmhv Cu aqhcpw KpW-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp icn-b-√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.

C\n Nne¿ lkvX-I-c-]mWn F∂-t]mse Hs∂∂p ]d-bp-∂p.CXv Hcp hkvXp-hn-\p-Xs∂ aq∂p \ma-ß-fm-Wv. Cßs\ Hcp-h\pXs∂ ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥, Bflmhv F∂p aq∂p\ma-ß-fm-bn-cn-t°≠XmWv. Aß-s\-bm-Ip-tºmƒ ]nXmhv Hcp ÿeØpw ]p{X≥thsdmcp ÿeØpw Bflmhv as‰m-cn-SØpw Ccp-∂p-Iq-Sm. HcpÿeØv lkvXhpw Hcp ÿeØv Ichpw Hcp ÿeØv ]mWnbpwthsd thsd-bn-cn-°p-∂pt≠m? C√-t√m. AXp-sIm≠v Cu D]-am-\hpw tNcp-∂n-√.

a\p-jy≥ Hcp-Ø≥Xs∂ Poh\pw tZlhpw F∂p c≠pw Bbn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Hcp-Ø≥ aq∂p t]cm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p F¶n¬ \nßƒ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂ 9ZrjvSm-¥-Øn\p]d™ 10Zm¿jvSm-¥nIw tNcp-I-bn-√. 11\n ¿t§-W, tNX-\-Xzw,AtN-X-\-Xzw, cq]w, Acq-]w, hym]-I-Xzw, hym]y-Xzw, 12t{]c-I-Xzw,13t{]cy-Xzw, A\-¥-Xzw, A¥Xzw apX-emb [¿Ω-ß-fn¬ (F-√m-Ønepw IqSn) Dƒs∏-SmØ kz`m-h-ap≈ Poh\pw tZlhpw c≠pwH∂m-bn-t®¿∂v Hcp-Ø≥ BIp-sa-∂p≈Xv Xs∂ tNX-\Xzw tNcpw.A√msX X\ntb hym]-I-Xzw, t{]c-I-Xzw, \nXyXzw apX-emb [¿Ω-ß-sf-s°m≠p Xpey-kz-`m-h-ßƒ D≈-h-cmb ]nXm, ]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xmflm F∂p-t]-cp≈ aq∂p-t]cpw Hcp-Ø-\m-Ip∂p F∂p-≈XpwCu ZrjvSm-¥w-sIm≠p kn≤n-°-s∏-´n-√. A√m-sXbpw ([¿Ω-ß-sf-s°m≠v Xpey- m-h-ßƒ A√m-sX-bpw) Poh-t\bpw tZl-tØbpwH-∂n-®n-cn-°p-tºm-g-√msX aq∂p-t]cpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ssZh-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse thsd thsd a\p-jy≥ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tNcm-Ø-Xm-bnt´ `hn-°q. taepw kpX≥ ]mSp-s]-´-t∏mƒ]nXmhpw At±-l-Øns\ hn´p-]n-cn-™p F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm-≠pXs∂ Ahcp c≠p-t]cpw Xpey-∑m-c-s√∂p sXfn-hm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

tbip kv\m\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ]c-a-WvU-e-Øn¬\n∂pw ]hn-

{Xm-flmhv At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-Øp-h-tc-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw


83

Xs‚ injy-∑msc t\m°n-s°m≠p Rm≥ hm\-tem-I-tØ°p

t]mbme√msX \nßƒ°v ]hn-{Xm-flm-hn-s\bpw Ab-®p-X-cp-∂-Xn-te°v CS-bn√m F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠pw Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw

Hcp-Ø-\√m F∂pw, CXn-\p-ap-ºn¬ {InkvXp Ncn-X-Øn¬ sXfn-hmbn ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ {InkvXp hm\-tem-I-amb

]nXm-hns‚ ASp-°¬ t]mbn√m F∂p-≈Xv kXy-am-I-sIm≠pw,{InkvXy-∑m-cmb injy-∑m¿°pw \nßƒ°pw {InkvXp Aßp-t]m-

bm-e-√msX hcm≥ CS-bn-s√∂pw ]d-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ]hn-{Xm-flmhvh∂n-ń-s√∂pw B ÿnXn°v \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-sf√mw Zpcn-

X-Im-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cn-t°-bp≈q F∂pw \cIØn¬ t]mbm¬ Xncn®pItc-‰-an-s√-∂p-≈Xpw AXn-\m¬ ]mXm-f-Øn¬ t]mb {InkvXp-

hn\pw aSßn Itc-‰hpw hm\-tem-I-{]-th-ihpw C√m-Ø-Xpw-sIm≠v\nßƒ°v C\n taepw Hcp-Im-eØpw ]hn-{Xm-flmhv hcn-I-bn-s√∂v

Duln-°mt\ am¿§w ImWp-∂p-≈q. Bb-Xp-sIm≠pw ]nXm-hv,]p{X≥, ]hn-{Xm-flmhv Cu aq∂p-t]cpw Hcp-h-\m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp

tNcp-I-bn-√.

Cßs\ ss{XyI-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw ssZh-e-£-

W-an-s√∂p km[n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ]m¬ ssXcm-Ip-∂-Xv, ]mens‚ KpW-ßƒ°p am‰w-kw-`-hn®v ssXcns‚

hnIm-c-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]q¿Æ-am-‰-am-Wv. AhnsS ]mep \in-

®mWv ssXcm-Ip-∂-Xv. ]mep ssXcm-b-tijw ]mepw ssXcpw H∂p-X-s∂-

bmWv F∂p-hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv, c≠n\pw At`Zw Iev]n-°p-∂-Xv, ]q¿Æ-Xz-tZm-

j-am-Wv.

2. ]mep ssXcm-bm¬ ]ns∂ Ht∂ D≈p, ssXcp-am-{Xw. c≠p-ÿ-eØv

]mepw ssXcp-am-bn-ń-cn-°m≥ km≤y-a-√.

3. £oc-Z-[n-Zr-jvSm¥w ˛ ]memWv ssXcm-bn´p amdn-b-Xv F∂-t]mse

]nXmhp ]p{X-\mbn F∂Xv

4. adp-]-Snbpw = ho≠pw (X-an-gv)

5. iwJns‚ IgpØv CSp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse CSp-ßn-bm-Ws√m IpS-

Øns‚ IgpØv BImcw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xv, AYhm cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.

6. A\-h-ÿm-tZmjw = Imcy-ßƒ°p kp\n-›n-X-Xz-an√ F∂ tZmjw

7. X®-cn-{X-ßƒ = At±-l-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-ßƒ

ss{XyIXzw



8. Nn÷-U-I¿Ω-ßƒ = NnXv, PU-hkvXp F∂n-h-bpsS I¿Ω-ßƒ

9. KpWn = KpW-ap-≈-h≥

10. ChnsS ZrjvSm¥w ˛ Poh\pw tZl-hp-am-Wv. ZmjvSm-¥n-Iw-˛-]n-Xm-hv ]p{X≥

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hv. Poh\pw tZlhpw tN¿∂ H∂ns\ Hcm-sf∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

AXp-t]mse ]nXmhv ]p{X≥ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv Ch aq∂pw tN¿∂v H∂m-

sW∂p ss__nƒ{]-Imcw sXfn-bp-∂n-√.

11. ZrjvSm-¥nIw = t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, B⁄

12. \n ¿t§W = ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb krjvSn-sIm≠v

13. t{]c-IXzw = t{]cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ tbmKyX

14. {]cyXzw = t{]c-Wbv°p tbmKy-am-b-tX-tXm, AXv t{]cyw


85

]ip-{]-I-cWw

DXv]Øn

A√tbm {InkvXob{]-kw-Kn-I-sf,

ssZhw a\p-jys‚ aq°ns‚ Hm´-bn¬°qsS Poh-izm-ksØ

DuXn, AXp-sIm≠v Ah≥ Pohm-flm-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\mbn F∂p

\nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. Poh-izm-kw-Xs∂ Bflm-hmbn F∂p kΩ-

Xn-°p-∂-]£w AXv AWp-Iq-´-amb `qX-Øn¬ H∂mbn PU-ambn

\iz-c-h-kvXp-hm-bn-cn-°pw. A√msX tNX-\-hkvXp BI-bn-√. Bb-

Xp-sIm≠pw \n{Z-bn¬ {]mW-hmbp bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂-Xmbn

ImWm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw Cu ]d-bp-∂Xp tNcp-I-bn-√. AXns\

IqSmsX thsd Hcp Bflmhv krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°p-∂p

F¶n¬, AXn\p hmIy-{]-am-Whpw C√.

C\n Poh-izm-ksØ BIs´, As√-¶n¬ thsd GXns\

F¶nepw H∂ns\ BIs´, Bflmhv F∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-]£w

Bflmhv A\m-Zn-bnte D≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CSbv°v ssZh-Øn-\m¬

hnti-j-s∏-SpØn ico-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn krjvSn-°-s∏´p F¶n¬ AsXm-

cp-hn[w \ap°pw kΩ-X-am-Ipw. CSbv°v \qX-\-am-bn-´mWv krjvSn-

°-s∏- -sX-¶n¬ AXv Hcp-{]-Im-c-Ønepw tNcp-I-bn-s√-∂p-≈-Xn-te°v

]e \ymb-ß-sf-bpw-IqSn ImWn-°mw. Fßs\ F∂m¬,

BZyw C√m-Xn-cp∂ Bflm-hns\ \qX-\-am-bn´p krjvSn-°p-

∂-Xn-te°p bmsXmcp \nan-Øhpw C√m.

\ap°v Adn-hm≥ ]mSn-√msX Hcp \nanØw D≠m-bn-cn-°bpw

B \nanØw A\m-Zn-bm-bn-´p-≈-sX-∂p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶n¬

krjvSnbpw A\m-Zn-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂p {]kw-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

CS-°m-eØv Poh≥ Xm\m-bn-´p-Xs∂ h∂-sXt∂m A\y-∑m-

cm¬ h∂-sXt∂m ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ssZhw k¿Δ-I¿Øm-h-s√∂v



Bbn-Øo-cpw. ssZh-Øn-\m¬ sNø-s∏-´-Xm-Ip∂p F¶n¬ B \nan-

ØsØ sNøp-∂-Xn\v thsd Hcp \nanØw th≠n-h-cpw. C{]-Imcw

Hcp hc-ºn-√msX A\-hÿ h∂p-t]m-Ipw.

Bflm-hns\ 1D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-®p-sh-¶n¬

AXp ]n∂oSpw \in®v B Imc-W-Øn¬Øs∂ HSp-ßn-t∏m-Ipw.

iq\y-Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-®psh¶n¬ AXp ]n∂oSpw Aßs\

Xs∂ Agn™p iq\y-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. F∂p-X-s∂-b-√, iq\y-

Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂tX tNcp-I-bn-√m. ÿmh-c-

ß-sfbpw a\p-jy-i-co-c-sØbpw a’y-ß-sfbpw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-

te°v aÆn-s\bpw Pe-sØbpw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-W-am-bn´v FSpØ

ssZhw D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw IqSmsX iq\y-Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-°-

bn-√m.

tZh-k-am-\-am-bn´p ip≤n, ⁄m\w, B\μw Ch-Iƒ D≈-Xmbn

krjvSn-°-s∏´ Bflm-hn\v A\-¥cw ico-c-sØ-bpw-IqSn sImSp-

°-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m. Bflm-hn\p kl-P-ambn {]Im-in-®n-cp∂ ⁄m\-

sØbpw B\-μ-sØbpw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p icocw thW-sa-

¶n¬, Bflmhv ip≤-⁄m-\n-bm-bn-´√ krjvSn-°-s∏-´-sX∂pw

Bflm-hns‚ ⁄m\w, IrXyw, {]Imiw ChIƒ°p XS-hp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p F∂pw B XS-hns\ D≠m-°n-bXpsIm≠p ssZhw Ir]-bn-

√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. Bflm-°ƒ°v BZyw

sImSpØ icocw ip≤-i-co-cw-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn\p

hni∏v apX-emb tZmj-ßƒ D≠m-hm≥ CS-bn-√m. B ÿnXn°p

ÿmh-c-t`m-P\w hn[n®p F∂pw Hcp ]gw Xn∂p F∂pw ]d-bp-

∂Xp I≈-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw. ip≤-⁄m-\n-Iƒ°p ip≤-i-cocw t]mepw

thW-sa-∂n-√-t√m. ip≤-⁄m-\n-I-fmb tam£-hm-kn-Iƒ Fs∂-

t∂°pw ip≤-⁄m-\n-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p ss__n-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ (2 sImf-¥n-b-°m¿ 4˛-A. 18-˛-hm.) ImW-s∏-´h A\n-Xy-

ß-fm-Ip∂p F∂p ]d-™-{]-Imcw Xs∂ tam£-hm-kn-Ifpw ico-

c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb-hcm-I-bm¬ Agn-™p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-

Ip-∂p. BZn-a-\p-jy-i-cocw hni-∏p-ap-X-em-b-h-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ccp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v tam£-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw AXp-t]mse hni∏p apX-em-bh kw -

hn-°p-Ibpw ss__nƒ I≈-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. BI-bm¬

ip≤-⁄m-\n-Iƒ°p sImSp-°-s∏´ icocw ip≤-ap-≈-X-√m. Hcpthf

ip≤-ap-≈-sX∂p hcn-Inepw BbXv thW-sa-∂p-≈-X-√.


87

BZyw krjvSn-°-s∏-´-t∏m-sgXs∂ Bflm-hn\p ip≤nbpw

⁄m\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Bb-Xn\p hn[nsb \ntj-[-

sa∂pw \ntj-[sØ hn[n-sb∂pw abßn hn]-co-X-am-bn´p [cn-°p-

∂-Xn-te°p (sX-‰n-≤-cn-®v) Imc-W-amb A⁄m\w Fß-s\-bp-

≠mbn? B ab°w ]nim-Nn-\m¬ h∂-Xm-Ip-∂p F∂m¬, ]pd-ta-

bp≈ Imc-W-amb Bbncw ]nimNp IqSn-bmepw D≈nse Imc-W-

amb A⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-t∏m-sgßpw ab-°sØ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-

I-bn-√.

C\n k¿Δ-⁄m-\-Øns‚ C√m-bva-bmWv ab-°-Øn-te°p

ImcWw F¶n¬, tam£-hm-kn-Ifpw ab-°-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-t∏m-Ipw.

A√m-sXbpw k¿Δ-⁄m-\-iq\yw F∂Xv FØmØ Imcy-ßsf

Adn-bmsX Ccn-°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-ambn `hn°pw F∂-√msX,

FØn Adn-™-Im-cysØ hn]-co-X-ambn [cn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\p Imc-

W-am-I-bn-√m.

Bflm-hn\p ssZh-Øn-\m¬ sImSp-°-s∏´ kzm[n-Im-c-amWv ab-

°-Øns‚ Dƒ°m-c-W-sa-¶n¬ kzm[n-Imcw F∂Xp thsdm-∂ns‚

hi-s∏´ ab-°-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-X-√m. Xs‚ hi-s∏´p ab-

ßm-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°p Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv F∂p-≈Xp

bp‡n-kn-≤-am-bn-cns° AXmWv ab-ßp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-sa∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xv. ]pI ImWp-I-sIm≠v A·n C√m F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse

hntcm-[-am-Ip-∂p.

F∂m¬ Hcp Imc-Whpw IqSmsX NpΩm ab-ßn-t∏mbn F¶n¬

A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ tam£-hm-kn-Ifpw Hcp Imc-Whpw IqSmsX ab-

ßn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂p-h-cpw. A√m-sXbpw Hcp tam£-hmkn B¥-c-Im-c-

W-am-bn´p bmsXm∂pw _mly-Im-c-W-amb ]nimNpw IqSmsX Xs∂-

Øms\ ab-ßn-Øn-cn™p ]nim-Nm-bn-t∏mbn F∂p ss__nƒ ]d-

I-sIm≠v ap‡n-kn-≤n-®-hcpw Nne-t∏mƒ abßn ]m]n-I-fmbn \c-

I-Øn-te°p t]mIp-sa∂pw B ÿnXn°v B ap‡n A\n-Xy-ambn

`hn-°p-sa∂pw BI-bm¬ AXns\ {]m]n-®n´p ^e-an-s√-∂pw-IqSn

\n›-b-am-Ipw.

C\nbpw ssZhw BZyw C√m-Xn-cp∂ Bflm-°sf CS-°m-e-

Øn¬ krjvSn-°p-sa∂p ]d-™s√m? At±lw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\p

apºn¬ Bflm-°ƒ Hcp-Ø-cp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cm¬ sNø-

]ip-{]-I-cWw



s∏´ bmsXmcp Imcy-ßfpw C√m-sX-X-s∂-bn-cn-°pw. Aß-s\-bn-cn-

°p-tºmƒ ssZhw Bflm-°-fn¬ Nnesc DØ-a-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-´pw,Nnesc a≤y-a-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-´pw, Nnesc A[-a-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-´pw,Nnesc Ipcp-S-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc sNIn-S-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc apS-¥-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc k¿tΔ-{μn-b-im-en-I-fm-bn-´pw, Nnesc \nXy-hym-[n-am-∑m-cm-bn- pw, Nnesc \nXy-kz-ÿ-∑m-cm-bn- pw, Nnesc kº-∂-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc Zcn-{Z-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc hnZzm-∑m-cm-bn-´pw,Nnesc aqV-∑m-cmbn´pw, Nnesc Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc tæ—-∑m-cm-bn- pw, Nnesc kzman-am-cm-bn- pw, Nnesc Zmk-∑m-cm-bn- pw, NnescZpjvS-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, Nnesc injvS-∑m-cm-bn-´pw, C\nbpw ]e-am-Xn-cn-I-fn-em°n Nnesc t`mK- p-h-\-ß-fn-epw, Nnesc h\-ß-fn-epw, Nnescae-I-fn-epw, Nnesc kap-{Z-ß-fn-epw, Nnesc ioX- q-an-I-fn-epw, NnescDjvW-`q-an-I-fnepw CcpØn, Nnesc K¿`-]n-WvU-Øn-epw, NnescP\-\-Im-e-Øn-epw, Nnesc inip-{]m-b-Øn-epw, Nnesc buh-\-Im-e-Øn-epw, Nnesc hm¿≤-Iy-Im-e-Øn-epw sIm∂v, Nnesc inh-a-X-Øn-epw, Nnesc hnjvWp-a-X-Øn-epw, Nnesc _u≤-a-X-Øn-epw,Nnesc blq-Z-a-X-Øn-epw, Nnesc tbip-a-X-Øn-epw, Nnesc thsdaX-Ønepw tN¿Øv P\\w apX¬t° C{]-Imcw At\-I-t`-Z-K-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v ImcWw F¥v?

AXn-\p-Im-cWw bmsXm-∂p-an-√, ssZhw F√mw Xs‚ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw sNøp∂p F¶n¬ A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ a\p-jy¿ acn-®-Xns‚ tijw A\p- -hn-∏m-\p≈ kpJ-Zpx-J-ßƒ°pw bmsXmcp Imc-Whpw thW-sa∂n-s√-∂pw, Xs‚ a\- p-t]mse Nnesc tam£-Ønepw Nnesc \c-I-Ønepw B°n kpJ-Zpx-J-ßsf A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-sa∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. A{]-Im-c-a-√msX Ah-c-h¿ sNbvXKpW-tZm-j-ßƒ°p X°-Xmb ^e-ßsf sImSp-°p-s∂∂p ]d-bp-∂-]£w AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Nne¿ kpJ-tØmSp IqSn-b-h-cmbpwNne¿ ZpxJ-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cmbpw P\n-°p-∂-Xn-te°v X°-XmbImcWw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

A√msXbpw B ssZhw Hcp Imc-Whpw IqSmsX Hcp-h\pkpJ-sØbpw Hcp-h\p ZpxJ-sØbpw sImSpØp F∂p-h-cn-In¬Ah≥ \oXn, Ir], ]cn-ip-≤n, k¿Δ-⁄m\w apX-emb KpW-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-h\pw ]£-]m-Xn-bp-ambn t]mIp-a-t√m.

sNdnb Adn-hp≈ Hcp a\p-jy≥t]mepw Xs‚ ]p{X-∑m¿s°-√m-t]¿°pw Xm≥ kºm-Zn® {Zhy-ßsf ]£-]mXw IqSmsX \ymb-


89

{]-Imcw hoXn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-bp-≈q. Aß-s\-b-√msX Hcp-hs\

h©n®v a‰-h\p sImSp-Øm¬ Bb-hs\ alm-t{Zm-ln-sb∂p

temI¿ ]d-bpw. B ÿnXn°p k¿Δ-Po-hn- Z-bbpw k¿Δ kma¿

∞y-hp-ap-≈-h-\mbpw, Hcp-h-t\mSp kvt\lhpw as‰m-cp-h-t\mSp

tZzjhpw C√m-Ø-h-\mbpw, k¿Δ-tem-I-hym-]-I-\mbpw Ccn-°p∂

ssZhw Nne¿°p kvt\lw-sIm≠p kpJ-sØbpw Nne¿°p tZzjw-

sIm≠p ZpxJ-sØbpw sImSpØp F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ temI¿

ssIs°m-≈ptam?

A√m-sXbpw Iq\v, Ipcp-Sv, sNIn-Sv, apS¥v apX-emb GsX-¶nepw

Hcp Ipd-hp≈ ss]X¬ ssZhsØ t\m°n-s°m≠v Aøtøm! Fs‚

c£n-Xmth, Fs‚ tPyjvTs\ AXn-kp-μ-c-\mbpw Btcm-Ky-im-en-

bmbpw kI-e-k¬Kp-W-k-º-∂-\mbpw ASn-bs\ Ipcq-]n-bmbpw

tcmKn-bmbpw Zp¿§p-W-\n-a-·-\mbpw \n¥n-cp-hSn krjvSn-®-t√m.

Fs‚ tPyjvT≥ \n¥n-cp-h-Sn°p sNbvX D]-Im-c-sa-¥mWv? ASn-

b≥ sNbvX A]-Im-c-sa-¥mWv? Fs‚ ssZhta F∂p ]d™p

\ne-hn-fn-®m¬ B ssZhw, AXn-s\-°p-dn®v \o tNmZn-®p-t]m-I-cp-

sX∂p ]d-bptam? Fs‚ a\ pt]mse sNbvXp, \o C\n AXn-s\-

°p-dn®v F¥n-\m-bn´p tNmZn-°p∂p F∂p tNmZn-°ptam? hen-∏-

sa∂pw sNdp-∏-sa∂pw C√m-tX-bn-cp-∂m¬ temIsØ icn-bmbn

\S-Øp-∂-Xn-te°v \Ωmse Ign-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Cßs\

sNbvXn-cn-°-bmWv F∂p ]d-bptam? BZ-Øns‚ hn\- hgnbmbn

P\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v \nßƒ°p c≠p-t]¿°pw Aßs\ kw`-hn®p

F∂p ]d-bptam? Hcp Ipi-h≥ a¨]m-{X-ßsf D≠m-°p-tºmƒ

Nne ]m{X-ßƒ tZmj-s∏´p t]mIp-∂n-√tbm? AXp-t]mse Rm\pw

krjvSn-®-t∏mƒ {]amZwsIm≠p kw`-hn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-te°v C\n

F¥p sNømw? F∂p ]d-bptam? B _me≥ C{]-Im-c-sa√mw

InS∂p \ne-hn-fn-°p∂ i_vZsØ B ssZhw tIƒ°-X-s∂-bn-

√tbm? AX-√, tI´p-sIm≠p au\-am-bn-cp-∂p-I-f-bptam? Ft¥m∂p

sNøpw? Fß-s\-bm-bmepw CXp-I-fn¬ H∂pw-Xs∂ tNcp-I-bn-√-

t√m. AXp-sIm≠v ssZh-Øn-\m¬ Poh-∑m¿ Cß-s\-bp≈ t`Z-K-

Xn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°p ImcWw D≠m-bn-cn-

°Ww. B Imc-Whpw B Poh-∑m¿°v A\m-Zn-bm-bn´v AS-ßn-°n-

S∂ e-I¿Ωw Xs∂-sb∂pw hcpw. At∏mƒ Poh-∑mcpw A\m-Zn-

bm-bn-´p-≈-h-cm-Ip∂p F∂-√msX CS-°m-eØv krjvSn-°-s∏-´-h-c-

s√-∂p-Xs∂ km[n-°bpw, AXp-\n-anØw Poh-∑msc CSbv°p

]ip-{]-I-cWw



krjvSn®p F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw tNcp-I-bn-s√∂p

sXfn-hm-Ibpw sNøpw.

Cßs\ DXv∏-Øn-sb-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw Poh-e-£-W-ans√∂p km[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw˛ss_-_nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv ssZhw qan-bnse s]mSn-sIm≠p a\p-jys\ cq]-s∏-SpØn F∂m-Wv. Bflm-hn-s\bpw CXp-t]mse cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-¶n¬ `qan-bnse s]mSnbmWv D]-Zm\ Imc-Ww.


91

arKmZn

A√tbm {InkvXo-b-{]-kw-Kn-I-tf,

a\p-jy¿°p am{X-a-√msX arKm-Zn-Iƒ°v \nXym-flmhv Cs√∂p

\nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. BbXv F¥p \ymbw sIms≠∂v Adn-bp-∂n-√. Ds≠t∂m Cs√t∂m \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºn¬Øs∂

Bflm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v H∂p Nn¥n-°mw.

Bflm-hn\v ⁄m\-am-Ip∂p kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ⁄m\-

sa-∂Xv Adn-hm-Ip-∂p. Adn-hm-Is´ A©p-hn-[-ambpw Ccn-°p-∂p.Ahbv°p ⁄mt\-{μnbw F∂p \maw. t{im{Xw, Xz°v, N£p,

Pnlzm, {LmWw Ch-I-fm-Ip∂p AXns‚ {]tXyI \ma-ßƒ. CXp-I-fn¬ t{im{Xw-sIm≠v i_vZ-sØbpw Xz°p-sIm≠p kv]¿i-

sØbpw N£p- vsIm≠v cq]-sØbpw Pnlz-sIm≠p ck-sØbpw{LmWw-sIm≠p K‘-sØbpw a\- mb Adnhv Adn-™p-sIm-≈p-

∂p. Cu A©v C{μn-b-ß-fn¬ NneXv C√m-Xn-cp-∂mepw Adn-hn-s√∂p h∂p-t]m-I-bn-√. t{imt{X-{μn-b-an-√mØ s]m´\v Adn-hn-

s√∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. A©p-an-√m-Ø-ht\ Adn-hn√mØ-h-s\∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sq. a\- mb Adn-hn-√m-Ø-h\v Cu A©n-{μn-b-ß-fn¬ H∂p-

an-cn-°-bn-√. Cu Ah-ÿsb {]m]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ico-c-sØ-bmWvBflmhv C√mØ ]nWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Bflmhv Fhn-sS-

bpt≠m AhnsS Hc-dnhv F¶nepw Ccn-°pw. FhnsS Bflm-hn-√tbmAhnsS Hc-dn-hp-t]mepw Ccn-°-bp-an-√. CXv F√m-h¿°pw kΩ-X-

am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. C{]-Imcw ⁄m\-kz-cq-]n-bmb Bflmhv arK-ßƒ°n√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ K¿`w, P\-\w, izmkw, £Ww,

\n{Z, ssaYp-\w, kvt\lw, tZzjw, \n\-∏v, ad-∏v, `bw, kt¥m-jw,ZpxJw, acWw apX-em-bh F√m a\p-jy-cnepw arKm-Zn-I-fnepw Hcp-

t]mse ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A©n-{μn-b-ßƒsIm≠v A©p hnj-b-ß-sfbpw Adn-bp-∂p. arK-ß-fn-sem-∂mb \mbv°-m-Is´ bP-am-\≥ ad-

™n-cp∂p t]cn-s\-s®m√n hnfn-®m¬ HmSn-h-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v i_vZ-⁄m-\-hpw, tNmdpw aÆpw Dcp-´n-sh-®m¬ aÆns\ X≈n-tb®v



tNmdns\ Xn∂p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ck-⁄m-\-hpw, bP-am-\s\ ImWp-

∂n-SØp kt¥m-jn®p NmSp-Ibpw Ifn-°bpw ico-csØ \°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v cq]-⁄m-\-hpw, ASn-°m≥ sN√p-tºmƒ HmSp-

Ibpw ASn-®m¬ thZ-\-s∏´p Ipc-bv°p-Ibpw a‰pw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kv]¿i-⁄m-\-hpw, Xs‚ PmXn-bn¬ BsW∂pw

s]sÆ∂pw D≈ Xncn®dnhpw ih-sa∂pw Poh-\p-≈-sX∂pw £y-sa∂pw A`-£y-sa∂pw aW-Ø-dn-I-sIm≠v K‘-⁄m-\hpw D≠v.

CXn-\m¬ arK-ßƒ°v A©-dnhpw Ds≠-∂p-≈Xp kv]jvS-am-Ip∂p.

⁄m\-ap-s≠-¶nepw kmam-\y-⁄m-\-a-√msX hnti-j-⁄m\w

(]-Ip-Ø-dn-hv) C√-t√m. Rßƒ hnti-j-⁄m-\-sØ-bmWv BflmhvF∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv F¶n¬,

CXv \ymb-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Hcp ss]k hnebv°v \mep-hoXw hn¬°p∂, Im¬^m-d-Øn¬ c≠w-Kpew hoXnbpw \of-hp-

ap≈ ]pkvX-Iw Fßs\ ]pkvX-Iw-X-s∂tbm AXp-t]mse 4000^md-Øn¬ 500 cq] hne-bv°p≈ Hcp ]pkvX-Ihpw ]pkvXIw

Xs∂. A√msX hep-Xns\ ]pkvX-I-sa∂pw sNdp-Xns\ ]pkvX-I-a-s√∂pw ]d-hm≥ ]mSn-√. henb cq]-ap≈ B\bpw sNdnb cq]-

ap≈ apbepw t`Zw IqSmsX arK-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ tN¿ØpKWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Adn-hp-t`-Z-Øm-et{X Bflmhv Ds≠∂pw

Cs√∂pw G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv; F¶n¬, kI-e-im-kv{X-]-WvUn-Xs\Bflm-sh∂pw A£-c-⁄m\w C√m-Ø-hs\ PU-sa∂pw ]d-tb-

≠n-h-cpw. A£-c-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h-\m-bmepw A¬∏-sa-¶nepw Xncn-®-dnhv Ccn-°-sIm≠v Bflmhv F∂p ]d-bm-sa-¶n¬ Xncn-®-dn-hn-

√mØ Hcp-amkw sN∂ Ipń°pw Bflm-hns√∂p hcpw; Ipń-Iƒ°-t∏mƒ Bflm-hn√; arK-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. Bflmhv hcp-tºm-

gmWv ]Ip-Ø-dnhv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv F¶n¬, F{X hb- n¬ Bflmhvhcpw? C{X hb- n¬ F∂p \n¿Æ-bn-®m¬ Htc ka-bØv F∂p

htc-≠-Xm-Wv. BbXv F{Xm-asØ kwh-’-c-Øn¬, GX-b-\w,GXp EXp, GXp bmaw, GXp aWn, GXp \mgn-I, GXp \nan-jw,

GXp £Ww? GsX-¶nepw Hcp ImesØ \n¿Æ-bn®p ]d-™m¬BbXv F√m-h¿°pw icn-bm-bn´p hcp-∂-XmtWm? Ipń-Iƒs°-√m-

h¿°pw Htc Ime-Øn¬Øs∂ ]Ip-Ø-dnhv hcp-sa-∂p-≈Xv {]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-Øn\p hntcm-[-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-t√m. A√m-sXbpw ⁄m\-

kv\m\w Ign-bmØ Ipń-Ifpw acn-®-Xns‚ tijw Bflm-hn-√mØÿnXn°v arK-ß-fpsS ac-Wm-\-¥cw Fß-s\tbm Aß-s\-b-√msX


93

bmsXmcp hnti-jhpw D≈-Xmbn ]d-™p-IqSm F∂p-h-cpw. At∏mƒ

\nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw sX‰n-t∏m-Ibpw sNøp-a-t√m. ]ns∂bpw ]Ip-

Ø-dn-hp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ am{Xta ico-c-Øn¬ Bflmhv hcp-∂p≈q

F¶n¬,

hb p sN∂-tijw {`m¥p ]nSn®p ]Ip-Ø-dn-hn-√m-sX-bn-cn-

°p-∂-h¿°v Bflmhpw C√tbm? Cs√-¶n¬ Huj-[-Øn-\m¬

{`m¥p ian®p ]Ip-Ø-dn-hp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Bflmhpw h∂p, A√tbm?

a\p-jys‚ ac-Ww-hsc ]Øp {]mhiyw {`m¥p h∂p ian®p F¶n¬

ssZhw Bflm-hn-s\bpw ]Øp {]mh-iyhpw sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw

sIm≠p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. {`m¥p ian-®n-s√-¶n¬

Bflm-hns\ aS-°n-s°m-≠p-h-∂p-an-√m-bn-cn-°pw. CXv “AXn-ibw

AXn-ibw! henb AXn-ibw Xs∂.” AXp-an-cn-°-s´. {]Xn-Zn-\w,

Pm{KØpw kz]v\hpw IS∂v H∂pw Adn-bmsX Dd-ßp-tºmƒ kmam-

\y-⁄m-\hpw hnti-j-⁄m-\hpw ImWp-∂n-√-t√m. kmam-\y-⁄m-

\-ap≈ arKm-Zn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw Bflm-hn-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ Fß-

s\-bmWv H∂pw Adn-bmØ kpjp-]vXn-b-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflm-hp-

s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv? aq¿—m-h-ÿ-bntem ]ns∂ tNmZn-t°-≠-Xn-√-

s√m. Cu ka-b-ß-fnepw ssZhw Bflm-hns\ sIm≠p-t]mbn kpjp-

]vXn, aq¿— Ch-Iƒ hnSp-tºmƒ Xncn®p sIm≠p-hn-Sp-am-bn-cn-°mw.

AXpw Ccn-°-s´. ikv{X-{In-b-sIm≠p NnIn-’n-°p-tºmƒ thZ\

Adn-bmsX Ccn-°p-∂-Xn\p tUmIvS¿ t¢mtdm-^m-dsØ FSpØp

aq°n¬ ]nSn-°p-tºmƒ kmam-\y-⁄m-\hpw hnti-j-⁄m-\hpw

C√m-sX-t]m-Ip-∂p-h-t√m. At∏mƒ ssZhw Bflm-hns\ sIm≠p-

t]m-Ibpw sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmtWm? sIm≈mw! sIm≈mw!

CXn-s\-°p-dn®v {InkvXy-∑m-cmb bqtdm-]y-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ {]Xy-

£-ambn I≠v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-h-bn¬ Nne-Xns\ ChnsS ImWn-°p-

∂p. arK-Øns‚ Adnhv a\p-jy-cpsS Adn-hn-t\mSp apgp-h\pw icn-

bm-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂p. arK-Øns‚ hnti-j-⁄m-\-Øn\pw a\p-jys‚

bp‡n°pw Gsd t`Z-an-√. a\p-jy-i-co-c-am-bXv ]cn-jvI-cn-°-s∏´

arK-i-co-c-am-Ip-∂p. a\p-jym-flmthm? h¿≤n-°-s∏´ arKm-flm-hp-X-

s∂-bm-Wv (Burmeister).arK-ßƒ°v a\- v, _p≤n, NnØw Cu A¥x-I-c-W-ßƒ Cs√-

∂p-≈Xv A\p-`-h-Øm¬ \ntj-[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p (Czolde). arK-

ßƒ°v, A¥x-I-c-W-an-s√∂p \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xp henb Adn-hp-tI-

arKmZn



Sm-Ip-∂p. Ah-Iƒ°v Btem-N-\-bp-≠v, Hm¿Ω-bp-≠v, kvt\l-tZz-

j-ßƒ D≠v. AXp-I-fpsS C{μn-b-⁄m\w \Ωp-tS-Xn-t\-°m-fpwAXn-kq-£va-am-bn-cn-°p∂p (Systeme de le Nature). t_m¿Wntbm,

kpam-{Xm, hmf-\njy F∂o ÿe-ß-fnse ImSp-I-fn¬ Ipc-ßn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ P\-ßƒ D≠v. Ah BIr-Xn-sIm≠pw Adn-hp-

sIm≠pw Ipc-ßn-t\-°mƒ hnti-j-ap-≈-h-sc∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√m.Ah¿ ⁄m]-Ihpw FÆhpw `qX-`m-hn-h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-ß-sf-∏‰n

bmsXm∂pw C√m-Ø-h-cm-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂p. hni∏v Hcp-Iq´wam{Xta Ah¿°v ZpxJsØ sNøp-∂p-≈q. Ipc-ßp-Iƒ°p≈ X{¥-

Kp-W-a-√msX thsd at\m-hym-]mcw H∂pw-Xs∂ C√ (Hope).]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS DXv]-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v Bcm-™n- p-≈-h-sc-√m-t]cpw

arKm-flm-hn\pw a\p-jym-flm-hn\pw KpWw-sIm≠p hyXymkw C√m;Af-hp-sIm≠p am{Xta hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p≈ F∂p \√-Xn≥hÆw

kΩ-Xn-®n-cn -°p-∂p. a\p-jy¿°p hnti-j-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm-bn´pbmsXmcp A¥x-I-c-Whpw C√. arK-ß-fpsS A¥x-I-c-W-{]-hr-Øn-

Isf a\p-jy≥ Xs∂ D∂-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n kmam-\y-⁄m-\-sa∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv.

Im¬∏p-en°pw (I-c-Sn), hmen-√m-°p-c-ßn\pw XΩn¬ F¥phyXymkw? A‚p-sh¿∏n (Antwerp)ep≈ Hcp tXm -Øn¬ Hcp hmen-

√m-°p-cßv Xs‚ Iqń-\-IØv Hcp InS° D≠m°n cm{Xn-bn¬AXn¬ t]mbn InS-∂v a\p-jy-sc-t∏mse ]pX-®p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xns\

I≠p (Dr. Louis Buchner).Poh-cm-in-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xm-Nm-cy≥ Io¿Øn-am-\mb _^¨ ]d-

™-Xv:˛ eoSkv F∂ ]´-WØv Hcp k¿P≥ s\m≠n-bmb Hcpkv]m\n-b¬ \mbsb I≠p. AXns\ hnfn®p h-\-Øn¬ sIm≠p-

sN∂v Imen\p Imbw sIń c≠p-Zn-hkw Ign-™-Xn-s‚-tijw Ahn-sS-\n∂pw shfn-bn-te°v HmSn-®p-I-f-™p. B \mb Imep \√-

Xn≥hÆw KpW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc B k¿Ps‚ `h-\-Øn-te°p Znh-kw-tXmdpw ImeØp h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Ipsd Znhkw Ign-™-Xn-

s‚- tijw B ]ń Im¬ s\m≠n-bmb thsd Hcp ]ńsb Iqń-s°m≠v B k¿Ps‚ ASp-°¬ h∂p. X\n°p sNbvX-Xp-t]mse

Xs‚ kvt\ln-X\pw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p≈ mh-\-bn¬ hnth-I-tØmSpw BZ-c-thmSpw Ffn-b-ap-JsØ ImWn®p a\- n-em-°n-

®p. CXv Hm¿Ω-bn-\mepw A\p- -h-Øn-\mepw D≠m-bn- p-≈-Xm-sW∂vAdn-™p-Iq-Stbm? CXns\ shdpw kmam-\y-⁄m-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb


95

Imcy-am-sW∂v Hcp-h\pw ]d-I-bn-√. Hcp-h≥ X\n°p aptº KpWw

sNbvX Hcp ka¿∞-\mb k¿Ps‚ ASp-°¬ ssI HSn™ Xs‚kvt\ln-Xs\ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂p-h-cn-In¬, C∂-Xns\

sNbvXm¬ C∂- ew kn≤n-°p-sa-∂p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hp-sIm-≠m-sW∂vA√tbm \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv. Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv

_p≤n°p t{ijvT-X-bm-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Ct±-lw-Xs∂ Hcp Ipdp-°-s\-°p-dn®v a\p-jy-sc-°mƒ _p≤n-

bp-≈-Xm-bn´v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ns∂bpw Nne bqtdm-]y-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ \o¿\m-b, ]£n, Ddpºv

apX-emb P¥p-°-sf-°p-dn®p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ Hm¿°p-tºmƒa\p-jy-sc-°mƒ hnti-j-_p-≤n-bp-≈-h-I-fm-sW∂p \ncq-]n-®p-t]m-

Ipw. AXn¬ Nne-Xn-s\-sb-¶nepw ChnsS ImWn°mw F∂p-sh-®m¬]pkvXIw hnkvXm-c-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂p IcpXn ChnsS hnc-an-°p-∂p.

C\nbpw arK-ßƒ°v Adn-hp-s≠-∂-Xn-te°p {]amWw (B-Zy-]p-kvXIw 3˛-A. 1˛-hm). btlm-hm-bmb ssZhw D≠m-°nb F√m

P¥p-°-sf-°mfpw A[nIw Iui-e-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]mºv (b-imb1˛-A. 3˛-hm.) Imf Xs‚ DS-b-h-s\-bpw, IgpX Xs‚ bP-am-\s‚

]p¬°q-Sn-s\bpw Adn-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ C{km-tb¬ Adn-bp-∂n-√.Fs‚ P\w hnNm-cn-°p-∂n-√. (]-t{Xmkv 2 -A. 16- -hm.) Dua-bm-bp≈

IgpX a\p-jy-cpsS i_vZ-am-bn´p kwkm-cn-®v Zo¿L-Z¿in-bpsS aqV-Xsb hntcm-[n®p (tkm-f-a≥-˛-\oXn hmIyw) Fdp-ºn-t\mSp ]Tn°

F∂p \nß-fpsS ss__n-fnepw ]d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

C\n ssZhw Hcp-h-\p-s≠-∂p≈ Adnhv arKm-Zn-Iƒ°n-

√mØXpsIm≠v Bflmhpw C√m-sb-¶n¬ \mkvXn-I-∑m¿ apX-embh¿°pw Bflm-hn-s√∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. AXp IqSm-sXbpw

Bflm-hm-Is´ Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp km[-\-sØ-s°m-≠-√msX Adn-Ibn√ F∂n-cn-°-bmepw, ssZhw Hcp-h-\p-s≠-∂p≈ Hc-dn-hns\ P\n-

∏n -°p -∂-Xn -te°p th≠-Xmb km[\w arKm -Zn -Iƒ°n -√mØXpsIm≠pw ssZhw Ds≠∂v Adn-bp-∂n-√m-˛B km[\w

D≠m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ a\p-jy-sc-t∏m-se-Xs∂ arKm-Zn-Ifpw Adn-bpw. C√mØ ÿnXn°p arKm-Zn-I-sf-t∏m-se-Xs∂ a\p-jycpw Adn-

I-bn-√. Cßs\ B km[-\w-am{Xw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v BflmhpwCs√∂p ]d-bp-∂-]-£w, ]nd-hn-Ip-cp-S-∑m¿, ]nd-hn-sN-In-S-∑m¿ apX-

em-b-h¿°pw {ipXn, Kpcp Ch C√m-Ø-h¿°pw Bflm-hn-s√-∂p-

arKmZn



hcpw. BI-bm¬ B km[\w am{Xw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v arKm-Zn-

Iƒ°v Bflmhpw Cs√-∂p-≈Xp Aev]hpw bp‡-am-I-bn-√. \in-

®p-t]m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ c≠p hI-°m-cpsS Bflmhpw \in-®p-t]m-Ipw.

Cs√-¶n¬ c≠pw C√m.

F∂m¬ arKm-Zn-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Bflmhpw

C√m-sb∂p ]d-bp∂p F¶n¬ Dua-Iƒ°pw Bflm-hn-s√∂p ]d-

tb-≠-Xm-Wv. A√m-sXbpw arKm-Zn-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°-bn-s√∂v Fßs\

]dbmw? ta¬`m-KØp ]cp¥v h´-an´p ]d-°p-∂-Xns\°≠p tImgn-

Iƒ sIm°-c¬ CSp-tºmƒ B AS-bm-f-Øns\ Adn™v AXns‚

Ip™p-ß-sf√mw HmSn-h∂v AXns‚ Nnd-In-\-IØv Hfn-°p-Ibpw

Nmh¬t°mgn t]mcn-\m-bn´v Ad-Iq-Ip-tºmƒ B i_vZsØ tI´

DS≥Xs∂ t]mcn\p hnfn-°p∂p F∂-dn™v AXn-te-°m-bn´p thKw

sN√pIbpw B]Øp hcp-tºmƒ Xs‚ C\-ßsf hnfn-®m¬ B

hnfnsb Adn™v B PmXn-I-sf√mw h∂p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw `£-WsØ

I≠m¬ At∏mƒØs∂ i_vZ-ß-sf-s°m≠v AXm-Xns‚ Iq´p-

Imsc Adn-bn-°bpw A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Ah-‰-Iƒ Adn-™p-h∂v Hcp-

an®p IqSn-bn-cp∂p `£n-°-Ibpw sNøp-∂-t√m. Cß-s\-Xs∂ arK-

ßƒ°pw ]£n-Iƒ°pw AXm-Xn-\p-X-°-h-bmb mj-I-fp-≠v. Ah-

Isf AXm-Xp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°p am{Xta \√-hÆw Adn-bm-hq. A√m-

sXbpw \ΩpsS mj-I-sf-t∏mepw Infn, ae-©n-Ønc apX-emb ]£n-

Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂n-√tbm? AXp-sIm≠v arKmZn-Iƒ°pw Hmtcm

AS-bm-f-`m-j-I-fp-s≠-∂p-≈Xp \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

C\nbpw arKm-Zn-Isf a\p-jy¿°v Blm-c-am-bn-´mWp krjvSn-

®Xv F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. \mb, \cn, ]pen, Ic-Sn, Im°,

Cu®, t]≥, aq´ apX-em-bh a\p-jy-cm¬ Blm-c-am-bn´p kzoI-cn-

°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw ]c-am-Wp-hn-s\-°mfpw sNdp-Xmb P¥p-

°sf Blm-c-am-bn-s -Sp-∏m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw BbXpw tNcp-

∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ah-Iƒ Blm-c-am-bn-s√-¶n¬ a\p-jy¿°v D]-Im-

c-am-Ip∂p F¶n¬,

knwlw, ]pen, B\, Ic-Sn, ]mºv, tXƒ, ]gp-Xmc apX-em-b-

Xp-Iƒ a\p-jy¿°v D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂p am{X-a-√, `b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw sIm√p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, A]-Im-c-s∏-Sp∂p

F∂pw IqSn ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm¬ \nß-fpsS Cu hm°pw icn-

bmbn-cp-∂n-√.


97

a\p-jy¿ sX‰p sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿°v arKm-Zn-Iƒ Iog-S-

ßm-sX-t]m-Is´ F∂p btlmhm i]n-°-\n-anØw A{]-Imcw Bbn-

t∏mbn F¶n¬,

BSv, amSv, t]mØv, ]∂n, ]ń, tImgn, ]q® apX-emb P¥p-

°ƒ a\p-jy¿°p Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn-°-sIm≠p i]n®p F∂p ]d-bp-

∂Xv I≈-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-I-bpw, a\p-jy¿°p ]pen apX-em-bh Iog-S-

ßmsX t]mIp-Ibpw amSv apX-em-bh Iog-S-ßp-Ibpw sNøs´

F∂mWv i]n-®-sX-¶n¬ A{]-Im-c-a-√msX Hmtcm ka-b-ß-fn¬

]mºv apX-embh Hmtcm-cp-Ø\v Iog-S-ßp-I-sIm≠pw amSv apX-embh

Hmtcm-cp-Øsc sIm∂n-cn-°-sIm≠pw BbXpw icn-b-√.

AsX√mw Ccn-°-s´. \nß-fpsS ss__n-fnse thZ-\ym-b-{]-

am-W-amb ]Øp Iev]-\-I-fn¬ Hcp Iev]\ sIm√-cp-sX-∂p-≈-Xm-

W-t√m. AXn-s\bpw \nßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h-cm-Ip-∂p-h-t√m. ka-

kr-jvS-ß-sf, AXm-bXv a\p-jysc sIm√-cp-sX∂p am{Xta CXn-

\¿∞-ap-≈q F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, arK-ß-sft∂m a\p-

jy-sct∂m \n¿t±-in-°msX s]mXpsh sIm√-cp-sX∂p ]d™ B

hmIy-Øn\v C{]-Imcw Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNøp-∂Xp icn-bm-I-bn-√.

Bb-Xn-te°v ASn-ÿm-\-hp-an-√.

F∂m¬ AXn-te°v ASn-ÿm-\-ap-≠v. AXm-bXv (A-t∏m-kvX-

e¿ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 10-˛-A. 11-˛mw hm.) BImiw Xpd-∂n-cn-°p-∂Xpw

hen-sbmcp Xp∏-ń-t]mse \mep tImWpw sIń `qan-bn-te-°n-d-°n-

hn-s´mcp ]m{Xw hcp-∂Xpw Ah¿ ImWp-∂p. (Sn. ]pkvXIw 12-˛mw

hm.) AXn¬ qan-bnse kI-e-hn[ \m¬°m-en-Ifpw Cg-Pm-Xn-Ifpw

BIm-i-Ønse ]d-h-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (Sn. ]pkvXIw 13-˛mw hm.)

]t{Xmtk, Fgp-t∂-‰p, AdpØp `£n-°pI F∂v Ah-t\mSv Hcp

i_vZ-ap-≠mbn (Sn. ]pkvXIw 14-˛mw hm.) F∂m¬ ]t{Xmkv ]d-

™Xv Hcn-°epw hlnbm I¿Øm-th. aen-\tam Aip-≤tam Bbp-

≈-sXm∂pw Rm≥ Hcp\mfpw £n-®n-ń-√-t√m. (Sn. ]pkvXIw 15-˛mw

hm.) B i_vZw ]ns∂bpw c≠mw-{]m-hiyw Ah≥ tI´p ‘ssZhw

ip≤o-I-cn-®-Xns\ \o aen-\sa∂p hnfn-°-cp-Xv.’ (Sn. ]pkvXIw

16-˛mw hm.) CXp aq∂p {]mh-iy-ap-≠m-bn. DSs\ ]m{Xw BIm-i-

Øn-te°v FSp-Øp-sIm-≈-s∏-´p. C{]-Imcw ssZhw Xs∂ Iev]n-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B hymJym\w icn-bm-bn-´p-≈-XmWv F∂p ]d-

arKmZn



bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, a‰p≈ Iev]-\-Iƒ°pw C{]-Imcw Zp¿hym-Jym\w

sNbvhm≥ ss__n-fn¬\n∂p [mcmfw {]am-W-ßƒ In´pw.

Fß-s\-sb-∂m¬ (1 cmPm-°-∑m¿, 22-˛mw A.) btlmhm Hcm-

flm-hns\ Ab®v I≈w ]d-bn®v BIm_v F∂-h-s\bpw Ahs‚

tk\-I-sfbpw sIm∂p. (]p-d-∏mSv ]pkvXIw. 13-˛mw A.) an{k-bnw-

tZ-i-Øp≈ F√m ISn-™q¬Ip- n-I-sfbpw ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bn¬ sIm∂p.

]d-thms‚ lrZ-bsØ ITn-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xs‚ Iev]-\sb ssIs°m-

≈msX hne-°n-s°m≠v Ah-t\bpw tk\-I-tfbpw kap-{Z-Øn¬

ap°n-s°m-∂p. (te-hnb ]pkvXIw 16-˛mw A. 1˛mw hm.) Xs‚ k∂n-

[n-bn¬ h∂ Al-tcms‚ ]p{X-∑msc c≠p-t]sc sIm∂p. (i-ap-

th¬ 1˛mw ]pkvXIw 25-˛mw A. 38-˛mw hm) \m_m≥ F∂-hs\

ASn-®p-sIm-∂p. ]ns∂bpw C{k-tb¬ P\-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰p ]e-cp-

sSbpw CS-bn¬ At\Iw Ie-l-ßsf D≠m°n hfsc sIme-

sNbvXp F∂p ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, sIm√-cp-sX∂ Iev]-\bv°v

ka-kr-jvS-ßsf AXm-b-Xv, a\p-jysc F∂m-sW-∂p≈ \nß-fpsS

hymJym\w tNcp-∂n-s√-∂p-X-s∂-b√ a\p-jysc sIm√m-sa-∂p≈

A¿∞w-IqSn kn≤n-°p-∂p. (]p-d-∏mSv ]pkvXIw 11-˛mw A.) C{km-

tb-e-∑msc Ab¬°m-tcmSv B`-c-W-ßsf hmßn-®p-sIm≠v Hfn-

®p-t]m-Im≥ Iev]n-®p. CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ A\y-∑m-cpsS apX-

ens\ B{K-ln-°-cp-Xv F∂ Iev]-\-bpsS apºn¬ th≠m-sb∂p

tXm∂p-tºmsf∂pw, C\nbpw; (]p-d-∏m-Sp-]p-kvXIw 1˛mw A.) hb-

‰m-´n-I-fmb kn{]mbpw ]qbmbpw I≈w ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v Ahsc

A\p-{K-ln-®p. (1. cmPm-°-∑m¿ 22-˛mw A.) Hcm-flm-hns\ Ab®p

I≈w ]d-bn-®p. CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ AkXyw ]d-b-cpXv F∂

Iev]-\-bpsS apºn¬ Bh-iy-an-s√∂p tXm∂p-tºmƒ F∂pw

C\nbpw (2. iap-tb¬ 12-˛mw A.) ZmhoZv F∂-h≥ Ddn-bm-hns‚

`mcysb ]nSn®v Zmho-Zns‚ kv{XoIsf Ahs‚ Ab¬°m-c-t\m-Sp-

ibn-°m≥ Iev]n-®p. (tlm-ibm 1˛mw A. 2˛mw hm.) \o sN∂v

\n\°p thiym-hr-Øn-bp≈ Hcp mcy-sbbpw thiym-hr-Øn-I-fnse

ss]X-ß-sfbpw FSp-Øp-sImƒI. CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ hy`n-

N-cn-°-cpXv F∂ Iev]-\-bpsS apºn¬ [mXp-]p-jvSn-bn-√m-Ø-t∏mgpw

ths≠∂p tXm∂p-tºmgpw F∂pw, C\nbpw {InkvXp Hcp P\-°q-

-Øn¬sh®v Xs∂ At\zjn®p ZpxJn®p h∂ amXm-hn-t\mSv A\m-

Z-c-hmbn kwkm-cn®p; CXymZn {]am-W-ß-fm¬ A—-\-Ω-amsc D]-

N-cn-°pI F∂ Iev]-\-bpsS apºn¬, ‘thW-sa∂p tXm∂p-tºmƒ’


99

F∂pw tN¿t°-≠n-h-cpw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu I¬∏-\-Isf BN-cn-

°-W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-an-s√∂pw Ah-\-hs‚ a\- p-t]m-se, AXm-

bXv tXm∂ym-k-am-bn-´m-Im-sa∂pw kn≤n-°pw. Cßs\ tXm∂ym-

k-am-bn-´p-≈-Xn-te°v Hcp Iev]-\tbm \nb-atam aXtam Bh-iy-

an-√m. Bh-iy-an-√mØ ÿnXn°v Cu Iev]-\-Iƒ (ss_-_nƒ)

shdptXbp≈-sX∂pw shdptXbp≈-Xns\, thW-sa∂p Iev]n®

Bƒ, Adn-hn-√m-Ø-h-s\∂pw kn≤n-°pw.

C\nbpw arKm-Zn-Isf a\p-jy¿ £n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿°m-

bn-´mWv Ah-Isf krjvSn-®-sX-¶n¬, a\p-jy-scbpw \mb, ]pen,

ISp-h apX-emb P¥p-°ƒ Xn∂p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v arKm-Zn-Iƒ°v Blm-

c-am-bn-´mWv a\p-jysc krjvSn-®-sX∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

BI-bm¬ arKm-Zn-Isf krjvSn-®Xv a\p-jy¿°v Blm-c-Øn-

te°p th≠n-b-s√-∂p-≈Xv \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p. Cu hmkvX-hsØ

Adn-™n-cp-∂n´pw \ap°v Blm-c-Øn-\m-bn-´mWv arKm-Zn-Isf

krjvSn-®-sX∂pw Ah-Iƒ°p \nXym-flm-hn-s√∂pw, Ahn-th-InIƒ

sI´nsa\-™p-≠m-°nb ss__n-fns\ hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠v Cu alm-

I-Tn-\-Xsb sNbvXp-t]m-Ip-∂-t√m. AXn≥ A{]-Imcw ]d-™n-cp-

∂mepw arK-ßsf ASn-°bpw a‰pw sNøp-tºmƒ Ah-Iƒ°p≠m-

Ip∂ thZ-\-Isf I≠p-sIm-≠v, ImWm-Ø-h-scbpw Adn-bm-Ø-h-

sc-bpw-t]mse Aev]hpw IcpW IqSmsX B arKm-Zn-Isf ASn®pw

AdpØpw sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-bpw, ssIIm-ep-Isf sI´n Xobn¬

C´pw a‰pw ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ IjvS-s∏-SpØn sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xv

\oXntbm? Aøtøm! Zbm-lo-\-∑msc! \nß-fpsS ss__nƒ (B-

Zn-]p-kvXIw 7˛-A. 1˛-hm.) Poh-izm-k-ap≈ amwk-P-¥p-°ƒ F√mw

t\mhm-bpsS ASp-°¬ s]´-I-Øn¬ {]th-in®p F∂p ImWp-∂p.

a\p-jy¿°pw Cu Poh-izm-k-sØ-Øs∂bs√ DuXn-b-Xv. AXp-

sIm≠p c≠p hI-°m¿°pw Htc Poh-izmkw Xs∂ F∂p ImWp-

I-bm¬, Hcp-Ø¿°v BbXv Ds≠∂pw, Hcp-h-I-°m¿°v BbXv

Cs√∂pw Fß-s\- ]-dbmw? tZmj-an-√mØ {]am-W-ßƒ H∂pw

\nß-fpsS _p≤n-bn¬ tIdp-I-bn-√t√m? F¥p sNømw, ]m]-i-‡n-

X-s∂.

C{]-Im-c-ap≈ tZmj-ßƒ \nanØw hcp∂ ]mX-I-ßƒ Hgn-

bp-∂Xv GXp ImetØm? AXn-cn-°-s´, ta¬°m-Wn® \ymb-ß-

sf-s°m≠v arKm-Zn-Iƒ a\p-jy¿°v Blm-c-Øn-\p-th≠n krjvSn-

arKmZn



°-s∏-´-h-b-s√∂pw ]q¿Δ-P-∑-I¿Ωw-\n-anØw A{]-Imcw krjvSn-

°-s∏´ P¥p-°-fm-Ip∂p F∂pw \n›-b-am-bn´v 1DW¿∂p sIm≈p-hn≥.

Cßs\ arKm-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw kXy-e-£-W-an-s√∂p ImW-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. DW¿∂p-sIm-≈pI = Adn-™p-sIm-≈pI


101

aq∂m-aXv

]mi-{]-I-cWw

P∑-]m]w


BZn-a-\p-jy¿ ]m]n-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ip¢-tim-Wn-X-h-gn-bmbn P\n-°p∂ F√m a\p-jy¿°pw P∑-]m-]-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p \nßƒ ]dbp∂-t√m. Hm! tlm! ]m]-sa-∂Xv Ft¥m-∂mWv? Hcp {Zhytam KpWtam? c≠p-a-√-t√m. AXv hne-°n-b-Xns\sNbvX I¿Ω-am-bn-´pw, hn[n-®-Xns\ sNbvXn-´n-s√-∂p≈ I¿Ω-Øns‚ C√m-bva-bm-bn´pw A√tbm Ccn-°p-∂Xv? B ÿnXn°pI¿Ωhpw I¿Ω-Øns‚ C√m-bvabpw Hcp hkvXp-hn¬ tXm∂nX¬£-Ww-Xs∂ \in-°bpw sNøpw. BI-bm¬ BbXv Hcp-Ø-cn¬Øs∂ Nnc-Imew Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS hnμp-hgn a‰p-≈-h-cnepw {]th-in-°p-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tN¿®-bn-√m-ØXv. IqSm-sXbpwA—-\-Ω-am-cpsS hnμp-hn-\m¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp ico-c-am-Ip-∂p. A√msXBflmhv A√. icocw PU-ambpw Bflmhv NnØmbpw Ccn-°-bm¬AXns‚ kz`mhw thsd, CXns‚ kz`mhw thsd, BI-bm¬ AXn-t\mSv CXn\v Aev]hpw kw_‘w C√m.

Cu Bflmhv A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS Bflm-hn¬\n∂v Hcp AwiwA√m. Hcp Awiw F∂p hcn-In¬ ⁄m\-kw-_-‘w-IqSn D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw B Bflmhv JWvUn-°-s∏-S-Ø-°-sX∂p ]d-bp-IbpwsNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. BI-bm¬- A-Xn\pw CXn\pw bmsXmcp kw_-‘hpw C√t√m. Cßs\ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ Hcm-flmhv sNbvX Ip‰was‰mcp Bflm-hns\ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp \ymb-amtWm?

taepw ip¢whgn-bmbn ]m]w kw_-‘n-°p-sa-¶n¬ Ipcp-Sv,sNInSv apX-emb Du\-ap-≈-h¿°p \√ kuμ-cy-ap≈ Ip´n-Ifpw\nXy-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v Atcm-Kn-I-fmb ]p{X-∑mcpw ZpjvS-\mb ]nXm-hn\v injvS-\mb ]p{X\pw injvS-\mb ]nXm-hn\v ZpjvS-\mb



]p{X\pw P\n-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v? Cu kwK-Xn-I-fmepw hnμp

hgn-bmbn ]m]-kw-_-‘-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw bp‡-a-√m. C\nbpw A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ]m]w IqsS XpS¿∂p sN√p-sa-

¶nepw B ]m]w Xmt\ s]mbv°-f-bptam? C√-t√m. AXp-sIm≠vssZhw-Xs∂ AXns\ C√msX Bt°-≠-X-√tbm? Aßs\ Ccn-

°p-tºmƒ Hcp-Ø≥ sNbvX ]m]sØ as‰m-cp-Øs‚ t]cn¬ Npa-Øp-I-bm¬ B ssZhw alm A\ym-b-°m-c≥ A√tbm?

Cu temI-Øn-ep≈ cmPm-°-∑m¿t]mepw Hcp-h≥ Ip‰wsNbvXm¬ Ahs\ ZWvUn-∏n-°-b-√msX AXn-te-°p-th≠n as‰m-

cp-Øs\ ZWvUn-∏n-°-bn-√. B ÿnXn-°v k¿Δ-⁄-\m-bpw, k¿Δ-Z-bm-ep-hm-bpw, ]cn-]q¿Æ-\m-bpw, kvt\l-tZz-j-c-ln-X-\mbpw Ccn-

°p∂ ssZhw Hcm-flmhp sNbvX Ip‰sØ as‰mcp Bflm-hns‚taem°n ZWvUn-∏n°pw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp \ymb-a-√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Cßs\ P∑-]m-]-sØ-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xn-epw, ]mi-e-£WwCs√∂p sXfn-hmbn ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.


103

\mem-aXp

KXn{]I-cWw

ap‡n-km-[\w


Xm≥ sImSpØ Iev]-\sb IS∂p a\p-jy¿ ]m]w sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v ssZhw Ahsc \ymb-{]-Imcw i]n®p F¶nepw A\-¥cwIr]-tXm∂n Ah¿°p-th≠n ]m]-_-en-bm-hp-∂-Xn\p Xs‚ ]p{Xs\Ab-®p-sh∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. F∂m¬ ssZhw B ka-bØp i]n-®-Xp-Xs∂ A\o-Xn-bm-bn-t∏mbn F∂p apºn¬IqńImWn-®n-´p-≠v. A√m-sX-bpw,

Xm≥ hn[n® Iev]-\sb AXn-{I-an-®p-sIm≠v h¿≤n® ]m]-Øn-te°p {]mb-›nØw sNbvhm≥ a\p-jy¿ i‡-∑m-cmbn `hn-°-bn-√t√m F∂p Zb-hp-tXm∂n AXn-\m-bn´p Xs‚ ]p{Xs\ Ab®ssZhw Xm≥ hn[n-°p∂ Iev]-\-sIm≠p a\p-jy¿ ]m]n-I-fm-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂p-≈-Xns\ apºn¬Iqń Adn™p hn[n-°msX Xs∂Ccp-∂p-I-f-b-cp-Xmt™m? BI-s´, AXn-te°v CS-bmbns√¶nepwXs‚ im]sØ a\p-jy¿°p XSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-s√∂p Ir]-tXm∂ni]n-°msX Ccn-°-cp-Xmt™m? A√m-Ø-]£w Xm≥ krjvSn-∏m≥XpS-ßn-bm¬ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ k¶-S-ßfpw tZmj-ßfpw kw`-hn-°p-sa∂v BZyta Adn™v Xs‚ ]mń\v A\-ßm-sX-I-≠n-cn-∏m≥ Ign-I-bn-√mt™m?

Xm≥Xs∂ alm-th-Z-\sb hcp-Øp-Ibpw hne-°p-IbpwsNbvXXv Xs‚ \oXn-tbbpw Ir]-tbbpw A\y-∑msc t_m[n-∏n-°bpw Xs∂ kvXpXn-∏n-°bpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n BIp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AsXm-cp-{]-Im-c-Øn¬ tNcpw. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ btlm-hm-bpsS {]hr-Øn-I-sf√mw X\-Xp-Im-cysØ Dt±-in-®-√msX A\y-∑m-cpsS kpJsØ Dt±-in-®-√m. BI-bm¬ \nXym-\-μhpw \oXnbpw

Ir]bpw C√m-Ø-h≥X-s∂-bm-Wv.



C\n Xs‚ ]p{Xs\ Ab-®p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. ]p{Xs\ X∂

]nXmhv apº-s\-∂pw, ]nXm-hn-\m¬ Xc-s∏´ ]p{X≥ ]nº≥ F∂pw]nXm-hn-\m¬ Ab-bv°-s∏- -Xp-sIm≠v ]p{X≥ ]c-X-{¥≥ F∂pw

shfnhmbn ImWp-I-bm¬ ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw Hcp-h-\m-sW∂pw Xpey-∑m-cm-sW∂pw \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv alm-hn-cp-≤-am-Ip-∂p.

]p{X-\mb {InkvXp `¿Øm-hn-√msX K¿`w [cn® I\y-I-bpsShb-‰n¬ P\n-®-h-s\∂pw At±-l-Øn\p ssZhXzw Ds≠∂pw P∑-

]m]w Cs√-∂pw, A¤p-X-ßsf sNbvsX-∂pw, acn-®-Xns‚ tijwPohn-s®∂pw \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xp ip≤-\p-W-bm-sW∂pw B {InkvXp,

tZh-\√m a\p-jy≥Xs∂ F∂pw aptº-Iqń ÿm]n-®p-ht√m.

{InkvXp a\p-jy¿ A\p- -hn-t°-≠-Xmb ZWvUsØ Xm≥ A\p-

`-hn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-t√m. Ah-\-h≥ sNbvX Ip‰-Øn\v Ah-\-h≥Xs∂ ZWvU-a-\p-`-hn-t°-≠-X-√msX as‰m-cp-h≥ ZWvUn-∏n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂Xp \oXn-bmtWm? Hcp-Øs‚ hni∏p as‰m-cp-Ø≥ £WwIgn-®-Xp-sIm≠p ian-°ptam? Hcp-hs‚ hym[n as‰m-cp-h≥ acp∂p

tkhn-®m¬ ian-°ptam? (sl-k-°¬ 18-˛mw A. 20-˛mw hm.) ]m]wsNøp∂ Bflmthm AXp acn-°pw. ]p{X≥ ]nXm-hns‚ AXn-{I-

asØ hln-°-bn-√m, ]nXmhp ]p{Xs‚ AXn-{I-asØ hln-°p-I-bp-an-√. \oXn-ams‚ \oXn Ah-s‚-ta¬ Ccn-°pw. ZpjvSs‚ ZpjvSX

Ah-s‚-ta¬ Ccn-°pw. (B-h¿Ø-\-]p-kvXIw 24-˛mw A. 16-˛mw hm.)]p{X-∑m¿°p-th≠n ]nXm-°-∑m¿ sIme-sN-bvI-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Acp-

Xv. Ah-\-h≥Xs∂ Xs‚ ]m]w -\n-anØw sIme-sN-ø-s∏-S-Ww.C{]-Imcw \nß-fpsS ss__nƒ ]d-bp-sa-¶n¬ a\p-jy¿ A\p-`-hn-

∏m-\p≈ ZWvUsØ {InkvXp Xm≥Xs∂ A\p-`-hn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]w F¶nepw icn-bm-Iptam?

C\n-bpw, {InkvXp thZ-\-s∏-´p, AXp-sIm≠v \nXym-\-μ-\-√m,At±-l-Øns‚ a\p-jy-Xz-a-√msX tZhXzw thZ-\-s∏-ń-ń√ F∂p

hcn-In¬, a\p-jy¿ Iev]-\sb AXn-{I-an®p sNbvX ]m]w a\p-jy¿ ]mSp-s]-´-Xp-sIm≠v \nhr-Øn-bm-In√m F∂p \nßƒXs∂

]d-I-sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ a\p-jyXzw am{Xta ]mSp-s]-s´m≈pF¶n¬ ]m]-tam-N\w h∂n-´p-an-√m. \n›-bw.

A√m-sXbpw ‘{InkvXp Xmt\ ZWvUn-°-s∏´p c£n®p’ F∂v]d-t™®p ]n∂oSv a\p-jyXzw ]mSp-s]´p tZhXzw c£n®p F∂p

]d-bp-∂Xp If-h-√tbm?


105

]ns∂bpw A\-¥-tImSn Poh-∑m¿ \nXy-Im-ehpw A\p- -hn-t°-

≠-Xmb kIe thZ-\-I-sfbpw {InkvXp X\n®v Aev]-ImewsIm≠vA\p-`-hn-®p-I-f™p F∂p-≈Xp icn-bm-Iptam? Aßs\ sNbvXp-

sh-¶n¬ Aev]-Imew t]mepw Xm≥ thZ-\-s∏-SmsX k¿Δ-km-a¿∞yw-sIm≠v A\y-∑mcpsS thZ-\-Isf hne-°n-°-f-b-cp-Xmt™m?

ssZhw a\p-jy¿°v Cu P∑-Øn¬ bmsXmcp Imc-WhpwIqSmsX Xs‚ Xncp-hp-≈-{]-Imcw am{Xw kpJ-Zpx-J-ßsf sImSp-°p∂p F∂pw a\p-jy¿ Ct∏mƒ sNøp∂ ]m]-ßsf Imc-W-am-°n-s°m≠v Ahsc acn-®-Xns‚ tijw \c-I-Øn¬ X≈n \nXy-th-Z-\-Isf A\p- -hn-∏n-°p-sa∂pw \nßƒ ]d-I-sIm≠v {InkvXphpwCu P∑Øv A\p- -hn® kIe ZpxJ-ßfpw Hcp Imc-Whpw IqSmsXssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-hp-≈-{]-Imcw h∂p tN¿∂-sX∂pw AXp-sIm≠va\p-jy¿°pw ]m]-tam-N-\-am-I-bn-s√∂pw Cu P∑Øv {InkvXp kI-e-a-\p-jy-cpsS ]m]-ß-sfbpw G‰p-sIm≠p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv kXy-sa-∂p-h-cn-In¬ ]c-Øn¬ \nXy-\-c-I-th-Z\ A\p- -hn-°p-sa∂p \n›-bn-®p-sIm≈mw A√tbm?

A√m-sXbpw Cl-Øn¬ Aev]w ]m]w sNbvX-hcpw ]c-Øn¬\nXy-th-Z\ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-t√m. BÿnXn°v F√m alm-]m-]-ß-sfbpw X∂n¬ G‰p-sIm≠p {InkvXpCl-Ønepw ]c-Ønepw AXy-¥-tLm-c-th-Z-\-Isf \nXyhpw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv F∂p-≈-Xn\p ktμ-l-an-√-t√m.

Xs‚ ]p{X-s\∂ hm’-eyw-sIm≠v btlmhm Ct±-l-Øns\\c-I-Øn¬ X≈m-sX-I≠v hn´-bbv°pw F∂p-h-cn-In¬ btlmhm]£-]mXw D≈-h-\m-bn-t∏m-Ipw.

taepw a\p-jy¿ aptº sNbvXp-t]mb ]m]-ß-fpsS \nhr-Øn-°m-bn´p am{X-a√m ]n∂oSp sNbvhm≥ t]mIp∂ ]m]-ß-fpsS \nhr-Øn-°m-bn- pw-IqSn ]mSp-s]´p F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂t√m? Hcp-Ø\vC\n hcp-hm≥t]m-Ip∂ kwh-’-c-Ønse hni-∏n-s\-bpw-IqSnXo¿Øp-I-f-bp-∂-Xn-te°p as‰m-cp-Ø≥ Ct∏mƒØs∂ D≠p-I-f™p F∂p ]d-™m¬ Bb-Xns\ Ip™p-ßƒt]mepw hniz-kn-°ptam?

Cß-s\-sb-√m-an-cn-°-sIm≠v a\p-jy-cpsS ]m]-ßƒ°m-bn´p{InkvXp ZWvUn-∏n-°-s∏´p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw tNcp-I-bn-√-t√m.

KXn{]I-cWw



{InkvXp ]m]-hn-tam-N\w sNbvXp F∂p ]d-bp-∂t√m;

Aßs\ sNbvXp F¶n¬ ]m]w ]n∂oSv temI-Øn¬ Fßm\pwCcn-°ptam? Hcp a\p-jy≥ Iev]-\sb AXn-{I-an-®-Xp-sIm≠v

D≠mb ]m]w F√m a\p-jy-scbpw ]nSn-IqSn F∂p ]d-bp∂\nßƒ°v Hcp-h≥ hntam-N\w sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v Ign™ ]m]w

X¬£-Ww-Xs∂ F√m-h-cn¬\n∂pw hn´p-am-dn-t∏mbn F∂p≈ A`n-{]mbw F¥m sIm≈p-I-bn-√tbm?

{InkvXp F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ap≥]p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw ]n∂oSv D≠m-hm≥t]m-Ip-∂-Xp-amb ]m]-ß-sfbpw \nhm-c-Ww-sNbvXp F¶n¬

B £W-Øn¬Øs∂ kI-ecpw ]m]-Øn¬\n∂pw th¿s]´pap‡-∑m-cmbn `hn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ `hn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v

{InkvXp ]m]-hn-tam-N-\sØ sNbvXn√m F∂Xv \n›-b-am-Ip-∂p.

taepw Hcp cmPm-hm-Is´ Xm≥ hn[n-® I-ev]-\-Isf Nne P\-

ßƒ AXn-{I-an-®p-t]m-sb-∂p-h-cn-In¬ AXn-te-°m-bn´v Ahscin£n-°-b-√msX hntam-N-\w-sNbvXp hnSpI F∂pw, B Ip‰-Øn\p

Xm\m-bn´v \nhr-Øn-bp-≠m-°pI F∂pw Xs‚ Xe-bn¬ aÆp-hmcnC´p-sIm-≈pI F∂pw A\y¿°mbns°m≠p Xs‚ aIs\ ZWvUn-

∏n° F∂pw D≈-sX√mw \oXn-bpw, aln-a-bpw, _p≤n-bpw, \ymbhpwBtWm?

BI-bm¬ a\p-jy-cpsS ]m]-Øns\ Ah¿°v A\p-`-hn-∏m≥CS-h-cmsX Ah¿°p-th≠n {InkvXp hntam-N-\w-sNbvXp F∂p-≈Xv

Aev]hpw kXy-am-bn-´p-≈-X-√.

C\n hnizm-k-amWv ap‡nsb Xcp∂ km[\w F∂pw kv\m\w

sNøp-∂-Xn\p aptºm, sNbvX-Xns‚ tijtam acn® Ip™p-ßƒ°vtam£-ap-s≠∂pw \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m. B Ip™p-ßƒ°v

hnizmkw Dt≠m C√tbm? ˛ B ÿnXn°v Ah¿°v ap‡n-km-[\w Ft¥m∂m? BbXv Ah-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Ir]-bm-Ip∂p F¶n¬

hnizmkw C√mØ F√m Bflm-°-sf-°p-dn®pw B Ir]-bp-≠m-Im-ØXv F¥v?

Cßs\ ap‡n-km-[-\-\n-cq-]-Ww-sIm≠pw KXn-e-£-W-an-s√∂pkm[n-°-s∏-´p.


107

1\ncbw


ssZhw ]m]n-Isf \c-I-Øn-en´p \nXy-Im-ehpw Hcp-t]mseZWvUn-∏n-°p-sa∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂p-h-s√m, AXv Aev]hpw tNcp-I-bn-√m. ka-kvX-\m-b-I-\mb ssZhsØ Zpjn-°-bpw, Hcp-hs\sIm√p-Ibpw Hcp hkvXp-hns\ tamjvSn-°-bpw, I≈p-Ip-Sn-°-bpw,hy`n-Nmcw sNøp-I-bpw, I≈w ]d-I-bpw, Kpcp-hns\ \nμn-°bpwCßs\ ]e h¿§-ß-fmb kIe ]mX-I-ß-sfbpw apgp-h\pwsNbvX-h¿°pw Ah-bn¬ GXns\ F¶nepw H∂n-s\-am{Xw sNbvX-h¿°pw Htc in£-Xs∂ F∂pw ]d-™p-Iq-S-t√m.

A√m-sX, Hcp thiy-tbmSp tNcp-I-bpw, Hcp I\y-I-tbmSp tNcp-I-bpw, A\ys‚ mcy-tbmSp tNcp-Ibpw Kpcp-hns‚ mcy-tbmSp tNcp-Ibpw amXm-hn-t\mSp tNcp-Ibpw ktlm-Z-cn-tbmSp tNcp-IbpwsNbvXm¬ Ch-I-sf√mw Hcp h¿§-Øn-epƒs∏´ ]m]-ß-fm-Ip∂pF∂p hcn-Inepw H∂n-s\m∂v AXn-`m-c-am-bn-cn-°-bm¬ AhsbsNbvX-h¿s°-√m-h¿°pw Hcp-hn-[-amb in£sb Hcp-t]msesImSp°pw F∂p ]d-™p-Iq-S-t√m.

C\nbpw Hcp h¿§-Øn-ep≈ Htc hn[-amb Hcp ]m]sØØs∂ Hcp \nan-j-Øn¬ sNbvIbpw Hcp \mgn-I-hsc sNbvIbpwHcp aplq¿Øw-hsc sNbvI-bpw, Hcp bmaw-hsc sNbvI-bpw, HcpZnhkwhsc sNbvI-bpw, Hcp hmcw-hsc sNbvI-bpw Hcp ]£w-hsc sNbvI-bpw, Hc-b\w hsc sNbvIbpw D≈-\mƒ apgp-h\pwsNbvIbpw sNbvXm¬ Ah-I-sf√mw ka-sa∂pw Cßs\ sNbvX-h¿ F√m-hcpw Htc in£ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa∂pw ]d-™p-Iq-S-t√m.(tbm-l-∂m≥ 19-˛-A. 11-˛-hm.) Fs∂ \ns‚ ssIbn¬ G¬∏n-®-h\vA[n-I-]m]w D≠v F∂p ]d-b-s∏-´-Xn-\mepw ]m]-Xm-c-XaywDs≠∂p km[n-°-s∏-Spw.

A{]-Imcw Ah-c-h¿ sNbvX ]m]-Øn\p X°Xmb in£sbX°-Xmb Imew-h-scbpw sNbvI F∂-√m-sX, Ahsc F√m-h-



scbpw \nXyhpw Hcp-t]mse ZWvUn-∏n-°p-∂Xp \oXn-b-√-t√m. Cu

temI-Øn¬ cmPm-°-∑mcpw Xs‚ {]P-I-fn¬ Bsc-¶nepw Hcp-h≥Ip‰w sNbvXm¬ Ah≥ sNbvX Ip‰-Øns‚ h¿§w, Af-hp-Imew

F∂n-hsb \∂mbn Xo¿®-bm-°n-s°m≠v X°-Xmb in£sbsNøp-∂p. In©n-⁄-∑m-cmb a\p-jy¿ IqSnbpw C{]-Imcw sNbvI

F∂p h∂m¬ k¿Δ-⁄-\mb ssZhw Ah-c-h¿ sNbvX ]m]-ß-fpsS h¿§w apX-em-b-hsb Adn™v X°-Xmb ZWvU\w sNbvI-

b-√msX Fß-s\-bp≈ ]m]n-I-sfbpw H∂p-t]mse \nXy-Im-ehpwthZ-\-s∏-SpØn _p≤n-ap-ń-°ptam?

Hcp-h≥ Xs‚ Ip™v Ip‰w sNbvXm¬, B Ip™ns\]n∂oSpw Aßs\ sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n XqWntem at‰m

]nSn-®p-sIń Hcp \√ 2Np≈n-∏n-c-ºp-sIm≠v ASn®pw thsd ]eD]m-b-ßsf sNbvXpw \√ am¿§-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-∏n®pw icn-bmbn

hcp-Øn-s°m-≈mw. A√msX D≈-Imew apgp-h\pw ITn-t\m-]-{Z-h-ßsf sNbvI-bn-√. CXmWv Ir]-bp≈ {]hr-Øn. Hcp a\p-

jy≥t]mepw C{X-tØmfw Ir]-bp-≈-h-\m-sW-¶n¬ ssZhw F{X-tØmfw Ir]-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°Ww? B ÿnXn°v ssZhw Xs‚

Ip™p-ß-fmb Bflm-°sf Aev]hpw Ir]-bn-√msX \nXyhpwIjvS-s∏-Sp-Øptam?

]ns∂bpw \c-I-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Nne¿ CS-hn-SmsXtbip-hns\ hnfn®v Rßsf c£n-°tW F∂v At]-£n®v Gdnb

hnizmkw h®m¬ Ahsc c£n-°ptam? c£n-°n-√tbm? c£n-°p-sa-¶n¬ \nXy-\-cIw C√m-sX-bm-Ipw. c£n-°-bn-s√-¶n¬ At±lw

k¿Δ-Po-h-Z-bm-]-c-\-s√-∂pw, hnizmkw ap‡nsb Xcp-sa-∂p-≈XpI≈-sa∂pw h∂p-t]m-Ipw.

C\nbpw Hcp-h≥ Xm≥ sNbvX ]m]w-sIm≠v \nXyhpw \c-I-Øn¬ InS∂p thZ-\-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-h-cn-In¬ Xm≥ sNbvX ]pWy-ß-

fpsS êsØ Xosc ssIhn-´p-t]m-Ip-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

Hcp-h≥ Xs‚ ]m]-Øn-te-°p-th≠n ZpxJsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-

sa-¶n¬ ]pWy-Øn-te-°p-th≠n kpJ-sØbpw A\p-`-hn-°p-sa-∂-√tbm ]d-tb-≠Xv? Aß-s\-b-√msX ]pWy-Øn-te-°p≈ e-amb

kpJsØ A\p- -hn-°msX ssIhn- p-t]m-Ip-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv \oXn-bmtWm? AXp \oXn-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]m]-Øns‚ ê-amb ZpxJ-

sØbpw A\p-`-hn-t°≠ F∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw.


109

F∂m¬ Ft∏mgpw ]pWyw sNøp-∂-XmWv a\p-jy¿°v IS-a-

bm-bn-´p-≈-Xv. BI-bm¬ ]pWyw sNbvX-h¿ kpJsØ A\p-`-hn-

t°≠m F∂pw, ]m]w sNøp-∂Xv ssZh-Øn\p hntcm-[-am-I-

sIm≠p ]m]n-Iƒ \nXy-\-c-I-Øn¬ t]mIp-∂Xp \oXn F∂pw ]d-

bp∂p F¶n¬, a\p-jy¿ sNøp∂ kIe ]pWy-ß-sfbpw IS-a-bm-

sW∂p ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v B ]pWy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v bmsXmcp

êhpw Cs√∂p Xo¿®-bm-bn. B ÿnXn°v Fß-s\-bp≈

]pWysØ sNbvXmepw AXp-sIm≠v Hcp-Ø¿°pw tam£-{]m-]vXn

]mSn-√-t√m.

BI-bm¬ Hcp-Øcpw Hcn-°epw at\m-hm-°m-b-ß-fm¬

bmsXmcp ]pWy-I¿Ωhpw sNø-W-sa-∂n-√. sNbvX ]m]-Øn-te-

°p-th≠n ]›m-Øm-]-s∏-Sp-I. {InkvXpth hniz-kn-°, kv\m\w

G¬°, \¬I-cpW kzoI-cn-°, 3apg-¶m-en¬ \n∂v ssIIsf c≠n-

t\bpw ae¿Øn, ta¬t∏m´p t\m°n IÆp-Isf aqSn-s°m≠p

{InkvXp-hns\ {]m¿∞n-°, At±-l-Øns‚ I¬∏-\sb {]Nm-cn-°,

]pWy-ß-fn¬ bmsXm-∂n-s\bpw sNømsX F√m-t]cpw kpJam-

bn-cp∂v ap‡nsb {]m]n-°m-a-t√m.

Aß-s\-b-√m, ap‡n-kn-≤n°v Cu ]pWy-ßƒ thW-sa-¶n¬

at\m-hm-°m-b-ß-sf-s°m≠p sNøp∂ Cu ]pWy-ßfpw ap‡n

km[-\-ßƒXs∂ F∂p kΩ-Xn-®p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BI-bm¬

]pWy-ß-sf-s°m≠p {]tbm-P-\-an-s√∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. (eq-t°mkv

14-˛-A. 13, 14-˛-hm.) F∂m¬ \o Hcp hncp∂p Ign-°p-tºmƒ Zmcn-{Z-

°m-sc-bpw, Du\-ap-≈-h-sc-bpw, apS-¥-sc-bpw, Ipcp-S-scbpw hnfn°;

At∏mƒ \o `mKy-hm-\m-Ipw. AXv F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ \n\°p

{]Xn- ew sNbvhm≥ Ah¿°n-√. F∂m¬ \oXn-am-∑m-cpsS Db¿∏n-

¶¬ \n\°p {]Xn-êw sNø-s∏Spw Xm\pw. (a-Ømbn 6˛-A. 3,

4˛hm.) F∂m¬ \o [¿Ωw sNøp-tºmƒ \ns‚ [¿Ωw cl-ky-am-

bn-cn-∏m-\m-bn v \ns‚ he-ØpssI sNøp-∂-Xns\ \ns‚ CS-ØpssI

Adn-b-cp-Xv, F∂m¬ cl-ky-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-h-\mb \ns‚ ]nXmhv

Xm≥Xs∂ ]c-ky-ambn \n\°p {]Xn-êw Xcpw. C{]-Imcw \nß-

fpsS ss__nƒ ]pWy-ß-sf-s°m≠p e-ap-s≠∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ

\nßƒ ]pWy-ß-sf√mw ISa F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv H°ptam?

taepw a\p-jy-cm¬ sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]m]-ßƒ Ah¿°p am{Xta

ZpxJ-{]-Z-ß-fmbn `hn-°q. BI-bm¬ Ah a\p-jy¿°p hntcm[w

\ncbw



F∂p ]d-I-b-√msX Ah-Isf kw_-‘n® bmsXmcp tZmj-ßfpw

]‰mØ ssZh-Øn\v Ah hntcm-[-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw \∂m-I-bn-√. BI-bm¬ Hcp-h≥ ]pWy-]m-]-ßsf c≠n-s\bpw ka-am-

bn-s´-¶nepw H∂n-s\m∂v A[n-I-am-bn-s´-¶nepw sNbvXn-cp-∂m¬ Bc≠n-s‚bpw ^e-ßsf Ah≥ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa-∂-√msX H∂ns\

hnt´®v H∂ns\ am{Xta A\p-`-hn°q F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw\oXn-b-√m-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]e ]pWy-ßsf sNbvX-h-\pw

Hcp ]m]sØ sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠v 4aofmØ \c-I-Øn¬ hoWv\nXyhpw ZpxJw A\p- -hn°pw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv _p≤n-tI-Sm-Ip∂p.

taepw, \nßƒ ]d-bp∂ \c-I-am-bXv CS-bn-ep-≠m-°-s∏-´-Xm-I-bmepw JWvUn-X-amb Hcp ÿew F∂p ]d-I-sIm≠pw A·n,

K‘-Iw, Iran apX-emb \nXy-]-Zm¿∞-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-I-sIm≠pwAXn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h¿ ico-cn-Iƒ BI-sIm≠pw ImW-s∏-´h Agn-

bp-sa∂p \nß-fpsS ss__nƒ ]d-I-sIm≠pw AXv F∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-s´-¶nepw Agn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-X-√msX \nXy-am-bn-cn-°-bn-√-t√m.

BI-bm¬ ]m]n-Iƒ \c-I-Øn¬ \nXy-th-Z\ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa-∂Xv Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw tNcp-I-bn-√m. Cßs\ \nc-b-sØ-°p-dn®p

hnNm-cn-®-Xnepw \c-I-e-£-W-an-s√∂p km[n-°-s∏-´p.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. \ncbw = \c-Iw, ]m]w

2. ]ncºv = Nqc¬

3. apg-¶m-en¬\n∂v = ap´p-Im-en¬ \n∂v

4. aofmØ = Xncnsb FSp-°mØ


111

ap‡n


Xs∂ hniz-kn-®-h¿ ap‡n-bn¬ Ccp∂v \nXy-Im-ehpw ]c-am-

\-μsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m.

\c-I-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-hcpw Xm¥m-ßƒ sNbvX ]m]-Øn\p

X°-hÆw ZpxJw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ap‡n-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-

hcpw Ah-\-h≥ Xs‚ at\m-hm-°m-b-ß-sf-s°m≠p sNbvX ]pWy-

Øn\p X°-Xmb kpJw A\p-`-hn°pw F∂-√msX kI-ecpw Htc

ka-ambn \nXy-kp-JsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa-∂Xp tNcp-I-bn-√m.

A√m-sX-bpw, Bflm-°ƒ ico-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn ap‡n-bn¬ Ccn-

°p-sa∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂-t√m.

Cu temI-Øn¬ Bflm-°ƒ Xs‚ kzm`m-hn-I-amb {]Im-i-

Øn-te°v 1Hcp-X-Shv Ccp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Bb-Xns\ am‰n kzbw {]Im-

i-am-bn-Øs∂ Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°p-th≠n ssZh-Øn-\m¬ km[-\-

am-bn´p sImSp-°-s∏´ ico-c-ßsf FSp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Xm≥ Xm\m-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xt{X kpJw, A√msX AXn¬\n∂p

thdmb ico-c-tØm-Sp -Iq-Sn -bn -cn -°p-∂Xp kpJ-a-√m, ZpxJw-

Xs∂bmWv. BI-bm¬ icocw apX-em-bh \oßn kzm`m-hn-I-ssN-

X-\y-a-b-ambn tim`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-{Xta \nXy-]-c-a-kp-J-am-bn-cn-

°p∂ tam£-am-I-bp-≈q. A{]-Im-c-a-√msX 2BK-¥p-I-amb ico-c-

tØm-Sp-IqSn ZpxJn-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂-hsc \nXy-]-c-a-kp-J-ap-≈-h¿

F∂p \nßƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv Aev]hpw hmkvX-h-am-I-bn-√.

taepw \nßƒ ]d-bp∂ ap‡n-bm-bXv ico-cn-Iƒ Ccn-°p∂

ÿe-ambpw CS-bv°p-≠m-°-s∏- -Xmbpw ka-amb \ofhpw AI-ehpw

D≈ NXp-jvtIm-W-ambpw kqcy-Im-¥-a-Wn-sIm≠p sNø-s∏´ aXn-

ep-≈-Xmbpw ip≤-kz¿Æw-sIm≠p sNø-s∏´ ]´-W-ambpw aXn-ep-

I-fpsS `nØn-aq-e-Iƒ ]{¥≠pw kqcy-Im-¥w, \oew, Xm{a-a-Wn,



ac-X-Iw, sshUq-cyw, timW-c-Xv\w, N{μ-Im-¥w, tKmta-Z-Iw, ]fl-

cmKw apX-emb ]{¥≠p cXv\-ß-sf-s°m≠p≈Xmbpw ]{¥≠papØp-I-sf-s°m≠p sNø-s∏´ ]{¥≠p hmXnepw ip≤-kz¿Æw

s]mXn™ ]fp-¶p-\n-d-amb hoYn-Ifpw ssZhhpw B´p-¶p-´n-bmbtbiphpw Ccn-°p∂ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏-´p-h∂ ]fp-

¶p-t]mse sXfn™ Pe-ap≈ \Znbpw ]{¥-≠p-hn-[-amb I\n-IsfNpa∂v amkw-tXmdpw Hmtcm I\nsb sImSp-°p∂ Aar-X-hr-£hpw

D≈-Xmbpw tZhs‚ \ma-Nn-”sØ s\‰n-bn¬ AWn-™pw-sIm≠phgn-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ tkh-I-∑m¿ hkn-°p-∂n-S-ambpw [¿Ω-]pcw F∂

t]tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xmbpw Ccn-°p∂ ÿm\-amWv ap‡n F∂mWvss__n-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AhnSw Hcp J-WvUn-X-ÿ-e-ambpw,

Ccn-°p-∂-h¿ ico-cn-I-fmbpw, hm\-tem-I-hp-a-gn-bp-sa∂p ss__nƒ]d-™p-an-cn-°-sIm≠v B ap‡n F∂pIqSn-sb-¶nepw Agn-bp-sa-

∂-√msX \nXy-am-I-bn-√m.

A√m-sX, tam£-hm-kn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ Dƒ°m-c-W-amb ab-°hpw

]pd-°m-c-W-amb ]nimNpw IqSmsX NpΩm abßn ]nim-Nm-bn-t∏mbnF∂p ss__nƒ ]d-™n-cn-°-sIm≠v F√m tam£-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw

Hmtcmtcm Imew-sIm≠v A[x-]-X\w D≠m-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂p \n›bw.

Cßs\ ap‡n-sb-°p-dn®p hnNm-cn-®-Xn¬ ap‡n-e-£Ww

Cs√∂p I≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

C\n-bpw- {In-kvXp-aXw Fßpw \nd™pw {InkvXy-∑m-cpsS

kwJy A[n-I-s∏´pw Ccn-°-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu aXw D∂-X-ambpwicn-bmbpw D≈-sX∂v ap∂pw ]n∂pw t\m°msX ]mXn-cn-am¿ apX-

em-b-h¿ ]d-Ibpw lnμp-°-fnepw Nne¿ CXnt\ tI´p icn-sb∂phniz-kn-°bpw sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p. B ÿnXn°v kXyhpw \ymbhpw

Nnte-S-Øpw, Ak-Xyhpw A\ym-bhpw ]e-bn-SØpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-sIm≠v IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°p∂ Ak-Xyhpw, A\ym-bhpw Xs∂ {][m-

\hpw DØ-ahpw Bbn-´p-≈-sX∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. Bb-Xp-sIm≠v\nd™pw Ipd™pw Ccn-°p-∂-Xns\ IW-°m°n ta∑, Xmgva ]d-

bp-∂Xp \ymb-a-√.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. HSp-X-Shv = HSp-X-hW

2. BK-¥pIw = bZr-Obm hcm≥t]m-Ip-∂Xv


113

Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ

Cu {InkvXp-aXw Cßs\ \nd-™p-h-∂Xv \ymbw-sIm-t≠m,a‰p-h-√-hn-[tam F∂p-≈-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p ]cym-tem-Nn-°mw.

{InkvXp P\n®v 300 kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p tijw \n F∂Zn°nse P\-ß-fpsS klm-bw-sIm≠v Im¨kvsS≥‰bn≥ F∂Bƒ tdmam-]p-c-tØ°p cmPm-hmbn h∂p. A\-¥cw D]-ImcwsNbvX B P\-ßƒ {InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®p ssIs°m-≠n-cp∂ NneA`n-{]m-b-ßsf tN¿Øv Hcp aX-am°n AXns\ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te°pth≠n {InkvXy-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-h¿°v Bsfm-∂n\v 12 s]m∂pw{]tXyIw {]tXyIw sh≈-h-kv{Xhpw sImSpØv, ]¥o-cm-bncw ]pcp-j-∑m-scbpw AkwJyw kv{XoI-sfbpw sNdnb Ipń-I-sfbpw Hcpkwh-’-cw-sIm≠p tN¿Øp (Gibbon’s Decline, and Fall,Vol.ii.P.472-3) BbmƒXs∂ CX-c-a-X-ßsf \miw sNøp-∂-Xn\vX°-h-bmb At\-I-N-´-ßsf D≠m-°n. Bsc-¶nepw ]gb tZh-X-Iƒ°p _en-bn-´m¬ kzØp-°sf A]-l-cn®psIm≠v AhscsIm∂p-I-fI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. {In˛P˛380-˛mw kwh-’cw apX¬ 394hsc cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ Xntbm-tUm-jn-bkv F∂ Bƒ CX-c-a-X-ÿ-∑msc k` Iqń-°qSm F∂pw, IqSp∂ sIń-S-ßƒ cmPm-hn-\m¬A]-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw {InkvXp-a-XsØ A\p-k-cn-°m-Ø-h¿°vbmsXmcp kzmX-{¥yhpw Cs√∂pw DØ-chp \SØn. (Gibbon’sDecline and Fall, V, iii. P. 412)

A°m-e-Øn¬ {InkvXy-∑m-cm-Im-Ø-h-cpsS apX¬Im-cy-ßsfhn´p-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-]£w Pohs\ hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cpw.

5˛m-aXp \q‰m-≠n¬ C]m-Xnbm F∂p Hcp kv{Xo kz¥-a-XsØt_m[n-∏n®v Hcp {InkvXym-\nsb AXn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-te°v Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Ahsf {InkvXy≥]≈n-bn-te°p ]nSn-®n-g-®p -sIm-≠p-sN∂p hkv{X-ßsf Dcn™v tZlsØ `n∂-`n-∂-am°n amwksØAdp-sØ-SpØv ss__nƒ ]pd-∏m-Sp-]p-kvXIw 22- -A. 20 hmIysØB[m-c-am-°n-s°m≠v Ahsf Xobn-en-´p-sIm-∂p. A¿ta-\nb F∂



tZi-Øn¬ Xnsbm-Udm F∂ N{I-h¿Øn\nbpsS Ime-Øn¬ e£w

t]cp-hsc sIm√-s∏- p. 10- m-aXp \q‰m-≠n¬ {^m≥kvtZ-isØ cmPm-hmb Nmd’v F∂ Bƒ {InkvXy-\m-Ip-∂-]£w Xs‚ aI-sfbpw

kº-Øn-s\bpw sImSp-°m-sa∂p \m¿sa≥tZ-iØv sdmtem F∂Bfn-t\mSp kΩ-Xn®p ]d-bp-Ibpw Abmƒ A{]-Imcw {InkvXy-

\mbpw {InkvXp-aXw C∂-sX-∂p-t]mepw Adn-bmØ kztZ-in-IsfF√m-h-scbpw {InkvXy∑mcm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Sn 10-˛m-aXp \q‰m-

≠n¬ t]mf-≠p-tZ-isØ cmPmhv Xs‚ `mcysb Icp-Xn, {InkvXy-\mb h¿Ø-am-\sØ aq∂m-aXv t]m∏v tPm¨ F∂ Bƒ tI´-

dn™v B ]´-W-hm-kn-Isf {InkvXy-∑m-cm-°p-hm≥ At\-I-]m-Xn-cn-amsc Ab-®p. F∂n´pw Bcpw-Xs∂ {InkvXy-∑m-cm-Im-Ø-Xp-

sIm≠v A\ym-b-N- -ßsf G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Ahsc ZWvU\w sNbvXp.AXp kln-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ B Zn°p-Im¿ F√mw {InkvXy-∑m-

cmbn.

Sn. 10- -maXv \q‰m-≠n¬ djym-tZ-isØ cmPmhv {Kokp tZisØ

{InkvXym-\n-kv{Xosb IeymWw Ign®v Ah-fpsS \n¿∫-‘-Øn≥t]-cn¬ Xm\pw AXp-\n-anØw P\-ßfpw {InkvXp-a-XsØ A\p-k-cn-

®p. Sn. 10-˛m-aXv \q‰m-≠n¬ Hs´m F∂-h≥ sU≥am¿°v tZi-°mscPbn-°bpw A\-¥cw P\-ß-tfmSv \nß-sf-√m-hcpw {InkvXy-∑m-cm-

Ip-sa-¶n¬ kam-[m-\-s∏- p-sIm≈mw F∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvI-bm¬as‰m-cm-{ibw C√mØ B P\-ßƒ F√m-hcpw {InkvXy-∑m-cm-bn.

C{]-Imcw t\m¿sΔ-tZ-i-°mcpw {InkvXy-∑m-cm-bn.

6˛m-aXv \q‰m-≠n¬ Nn¬s´-cn°v F∂-h≥ {^m≥kvtZ-isØ

blq-Z-∑msc \n¿∫-‘n®v {InkvXy-∑m-cm-°n.

5˛m-aXv \q‰m-≠n¬ F^o-b v F∂ Zn°n¬ \S∂ hep-Xmb

]mXn-cn-k-aq-l-Øn¬ {InkvXp-hn\p hntcm-[-am-bn´p ]d-™-h-\mbsπhn-bmkv F∂ ]mXn-cnsb sIm√p-Ibpw Abm-fpsS I£n-bn¬

tN¿∂-hsc X√p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1229-˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ Sptemkv F∂ tZi-Øp-\n∂p henb ao‰n-

ßn¬, tZi-ßƒtXmdpw k`-Ifpw k` H∂n\v Hcp Kpcphpw c≠pinjy-∑mcpw B k`-°m¿ AXmXp Zn°nse {InkvXy-∑m-cm-ImØ

F√m-h-scbpw _em¬°m-c-ambn ]nSn®p {InkvXy-∑m-cm-°p-IbpwXosc BI-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-hsc sIm√p-Ibpw thW-sa∂p Xocp-

am-\n-®p. CXn∂p ta¬hn-Nm-c-W-°m-c≥ H≥]-Xm-aXp {KnK-dnbpw


115

Bbn-cp-∂p. {InkvXy-∑m-cm-Im-Ø-hsc \·-∑m-cm-bn´p \n¿Øp-I,

sam´-b-Sn -°p-I, alm-th-Z -\-s∏-Sp -Øp∂ b{¥-Øn¬ sh®vAa¿ØpI apX-emb ITn-\-Ir-Xy-ßsf Sn. k`-°mcpw Ah-tcmSp

]ns∂ tN¿∂-hcpw sNbvXp F∂v knhnen F∂ Zn°ns‚ hnNm-c-W-I¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂ Bfns‚ ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.

CXns\ hnkvXm-c-am-bn v Adn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ tUmIvS¿ dqƒ F∂ Bfn-\m¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ Sn. hnNm-cW Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ImWmw. (Ap-pendix Vol.I.P.339 to 359 Fd. in. 1874) a\p-jysc sh®v Aa¿ØnsIm√p-hm-\p≈ Nnthm-se‰v (Chevolet) F∂ b{¥-Øn¬ \√-

Xn≥hÆw Aa¿Øn sXm≠-h-scbpw XpWnsb sNepØn sIm√p-Ibpw a‰pw sNbvXp. Sn. k -°m¿ kv]m\n-bm-tZ-i-Øn¬ 31912 t]sc,

]® Dbn-tcmsS Xobn-en´p sIm∂p. 291450 t]sc AXn-{Iq-c-am-bn´pZWvUn-∏n®v At\Iw IpSpw-_-ßsf C√mbva sNbvXp.

1492-˛mw h¿jw am¿®p-am-k-Øn¬ kvs]bn¬tZ-i-Ønse{InkvXp-cm-Pmhv At\I \qX-\-N-´-ßsf G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. {InkvXp-a-

X-Øn¬ tNcm-Ø-h-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿, kv{XoIƒ, Ip´n-Iƒ, hr≤-∑m¿, GgIƒ, [\-hm-∑m¿ apX-emb F√m blq--Z-∑mcpw Pqembv

amk-Øn-\Iw Zn°p hn´p s]mbvs°m-≈-W-sa∂pw t]mIp-tºmƒs]m≥, sh≈n apX-emb kzØp°sf H∂n-s\bpw sIm≠p-s]m-

bv°qSm F∂pw, h¿≤-I-N-c-°p-I-sftbm ]m{X-ß-sftbm FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mImw F∂pw a‰pw Bbn-cp∂p Iev]-\. blq-Z-∑m¿ A{]-

Imcw F√m kzØp-°-sfbpw ssIhn´v kztZ-i-Øp-\n∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cmb At\-I-]m-Xn-cn-am¿ 1_lp-cm-

K-am-bn´v hoYn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v blq-Z-∑m¿°v Hcp-hn-[-ØnepwD]-Imcw sNbvXp-t]m-I-cp-sX∂p {]kw-Kn-®p. Sn Pqem-bn-amkw h∂-

t∏mƒ F√m-bn-SØpw blq-Z-∑m-cpsS \ne-hn-fn-tLmjwXs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ D®-Øn¬ hnfn-®p-I-c-™p-sIm≠p t]mIp-tºmƒ, D]-

Imcw bmsXm∂pw Ch¿°p sNbvXp-t]m-I-cp-sX∂v ]ns∂bpwIev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. Blm-c-an-√m-sXbpw, IpSn-°p-∂-Xn\p Pe-

an-√m-sX-bpw, At\-Im-bncw P\-ßƒ acn-®p.

1502- mw kwh-’cw s^{_p-h-cn-am-k-Øn¬ kvs]bn¬tZ-iØv

Cu¿Un-Xm≥kv F∂ cmPmhv Xs‚ cmPyØv _lp-Im-e-am-bn´pIpSn-]m¿Øn-cp-∂-h-cmb Xpep-°-∑m-cn¬ {InkvXy-∑m-cm-Ip-hm≥ Ign-

bn√m F∂p ]d™ ap∏-Xp-e£w t]¿ G{]n¬ amk-Øn-\p-apºvZn°p-hn´p s]mbvs°m-≈-W-sa∂pw t]mIm-Ø-hsc sIm∂p-I-f-bp-

Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ



sa∂pw Ah-cpsS s]m≥, sh≈n apX-emb bmsXmcp hI-I-sfbpw

FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-I-cp-sX∂pw a‰v At\I A\ym-b-N-´-ßsf

\n¿Ωn-®pw-sIm≠v Ahsc \mSp-I-S-Øn-°-f-™p.

6˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-scbpw Cw•o-jp-Im¿, {InkvXy-cm-bn-ń-√m-bn-

cp∂p; F∂pX-s∂-bp-a-√m, {InkvXy-∑msc I≠m¬ tZjy-s∏´p

]p—n®p kwkm-cn-°p-I-bpw-IqSn sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-bn-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Cw•-≠n¬ sI‚ v F∂ ÿeØv cmPm-hm-bn -cp∂

GsX≥s_¿´v F∂-h≥ ]mco-kvtZ-iØv {InkvXy-cm-P-]p-{Xn-bmb

s_¿Xm F∂-hsf hnhm-lw-sN-bvXp. Ahƒ hcp-tºmƒ Nne ]mXn-

cn-am-sc-°qsS sIm≠p-h∂v Hcp ]≈n sIń®v Ahsc AXn¬

]m¿∏n®v BZ-c-thm-Sp-IqSn c£n-°p-I-bpw, Xs‚ {]nb-\mb

GX≥_¿ńs\ {InkvXy-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-tl-Xp-hm-bn´v

Ahn-sS-bp≈ P\-ß-sfbpw {InkvXy-∑m-cm-°n. A°m-eØv Cw•-

≠n¬ \m¿Øm_dnbm F∂ tZi-Ønse cmPmhv a‰p≈ F√m

cmPm-°-∑m-sc-°mfpw _e-hm-\m-bn-cp∂ GX¿_¿ v F∂-h\pw Xt±-

i-hm-kn-Ifpw {InkvXp-a-X-hn-tcm-[n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, At\Iw

]mXn-cn-amsc sNÃ¿ F∂ tZi-Øp-sh®v sIm√p-I-bpw-IqSn sNbvXp.

617- mw kwh-’-c-Øn¬ Ahs‚ ]n≥hm-gvN-cm-Pm-hmbn h∂ FUzn≥

F∂-h\pw {InkvXp-a-X-hn-tcm-[n-bm-bn-Øs∂ Ccp∂p F¶nepw

{InkvXy-\mb Sn. sI‚ v tZi-cm-Pm-hns‚ ]p{Xnsb hnhm-lw-sN-bvX-

Xn-\m¬ Ah-fpsS \n¿∫-‘-Øn≥t]-cn¬ Ah\pw Ahs‚ \n¿_-

‘-Øn≥ t]cn¬ P\-ßfpw a‰p-≈-hcpw ]n¬°mew Cw•-≠n¬

{InkvXp-a-XsØ A\p-k-cn-®p. Cw•-≠p-tZ-i-Øn¬ t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-

aXw Dev]-Øn-bmb DS≥ 1539˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ Bdp hn[n-Iƒ G¿s∏-

Sp-Ø-s∏-´p. At∏mƒ Ahsb A\p-k-cn-°mØ 500 t]sc Pbn-en-

te°v Cc-bm-°n; At\Iw t]sc Xobn-en´pw sIm∂p. Bdm-aXv

FUvth¿Uns‚ Ime-Øn¬ tPm¨ t]m°-dns\ Poh-t\msS

Xobnepw At\Iw t]sc Xq°nepw C´p. tacn F∂ dmWn-bpsS

ImeØv tdma≥ ItØm-en°m {InkvXy-∑m¿ t{]m -Ãm≠p {InkvXy-

∑m-cn¬ 277 t]sc Xobn-en´p sIm∂p. Ah-cn¬ 55 kv{XoIfpw 4

Ip™p-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. -F-en-k-_-Øv F∂ dmWn-bpsS

ImeØv ]cn-jvImcw sNø-s∏´ (F-∏n-kvtIm-∏¬) anj-\m¬ tdma≥

ItØm-en°m {InkvXy-∑mcpw t{]m´-Ãm≠p {InkvXy-∑mcpw sIm√-

s∏-´p. Sn. c≠p aX-ÿ-∑mcpw Hcp-Ø¿s°m-cp-Ø¿ Xßfpw aX-

Øn¬ tNcp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂-hsc A\-ßp-hm≥ ]mSn-√mØ hn[-


117

Øn¬ ssIIm-ep-Isf Aa¿Øn-s°ń Xobn-en´p sIm√p-Ibpw

Xq°n-en-Sp-Ibpw Pbn-en-e-S-bv°bpw kzØp-°sf A]-l-cn-°bpw

sNbvXp. CXp-t]mse F{X tZmj-ßƒ sNbvXp!

Ab¿em-¥p-{]-tZ-isØ t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-a-X-Øn-epƒs∏-SmØ

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m- ]m-Xn-cn-amsc \mSp-I-SØnhn´p. ]cn-jvI-cn-

°-s∏´ t{]m -Ãm-≠p-a-X-kw-_-‘-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏-SmØ

tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-∑m¿°v A]-cm[w \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw Pbn-en¬

hbv°p-Ibpw A©p ssaen-\p-ta¬ s]mbv°qSm F∂ \n_-‘-\-

sN-bvIbpw sNbvXp. 1694˛mw kwh-’-c-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°m-a-X-ÿ-

∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Ipń-Isf A\y-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°-b-

®p-IqSm F∂pw 1709˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°m-Ip- n-Iƒ°v AΩ-

X-ÿ-∑m¿ ]mTw sNm√n-s°m-Sp-Øp-IqSm F∂pw \n_-‘\ sNbvXp.

1703˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°m-a-X-Øn¬\n∂p t{]m´-Ãm-≠mbn

hcp-∂-h¿°p am{Xta Xs‚ ]nXp-cm¿÷n-X-kz-Øn-\-h-Im-i-ap≈q

F∂pw ItØm-en°m Ipń-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp kw_-‘-hp-an-s√∂pw

t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-Iƒ ItØm-en-°-cm--bm¬ Xs‚ ]nXr-kz-Øn-\-h-Im-

i-an-s√∂pw ItØm-en-°-∑m¿ Irjn-bn-Sp∂ \ne-Øn\p sImSp-°p∂

hcn-bn¬ aq∂n-semcp `mKw BZmbw In´-Ø-°hn[ta Irjn Cd-

°m-hq. A[n-I-am-Zmbw FSp-Øm¬ AXns\ sXcy-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-Im-c\v B \ne-Øns\ Hgn-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≈-W-

sa∂pw, ItØm-en-°-∑m¿ 5 ]u≠n-e-[nIw hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ IpXn-c-

Isf D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-I-cp-Xv, Hcp-thf 10 ]u≠v hne-bp-≈-Xns\

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-bm¬ B hnh-c-Øns\ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ t{]m´-

Ãm-≠p-a-X-ÿ\v B IpXn-csb 5 ]u≠v hnebv°p sImSp-Øp-sIm-

≈-W-sa∂pw, kvtIm´p-em-≠p-tZ-iØv 1670˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ DØ-c-

hp-Iq-SmsX {]kw-Kn-®p-IqSm F∂pw N -ap-≠m-bn. 1674˛mw h¿j-Øn¬

\ymbw -]-d-bp∂ AUz-t°-‰-∑msc \mSp-I-SØn hn´p. 1678 ¬ ae-

bn¬ Ccp∂ sFe-≠¿amsc hcpØn Ah-cpsS CjvSw t]mse

P\-ßsf sIm√p-Ibpw tamjvSn-°p-Ibpw Xo sImfp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xn\v A\p-hmZw sImSp-Øp. Bbp-[-]m-Wn-I-fmb 8000 sFe-

≠¿amsc kvtIm´vem≠v hS-°p-`m-K-Øp≈ {Kma-Øn¬ {]th-in-

∏n®p. Ah¿ A{]-Imcw sN∂v P\-ß-fpsS kzØp-°sf A]-l-cn-

°bpw kv{XoIsf \·-I-fm°n At\Iw A{I-a-ßsf sNøp-Ibpw

c≠p-t]sc H∂n-®p-sIń c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw s]cp-hn-c-ep-Isf H∂n®p

tN¿Øp apdp°n ac-Øn¬ sXmß-en-Sp-I-bpw, Hcp s]¨]n-≈sb

Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ



P]m-e-b-{]-[m-\n-bpsS hoSn-\-I-Øp≈ Xhf apX-emb P¥p-°ƒ

\nd™ Hcp henb ]≈-Øn¬ FSpØp X≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw Hcp

kv{XobpsS hnc-ep-Isf hf-sc-t\-cw-hsc Xo°p-‰n-sIm≠p NpSp-Ibpw

Cu D]-{Z-h-ßsf kln-°m≥ hln-bmsX Ahƒ Nne Znh-kw-

sIm≠v acn-®p-t]m-I-bpw, S¿Izn-saS F∂-h≥ A[n-Imcw \S-Ønb

18 kwh-’-c-Øn-\Iw {InkvXp-a-X-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmb 10220 t]sc sIm√p-

I-bpw, 97321 Bfp-I-fpsS kzØp-°sf A]-l-cn®v Ahsc Poh-]-

cy¥w Pbn-en-en-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (History of the Inquisition byDr. W.H. Rule, Vol.I. Page 150)

Ch≥Xs∂ Ne-am≥I F∂ Zn°n¬ PqX-a-X-ÿm- n-{]m-b-sØ-

∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p F∂p-sh®v 6000 imkv{X-ßsf Xobn-en-´p- Np-´p.

(Draper’s Conflict of Religion and Science, page 149). 1481˛mw h¿j-

Øn¬ B‚p-eq-jym-bn¬ 4˛m-aXv t]m]n-Nn-IvSkv F∂-h-\m¬ \nb-

an-°-s∏´ hnNm-c-W-k- -°m¿ 2000 t]sc Poh-t\msS Xobn-en- p-sIm-

√p-Ibpw 17,000 t]¿°v A]-cm-[hpw Poh-]-cy¥w ZWvU-\hpw hn[n-

°bpw sNbvXp. A¶cn (lw-K-dn) F∂ Zn°n¬ InkvIm Dssk´

F∂-h≥ ]nIvSmkv Fs∂mcp hI-°msc sIme sNbvXp. P¿Ω-\n-

tZ-i-Øn¬ t{]m -Ãm-≠p-a-XsØ D≠m-°nb eqX¿ F∂-bmƒ I≈-

∑msc Igp-th-‰p-∂-t]mse Kpcp-°-∑m-cmb t]m∏-∑msc F√m-h-

scbpw sIm∂p. Ah-cpsS c‡-Øn¬ C\n Ft∏m-gmWv ssI Igp-

Ip-∂-sX∂p hyk-\n-®p. (Spanish Inquisition La Maistre, P.67,Ed. 1838) (Cu I¿°-i-s\-bmWv hfsc ]cn-jvImcw sNbvX-h≥

F∂p t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-Imcp sIm≠m-Sp-∂-Xv.) B¿®v _nj∏v Djcn

F∂ t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-a-X-]m-Xncn X\n°p Xpey-∑m-cmb 11 _nj-∏p-

Iƒ Isø-gp-Øn´ Hcp ]{X-Øn¬ tdma-≥ I-tØm-en° t]m∏p-I-

tfmSp £a-Im-´p-∂Xp alm-]m-X-I-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v Fgp-Xn-hm-

bn-®p. t\mIvkv F∂ t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-{In-kvXy≥, ItØm-en-°m-Kp-cp-

°-∑m-scbpw cmP-kv{Xo-sbbpw P\-ßƒ \n¿∫-‘-ambn sIm√-W-

sa∂pw Cw•ojv ]m¿en-sa-≠p-k-`-°mcpw ssZh-a-ln-asb {]kn-≤-

am-°p-∂-Xn-te°p _em-ev°mcw sNøp-∂Xp icn-bm-bn- p-≈-sX-∂pw,

kvtIm´vem≠p ]m¿en-sa-≠p-Im¿ hn{K-lm-cm-[\ sNøp∂ ItØm-

en-°-∑msc sIm√p-∂Xp t{]m´-Ãm-≠p-a-X-\n¿_-‘-am-sW∂pw

]d™p. (A-°m-esØ ]m¿en-sa-≠p-Im-cpsS amXn-cn-Isf t\m°p-

hn≥.) Ct∏m-gsØ ]m¿en-sa-≠p-Im¿ C{]-Imcw sNbvhm≥ Xp\n-

bptam? Cßs\ A{I-a-ßƒ sNbvhm≥ Ct∏mƒ N´-apt≠m?


119

Ct∏mƒ Cw•ojv ]m¿en-sa≠p (K-h¿sΩ-≠v) F{Xtbm ]cn-jvIm-

c-am-bn-t∏m-bn. 1550-˛mw h¿jw 8˛m-aXp sl‚nIv a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂{Kmav\-sc∂ t{]m´-Ãm≠p {InkvXy≥, Xs‚ aX-Øn¬ hcmØ 5

]pcp-j-∑msc sIm√p-Ibpw Hcp kv{XobpsS hnc-en¬ FÆ-ØpWnNp‰n XosIm-fp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (Student’s History of England,Hume, P.291). B¬hm, Xm≥ ]cn-]m-e\w sNbvX \me©p kwh-’-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ 18,000 t]sc sIm∂p F∂p anSp-°p-]-d-™p. Hcp

h¿jØn¬ 8000 t]¿ Zln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw h[n-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. ]mco-kv]-´-W-Øn¬ 1172-˛mw h¿jw BKÃv amkw 24-˛mwXobXn lnbq¿°-\mS F∂v Hcp-hI Bfp-I-fn¬ 1400 t]sc HmSn-®p-sIm≠v cmPmhv Xs‚ Ac-a-\-bnse P\-en¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v_mW-{]-tbmKw sNbvXv Ahsc ]£n-Isf sIm√pw-t]msesIm∂p. ]ns∂bpw tNcm-™-hsc ]nSn®v \∂m-bn-s°ń thZ-\-bmb b{¥-Øn-\-IØp sNepØn AhcpsS hmbvI-fn¬ hncn™hmbp≈ Ipg¬Isf XncpIn \ndpØn AXn¬°qSn sXmÆ-bn¬Cd-ß-Ø-°-hÆw {Zm£m-ckw Ipap-Ip-ans\ Hgn®p IjvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw, apgp-h\pw \·-∑m-cm-°n, AkwJyw A]-am-\-ßsf sNbvXp.Xe-ap-X¬ Im¬hsc 2Ip≠p-Zq-in-Isf IpØn-s®-cpIn t]\m-°-Øn-sIm≠p shń Xobn-en-´p. \√-hÆw ]gp-∏n® 3]‰p-Ip-c-Sp-sIm≠vAh-cpsS aq°p-Isf ]dn-s®-Sp-Øp-I-f-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw

\S∂ A\ym-b-ßfpw A{I-a-ßfpw sIme-]m-X-I-ßfpw C{X-am-{X-sa∂p ]d-™m¬ Ah-km-\n-°-bn-√. ChnsS hfsc Npcp-°-am-bn´v

Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. F¶nepw {InkvXpaXw C{X-tØmfw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ \√-Xn≥hÆw sXfn-hm-b-t√m. kln-∏m≥

hln-bmØ Cß-s\-bp≈ lnwk-Isf sNbvXm¬ BcmWp tNcm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv? ac-W-`-b-ap≈ F√m-hcpw tNcp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.

A√msX CØcw aX-ß-sfbpw {InkvXp-a-X-sØbpw Bcm-™p-t\m°n KpW-tZm-j-ßsf Adn™p {InkvXp-aXw Xs∂ \√-sX∂

kΩ-X-tØm-Sp-IqSn bmsXm-cp-Ø-cpw B aXsØ kzoI-cn-®n-ń-√m.Cu tZisØ al-Ω-Zo-b¿ F{Xtbm A{I-a-ßsf sNbvXmWv lnμp-

°sf Ah-cpsS aX-Øn¬ tN¿Ø-Xv. F¶nepw {InkvXy-∑m¿sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xn¬ e£-Øn-sem-cw-iw-t]mepw BI-bn-√. F∂m¬

C°m-e-ß-fntem bqtdm-∏nepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw ss__nfn\p hntcm-[-amb `qtKm-f-im-kv{Xw, imkv{Xw, X¿°-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-im-

kv{Xw, sshZy-imkv{Xw apX-emb hnZy-Iƒ \√-t]mse A`y-kn®vX¿°-imkv{Xw aptJ\ hmkvXhw C∂-{]-Im-c-sa∂v Adn-™-Xn-

Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ



\m¬ {InkvXp-aXw a‰p≈ aX-ß-fn¬\n∂v FgpXn FSpØ sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂p \n›-b-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ss__n-fn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Zpc- n-am\w hn´p-t]m-Ibpw sNbvI-bm¬ N -ßsf G¿s∏-SpØn]£-]mXw IqSmsX P\-ßsf c£n-®p-h-cn-Ibpw AXp-sIm≠vBw•o-b-K-h¿sa≠v cmPy-`-c-W-Øn-epƒs∏´ F√m P\-ßƒ°pw\ymbw ka-am-bn´p e`n-°bpw Cuhn[w \mK-cnIw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-t¥mdpw {InkvXy-∑m-cpsS Zp¿Ωm¿§-ß-sf√mw kqtcym-Z-b-Øn-¶¬,lna-I-W-ß-sf-∂-t]mse HmSn-t∏m-Ibpw apºn-esØ A\ym-b-ßfpwlnwk-Ifpw Ct∏mƒ sNbvhm≥ hln-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ]mXn-cn-am¿{Zhyw {]Xy-£-t`m-K-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®p {InkvXy-∑m-cm-°p-Ibpw {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw X∑-X-sØbpw \ΩpsS Iq´p-Im¿hniz-kn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v XSp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ GtXm henb B]-Øn¬ AI-s∏´p he-bp-∂-t]m-sebpw Ah¿ CXns\ I≠p hyk-\n®v D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xm-bn´pw hniz-kn-∏n-®p. {InkvXy-∑m-cm-bm¬ Sn.B]-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-t]m-sebpw {InkvXy-∑m-cm-b-h-sc-√m-t]cpw c£-s]-´p-t]m-b-Xm-bn´pw \Sn-®p-sIm≠v ]mXn-cn-am¿tX≥t]m-sebpw ]mep-t]m-sebpw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pF∂-√m-sX, Ah-cpsS ASp-°¬ \ymbw, Zb apX-emb KpW-ßƒAev]-sa-¶n-ep-ap-s≠∂p hnNm-cn-∏m≥ ]mSn-√. C\nbpw ]mXn-cn-am¿bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS \mK-cn-I-Øn\pw \oXn-bnepw {InkvXp-a-X-amWvImc-W-sa∂p aSn-Iq-SmsX ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcn-°epw icn-b-s√-∂p-≈n-te°p ap≥Im-Wn® A\ym-b-ßfpw lnwk-I-fpw, \mK-cn-I-Øn\pw\oXn°pw Imc-W-amb imkv{X-ßƒ ss__n-fn\p apgp-hn-tcm-[-am-Ip∂p F∂pw Ah-I-fn-cp∂ ]pkvX-I-im-e-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn Xobn´p NpSp-Ibpw AXp-Isf ]Tn-®-dn™hcmb F√m ]mXn-cn-am-tcbpw Pbn-en¬ Ccp-ØnbXpw lnwkn®psIm≠p sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xpw-Xs∂km£n-I-fm-Ip-∂n-√tbm?

hnZym-im-e-Iƒ°p ]mXn-cn-am¿ {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ImeØvSn. imkv{X-ßsf ]mTw hbv°msX ss__n-fnse ({In-kvXp-a-X-hn-j-b-am-b) ]mT-ßsf am{Xw hbv°-bm¬ Sn. imkv{X-ßƒ A°m-eØv ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-Sm-sX-t]m-Ibpw Szm¿°n-amSv F∂ Bƒ lo{_p-hn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-ßsf NpSp-Ibpw kv]m\n-bm-hn≥ imkv{X-ßsf Xobn-en-Sp-Ibpw Nme-am≥I F∂ tZiØv6000 imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-ßsf h¿≤n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-te°vD’m-ln-®-h-cmb 119 imkv{Xn-amsc Pbn-en¬s°m-≠n´p sIm√p-

Ibpw {^m≥kn¬ ck-hm-Z-im-kv{X-ßfpw a‰p≈ imkv{X-ßfpw


121

]Tn-®p-IqSm F∂pw, {InkvXp-a-X-hn-tcm-[-amb GXp ]pkvX-I-ß-

sfbpw {InkvXp-a-X-{]-[m-\n-bpsS DØ-c-hp-Iq-SmsX A®n-´p-IqSmF∂pw DØ-c-hp-≠m-°bpw 1619-˛mw h¿j-Øn¬ 4]mWn\n F∂

X¿°-im-kv{Xnsb Zeqk F∂ Zn°n¬ \m°ns\ ]dn®v sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvX-s√m. C\nbpw At\-I-ap-≠v, kabw t]mcm-™-Xn-

\m¬ \n¿Øp∂p.

1. ta¬hn-h-cn® {]_-e-\ym-b-ß-sf-s°m≠v ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥,

]hn-{Xm-flmhv Ch¿ ssZh-e-£-W-ap-≈-h-c-s√-∂pw, {InkvXp-hns‚ ]m]-_-enbpw hnizm-khpw ap‡n-km-[-\-am-I-bn-s√-

∂pw, ap‡n-e-£-Whpw ]m]n-Iƒ \nXy-\-c-IsØ A\p-`-hn-°p-sa-∂p-≈Xpw Aev]w-t]mepw tNcp-∂-h-b-s√-∂pw,

ss__nƒ A{]-am-W-am-sW∂pw a‰pw \√-Xn≥hÆw km[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

2. C\n Nne¿ ]e Zqj-W-ß-sfbpw B-`m-k-\ym-b-ß-sfbpwhnfn-s®-gp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm≠v CXn-te°pw adp-]Sn Fgp-Xn-hn-

Sp∂p F∂p-h-cn-In¬ \msa¥p sNøpw? Ia-∂p-hoWp apJw`qan-bn¬ X√n-bn´pw aoi-bn¬ aÆp-]p-c-≠n-s√∂p Uo°p-]-

d-bp-∂-h-cpw, a\- n-sem∂pw hm°n-sem-∂p-am-bn v iº-f-Øn-\p-th≠n InS∂p amd-Sn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb Cu Iq´-°m-tcmSv

Fs¥ms° F{X-sbms° ]d-™m¬Ø-s∂-sb¥m? CuAkw-_-‘-ß-sf-sbms° X≈n-tb®v \ymb-am¿§-am-bn´p

JWvUn®p hyh-l-cn®p ÿm]n-°p∂p F∂p-h-cn-In¬ BA`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ \mapw tN¿∂p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-te°p Xbm¿.

3. {InkvXp-aXw C∂ ÿnXn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v CXns\ hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°v Adn-hp-In-´pw. AXp-sIm≠v ae-bm-fn-I-fmb

lnμp-°ƒ°v CXv G‰hpw D]-Im-c-ambn `hn-°p-am-dm-I-W-sa∂ Fs‚ AXym-{Klw k^-e-ambn `hn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v

km£m¬ ]c-a-in-h-s‚bpw ]pcm-X-\-a-lm-flm-°-fp-sSbpwk÷-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ D’m-ln-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂-h-cp-amb Kpcp-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]q¿Æm-\p-{K-l-sØ-Øs∂ B{i-bn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

4. A√tbm lnμp-°-sf, \nßƒ Zb-hp-sNbvXv Cu ]pkvX-IsØ NnØ-k-am-[m-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn BZyw XpSßn Ah-km-

\w-h-scbpw hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw CXn¬ ImWn-®n-

Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ



´p≈ \ymb-ß-fm¬ {InkvXp-aXw tOZn-°-s∏t´m C√tbm

F∂p \√-Xn≥hÆw Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvhn≥.

Ah¿ \nßsf Ah-cpsS {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-te°v

D’m-ln®p h∂p hmZn-°p-tºmƒ, B hmZ-ßsf Hs°bpw \√{]_-e-\ym-b-ß-sf-s°m≠v JWvUn®p hn´pw-I-f™v ]cn-]q¿Æ-ssZ-

h-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]c-a-in-hs\ Pn®v k¬K-Xnsb {]m]n-°p-∂-h-cmbn`hn-∏n≥.

C\nbpw ASp-Ø-t]mse ImWmw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. _lp-cm-K-am-bn´v = AXym-Àm-Z-am-bn´v

2. I≠p-Zqin = sam´p-kqNn

3. ]‰p-Ip-cSv = sImSn¬

4. ]mWn\n = bqtdm-∏nse Hcp `mjm-]-WvUn-X≥


123

X I I

tZho-am-\-k-]qPm kvtXm{Xw


p q, p?ksz npzny,pfq,vv@;u,ksz -...

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