p. p. mahaleit defines wap appln layer it defines a set of content formats, including images, phone...
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P. P. Mahale
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The origin server is HTTP
It is identified by URL(data formats, size, resolution)
WAP handset encoded of WML.
Encoded & decoded data fwd to origin
Specifies CGI appln
HTTP data filter to HTML in WAP gateway
WAP provide end to end security
It utilizes WAP browser that optimize web browser
It allows to brows standard data format
WAP is XML lang designed suitable for mobile
WML doc divide into set of cards.
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Each representing one unit interaction bet user
Optionally enters req information & make choices
Several cards are grouped into deck.
It enhance standard browsing & presentation facility
GSM N/W
encoded req request
encoded WML WML content
WML contect HTML content
Fig : A WAP n/w configuration
M
S
WAP
gatew
ay
Origin
e
server
Filter
2
1
3
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It uses proxy technology to provide eficnt access internet
Proxy plays roles of both server & client
WAP gateway translate req from WAP to internet stack
Encoder & decoder performs WML text & bytecode convn
It uses DNS service to resolve domain name.
It having appropriate charging information
It uses distillation to reduce wireless traffic
Distillation is lossy, real time, datatype specific
compression
Refinement is used to fetch extra information
Dynamic adaptation mechanism(powerful infra)
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wireless transport layer security
UDP wireless datagram p.
WAP protocol stack
Wireless application environment
Wireless session protocol
Wireless transaction protocol
IP-based wireless
bearer(GPRS)Non-IP(SMS)
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It defines WAP transport layer
Function independently of wireless n/w
Different functions provided by bearer.
WDP operate those bearer of primitive services
UDP provides a port addressing.
IP provides a segmentation & reassembly
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It defines WAP security layer
It uses narrowband communication channel
It support unchanged & uncorrupted data.
Integrity delivery encryption & provide authentn
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It defines WAP transaction layer
It reduces amount of info needed to each transaction
WTP is “lighter” than TCP
Which saves processing & memory cost.
It support three types:
1. Unreliable one way req
2. Reliable one way req
3. Reliable two way req
It uses unique transaction identifiers, ack, duplicate
removal & retransmission.
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It optimize low bandwidth bearer n/w
It support content exchange for client/server appln
Session is idle, WSP suspend a session to release n/w
Session may resume different bearer n/w
No heavy overhead required to start new session.
Connection oriented service that operate WTP
Connectionless service that operate above WDP & WTP
It suitable for browsing appln
WAP gateway makes betn WSP client & standard HTTP
server
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It defines WAP appln layer
It defines a set of content formats, including images, phone book record & calender info
It also defines a micro browser for WML
It is designed for small i/p
It support user agent profile
It can generate a contents based on handset capability
Push allows appln to alert user when time sensitive info is changes
If same info will be requested by many user, the n/w can save n/w resource
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W-CDMA & cdma-2000 are two major proposal for third
generation.
Both are CDMA based, many distinguishing feature can be
identical
W-CDMA uses TDM & cdma-2000 uses CDM
Both have been simultaneously adapted for 3G standard.
Two events enhanced harmonization IPR & operators
harmonization group(OHG)
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OHG goals are:
To provide foundation for accelerated growth in 3G
millennium
3GPP shows to create a single integrated 3G CDMA.
OHG’s efforts:
Activities of 3G development focused on physical & MAC
layers
DS(direct sequencing) FDD mode1
Multicarrier (MC) FDD mode2
TDD mode
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Traditional paging is a one-way, personal wireless
alerting/massaging system.
Alert tone: receiver is tone pager with a dedicated
telephone number.
Voice msg: it transmitted after the beep, receiver is a
voice pager
Digit string: receiver id a numeric pager.
Text string: receiver is an alphanumeric pager.
Paging process itself can be manual or automatic
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Pager Architecture
Receiver: it is turned on same RF freq as BS to receive paging signal
Decoder: it decodes the binary information, identifies the code for the pager & rejects msg of other pagers.
Control logic:
Duplicate msg (repeated msg are not stores)
Msg locking (selected msg are not overwritten)
Msg freeze (keep current msg on screen for reading)
Alerting msg (audible tone, visual flashing)
Display: it powered by single battery,
stored msg are retained in nonvolatile m/m
Receiver DecoderControl
logicDisplay
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Telocator Alphanumeric Input Protocol(TAP):
To send a msg from input device dials the paging terminal
no.
“<” and “>” are ascii control codes:
Msg1 (caller -> paging terminal).
Msg1=“<CR>”
(Replies two sec until paging replies, if paging no replied after three repetitions,
req fails)
Msg2 (PT-> C).
Msg2 “ID=<CR><LF>”
(req to provide pager ID, LF- line of feed)
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Msg3 (C-> PT) i/p device sends a string
Msg3=“<ESC><SST><PPPPPP>”
ESC indicates that the paging information , SST represents type of service & input
devices. Six digit shows the password of i/p device, as caller ID & system entry
Msg4 (PT ->C) one of the following three action occur
Req is acc the ack sent
Msg4=“<CR><ACK><CR>”
Format incorrect then negative ack
Msg=4=“<CR><NAK><CR>”
Paging terminal not available
Msg4=“<CR><ESC><EOT><CR>”
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Msg5 (P->caller) = if +ve ack, prepare for msg i/p will send a
go ahead
Msg5= “<CR>[p<CR>]”
Msg6(C->PT) =
Msg6= “<STX> Pager_ID <CR> Text <CR> Cksum <ETB> ”
Msg7(PT->C) = one of the following action taken
1. transmission is correct
Msg7 = “ < Message_sequence >< CR >< ACK >< CR >”
2. transmission or checksum error occur
Msg7 =“ < Message_Sequence >< CR >< NAK >< CR >”
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Msg8 (C->PT). i/p device sends the last block
Msg6= “ <STX> Pager_ID <CR> Text <CR> Cksum <EXT> ”\
Msg9(PT->C). Three rules occur here, first two are same as
Msg7 and last one occur when transmission violates system
rules.
Msg9 = “< Message_sequence >< CR >< RS >< CR >”
Msg10(C->PT). If previous is ACK then
Msg10= “< EOT > < CR >”
Msg11 (PT->C). Paging terminal breaks the connection
Msg11=“ < Message_sequence >< CR >< ESC >< EOT >< CR >”
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Locator Message Entry Protocol (TME)
TME is the data i/p protocol of TDP
It provisions for long msg instead of short msg
TME extends one way paging & two way communication
Also provides
Priority Paging (req emergency page to be sent immediate)
Differed Paging (send a page at particular time)
Periodic paging (send page repeatedly until cancel msg rec)
Msg forwarding (cancel periodic paging)
Login operation:
Send operation:
Logout operation:
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two way communication
Loop is defined as the ckt connecting to subscribers
telephone
It divides several smaller bundles
Point of traffic concentration in PSTN
Radio system can be rapidly developed
Issue of security is also considered
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Wireless Access Network Unit:Radio ports(RP)-
Radio ports control unit(RPCU):
Operation and maintanence(OAM):
IWF(interworking function):
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Wireless access Subscriber Unit:
-- conversion & transcoding
-- authentication function
-- OAM & signaling function
Switching Function:
-- Advanced intelligent network
-- MSC
-- speed & flexibility in deployment
-- freq availability transmission consider
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