p hysical d evelopment of the t oddler ! a ges : 1-3 unit 3- toddlers
TRANSCRIPT
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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TODDLER!AGES: 1-3
Unit 3- Toddlers
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HEIGHT AND WEIGHT Genes determine height which influences weight
(heredity)
However, the environment (diet, exercise, health, and even emotions) affect a person’s weight more than genes
Because of these factors, toddlers grow at different rates
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YEARS ONE AND TWO
Body growth begins to slow after the first year
Babies grow about half as much in height during the second year as compared with the first year
Most babies triple their birth weight in a year, then gain only ¼ that amount during the second
Some babies grow a little faster than these norms because they may be “catching up” to norms after a premature birth of first year illness.
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AFTER YEAR TWO
Growing a slower but steadier rate Tend to gain 2-3 inches and about 6 pounds
per year throughout childhood This rate of growth continues for girls until age
11 and 13 for boys
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OTHER BODY CHANGES At 24 months, the head is ¼ of the total
height. An adult’s head is 1/10th of his or her height.
The child’s body-build type will become apparent during the toddler years
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BONES AND TEETH
Bones are becoming harder The degree of ossification is not the same
throughout the body Due to the cartilage, the toddler’s bones are
more flexible and less likely to break than an adult’s.
However, the softer bones are more prone to disease or deformation
Shortly after 2 years, a child has the full set of deciduous teeth (baby teeth!!).
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THE BRAIN
Brain is 4/5 of its adult weight The brain is closer to maturity than any other
organ. The other body organs continue to mature,
but they do so at a slower rate than the brain. This is an example of the head-to-foot principle–
development is completed from the brain down the spine!
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FAT AND MUSCLE TISSUE
Fat deposits under the skin decrease rapidly between 9 and 30 months.
The chubby baby becomes a slender child! Muscle development (the lengthening and
thickening of muscles) is slow during the toddler stage.
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MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
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LARGE-MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT Refers to the development of the trunk, arm
and leg muscles The following movements depend mainly on
the large muscles: Crawling Walking Jumping Running
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WALKING
Begins within two to three months before or after first birthday
Girls tend to walk before boys Babies learn to walk in their own time and
way. To do so, they need: Warm adult support Positive reaction to attempts Safe Area
Pushing a baby to walk early… will not help!
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BEGINNING WALKERS
Stand with their feet wide apart (gives them a wider base of support)
Turn their feet outward and slightly flex their knees
Some children walk on tiptoes because they have not learned to lower their heels yet
Arms are often held up or out (they do not swing alternatively with foot movement)
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WALKING AT TWO YEARS
A child’s walk may look like a run, but it is not a run
Toddlers take about 170 steps a minute Their stride is half the length of an adult’s
stride
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THAT’S WHY THIS HAPPENS! Can you imagine doubling your steps, taking
170 steps per minute, and having someone hold on to your hand above your head?
No wonder walking tires young children before adults
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WALKING AT TWO YEARS
Toddlers rarely go around small obstacles on the floor such as a toy or book, they simply walk over it= which increases their chances of falling
Toddlers must watch their foot placement while walking until almost age 3 (They must watch every step the same way you
would if you were walking on stones across a creek)
Being distracted is another reason toddlers fall
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RUNNING
Begins around age 2 Toddlers can not start or stop quickly
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JUMPING
Stepping off low objects about 18 months is the way children learn to jump!
At two years, children can jump off low objects with two feet
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CLIMBING
Begin climbing as soon as they can crawl or creep
Between 15 and 18 months, babies will climb onto furniture
They will walk up and down stairs with help Going up stairs is easier for them then going
down Toddlers do not change feet while climbing until
after their second birthday A courageous baby is more likely to try climbing
than a timid baby A toddler’s environment also encourages or
discourage climbing
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THROWING AND CATCHING
Infants begin throwing by accident because they forget to hold onto an object while swinging their arms
They enjoy seeing the object move and hearing the sound it makes when it lands
Then, babies start to throw on purpose Planned throwing begins around age 1 Children under age 3 are not skillful throwers When they “catch” an object, they squat and
pick it up, until about age 2
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SMALL-MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT Refers to the development of small muscles,
especially those in the hands and fingers The movements that depend on these
muscles are called fine-motor skills. Fine motor skills depend upon a child’s level of eye-hand coordination!
Eye-hand coordination = the ability to coordinate what a person sees with the way the person moves his or her hand
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By the end of the first year, babies can hold objects between the thumb and index finger
Between 12 and 18 months, toddlers can hold spoons in their firsts.
They can feed themselves and drink from cups
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By 15 months, they can fill and empty containers
They can also make marks on paper by holding a pencil or crayon in their fists
They can also: Remove a hat and socks Insert rather large objects into holes Turn pages of a book (several at a time) Begin to fit objects together Build a tower of two to three soft blocks
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Between 18 months and 2 years, fine motor skills improve even more!
They can: String large beads on cords They can turn the pages of books one at a time They can open doors by turning knobs They can hit pegs with a hammer
By age 2, most show a definite hand preference
95% of all children are right-handed and use their right hand for most activities
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