p.3 THE STANDARDS Standards bodies Copper: correspondence between categories and classes Copper: the different types of shielding Opticalfibre:multi-modeandsingle-mode Whichproductsforwhichapplications?

p.6 DESIGN Generalstructureofaprecablingsystem Generalarrangement

p.10 INSTALLATION Storage of date cables Handling of data cables Handlingofopticalfibrecables

p.15 TEST PARAMETERS AND INTERPRETATION OF ERRORS Visualinspection Copper: Interpretation of errors Fibre:Testingandmeasurement

p.19 GLOSSARY

CONTENTS

2

3

THE STANDARDSThecablingsystemstandardshavebeencreatedtodefineauniform,standardqualitythroughouttheworld,regardlessoftheproductsused.It isthereforeessential toknowthemeaningandthecorrespondenceofthesestandardswithrespecttotheproductsused(cablesandconnectors)andtheapplicationstobesupported.

StandardS bodieS

Therearethreestandardsorganisations:theNorthAmericanEIA/TIAstandardthatworksincategories(Cat5e,Cat6,Cat6A,etc.),ISO,theinternationalstandardandtheEuropeanENstandardthatdefinesClasses(D,E,Ea.etc.)

Copper: CorreSpondenCe between CategorieS and ClaSSeS

EIA/TIAdefinescomponentsandthecommunicationlinkaccordingtoCategories.

Max. FrequenCy 100Mhz 250Mhz 500Mhz 600Mhz 1000Mhz

Components / link Cat. 5e Cat. 6 Cat. 6a

eia/tia 568-C.2 568-C.2 568-C.2

ISO and EN standards, for their part define the components according to category and the communication chain according toClass.Max. FrequenCy 100Mhz 250Mhz 500Mhz 600Mhz 1000Mhz

Components Cat. 5e Cat. 6 Cat. 6a Cat. 7 Cat. 7a

link Class d Class e Class ea Class F Class Fa

iSo/ieC 11801 ed2.0 11801 ed2.0 aMd 1.0 / aMd 2.0 1181 11801 ed2.0 aMd 1.0 / aMd 2.0 1181

en 50173-1 50173-1 50173-1 50173-1 50173-1

Copper: tHe diFFerent typeS oF SHieldingTheshieldingofcablesandconnectorsprotectsthemagainstelectromagneticinterference(e.g.frompowercircuits).

Theshieldingofacableisdefinedby3letters,«U»forunshielded,«F»foraluminiumfoilshieldingand«S»foraluminiumbraid.Thepositionofthisshielding,eitheraroundtheoutsideofthewholecableoraroundeachofthetwistedpairsisspecifiedbythefollowingsymbol:

Thus,anF/UTPcableisonewithanoverallaluminiumfoilshieldingonly.

TherearethreeversionsofRJ45connector:unshielded(orUTP),9-pinshieldedwithearth(orFTP)and360-degreeEMCshielded(orSTP)

optiCal Fibre: Multi-Mode and Single-ModeISO11801Edition2classesopticalfibreinto4mainfamilies:OM1,OM2andOM3formultimodeandOS1forsingle-mode.

type oF etHernet network

type oF Fibre 100Fx 1000Sx 1000lx 10gS 10gl 10glx4

network bit rate 100Mbits gigabit 10 gigabit

Multi-Mode oM1 62.5/125µM 2km 275m 550m 33m n/a 300m

Multi-Mode oM2 50/125µM 2km 550m 550m 82m n/a 300m

Multi-Mode oM3 50/125µM 2km 550m 550m 300m n/a 300m

Single-Mode oS1 9/125µM n/a n/a 5km n/a 10km 10km

* twisted pair

4

u/utp*Overallshielding Individualshielding

of twisted pairs

wHiCH produCtS For wHiCH appliCationS?Adifferenttypeofcableandopticalfibrewillbeusedaccordingtotheapplicationsandperipheralstobeused.

Copper ConneCtivity Fibre ConneCtivity

appliCationS Cat 5e Cat. 6 Cat.6 10g Cat. 6a oM1 oM2 oM3 oS1

10/100MbitS network

gigabitS network

10gigabitS network

40gigabitS network

100gigabitS network

analogue telepHony

ip pHone : voip

voip + poe

xdSl

CCtv (witH balunS)

poe SySteM (ex: CaMera)

poep SySteM

tnt televiSion

ip televiSion

ip alarM SySteM

*

5

: perfectly adapted : adapted : little adapted * With 900MHz cable

DESIGN

Pre-cabling a building or a campus consists in providing a network of cables and associated connectors to enable the occupants tointerconnectanytypeofdata-processingortelecommunicationequipment.

Thecablingsystemmustthereforebe:

•Systematic: Socketsmustbeprovidedineachofficeorroom.•Reconfigurable:Rapidreconfigurationmustbefeasible,withoutstructurallyalteringthecabling.•Standardised: Theconnectionconventionsusedmustbeidenticalatallpointsthroughoutthebuilding.•Universal: Thetransmissionperformanceofitscomponents(cables,connectors,etc.)mustbeatleastequaltothose Specifiedinthestandard.

general StruCture oF a preCabling SySteM

Thebuildings’cablingisorganisedinahierarchical«star»topology.Itcomprisesamainequipmentroomandseveralsecondaryequipmentroomslinkedtogetherby«backbones».

Thearchitecturebreaksdownintotwosetsofcables:

«Verticalcabling»or«primarycabling»calledCampusbackboneandBuildingbackbone,representinginter-buildinglinks.

«Horizontalcabling»coveringtheconnectionsbetweentheterminaloutletsandthetelecommunicationscloset.Thisisthestandarddistributionwiringoverafloorofabuilding.

6

general arrangeMent

n From the Campus distributor to the terminal outlet:

TheCampus andBuilding distributors are connected by a backbone, limited to a length of 100m for twisted pair cables and severalkilometresforopticalfibre.ThelinksbetweentheBuildingdistributorandtheFloordistributorcanalsobeformedusingopticalfibretomeetdatatransmissionsecurityrequirements.

Terminals

RJ45 Connector

SR/LTE : Floor distributor in the Telecommunications closet

RG/LTI : Building distributor in the Building Equipment Room

RC/LTC : Campus distributor in the Campus Equipment Room

Campus Backbone Building Backbone Horizontal Cabling

Global Precabling

7

Horizontal Cabling

Building Backbone

Campus Backbone

RC/LTC : Campus distributor in the Campus Equipment Room

RG/LTI : Building distributor in the Building Equipment Room

SR/LTE : Floor distributor in the Telecommunications closet

Workstation access point

n distribution to several multi-storey buildings

8

ThelinksbetweentheCampusdistributorandtheBuildingdistributorandFloordistributorsmaybemaderedundanttoensurecontinuityofserviceintheeventofalossofconnectionononeofthenodes.

Patch rack

Channel link

Permanent link

CP : Consolidation Point

n Consolidation point

Theconsolidationpoint isan intermediateconnectionthatprovidesflexibility inopenofficespaceswithouttheneedtomodifytheentirecablinginfrastructure.ItconsistsofafemaleRJ45socketandoneendandanRJ45Maleconnectorattheother.

CHANNELLINK=PERMANENTLINK+CORDS=100mmaximumPERMANENTLINK=90mmaximumCORDS=10mmaximum(totalforthetwocords).

9

Switch

Patch Panel

MAX

BOÎTE DE CÂBLE

BOÎTE DE CÂBLE

BOÎTE DE CÂBLE

10

Storethecableinawarm,dryplaceawayfromfrost

Donotpushonthecableto roll the reel

Avoidimpactwhenrollingthe reels

Set the reels down on thegroundorapallet

Reelsmustnotbestackedmorethantwohigh

Similarlyboxesmustnotbestackedmorethanthreehigh

INSTALLATION

Storage oF network CableS

Thenetworkcablesaregenerallystoredonwooden,plyorplasticcablereelsandreel-outboxes,inordertoavoidmechanicalstresses.

Afewbasicrulesmustbeobserved:

Handling oF network CableS

n unwinding the cable

Whenlayingthecable,thephysicalstressesonthecablemustbeminimizedasmuchaspossible.Reelstandsarefrequentlyusedtomountthereelaboutahorizontalaxisofrotation.Alternatively,afloor-mountedreelrollersystemcanbeused,consistingoftwocylindricalbarsmountedonrollerbearings(rollers).Thereelisrotatedsimplybygentlypullingonthecable.

1m

11

Thecablemustbeunwoundfromthetop,withaslightpullingforce.Theendofthecablethathasbeengripped,andthathasthereforesufferedmechanicaldamage(tension,pinching),mustbecutoveralengthofapproximately0.5to1metre,oncethedesiredlengthhasbeenobtained.

Reelstandsystem Floor-mountedcablereelrollersystem

ITISFORBIDDENtounwindthecablefromareelthatislayingflat,asthiscausesseveretwistingofthecable

n laying the cable

Certainrulesarecommonlyappliedandmustbetakenintoaccountatthecablingsystemdesignphase,inparticularwithagoodknowledgeofthetopologyofthesiteandthedifferentpossibleroutes:

12

90°

courants faibles

courants forts

min 0.3 m

courants faibles courants forts

Powerandlow-voltagecablestobekeptmin.30cmapart

Similarly,donotwalkoncables.

Cablecrossoversshouldpreferablybeat90°

Notoverloadthecabletray

n installing network cables

Asageneralrule,maximumcareshouldbetakentoavoidstressesonthecablethatmightimpairitsintegrity.

13

Do not twist the cable Avoidplasticcableties Useflexible«Velcro»typeself-grippingties

Complywiththespecifiedbending radii

Avoidsharpanglessuchasloopsin the wire ways

Handle cables with care duringpulling

Handling oF optiCal Fibre CableS

n Horizontally laid internal cables

Internalopticalfibrecablesarenotgenerallyprovidedwithacentralstrengthmemberforpulling.Iftheycannotbesimplylaid,strengtheningelementsmustbeusedtopullthecable,suchas:- Aramidfibre(Yellow)- Glassfibre.

Theopticalcabletechnicaldatasheetsspecifythetensileforcethatcanbewithstoodbyeachcable(expressedinNewtons:100Newtonsareapproximatelyequivalentto10kg).Thecableshouldnotbepulledbyitsoutersheath,asthiswillcauseittostretch,transferringthemechanicalstressestothefibresthemselves.

n vertically laid internal cables

Therulesareidenticaltothoseexplainedabove.Whenlayingverticalcables,itisrecommendedtocoilallloose-structurecables2turnsatallfloorlevelstoavoidthefibresdroppingwithinthecable.Thiswillalsopreventverticaltensileforcesinthecableduetotheweightofthefibres.

n external cables

Externalcablesoftenhavethedisadvantageofbeinginstalledoververylongdistances.Allexternalcablesareprovidedwithacentralstrengthmemberforpullingthecableduringinstallation.

Becauseoftheir(flammable)PEsheath,itisstrictlyforbiddentoinstallorlayexternalcablesinsideabuilding.Forreasonsofspread-of-fire,theirpenetrationintoabuildingislimitedtomax.15metresbeforefanning-out.

14

TEST PARAMETERS AND INTERPRETATION OF ERRORSOncethecablingsystemhasbeenlaid,certificationissystematicallyrequested,confirmingitslevelofperformance.Thisconfirmsthequalityofthework,fromthechoiceorcomponentstolayingandformingtheconnections.Acabletesteristhusneededtotestandvalidateeachlink.

viSual inSpeCtionTheinitialinspectionconsistsofavisualcheckoftheinstallation.Attentionmustbepaidtothebasicrulesofaninstallation,namely:- Tighteningofcables- Foldedcablesattheendofwirewaysand/orracks,- Unsheathingandsplittingofpairsatconnections.

Copper: teSting oF perManent link and CHannel linkS

CHANNEL : 100 M

Panneaudebrasssage

PrisemuralePoint de Consolidation (option)

Thisinvolvestestingacompletelink,includingtheRJ45cords.

Thisinvolvestestingalinkfromthepatchpaneltothewall socket.

15

PERMANENT LINk : 90 M

Panneaudebrasssage

PrisemuralePoint de Consolidation (option)

Continuity teSt: Checking of pairs connected according to the colour code

probable CauSeS oF Failure

open CirCuit Cut or broken cable, or wires broken by mechanical force in the connector

damaged rJ45 connector

wires incorrectly inserted in the self-stripping contact

Cable for specific application (e.g. 2 Pairs)

SHort-CirCuit Conducting material between the pin and the wire (e.g.: the wire is touching the shielded cover)

damaged rJ45 connector

Short-circuit in the cable (crushing)

Specific application (e.g. PABX with shunting)

CroSSed pairS Connection convention problem (Mixing of a and b)

Crossed patch cord used

wires connected to the wrong contact

Split pairS wires connected to the wrong contact

lengtH: tested over 90m in permanent link and 100m in Channel link

probable CauSeS oF Failure

additional-lengtH Cable is too long

the nvp is incorrect

lengtH too SHort Cable is cut

one or More pairS too SHort

damaged cable

poor connection

16

Copper: interpretation oF errorS

MeASuReMentS: Checking the different standard parameters

deFinition probable CauSeS oF Failure

delay-Skew difference in delay. Max. difference between the propagation delay time of each of the pairs receiving a same signal transmitted over several pairs

Cable is too long

Cable using different types of insulation according to the pairs

inSertion loSS weakening of the signal according to frequency and in proportion to the length of the link

Cable is too long

the temperature exceeds 20°C

problem of resistance at the termination contacts

next & pSnext next: near-end Cross talk between pairs (application of a test signal to one of the pairs and reception of the induced signal at the same end on the other pair) pSnext: power Sum near-end Cross talk (application of a test signal to 3 pairs and reception of the induced signal on the 4th pair)

problem of split pairs at the connector, poor connection

incorrect measuring head / poor quality patch cords / bad cable

Compression linked to the clamping of the cables, the bending radius or failure to comply with cable geometry requirements

external sources of interference

problem of compatibility between the plug and the connector

return loSS Measurement of the reflected power of the signal echoes due to impedance mismatch along the link

Patch cord impedance problem (100Ω ?)

excessive handling of patch cords that has altered the impedance

Cable handling problem, Failure to comply with cable geometry requirements

poor connection

excessive coiled length before the connector

non-uniform cable impedance - Mixture of 120Ω and 100Ω cables

problem of compatibility between the plug and the connector

defective test adaptor

insulation crushed in the socket

17

Fibre: teSting and MeaSureMent

Allopticaltestssimplyconsistinmeasuringtheoverallopticallossorthatateachcomponentofthelink.Itdoesnotinvolvemeasuringthebandwidth.

n Field tester

Alltestersnowhaveoptionalmulti-modeorsingle-modeopticalheadstovalidateanopticallink.ThesetestersmeasureLinkBudget,allowingittobevalidatedagainstadesiredreferencestandard.Somealsochecktheoperationofthemainnetworks(Ethernet,ATM,etc.)overthelink.

Wheretherearenoproblemsonthelink,theymeasure:- metricdBlosses- thelengthsofthelinkstested,validatingtheLinkBudget.

n Reflectometer (otdR)

Thereflectometerperformsmoredetailedmeasurementsoftheoptical linkand,inparticular,showsthedistanceandthelossesofeveryeventonthelink(Connector,splice,etc.).Eachincidentoreachconnectorcanbeindividuallychecked.Intheeventofaproblemonalink,thisistheonlymeansofidentifyingthefaultencountered.

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19

GLOSSARYCatv:(CommunityAntennaTeleVision)transmissionofTVsignalbycable

CCtv:(ClosedCircuitTelevision)analoguevideo-surveillancesystem.

Channel:TwistedpairlinkthatincludesthePermanentLinkaswellastheconnectingcordsateachend(e.g.fromthecomputerswitchtotheuser’sPC)

wiring convention type a et b:2methodsofwiringRJ45motors.Inordertowork,thesamewiringconventionmustbeusedthroughouttheentiresite.Version«B»iscurrentlythemostwidelyused.

Single-mode:Typeoffibrethattransmitssignalsbymeansofasinglelaserbeam.

Multi-mode:TypeoffibrethattransmitssignalsbymeansofamultiplebeamdeliveredbyLEDs.

nvp:NominalVelocityofPropagationofthesignalinatwistedpaircable.Specifiedbythemanufacturer.

permanent link:TwistedpairlinkwithanRJ45motorsocketateachend.(e.g.:fromthepatchpaneltothewallsocket)

poe:(PoweroverEthernet)communicationprotocolforcarryingelectricalpowerinadditiontodata.(e.g.:ThePoEIPcamerasarepoweredand networked by a single cable)

poep:(PoweroverEthernetPlus)improvedPoEprotocolabletotransmitmorepower

Campus distributor:Wiringcabinetlocatedinthecampusequipmentroomforinterconnectingseveralbuildings

building distributor:Locatedinthebuildingequipmentroom,itinterconnectsallthefloorsofthebuilding

Floor distributor:Locatedinthebuildingequipmentroom,servestodistributethewiringthroughoutthefloor

voip:(VoiceoverInternetProtocol),communicationprotocolforcarryingvoiceovertheEthernet

www.multimedia-connect.frFactory and HeadquartersMULTIMEDIA CONNECT 8, rue des Biches 74100 Ville la Grand France

Commercial departmentMULTIMEDIA CONNECT ZAC des Hauts de Wissous « Air Park de Paris »Bâtiment le Cormoran 3 rue Jeanne Garnerin 91320 WissousFrance T: +33 (0) 1 69 79 39 80 F: +33 (0) 1 64 48 29 84