Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in India

A Thesis

Submitted for the Award of PhD Degree of

MOHANLAL SUKHADIA UNIVERSITY

in the

Faculty of Science

By

Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel

Under the supervision of

Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Associate Professor Geosciences Division

Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad ndash 380 009 India

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

MOHANLAL SUKHADIA UNIVERSITY

UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)

2019

C E R T I F I C A T E

I feel great pleasure in certifying that the thesis entitled ldquoOxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in Indiardquo by Mr Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel has been completed under my guidance He has completed the following requirements as per the PhD regulations of the University (a) Completion of the Course Work as per the university rules

(b) Residential requirements as per the university rules

(c) Regular submission of six monthly progress reports

(d) Presentation of his work in the Departmental Committee

(e) Publication of at least one research paper in a refereed research journal I am satisfied with the analysis of data interpretation of results and conclusions drawn I recommend the submission of the thesis Date Dr Neeraj Rastogi (Supervisor) Associate Professor Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad ndash 380 009 Gujarat India Countersigned by Head of the Department Mohanlal Sukhadia University

D E C L A R A T I O N

I Mr Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel So Mr Arvindbhai Parsottambhai Patel and

Mrs Pravinaben Arvindbhai Patel resident of B ndash 006 Physical Research Laboratory

Residences Navrangpura Ahmedabad ndash 380009 hereby declare that the research

work incorporated in the present thesis entitled ldquoOxidative Potential of

Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in Indiardquo is my work and is

original This work (in part or in full) has not been submitted to any University for

the award of a degree or a diploma

I have properly acknowledged the material collected from the secondary sources

wherever required and I have run my entire thesis on the anti-plagiarism software

namely ldquoiThenticaterdquo

I solely own the responsibility for the originality of the entire content

Place Ahmedabad Gujarat

Date Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel

Dedicated to

My

Parents and Grandparents

and fianceacutee

Acknowledgement

After spending the most valuable five years of my life and remembering those sweet and

eventful years at Physical Research Laboratory I realize that there are many without whom this thesis

would not have been a reality It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the people who contributed

directly or indirectly to this thesis First and foremost I wish to express my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my PhD thesis supervisor and mentor Dr Neeraj Rastogi for giving me his inspiring

guidance throughout this work I am extremely indebted to him as he introduced me to the field of

Atmospheric Chemistry and provided me an opportunity to work in that field His strict fatherly attitude

to improve me in all respect is something that I will never forget throughout my life I wish to inculcate

his hard working nature and meticulous way of doing the science His constant support inspiration and

encouragement throughout my work helped me to bring out the best from me in this form of this thesis

I thank Dr Anil Bhardhwaj the Director and Prof P Janardhan the Dean Physical Research

Laboratory for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out my thesis work at PRL

The chemistry Lab in Geosciences Division at PRL has been like my home during the course

of my thesis I would like to thank Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr R Rengarajan for his constant

encouragement and all the support They were always ready to help in all respect whenever I needed I

must thank Dr A K Sudheer for providing me unconditional help in handling of various instrumental

techniques Discussions with him were always a pleasure My sincere thanks to Dr Sunil Kumar Singh

for his concern discussions and support I thank Senior Professor M M Sarin for the critical comments

as well as valuable suggestions during the GSDN Area Seminar He has been a constant source of

inspiration for me I also thank Dr Arvind Singh for providing me an opportunity to work with him

onboard Sagar Sampada Cruise 359

I acknowledge Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr Arvind Singh for being Doctoral Scrutiny Committee

members for my Thesis A careful examination by them of my thesis work helped me to improve my

work significantly

The course work taught by Prof R Ramesh Prof Jay Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr

Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande Dr M G Yadava Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr V K Rai Dr Anil Shukla Dr Amit Basu Dr Shanmugam and Dr Dwijesh

Ray was most instructive and a great learning experience I thank Senior Prof M M Sarin Prof D

Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande

Dr M G Yadava Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr L K Sahu Dr Harish Gadhavi and Dr Narenrda Ojha for

their interest in my work and interactions during the area seminars The sincere criticism of my work by

Academic Committee members was very helpful I am also thankful to all administration staff PRL for

their concerns company and help at several stages

I am thankful to staff members PRL library Mrs Nistha Anilkumar and Mrs Pragya Pandey I

thank Mr Jigar Raval Mr Hitendra Mishra Mr Alok Srivastava Mr Padia Girishkumar Mr Rahul

Sharma and Mr Tejas Sarvaiya from computer center I am also thankful to all Departments of PRL

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

C E R T I F I C A T E

I feel great pleasure in certifying that the thesis entitled ldquoOxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in Indiardquo by Mr Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel has been completed under my guidance He has completed the following requirements as per the PhD regulations of the University (a) Completion of the Course Work as per the university rules

(b) Residential requirements as per the university rules

(c) Regular submission of six monthly progress reports

(d) Presentation of his work in the Departmental Committee

(e) Publication of at least one research paper in a refereed research journal I am satisfied with the analysis of data interpretation of results and conclusions drawn I recommend the submission of the thesis Date Dr Neeraj Rastogi (Supervisor) Associate Professor Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad ndash 380 009 Gujarat India Countersigned by Head of the Department Mohanlal Sukhadia University

D E C L A R A T I O N

I Mr Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel So Mr Arvindbhai Parsottambhai Patel and

Mrs Pravinaben Arvindbhai Patel resident of B ndash 006 Physical Research Laboratory

Residences Navrangpura Ahmedabad ndash 380009 hereby declare that the research

work incorporated in the present thesis entitled ldquoOxidative Potential of

Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in Indiardquo is my work and is

original This work (in part or in full) has not been submitted to any University for

the award of a degree or a diploma

I have properly acknowledged the material collected from the secondary sources

wherever required and I have run my entire thesis on the anti-plagiarism software

namely ldquoiThenticaterdquo

I solely own the responsibility for the originality of the entire content

Place Ahmedabad Gujarat

Date Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel

Dedicated to

My

Parents and Grandparents

and fianceacutee

Acknowledgement

After spending the most valuable five years of my life and remembering those sweet and

eventful years at Physical Research Laboratory I realize that there are many without whom this thesis

would not have been a reality It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the people who contributed

directly or indirectly to this thesis First and foremost I wish to express my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my PhD thesis supervisor and mentor Dr Neeraj Rastogi for giving me his inspiring

guidance throughout this work I am extremely indebted to him as he introduced me to the field of

Atmospheric Chemistry and provided me an opportunity to work in that field His strict fatherly attitude

to improve me in all respect is something that I will never forget throughout my life I wish to inculcate

his hard working nature and meticulous way of doing the science His constant support inspiration and

encouragement throughout my work helped me to bring out the best from me in this form of this thesis

I thank Dr Anil Bhardhwaj the Director and Prof P Janardhan the Dean Physical Research

Laboratory for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out my thesis work at PRL

The chemistry Lab in Geosciences Division at PRL has been like my home during the course

of my thesis I would like to thank Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr R Rengarajan for his constant

encouragement and all the support They were always ready to help in all respect whenever I needed I

must thank Dr A K Sudheer for providing me unconditional help in handling of various instrumental

techniques Discussions with him were always a pleasure My sincere thanks to Dr Sunil Kumar Singh

for his concern discussions and support I thank Senior Professor M M Sarin for the critical comments

as well as valuable suggestions during the GSDN Area Seminar He has been a constant source of

inspiration for me I also thank Dr Arvind Singh for providing me an opportunity to work with him

onboard Sagar Sampada Cruise 359

I acknowledge Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr Arvind Singh for being Doctoral Scrutiny Committee

members for my Thesis A careful examination by them of my thesis work helped me to improve my

work significantly

The course work taught by Prof R Ramesh Prof Jay Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr

Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande Dr M G Yadava Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr V K Rai Dr Anil Shukla Dr Amit Basu Dr Shanmugam and Dr Dwijesh

Ray was most instructive and a great learning experience I thank Senior Prof M M Sarin Prof D

Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande

Dr M G Yadava Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr L K Sahu Dr Harish Gadhavi and Dr Narenrda Ojha for

their interest in my work and interactions during the area seminars The sincere criticism of my work by

Academic Committee members was very helpful I am also thankful to all administration staff PRL for

their concerns company and help at several stages

I am thankful to staff members PRL library Mrs Nistha Anilkumar and Mrs Pragya Pandey I

thank Mr Jigar Raval Mr Hitendra Mishra Mr Alok Srivastava Mr Padia Girishkumar Mr Rahul

Sharma and Mr Tejas Sarvaiya from computer center I am also thankful to all Departments of PRL

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

D E C L A R A T I O N

I Mr Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel So Mr Arvindbhai Parsottambhai Patel and

Mrs Pravinaben Arvindbhai Patel resident of B ndash 006 Physical Research Laboratory

Residences Navrangpura Ahmedabad ndash 380009 hereby declare that the research

work incorporated in the present thesis entitled ldquoOxidative Potential of

Ambient Aerosols over Different Regions in Indiardquo is my work and is

original This work (in part or in full) has not been submitted to any University for

the award of a degree or a diploma

I have properly acknowledged the material collected from the secondary sources

wherever required and I have run my entire thesis on the anti-plagiarism software

namely ldquoiThenticaterdquo

I solely own the responsibility for the originality of the entire content

Place Ahmedabad Gujarat

Date Anilbhai Arvindbhai Patel

Dedicated to

My

Parents and Grandparents

and fianceacutee

Acknowledgement

After spending the most valuable five years of my life and remembering those sweet and

eventful years at Physical Research Laboratory I realize that there are many without whom this thesis

would not have been a reality It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the people who contributed

directly or indirectly to this thesis First and foremost I wish to express my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my PhD thesis supervisor and mentor Dr Neeraj Rastogi for giving me his inspiring

guidance throughout this work I am extremely indebted to him as he introduced me to the field of

Atmospheric Chemistry and provided me an opportunity to work in that field His strict fatherly attitude

to improve me in all respect is something that I will never forget throughout my life I wish to inculcate

his hard working nature and meticulous way of doing the science His constant support inspiration and

encouragement throughout my work helped me to bring out the best from me in this form of this thesis

I thank Dr Anil Bhardhwaj the Director and Prof P Janardhan the Dean Physical Research

Laboratory for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out my thesis work at PRL

The chemistry Lab in Geosciences Division at PRL has been like my home during the course

of my thesis I would like to thank Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr R Rengarajan for his constant

encouragement and all the support They were always ready to help in all respect whenever I needed I

must thank Dr A K Sudheer for providing me unconditional help in handling of various instrumental

techniques Discussions with him were always a pleasure My sincere thanks to Dr Sunil Kumar Singh

for his concern discussions and support I thank Senior Professor M M Sarin for the critical comments

as well as valuable suggestions during the GSDN Area Seminar He has been a constant source of

inspiration for me I also thank Dr Arvind Singh for providing me an opportunity to work with him

onboard Sagar Sampada Cruise 359

I acknowledge Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr Arvind Singh for being Doctoral Scrutiny Committee

members for my Thesis A careful examination by them of my thesis work helped me to improve my

work significantly

The course work taught by Prof R Ramesh Prof Jay Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr

Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande Dr M G Yadava Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr V K Rai Dr Anil Shukla Dr Amit Basu Dr Shanmugam and Dr Dwijesh

Ray was most instructive and a great learning experience I thank Senior Prof M M Sarin Prof D

Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande

Dr M G Yadava Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr L K Sahu Dr Harish Gadhavi and Dr Narenrda Ojha for

their interest in my work and interactions during the area seminars The sincere criticism of my work by

Academic Committee members was very helpful I am also thankful to all administration staff PRL for

their concerns company and help at several stages

I am thankful to staff members PRL library Mrs Nistha Anilkumar and Mrs Pragya Pandey I

thank Mr Jigar Raval Mr Hitendra Mishra Mr Alok Srivastava Mr Padia Girishkumar Mr Rahul

Sharma and Mr Tejas Sarvaiya from computer center I am also thankful to all Departments of PRL

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Dedicated to

My

Parents and Grandparents

and fianceacutee

Acknowledgement

After spending the most valuable five years of my life and remembering those sweet and

eventful years at Physical Research Laboratory I realize that there are many without whom this thesis

would not have been a reality It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the people who contributed

directly or indirectly to this thesis First and foremost I wish to express my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my PhD thesis supervisor and mentor Dr Neeraj Rastogi for giving me his inspiring

guidance throughout this work I am extremely indebted to him as he introduced me to the field of

Atmospheric Chemistry and provided me an opportunity to work in that field His strict fatherly attitude

to improve me in all respect is something that I will never forget throughout my life I wish to inculcate

his hard working nature and meticulous way of doing the science His constant support inspiration and

encouragement throughout my work helped me to bring out the best from me in this form of this thesis

I thank Dr Anil Bhardhwaj the Director and Prof P Janardhan the Dean Physical Research

Laboratory for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out my thesis work at PRL

The chemistry Lab in Geosciences Division at PRL has been like my home during the course

of my thesis I would like to thank Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr R Rengarajan for his constant

encouragement and all the support They were always ready to help in all respect whenever I needed I

must thank Dr A K Sudheer for providing me unconditional help in handling of various instrumental

techniques Discussions with him were always a pleasure My sincere thanks to Dr Sunil Kumar Singh

for his concern discussions and support I thank Senior Professor M M Sarin for the critical comments

as well as valuable suggestions during the GSDN Area Seminar He has been a constant source of

inspiration for me I also thank Dr Arvind Singh for providing me an opportunity to work with him

onboard Sagar Sampada Cruise 359

I acknowledge Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr Arvind Singh for being Doctoral Scrutiny Committee

members for my Thesis A careful examination by them of my thesis work helped me to improve my

work significantly

The course work taught by Prof R Ramesh Prof Jay Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr

Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande Dr M G Yadava Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr V K Rai Dr Anil Shukla Dr Amit Basu Dr Shanmugam and Dr Dwijesh

Ray was most instructive and a great learning experience I thank Senior Prof M M Sarin Prof D

Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande

Dr M G Yadava Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr L K Sahu Dr Harish Gadhavi and Dr Narenrda Ojha for

their interest in my work and interactions during the area seminars The sincere criticism of my work by

Academic Committee members was very helpful I am also thankful to all administration staff PRL for

their concerns company and help at several stages

I am thankful to staff members PRL library Mrs Nistha Anilkumar and Mrs Pragya Pandey I

thank Mr Jigar Raval Mr Hitendra Mishra Mr Alok Srivastava Mr Padia Girishkumar Mr Rahul

Sharma and Mr Tejas Sarvaiya from computer center I am also thankful to all Departments of PRL

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Acknowledgement

After spending the most valuable five years of my life and remembering those sweet and

eventful years at Physical Research Laboratory I realize that there are many without whom this thesis

would not have been a reality It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the people who contributed

directly or indirectly to this thesis First and foremost I wish to express my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my PhD thesis supervisor and mentor Dr Neeraj Rastogi for giving me his inspiring

guidance throughout this work I am extremely indebted to him as he introduced me to the field of

Atmospheric Chemistry and provided me an opportunity to work in that field His strict fatherly attitude

to improve me in all respect is something that I will never forget throughout my life I wish to inculcate

his hard working nature and meticulous way of doing the science His constant support inspiration and

encouragement throughout my work helped me to bring out the best from me in this form of this thesis

I thank Dr Anil Bhardhwaj the Director and Prof P Janardhan the Dean Physical Research

Laboratory for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out my thesis work at PRL

The chemistry Lab in Geosciences Division at PRL has been like my home during the course

of my thesis I would like to thank Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr R Rengarajan for his constant

encouragement and all the support They were always ready to help in all respect whenever I needed I

must thank Dr A K Sudheer for providing me unconditional help in handling of various instrumental

techniques Discussions with him were always a pleasure My sincere thanks to Dr Sunil Kumar Singh

for his concern discussions and support I thank Senior Professor M M Sarin for the critical comments

as well as valuable suggestions during the GSDN Area Seminar He has been a constant source of

inspiration for me I also thank Dr Arvind Singh for providing me an opportunity to work with him

onboard Sagar Sampada Cruise 359

I acknowledge Dr Ravi Bhushan and Dr Arvind Singh for being Doctoral Scrutiny Committee

members for my Thesis A careful examination by them of my thesis work helped me to improve my

work significantly

The course work taught by Prof R Ramesh Prof Jay Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr

Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande Dr M G Yadava Dr Neeraj Rastogi

Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr V K Rai Dr Anil Shukla Dr Amit Basu Dr Shanmugam and Dr Dwijesh

Ray was most instructive and a great learning experience I thank Senior Prof M M Sarin Prof D

Banerjee Prof Jyotiranjan S Ray Dr Ravi Bhushan Prof Sunil Kumar Singh Dr R D Deshpande

Dr M G Yadava Dr Sanjeev Kumar Dr L K Sahu Dr Harish Gadhavi and Dr Narenrda Ojha for

their interest in my work and interactions during the area seminars The sincere criticism of my work by

Academic Committee members was very helpful I am also thankful to all administration staff PRL for

their concerns company and help at several stages

I am thankful to staff members PRL library Mrs Nistha Anilkumar and Mrs Pragya Pandey I

thank Mr Jigar Raval Mr Hitendra Mishra Mr Alok Srivastava Mr Padia Girishkumar Mr Rahul

Sharma and Mr Tejas Sarvaiya from computer center I am also thankful to all Departments of PRL

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

including Workshop head and staff members CMG head and staff members Accounts head and staff

members and Liquid Nitrogen Plant staff member (s) I am thankful to staff members of Mount Abu

Observatory and to staff members of Punjabi University Patiala and to staff of North-Eastern Space

Application Center Shillong for their help and company during aerosol sampling

I wish to give my thanks to all chemistry department members Dr Vineet Dr Prashant Dr

Satinder Pal Dr Atinderpal Dr Batuk Dr Rupali Dr Damodara Dr Venkatesh Dr Upasana Dr

Chandana Dr Nitesh Dr Chinmay Dr Subha Anand RV Satish Sneha Sawant Mahesh Naman

Harsh Romi Shivam Bankim Pandya Jay Mrs Jaldhi Ankur Nisha Khichhi Ishita Mrs Payal and

Mrs Ramsha for their constant support and help Their friendly and cooperative attitude made it a

family like atmosphere in the Lab I am proud to be a member of PRL Chemistry Gang I am thankful

to Pravin and Rashmik for their unconditional support My life at PRL hostel is unforgettable I was

shown love by all my seniors and juniors I would like to say a heartfelt thank you them My special

words of thanks also go to my batch-mates Niharika Sachin Wriju Raghvenrda Siddharth Kiran

Bharti Bhavesh Aman Nijil Vishnu Soumik and Pradeep Other friends who made my stay at PRL

hostels more enjoyable and memorable are Manish Ashim Ashish Harsh Oza Balbeer Naman and

Arvind Mishra I am indebted to all my friends I would also like to extend my gratitude to summer

interns Kamini Jalja Prerna Varsha Lexmi Neha Ritushree and Ankit

I am also very grateful to lovely and most caring couples UtsavampNidhi and ChinmayampKuntal

who helped me in numerous ways during various stages of my PhD I would like to thank teatime

friends Raza Vikram Malai and Vinayak for their concern towards my work

Most importantly I owe special thanks to my fianceacutee ldquoPREKSHArdquo for providing moral support

and encouragement since the beginning of this study to till end Big thank you for helping me

enormously especially with the mammoth task of doing the final formatting of this thesis My sincere

gratitude to Shrey and my Parent-in-laws for their care

Last but not the least I am thankful to my Parents and Grandparents for being a continuous

source of love support and motivation My sincere gratitude to my family (Bhailalkaka amp Jyotikaki

Chandukaka amp Sitakaki Rajeshmama Bhaveshmama amp Reenamami) for their love and care I thank all

my siblings and acknowledge my all brothers and sisters (Jayesh amp Divya Kishan Shuhag Jignesh Hiral

Jatin Heena Alpa Krupa Jimi Pintoo Sejal Gauri and Hetal) for there care I can never thank them

enough

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Abstract Several sources of atmospheric aerosol have been hypothesized to emit redox

active species which can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in-situ and thus

affect chemistry of ambient atmosphere and health of human (on inhalation) and

marine micro-organisms (on dry andor wet deposition) The capability of aerosol to

generate ROS in situ is known as their Oxidative Potential (OP) The PhD

dissertation work carried out during the last five years describes chemical

composition and Dithiothreitol (DTT)-based OP of aerosol over sites dominated by

different sources and meteorological conditions Towards this different strategic

locations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) such as Patiala (upper IGP) Kanpur

(middle IGP) and Shillong (lower IGP) high altitude site (Mount Abu) marine

environments such as Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) and region over the Arabian Sea

and different micro-environments such as traffic junction industrial area (in

Ahmedabad) biomass burning in agriculture fields (Patiala) were selected for aerosol

sampling The OP is described in different units eg volume normalized OP (OPV)

mass normalized OP (OPM) and OC mass normalized OP (OPOC) Results suggest

that composition is more relevant than mass concentration in deciding the aerosol OP

Biomass burning derived chemical species are found to have higher OP as compared

to those derived from fossil fuel burning Species co-emitted with EC are found to be

DTT-active over most of the sites and their atmospheric aging is found to be

increasing their OPM Fog processing of aerosol also appears to increase their OPM

Further domination of organic matter in PM25 is likely the reason of very high OPM

over lower Indo-Gangetic Plain Secondary BrC and a few metals showed significant

relationship with OPM

Keywords Reactive oxygen species Oxidative potential Dithiothreitol Indo-

Gangetic Plain Remote environments Micro-environments Long-range transport

however relationship with metals was not consistent over

different sites Such studies are very important from human health perspective but

virtually lacking over India Identification of major sources of aerosol species with

higher OP is necessary in designing appropriate mitigation strategies to reduce these

sources

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Table of Contents

1 | P a g e

Table of Contents List of Figures 5

List of Tables 13

List of Abbreviations 15

Chapter 1 19

INTRODUCTION 19

11 What are atmospheric aerosol 20

12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 22

121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere 23

122 ROS production and their impact on living organism 24

13 Review of work already done on the subject 27

131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation 28

14 Implications 28

15 Major Objectives 29

16 Structure of thesis 29

Chapter 2 33

AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 33

21 Introduction 34

22 Strategy and field campaigns 35

221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 35

222 Remote locations 38

223 Micro-environments 40

23 Aerosol Sampling 40

231 Description of air samplers 40

24 Chemical analysis 42

241 Analytical strategy 42

242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration 42

243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon 43

244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon 45

245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen 46

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Table of Contents

2 | P a g e

246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography 46

247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS 48

248 Brown Carbon using LWCC 49

249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS 50

2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer 51

2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential 52

25 Data quality 58

Chapter 3 63

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN 63

31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP 64

311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources) 64

32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP 77

321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition 77

322 Aerosol OP 78

33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP 82

34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study 88

341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers 89

342 PM25 chemical composition and OP 90

343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon 93

344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components 96

345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP 98

Chapter 4 103

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS 103

41 Introduction 104

42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India 104

421 Characterization of ambient PM10 104

422 OP of ambient PM10 109

423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents 112

43 Marine Environments 118

431 Introduction 118

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

Table of Contents

3 | P a g e

432 The Arabian Sea 119

433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal) 134

Chapter 5 143

OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD 143

51 Introduction 144

52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad 146

521 PM10 chemical composition 146

522 Oxidative potential of PM10 152

523 Oxidative potential and trace metals 152

524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol 158

Chapter 6 167

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE 167

61 Synthesis 168

62 Future Scope 173

References 175

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals 191

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool 192

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

4 | P a g e

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

5 | P a g e

List of Figures Figure 1 1 A pictorial view of aerosol cycling in the atmosphere 21 Figure 1 2 Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal tracheobronchial and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing (Oberdoumlrster et al 2005) 25 Figure 1 3 Schematic representation of how the reactive oxygen species form in living organisms 25 Figure 1 4 Lipid peroxidation by ROS in cellular membrane in living organisms (VIVO Pathophysiology 26 Figure 1 5 Schematic diagram depicting how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect atmospheric chemistry as well as health of human and plants (Rastogi and Patel 2017) 27 Figure 2 1 Map showing geographical locations of sampling sites over different regions over India Color bar represents topography (ie height of locations abovebelow mean sea level) 35 Figure 2 2 A pictorial view of different parts of air sampler during some of the campaigns (a) shows the schematic of sampler whereas (b) and (c) shows the preparation of sampling using high volume air sampler (over the Arabian Sea) and low volume air samplers (over the Mount Abu) respectively 41 Figure 2 3 Analytical scheme for chemical analysis of aerosol samples 42 Figure 2 4 Schematic for thermo-optical EC-OC analyzer adopted from Sunset Laboratory Manual 43 Figure 2 5 A typical thermogram of a sample analyzed on thermo optical EC-OC analyzer 44 Figure 2 6 Schematic for Ion Chromatography 47 Figure 2 7 Typical chromatogram for (A) Anions and (B) Cations 47 Figure 2 8 A schematic representation of BrC measurement 50

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

6 | P a g e

Figure 2 9 Schematic for Dithiothreitol assay 54 Figure 2 10 DTT assay calibration using UV-Vis spectrophotometer during the entire study period (ie 2015 to 2019) 54 Figure 2 11 [X] shows UVndashVIS absorption spectrum for A = DTNB and B = TNB [y] shows the effect of pH on reaction between DTT and DTNB in presence of various catalysts It is adopted from Li et al (2009) 56 Figure 2 12 Validation of DTT assay in our lab DTT consumption rate in presence of 005 μM 910-Phenanthrenequinone (PQN) 57 Figure 2 13 Repeat measurements of the OC and EC (microgsquare cm filter) WSOC and TN (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 14 Repeat measurements of the major ions (microgml) in aerosol samples Solid line in each scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 59 Figure 2 15 Analytical accuracy for OC using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard on EC-OC analyzer 60 Figure 2 16 Validation of standards made in our laboratory (which is used for instrument calibration) as per the optimized protocol 60 Figure 2 17 Repeat measurements of the oxidative potential (DTT consumed per min in presence of aerosol) in samples Solid line in scatter plot represents 11 agreement between measurement 1 and 2 60 Figure 3 1 Map is showing sampling location Patiala with five day air mass back trajectories at two different altitudes (100 m and 1000 m) during the sampling period (January 10th to February 3rd 2014 Patel and Rastogi 2018a) 64 Figure 3 2 Scatter plot of PM25 mass concentration with (a) OPV and (b) OPM 71 Figure 3 3 Consumption rate of DTT in presence 005 microM PQN as well as mixture of 005 microM PQN and different amount of lab-made SIA 72

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

7 | P a g e

Figure 3 4 Scatter plot between OPM and mass normalized EC Color scale shows BC370 BC880

ratio in corresponding sample Black dots in the square represent day

time samples 74 Figure 3 5 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOC mass fraction and WSOCSIA ratio during non-foggy (a b) and foggy (c d) periods Regression analysis in scatter plot (b) includes all the samples (N=19) except three circled points Regression in scatter plot (d) includes only samples collected just next day after foggy night (N=13) 77 Figure 3 6 Scatter plots showing comparative linear relationships between OPV and (a) PM25 (b) WSOC (c) OC (d) EC mass concentrations over Kanpur and Patiala 80 Figure 3 7 Box-Whisker plot depicts variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM and characteristics ratios The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a line is drawn inside the box at the 50th percentile represents median value Two whisker boundaries are at the 10th and 90th percentile Outlier boundaries are given at the 1st and 99th

percentiles

Short dashed red line within the box represents mean 81 Figure 3 8 Five day back trajectories ending at 100 m above ground level from sampling location at Shillong is shown for each sample Inset in January shows dominated contribution from local emission sources 83 Figure 3 9 Box-Whisker plots depicting variability of PM25 mass concentration along with OPV and OPM

and characteristics ratios of species in samples appear to come from different regions For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 37 84 Figure 3 10 PM25

chemical composition for four different categories (a) Local (b)

IGP (c) Central India and (d) China 85 Figure 3 11 Scatter plot between OPV and PM25 mass concentrations for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period along with color scale for (a) WSOCOC ratio and (b) BC370BC880

ratio in corresponding samples Samples in

open black circles are excluded (as outliers) from the regression analysis 92 Figure 3 12 PM25 chemical composition along with OPV

is averaged for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning period for (a) daytime and (b) nighttime 92

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

8 | P a g e

Figure 3 13 Temporal variability of (a) OPV along with biomass burning markers and babs at 365 nm as representative of BrC and (b) OC mass normalized OP along with PM25 mass normalized nitrate WSOCOC ratio BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as babs_405 babs_365 babs_420 babs_365 and babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 14 Scatter plot between OPOC and BrC chromophores absorption coefficient ratios such as (a) babs_405 babs_365 (b) babs_420 babs_365 and (c) babs_450 babs_365 95 Figure 3 15 Linear regression analysis between measured and predicted OPV

for

non-burning and burning periods 97 Figure 3 16 A comparison of scatter plots between OPV and mass concentrations of PM25

(a b) OC (c d) and WSOC (e f) during burning and winter period 2014 over

Patiala 99 Figure 3 17 Scatter plots of OPM

with WSOCSIA ratio during (a) daytime burning period and (b) daytime of winter period (non-foggy days and days after foggy nights) 100 Figure 4 1 Five day back trajectories of air-masses arriving 100 m above ground level at Mount Abu during winter (December-January) spring (February-April) pre-monsoon (May-June) and post monsoon (October-November) are plotted using HYbrid SinglendashParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1 degree global 2006-present) as input 106 Figure 4 2 Seasonally averaged relative contribution () of different aerosol components to PM10 109 Figure 4 3 Box-Whisker plot depicting mass fractions of chemical species (ng speciesmicrog PM10) and OPM The boundary of the box closest to zero indicates the 25th percentile black and red lines within the box represent median and mean respectively and the boundary of the box farthest from zero indicates the 75th percentile Error bars above and below the box indicate the 90th and 10th

percentiles

respectively Blue circles are indicative of outliers 111 Figure 4 4 Scatter plot of OPM

with EC mass fraction and anthropogenically

derived inorganic mass fraction 114

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

9 | P a g e

Figure 4 5 Five-day air mass back trajectories ending 1000 m above sampling locations using GDAS meteorological data (1 degree global 2006-present) as input in HYSPLIT model Green circles show the start and stop point of aerosol sampling location over the Arabian Sea 120 Figure 4 6 Temporal variability of (a) PM10 and nss-1198621198862+ concentrations (b) OPV and OPM (c) OC and EC concentration along with OCEC ratio (d) nss-11987811987442minus and 1198731198743minus concentration (e) 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus concentration (f) estimated free acid and depletedndash119862119897minus and (g) WSndashMn WSndashZn and WSndashCu metals concentration Two samples highlighted between black dotted lines are likely affected by chimney emissions In (c) OCEC ratio value of 10 is shown by horizontal dotted line 123 Figure 4 7 Linear regression plots of mass normalized OP (OPM

) with mass fraction (in ) of (a) EC (b) WSOC (c) WSON and (d) SIA Encircled samples (in blue) are likely affected from ship emissions In (c) the sample encircled with green dotted line is excluded from the regression analysis 128 Figure 4 8 Time series shows PM10 chemical species mass concentration such as (a) 1198731198674+ and nss - 119870+ (b) WSOC and WSON (c) WSndashAl and WSndashFe Two samples appeared to be affected by chimney emissions and highlighted between dotted lines

130 Figure 4 9 Temporal variability of different characteristic ratios such as (a) OCEC and nss-119870+EC (b) WSOCOC and nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus (c) OCnss- 119870+ and WSOCnss- 119870+ and (d) WSONTN and WSINTN 131 Figure 4 10 Scatter plot for OPM

with percentage fraction of water-soluble trace

metals such as (a) WSndashMn (b) WSndashCu (c) and WSndashZn 131 Figure 4 11 Dry deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important aerosol species over the Arabian Sea 133 Figure 4 12 Time series of (a) PM10 mass concentration and (b) chemical components along with their (c) OPV and OPM 135 Figure 4 13 Scatter plot beetwen (a) OC and EC (b) nss-119870+ and EC (c) OC and nss-119870+ and (d) WSOC and OC 137 Figure 4 14 Scatter plot between EC and OPM

Linear regression parameters are

given for the black triangles (samples 16 ndash 50) 139

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

10 | P a g e

Figure 4 15 Scatter plots between (a) acids (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) and bases (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) (b) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and (nss-1198621198862+ + nss-1198721198922+) (c) Excess acid (nss-11987811987442minus + 1198731198743minus) - (1198731198674+ + nss-119870+) and depletedndash119862119897minus OPM in each plot is shown by color scale Inset figures b and c shows the respective scatter plot for the samples (16-50 for b) and samples (1-15 for c) 140 Figure 4 16 Scatter plots of OPM with (a) Mn (b) Cd and (c) Zn fraction in PM10

Sample numbers 1 to 15 are shown by black circles and numbers 16 to 50 are shown by red circles Linear regression parameters (slope intercept R along with p value) are performed for sample numbers 16 to 50 141 Figure 5 1 Map demonstrates Ahmedabad city in which location of sampling sites (Bapunagar Narol Paldi Income Tax and Science City) are shown with red pin 145 Figure 5 2 Scatter plots showing the relation between gravimetrically analyzed mass and estimated mass using chemical analysis Slope indicates the quality of chemically analyzed aerosol mass 147 Figure 5 3 Scatter plots between 119873119886+ and 119862119897minus with respect to seawater line (119862119897minus = 18 119873119886+) suggest that both the ions are largely derived from sea-salts over all the sites except that over the industrial site (Narol) 148 Figure 5 4 Box plots showing variability of (a) PM10 mass concentration along with percentage contribution of estimated components such as (b) organic matter (c) elemental carbon (d) anthropogenic secondary inorganics (e) sea-salts and (f) dust to PM10 mass over different sites in Ahmedabad Mean is shown by white dashed line in each box The box portion of the box plot is given by two lines at the 25th and 75th percentile whereas a solid line is drawn inside the box at the 50th

percentile represents median value Short dashed white line within the box represents mean Grey closed circles in each plot show the actual data points 149 Figure 5 5 Box plots show variability of (a) OPV (b) OPM (c) OPOC along with different characteristic ratios such as (d) ng OC (microg PM10)-1 (e) OCEC (f) nss-119870+EC (g) WSONTN (h) WSINTN (i) WSOCSIA (j) WSOCnss-119870+ (k) WSOCOC (l) nss-11987811987442minus1198731198743minus For the details of box plot lines and symbols refer to caption of Figure 54 151 Figure 5 6 Stacked bar shows (a) average contribution of volume normalized metal concentration along with average OPV and (b) average mass normalized metals along with average OPM at each site 153

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Figures

11 | P a g e

Figure 5 7 f44 vs f43 for all the OOA components from different sites over Ahmedabad The dotted lines are added to define the triangular space where ambient OOA components fall The slope and intercept of these dotted lines are discussed in Ng et al 2010 161 Figure 5 8 Relationship between f44 and f60 over different sites in Ahmedabad is shown The background level of f60 (0003) is marked with a vertical dashed line and data points right to this dashed line denote the primary organic aerosol Triangular space in this plot belongs to primary organic aerosol from biomass burning 162 Figure 5 9 Scatter plots of OPOC

with f43 are shown along with color scale (a) H

C ratio and (b) fraction of family CHOgt1 in total soluble organics 163 Figure 5 10 Scatter plots of WSONWSOC ratio with OPOC babs_420 babs_365 ratio babs_450 babs_365

ratio over Paldi (a c e respectively) and Income Tax (b d f respectively) Red dashed lines in each plot shows 95 probability that the true best-fit line for the population lies within this confident interval 164 Figure 6 1 Summary of the oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over different environments in India 172

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

12 | P a g e

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Tables

13 | P a g e

List of Tables Table 2 1 Summary of average concentration and standard deviation of chemical constituents (microgfilter) present in blank tissuquartz filter (ie 400 square cm including procedure blank) throughout the study period (2015 to 2019) 58 Table 3 1 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) in aerosol and correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively for daytime nighttime and all samples Values marked in red and bold font are significant at p lt 005 68 Table 3 2 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) and OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3

) for the

samples collected during daytime and during nighttime and daynight ratio 70 Table 3 3 Statistical data (range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured species concentrations (μg m-3) OPV and OPM of PM25 over Kanpur 79 Table 3 4 Comparison of PM25 mass concentration OPV and OPM

(range average and standard deviation (plusmn1σ) measured in this study with those documented in literature 80 Table 3 5 Variability (along with average plusmn standard deviation 1σ) of PM25 mass concentration (microg m-3) OPV (nmol DTT min-1 m-3) and OPM (pmol DTT min-1 microg-1

)

for pre-burning Diwali burning and post-burning periods 91 Table 3 6 Multiple linear regression analysis results of OPV (nmol DTT min-1 mminus3) with OC and 1198731198743minus mass concentration (μg mminus3

) during non-burning and burning

period 97 Table 4 1 Statistical data (range average standard deviation (plusmn1σ) and sample number (N)) of measured species concentrations (microg m-3) in aerosol along with OPV

and OPM over Mt Abu and a few other sites reported in literature 115 Table 4 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized species concentrations with OPV and OPM

respectively Values marked in red and bold font

are significant at p lt 005 117

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Tables

14 | P a g e

Table 4 3 Statistical parameters (min ndash max avg plusmn sd) of PM10 and its chemical components (microg m-3) along with volume normalized OP (OPV) and mass normalized OP (OPM ) 126 Table 5 1 Statistical data (min ndash max average plusmn standard deviation (plusmn1σ)) of measured constituent concentrations (microg m-3) and enrichments factors in metals along with OPV OPM and OPOC over five different sites in Ahmedabad 154 Table 5 2 Correlation coefficient (R) of volume and mass normalized PM10 constituents with OPV and OPM

respectively Values in red color are significant at p

lt 005 156 Table 5 3 Correlation coefficient (R) of different characteristic ratios with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 4 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based OC composition with OPV and OPM Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 157 Table 5 5 Correlation coefficient (R) of AMS and BrC based parameters and OPOC

Values in red color are significant at p lt 005 159

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Abbreviations

15 | P a g e

List of Abbreviations

AGL Above Ground Level AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer AMSL Above Mean Sea Level AOA Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea APX Ascorbate Peroxidase Ar Argon b Absorption Coefficient abs BB Biomass Burning BC Black Carbon BDL Below Detection Limit BoB Bay of Bengal BrC Brown Carbon CAT Catalase CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter CO Carbon Monoxide DCFH Dichlorodihydrofluorescein DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid DOM Dissolved Organic Matter DTNB 5ʹ-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid DTT Dithiothreitol eminus Electron EC Elemental Carbon EFs Enrichment Factors FFB Fossil Fuel Burning FID Flame Ionization Detector GDAS Global Data Assimilation System GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation GPX Guaiacol Peroxidase H2O Hydrogen Peroxide 2 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase HOA Hydrocarbon Like Organic Aerosol HULIS Humic Like Substances HYSPLIT Hybrid Single-Particle Langrangian Integrated Trajectory IC Inorganic Carbon IE Ionization Efficiency IGP Indo-Gangetic Plain ISTRAC Indian Space Research Organizations Telemetry

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Abbreviations

16 | P a g e

KOH Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate LNLC Low Nutrients Low Chlorophyll LOD Limit of Detection LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LVndashOOA Low Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol LWCC Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell MeOH Methanol MLR Multiple Linear Regression MQ Milli-Q MSA Methyl Sulphonic Acid NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate NDIR Non-Dispersive Infrared NE Northeasterly NE-H North-Eastern Himalayas NE-SAC North-East Space Application Center NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health nm Nanometer NPOC Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon NSS Non-Sea-Salt O Ozone 3 OA Organic Aerosol OH Hydroxide Radical O2

minus Super Oxide O21 Singlet Oxygen

OM Organic Matter OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OP Oxidative Potential OP Mass Normalized OP M OP Volume Normalized OP V OP OC Mass Normalized OP OC PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PC Pyrolyzed Carbon PCU Passenger Car Unit PIKA Peak Integration by Key Analysis PM Particulate Matter PNG Piped Natural Gas POPHAA P-Hydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid PQN Phenanthrenequinone Q-ICP-MS Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer R Correlation Coefficient

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Abbreviations

17 | P a g e

R Coefficient of Determination 2 RH Relative Humidity ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RSD Relative Standard Deviation RTO Regional Transport Office -SH Thiol Group SIA Secondary Inorganic Aerosol SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOD Superoxide Dismutase SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SQUIRREL SeQUential Igor data RetRiEvaL SVndashOOA Semi Volatile Oxidized Organic Aerosol SW Southwesterly T Temperature TN Total Nitrogen TNB 2-Nitro-5-Thiobenzoic Acid TNM-L Total Nitrogen Measuring Unit TOC Total Organic Carbon TOC-L Total Organic Carbon Analyzer HR-ToF-MS High-Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance TSP Total Suspended Particulate UCC Upper Continental Crust VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organization WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WSIN Water Soluble Inorganic Nitrogen WSIS Water Soluble Inorganic Species WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WSON Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen microm micrometer

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

175 | P a g e

References Argyropoulos G Besis A Voutsa D Samara C Sowlat M H Hasheminassab

S amp Sioutas C (2016) Source apportionment of the redox activity of urban quasi-ultrafine particles (PM049) in Thessaloniki following the increased biomass burning due to the economic crisis in Greece Science of The Total Environment 568 124ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201605217

Arimoto R Duce RA amp Ray BJ (1989) Concentrations sources and airndashsea exchange of trace elements in the atmosphere over Pacific Ocean In Riley JP Chester R (Eds) Chemical Oceanography vol 10 Academic Press New York 107ndash149

Asada K (1984) Chloroplasts Formation of Active Oxygen and Its Scavenging Methods in Enzymology 105(C) 422ndash429 httpsdoiorg101016S0076-6879(84)05059-X

Ayala A Muntildeoz M F amp Arguumlelles S (2014) Lipid Peroxidation Production Metabolism and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014(Article ID 360438) 9ndash12

Badali K M Zhou S Aljawhary D Antintildeolo M Chen W J Lok A et al (2015) Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material Atmospheric Chemistry amp Physics 15 7831ndash7840 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-7831-2015

Barrera G (2012) Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Products in ISRN Oncology 2012(Article ID 137289) httpsdoiorg1054022012137289

Bates J T Weber R J Abrams J Verma V Fang T Klein M et al (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects Environmental Science and Technology 49(22) 13605ndash13612 httpsdoiorg101021acsest5b02967

Birch M E amp Cary R A (1996) Elemental Carbon-Based Method for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Particulate Diesel Exhaust Aerosol Science and Technology 25(3) 221ndash241 httpsdoiorg10108002786829608965393

Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of Oxygen Toxicity1 Annual Review of Biochemistry 58 79ndash110

Cadenas E amp Davies K J A (2000) Lars Ernster Commemorative Issue Free Radical Biology and Medicine Medicine 29 222ndash230

Canagaratna M R Jayne J T Jimenez J L Allan J D Alfarra M R Zhang Q et al (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy Reviews 26 185ndash 222 httpsdoiorg101002mas

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

176 | P a g e

Carrico C M Bergin M H Shrestha A B Dibb J E Gomes L amp Harris J M (2003) The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Atmospheric Environment 37(20) 2811ndash2824 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(03)00197-3

Castro L M Pio C A Harrison R M amp Smith D J T (1999) Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations Atmospheric Environment 33(17) 2771ndash2781 httpsdoiorg101016S1352-2310(98)00331-8

Charrier J G amp Anastasio C (2012) On dithiothreitol (DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles Evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12(19) 9321ndash9333 httpsdoiorg105194acp-12-9321-2012

Charrier J G Richards-Henderson N K Bein K J McFall A S Wexler A S amp Anastasio C (2015) Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter - Part 1 Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(5) 2327ndash2340 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-2327-2015

Chen Y Street J amp Paytan A (2006) Comparison between pure-water- and seawater-soluble nutrient concentrations of aerosols from the Gulf of Aqaba Marine Chemistry 101(1ndash2) 141ndash152 httpsdoiorg101016jmarchem200602002

Cheng Y He K bin Du Z yu Engling G Liu J meng Ma Y liang et al (2016) The characteristics of brown carbon aerosol during winter in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 127 355ndash364 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512035

Cheung K Shafer M M Schauer J J amp Sioutas C (2012) Diurnal trends in oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter in the Los Angeles basin and their relation to sources and chemical composition Environmental Science and Technology 46(7) 3779ndash3787 httpsdoiorg101021es204211v

Cho A K Sioutas C Miguel A H Kumagai Y Schmitz D A Singh M et al (2005) Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin Environmental Research 99(1) 40ndash47 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres200501003

Claeys M Vermeylen R Yasmeen F Goacutemez-Gonzaacutelez Y Chi X Maenhaut W et al (2012) Chemical characterisation of humic-like substances from urban rural and tropical biomass burning environments using liquid chromatography with UVvis photodiode array detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Environmental Chemistry 9(3) 273ndash284 httpsdoiorg101071EN11163

Cooper W J Saltzman E S amp Zika R G (1987) The contribution of rainwater to variability in surphase ocean hydrogen peroxide Journal of Geophysical

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

177 | P a g e

Reasearch 92 2970ndash2980

Cubison M J Ortega A M Hayes P L Farmer D K Day D Lechner M J et al (2011) Effects of aging on organic aerosol from open biomass burning smoke in aircraft and laboratory studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(23) 12049ndash12064 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-12049-2011

Decesari S Sowlat M H Hasheminassab S Sandrini S Gilardoni S Facchini M C et al (2017) Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley Italy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17(12) 7721ndash7731 httpsdoiorg105194acp-17-7721-2017

Delfino R J Sioutas C amp Malik S (2005) Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8) 934ndash946 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7938

Delfino R J Staimer N Gillen D Tjoa T Sioutas C Fung K et al (2006) Personal and ambient air pollution is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma Environmental Health Perspectives 114(11) 1736ndash1743 httpsdoiorg101289ehp9141

De Vizcaya-Ruiz A Gutieacuterrez-Castillo M E Uribe-Ramirez M Cebriaacuten M E Mugica-Alvarez V Sepuacutelveda J et al (2006) Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Mexico City Atmospheric Environment 40 583ndash592 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200512073

DiStefano E Eiguren-Fernandez A Delfino R J Sioutas C Froines J R amp Cho A K (2009) Determination of metal-based hydroxyl radical generating capacity of ambient and diesel exhaust particles Inhalation Toxicology 21(9) 731ndash8 httpsdoiorg10108008958370802491433

Dou J Lin P Kuang B Y amp Yu J Z (2015) Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols Enhancement effects by pyridine imidazole and their derivatives Environmental Science and Technology 49(11) 6457ndash6465 httpsdoiorg101021es5059378

Duce R A Liss P S Merrill J T Atlas E L Buat-Menard P Hicks B B et al (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5(3) 193ndash259 httpsdoiorg10102991GB01778

Duplissy J De Carlo P F Dommen J Alfarra M R Metzger A Barmpadimos I et al (2011) Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(3) 1155ndash1165 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-1155-2011

Eiguren-Fernandez A Shinyashiki M Schmitz D A DiStefano E Hinds W Kumagai Y et al (2010) Redox and electrophilic properties of vapor- and

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

178 | P a g e

particle-phase components of ambient aerosols Environmental Research 110(3) 207ndash212 httpsdoiorg101016jenvres201001009

Ervens B Turpin B J amp Weber R J (2011) Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA) A review of laboratory field and model studies Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(21) 11069ndash11102 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-11069-2011

Fang T Verma V Guo H King L E Edgerton E S amp Weber R J (2015) A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8(1) 471ndash482 httpsdoiorg105194amt-8-471-2015

Gerringa L J A Rijkenberg M J A Timmermans R amp Buma A G J (2004) The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H2O2 in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Journal of Sea Research 51(1) 3ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jseares200303002

Gibb S W Mantoura R F C amp Liss P S (1999) Ocean-atmosphere exchange and atmospheric speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arabian Sea Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(1) 161ndash178 httpsdoiorg10102998GB00743

Godri K J Harrison R M Evans T Baker T Dunster C Mudway I S amp Kelly F J (2011) Increased oxidative burden associated with traffic component of ambient particulate matter at roadside and urban background schools sites in london 6(7) httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0021961

Gutteridge J M C amp Halliwell B (1989) Iron toxicity and oxygen radicals Baillierersquos Clinical Haematology 2(2) 195ndash256 httpsdoiorg101016S0950-3536(89)80017-4

Hansen A D A (2005) The Aethalometer--User Manual Magee Scientific Company California USA httpwwwmageescicomimagesstoriesdocsAethalometer_book_20050703pdf

Hecobian A Liu Z Hennigan C J Huey L G Jimenez J L Cubison M J et al (2011) Comparison of chemical characteristics of 495 biomass burning plumes intercepted by the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTASCARB-2008 field campaign Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(24) 13325ndash13337 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-13325-2011

Henning S (2003) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ions of the aerosol at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D1) 4030 httpsdoiorg1010292002JD002439

Herich H Hueglin C amp Buchmann B (2011) A 25 yearrsquos source apportionment

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

179 | P a g e

study of black carbon from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion at urban and rural sites in Switzerland Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4(7) 1409ndash1420 httpsdoiorg105194amt-4-1409-2011

Hinds W C (2000) Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 31(9) 1121ndash1122

Hopke P K (2015) Chapter 1 Reactive Ambient Particles Air Pollution and Health Effects Springer-Verlag London 2015

Hu S Polidori A Arhami M Shafer M M Schauer J J Cho A amp Sioutas C (2008) Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles -Long Beach Harbor Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8(3) 11643ndash11672 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-8-11643-2008

Janssen N A H Yang A Strak M Steenhof M Hellack B Gerlofs-Nijland M E et al (2014) Oxidative potential of particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics Science of the Total Environment 472 572ndash581 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201311099

Jickells T D An Z S Andersen K K Baker A R Bergametti G et al (2005) Global iron connections between desert dust ocean biogeochemistry and climate Science 308(5718) 67ndash71 Retrieved from 000228221500033

Johansen A M amp Hoffmann M R (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea Anions and cations Journal of Geophysical Research 109(D05305) httpsdoiorg1010292003jd004111

Aikens J amp Dix A T (1993) Hydrodioxyl (perhydroxyl) peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-initiated lipid peroxidation of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) comarative and mechanistic studies Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 305(2) 516ndash525

Keene W C Pszenny A P Galloway J N amp Hawley M E (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation Journal of Geophysical Research 91(D6) 6647-6658 httpsdoiorg101029JD091iD06p06647

Kiddle G Pastori G M Bernard S Pignocchi C Antoniw J Verrier P J amp Foyer C H (2003) Effects of leaf ascorbate content on defense and photosynthesis gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana Antioxidants amp Redox Signaling 5(1) 23ndash32 httpsdoiorg101089152308603321223513

Kieber D J Peake B M amp Scully N M (2003) Chapter 8 Reactive oxygen species in aquatic ecosystems Volume 1 UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry 253 ndash 276

Kiss G Varga B Galambos I amp Ganszky I (2002) Characterization of water-

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

180 | P a g e

soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 107(21) httpsdoiorg1010292001JD000603

Krishnamurti T N Jha B Prospero J Jayaraman A amp Ramanathan V (1998) Aerosol and pollutant transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 50(5) 521ndash542 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv50i516235

Kulshrestha A Satsangi P G Masih J amp Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM25 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra India Science of the Total Environment 407(24) 6196ndash6204 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv200908050

Kumagai Y Arimoto T Shinyashiki M Shimojo N Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Sagai M (1997) Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the dna damage Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22(3) 479ndash487 httpsdoiorg101016s0891-5849(96)00341-3

Kumagai Y Koide S Taguchi K Endo A Nakai Y Yoshikawa T amp Shimojo N (2002) Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone a component of diesel exhaust particles Chemical Research in Toxicology 15(4) 483ndash489 httpsdoiorg101021tx0100993

Kumar A amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric water-soluble constituents in fine and coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude site in western India Long-range transport and seasonal variability Atmospheric Environment 44(10) 1245ndash1254 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200912035

Kumar A Sudheer A K amp Sarin M M (2008) Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of bay of Bengal and Arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon A comparative study Journal of Earth System Science 117 325ndash332 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0035-9

Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary layer Sources and spatial variability Atmospheric Environment 42(21) 5169ndash5181 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200803004

Kurokawa J Ohara T Morikawa T Hanayama S Janssens-Maenhout G Fukui T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008 Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13(21) 11019ndash11058 httpsdoiorg105194acp-13-11019-2013

Lawrence M G amp Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia A review Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(22) 11017ndash11096 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11017-2010

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

181 | P a g e

Lesser M P (2006) Oxidative stress in marine environments Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology Annual Review of Physiology 68(1) 253ndash278 httpsdoiorg101146annurevphysiol68040104110001

Li N Venkatesan M I Miguel A Kaplan R Gujuluva C Alam J amp Nel A (2000) Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element The Journal of Immunology 165(6) 3393ndash3401 httpsdoiorg104049jimmunol16563393

Li N Hao M Phalen R F Hinds W C amp Nel A E (2003) Particulate air pollutants and asthma A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects Clinical Immunology 109(3) 250ndash265 httpsdoiorg101016jclim200308006

Li N Sioutas C Cho A Schmitz D Misra C Sempf J et al (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4) 455ndash460 httpsdoiorg101289ehp6000

Li Q Wyatt A amp Kamens R M (2009) Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust Atmospheric Environment 43(5) 1037ndash1042 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200811018

Li R Li J Cui L Wu Y Fu H Chen J amp Chen M (2017) Atmospheric emissions of Cu and Zn from coal combustion in China Spatio-temporal distribution human health effects and short-term prediction Environmental Pollution 229 724ndash734 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201705068

Lin P Rincon A G Kalberer M amp Yu J Z (2012) Elemental composition of HULIS in the Pearl River Delta Region China Results inferred from positive and negative electrospray high resolution mass spectrometric data Environmental Science and Technology 46(14) 7454ndash7462 httpsdoiorg101021es300285d

Lin P Liu J Shilling J E Kathmann S M Laskin J amp Laskin A (2015) Molecular characterization of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores in secondary organic aerosol generated from photo-oxidation of toluene Phys Chem Chem Phys 17(36) 23312ndash23325 httpsdoiorg101039C5CP02563J

Liu Q Baumgartner J Zhang Y Liu Y Sun Y amp Zhang M (2014) Oxidative potential and inflammatory impacts of source apportioned ambient air pollution in Beijing Environmental Science and Technology 48(21) 12920ndash12929 httpsdoiorg101021es5029876

Liu Y Fan Q Chen X Zhao J Ling Z Hong Y et al (2018) Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(4) 2709ndash2724 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-2709-2018

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

182 | P a g e

Lyu Y Guo H Cheng T amp Li X (2018) Particle size distributions of oxidative potential of lung-deposited particles Assessing contributions from quinones and water-soluble metals Environmental Science and Technology 52(11) 6592ndash6600 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b06686

Ma Y Cheng Y Qiu X Cao G Fang Y Wang J et al (2018) Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) in fine particulate matter (PM25) in Beijing Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18(8) 5607ndash5617 httpsdoiorg105194acp-18-5607-2018

Mahowald N M Baker A R Bergametti G Brooks N Duce R A Jickells T D et al (2005) Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19(4) httpsdoiorg1010292004GB002402

Mclennan S M (2001) Continental Crust Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2 1ndash30 httpsdoiorg1010292005GC001005

McWhinney R D Zhou S amp Abbatt J P D (2013) Redox activity of naphthalene secondary organic aerosol Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13(4) 9107ndash9149 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-13-9107-2013

Miyazaki Y Aggarwal S G Singh K Gupta P K amp Kawamura K (2009) Dicarboxylic acids and water-soluble organic carbon in aerosols in New Delhi India in winter Characteristics and formation processes Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 114(19) 1ndash12 httpsdoiorg1010292009JD011790

Morgan M J amp Liu Z G (2011) Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Research 21(1) 103ndash115 httpsdoiorg101038cr2010178

Nauseef W M (2014) Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence Cellular Microbiology 16(8) 1146ndash1155 httpsdoiorg101111cmi12312

Nel A E Diaz-Sanchez D amp Li N (2001) The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma Evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 7(1) 20ndash26 httpsdoiorg10109700063198-200101000-00004

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Zhang Q Jimenez J L Tian J Ulbrich I M et al (2010) Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(10) 4625ndash4641 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-4625-2010

Ng N L Canagaratna M R Jimenez J L Chhabra P S Seinfeld J H amp Worsnop D R (2011) Changes in organic aerosol composition with aging inferred from aerosol mass spectra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(13) 6465ndash6474 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-6465-2011

Ntziachristos L Froines J R Cho A K amp Sioutas C (2007) Relationship between redox activity and chemical speciation of size-fractionated particulate

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

183 | P a g e

matter Particle and Fibre Toxicology 4 5 httpsdoiorg1011861743-8977-4-5

Oberdoumlrster G Oberdoumlrster E amp Oberdoumlrster J (2005) Nanotoxicology an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles Environmental Health Perspectives 113(7) 823ndash39 httpsdoiorg101289ehp7339

Okamoto S amp Tanimoto H (2016) A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 3(1) 34 httpsdoiorg101186s40645-016-0109-2

Paraskevopoulou D Bougiatioti A Stavroulas I Fang T Lianou M Liakakou E et al (2019) Yearlong variability of oxidative potential of particulate matter in an urban Mediterranean environment Atmospheric Environment 206 183ndash196 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201902027

Park S S amp Son S C (2017) Relationship between carbonaceous components and aerosol light absorption during winter at an urban site of Gwangju Korea Atmospheric Research 185 73ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosres201611005

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018a) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

Patel A amp Rastogi N (2018b) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

Paulson S E amp Orlando J J (1996) The reactions of ozone with alkenes An important source of HOx in the boundary layer Geophysical Research Letters 23(25) 3727ndash3730

Pawar H Garg S Kumar V Sachan H Arya R Sarkar C et al (2015) Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15(16) 9501ndash9520 httpsdoiorg105194acp-15-9501-2015

Paytan A Mackey K R M Chen Y Lima I D Doney S C Mahowald N et al (2009) Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine phytoplankton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(12) 4601ndash4605 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0811486106

Perrone M G Zhou J Malandrino M Sangiorgi G Rizzi C Ferrero L et al (2016) PM chemical composition and oxidative potential of the soluble fraction of particles at two sites in the urban area of Milan Northern Italy Atmospheric Environment 128 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201512040

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

184 | P a g e

Pietrogrande M C Perrone M R Manarini F Romano S Udisti R amp Becagli S (2018) PM10 oxidative potential at a central mediterranean site Association with chemical composition and meteorological parameters Atmospheric Environment 188(September 2017) 97ndash111 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201806013

Pope A C amp Dockery D W (2006) Health effects of fine particulate air pollution  Lines that connect health effects of fine particulate air pollution Journal of the Air amp Waste Management Association 56 709ndash742 httpsdoiorg10108010473289200610464485

Pope C A Ezzati M amp Dockery D W (2009) Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the united states New England Journal of Medicine 360(4) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg101056NEJMsa0805646

Prospero J M Sciences A amp Charlson R J (1983) The atmospheric aerosol system - An overview Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(7) 1607ndash1629 httpsdoiorg101029RG021i007p01607

Rajput P amp Sarin M M (2014) Polar and non-polar organic aerosols from large-scale agricultural-waste burning emissions in Northern India Implications to organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio Chemosphere 103 74ndash79 httpsdoiorg101016jchemosphere201311028

Rajput P Sarin M M Sharma D amp Singh D (2014) Organic aerosols and inorganic species from post-harvest agricultural-waste burning emissions over northern India impact on mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16(10) 2371ndash2379 httpsdoiorg101039C4EM00307A

Rajput P Singh D K Singh A K amp Gupta T (2018) Chemical composition and source-apportionment of sub-micron particles during wintertime over Northern India New insights on influence of fog-processing Environmental Pollution 233 81ndash91 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201710036

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2010) Long-term record of aerosol optical properties and chemical composition from a high-altitude site (Manora Peak) in Central Himalaya Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10(23) 11791ndash11803 httpsdoiorg105194acp-10-11791-2010

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2009) Absorption coefficient and site-specific mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in aerosols over urban rural and high-altitude sites in India Environmental Science and Technology 43(21) 8233ndash8239 httpsdoiorg101021es9011542

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in atmospheric abundances of EC OC and WSOC over Northern India Journal of Aerosol Science 41(1) 88ndash98 httpsdoiorg101016jjaerosci200911004

Ram K amp Sarin M M (2011) Day-night variability of EC OC WSOC and

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

185 | P a g e

inorganic ions in urban environment of Indo-Gangetic Plain Implications to secondary aerosol formation Atmospheric Environment 45(2) 460ndash468 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201009055

Ram K Sarin M M amp Hegde P (2008) Atmospheric abundances of primary and secondary carbonaceous species at two high-altitude sites in India Sources and temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 42(28) 6785ndash6796 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200805031

Ramanathan V Crutzen P J Kiehl J T amp Rosenfeld D (2001) Atmosphere aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle Science 294(5549) 2119ndash2124 httpsdoiorg101126science1064034

Ramanathan V R M V Roberts G Kim D Corrigan C Chung C amp Winker D (2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption Nature 448(7153) 575ndash8 httpsdoiorg101038nature06019

Rastogi N amp Patel (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols  an Indian Perspective Current Science 112(January) 1 httpsdoiorg1018520csv112i0135-39

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2005) Long-term characterization of ionic species in aerosols from urban and high-altitude sites in western India Role of mineral dust and anthropogenic sources Atmospheric Environment 39(30) 5541ndash5554 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200506011

Rastogi N amp Sarin M M (2009) Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over western India One-year record of temporal variability Atmospheric Environment 43(22ndash23) 3481ndash3488 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200904030

Rastogi N Singh A Sarin M M amp Singh D (2016) Temporal variability of primary and secondary aerosols over northern India Impact of biomass burning emissions Atmospheric Environment 125 396ndash403 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201506010

Rastogi N Zhang X Edgerton E S Ingall E amp Weber R J (2011) Filterable water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particles over the southeastern USA during summer Atmospheric Environment 45(33) 6040ndash6047 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201107045

Rastogi N Singh A Singh D amp Sarin M M (2014) Chemical characteristics of PM25 at a source region of biomass burning emissions  Evidence for secondary aerosol formation Environmental Pollution 184 563ndash569 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201309037

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A amp Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(6) 2225ndash2231 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2015020097

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

186 | P a g e

Rastogi N Singh A amp Satish R (2019) Characteristics of submicron particles coming from a big firecrackers burning event Implications to atmospheric pollution Atmospheric Pollution Research 10(2) 629ndash634 httpsdoiorg101016japr201811002

Reddy L A K Kulshrestha U C Satyanarayana J Kulshrestha M J amp Moorthy K K (2008) Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB Journal of Earth System Science 117(SUPPL 1) 345ndash352 httpsdoiorg101007s12040-008-0037-7

Rengarajan R Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2007) Carbonaceous and inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols during wintertime over urban and high-altitude sites in North India Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 112(21) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg1010292006JD008150

Rengarajan R Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2010) Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen over continental sites and oceanic regions of India  A review 1ndash14

Rose A L Webb E A Waite T D amp Moffett J W (2008) Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial pacific ocean Environmental Science and Technology 42(7) 2387ndash2393 httpsdoiorg101021es7024609

Sandrini S Fuzzi S Piazzalunga A Prati P Bonasoni P Cavalli F et al (2014) Spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous aerosol across Italy Atmospheric Environment 99 587ndash598 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201410032

Sarin M Kumar A Srinivas B Sudheer A K amp Rastogi N (2010) Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols and large Cl-deficit in marine atmospheric boundary layer of tropical Bay of Bengal Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 66(1ndash2) 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101007s10874-011-9188-z

Sarin M M Rengarajan R amp Krishnaswami S (1999) Aerosol NO3- and 210Pb distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology 51(4) 749ndash758 httpsdoiorg103402tellusbv51i416480

Sarkar C Kumar V amp Sinha V (2013) Massive emissions of carcinogenic benzenoids from paddy residue burning in North India Current Science 104(12) 1703ndash1709

Satish R amp Rastogi N (2019) On the use of brown carbon spectra as a tool to understand their broader composition and characteristics a case study from crop-residue burning samples ACS Omega 4(1) 1814ndash1853 research-article httpsdoiorg101021acsomega8b02637

Satish R Shamjad P Thamban N Tripathi S amp Rastogi N (2017) Temporal

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

187 | P a g e

Characteristics of Brown Carbon over the Central Indo-Gangetic Plain Environmental Science and Technology 51(12) 6765ndash6772 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b00734

Schneider R J Roe K L Hansel C M amp Voelker B M (2016) Species-level variability in extracellular production rates of reactive oxygen species by diatoms Frontiers in Chemistry 4(March) httpsdoiorg103389fchem201600005

Seinfeld J H amp Pandis S N (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd EDITION) John Wiley amp Sons New York httpsdoiorg1010160016-7037(87)90252-3

Shen H amp Anastasio C (2011) Formation of hydroxyl radical from San Joaquin Valley particles extracted in a cell-free surrogate lung fluid Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11(18) 9671ndash9682 httpsdoiorg105194acp-11-9671-2011

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A amp Singh D (2016a) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmental Pollution 1ndash10 httpsdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V amp Singh D (2016b) Size-segregated characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols over the northwestern Indo-Gangetic plain Year round temporal behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16(7) 1615ndash1624 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2016010023

Singh A Rajput P Sharma D Sarin M M amp Singh D (2014) Black carbon and elemental carbon from postharvest agricultural-waste burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic plain Advances in Meteorology 2014 httpsdoiorg1011552014179301

Singh A Rastogi N Sharma D amp Singh D (2015) Inter and intra-annual variability in aerosol characteristics over northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15(2) 376ndash386 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2014040080

Singh A Satish R V amp Rastogi N (2019) Characteristics and sources of fine organic aerosol over a big semi-arid urban city of western India using HR-ToF-AMS Atmospheric Environment 208 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201904009

Singh R P Dhaliwal H S Sidhu H S Manpreet-Singh Y S amp Blackwell J (2008) Economic assessment of the happy seeder for rice-wheat systems in Punjab India AARES 52nd Annual Conference Canberra Australia ACT 1ndash29

Snyder D C amp Schauer J J (2007) An inter-comparison of two black carbon aerosol instruments and a semi-continuous elemental carbon instrument in the

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

188 | P a g e

urban environment Aerosol Science and Technology 41(5) 463ndash474 httpsdoiorg10108002786820701222819

Srinivas B Kumar A Sarin M M amp Sudheer A K (2011) Impact of continental outflow on chemistry of atmospheric aerosols over tropical Bay of Bengal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11(7) 20667ndash20711 httpsdoiorg105194acpd-11-20667-2011

Srinivas B Rastogi N Sarin M M Singh A amp Singh D (2016) Mass absorption efficiency of light absorbing organic aerosols from source region of paddy-residue burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 125 360ndash370 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201507017

Srinivas B amp Sarin M M (2013) Atmospheric deposition of N P and Fe to the Northern Indian Ocean Implications to C- and N-fixation Science of the Total Environment 456ndash457 104ndash114 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201303068

Srinivas B Sarin M M amp Kumar A (2012) Impact of anthropogenic sources on aerosol iron solubility over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea Biogeochemistry 110(1ndash3) 257ndash268 httpsdoiorg101007s10533-011-9680-1

Stone E A Hedman C J Sheesley R J Shafer M M amp Schauer J J (2009) Investigating the chemical nature of humic-like substances (HULIS) in North American atmospheric aerosols by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Atmospheric Environment 43(27) 4205ndash4213 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200905030

Sudheer A K amp Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12(5) 923ndash933 httpsdoiorg104209aaqr2011120237

Sunda W G (2013) Trace Metal Interactions with Marine Phytoplankton Biological Oceanography 6 411-442

Suzuki I Hayashi K Igarashi Y Takahashi H Sawa Y Ogura N et al (2008) Seasonal variation of water-soluble ion species in the atmospheric aerosols at the summit of Mt Fuji Atmospheric Environment 42(34) 8027ndash8035 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200806014

Tolar B B Powers L C Miller W L Wallsgrove N J Popp B N amp Hollibaugh J T (2016) Ammonia oxidation in the ocean can be inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide Frontiers in Marine Science 3(November) 1ndash16 httpsdoiorg103389fmars201600237

Tong H Arangio A M Lakey P S J Berkemeier T Liu F Kampf C J et al (2016) Hydroxyl radicals from secondary organic aerosol decomposition in water Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(3) 1761ndash1771 httpsdoiorg105194acp-16-1761-2016

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

189 | P a g e

Turpin B J amp Huntzicker J J (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29(23) 3527ndash3544 httpsdoiorg1010161352-2310(94)00276-Q

Uryu T Yoshinaga J amp Yanagisawa Y (2003) Environmental fate of gallium arsenide semiconductor disposal A case study of mobile phones Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(2) 103ndash112 httpsdoiorg101162108819803322564370

Venkatachari P amp Hopke P K (2008) Development and laboratory testing of an automated monitor for the measurement of atmospheric particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) Aerosol Science and Technology 42(8) 629ndash635 httpsdoiorg10108002786820802227345

Verma V Fang T Guo H King L Bates J T Peltier R E et al (2014) Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM25 in the southeastern United States Spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14(23) 12915ndash12930 httpsdoiorg105194acp-14-12915-2014

Verma V Rico-martinez R Kotra N King L Liu J Snell T W amp Weber R J (2012) Contribution of water-soluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobichydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols Environ Sci Technol 46 11384minus11392

Verma V Wang Y El-Afifi R Fang T Rowland J Russell A G amp Weber R J (2015) Fractionating ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) for their reactive oxygen species activity - Assessing the importance of quinones and atmospheric aging Atmospheric Environment 120 351ndash359 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201509010

Vidrio E Jung H amp Anastasio C (2008) Generation of hydroxyl radicals from dissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions 42 4369ndash4379 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv200801004

Vreeland H Schauer J J Russell A G Marshall J D Fushimi A Jain G et al (2016) Chemical characterization and toxicity of particulate matter emissions from roadside trash combustion in urban India Atmospheric Environment 147 22ndash30 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201609041

Wang J Lin X Lu L Wu Y Zhang H Lv Q et al (2019) Temporal variation of oxidative potential of water soluble components of ambient PM25 measured by dithiothreitol (DTT) assay Science of the Total Environment 649 969ndash978 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201808375

WHO Media centre 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution httpswwwwhointmediacentrenewsreleases2014air-pollutionen

Wynne J H Buckley J L Coumbe C E Phillips J P amp Stevenson S (2008)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

References

190 | P a g e

Reducing hazardous material and environmental impact through recycling of scandium nanomaterial waste Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A ToxicHazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 43(4) 357ndash360 httpsdoiorg10108010934520701795483

Xiong Q Yu H Wang R Wei J amp Verma V (2017) Rethinking the dithiothreitol (dtt) based pm oxidative potential measuring dtt consumption versus ros generation Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b01272 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b01272

Yttri K E Aas W Bjerke A Cape J N Cavalli F Ceburnis D et al (2007) Elemental and organic carbon in PM10 a one year measurement campaign within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme EMEP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(22) 5711ndash5725 httpsdoiorg105194acp-7-5711-2007

Yu H Wei J Cheng Y Subedi K amp Verma V (2018) Synergistic and antagonistic interactions among the particulate matter components in generating reactive oxygen species based on the dithiothreitol assay Environmental Science amp Technology acsest7b04261 httpsdoiorg101021acsest7b04261

Yuan J amp Shiller A M (1999) Determination of subnanomolar levels of hydrogen peroxide in seawater by reagent-injection chemiluminescence detection Analytical Chemistry 71(10) 1975ndash1980 httpsdoiorg101021ac981357c

Zhai M Totolo O Modisi M P Finkelman R B Kelesitse S M amp Menyatso M (2009) Heavy metal distribution in soils near Palapye Botswana An evaluation of the environmental impact of coal mining and combustion on soils in a semi-arid region Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31(6) 759ndash777 httpsdoiorg101007s10653-009-9260-7

Ahmedabad Traffic Management and Information Control Centre (2016) Ministry of Urban Development

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Research Papers

191 | P a g e

Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals

1 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in western India Science of the Total Environment 644 1268ndash1276 httpsdoiorg101016jscitotenv201807030

2 Patel A and Rastogi N (2018) Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain Atmospheric Environment 175 127ndash134 httpsdoiorg101016jatmosenv201712004

3 Vernier J P Rastogi Nhellip Patel Ahellip and Renard J B (2018) BATAL The Balloon Measurement Campaigns of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 955-973 DOI101175BAMS-D-17-00141

4 Rastogi N and Patel A (2017) Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols an Indian Perspective Current Science 112 35ndash39 DOI 1018520csv112i0135-39

5 Kumar K Mukherjee R Patel A Tirkey A Bhatti H Thajudeen J Komal K K Sahay A Raman M Rastogi N Kumar S and Singh A (2017) Dust Induced Primary Productivity And N Fixation Experiments In the Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bubble 2nd

International Indian Ocean

Expedition (IIOE-2)6 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Satish R V Singh D (2016) Size-

Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain Year Round Temporal Behavior Aerosol and Air Quality Research 16 1615ndash1624 doi 104209aaqr2016010023

7 Singh A Rastogi N Patel A Singh D (2016) Seasonality in size-segregated ionic composition of ambient particulate pollutants over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Source apportionment using PMF Environmetal Pollution 219 906ndash915 httpdxdoiorg101016jenvpol201609010

8 Rastogi N Patel A Singh A Singh D (2015) Diurnal variability in secondary organic aerosol formation over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using online measurement of water-soluble organic carbon Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15 2225ndash2231 doi 104209aaqr2015020097

Manuscript (s) under review

1 Patel A Rastogi N Chemical composition and oxidative potential of

ambient aerosol over the Arabian Sea (under review)

List of Abstracts

192 | P a g e

Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool

Part of the PhD work

1 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) Space Physics Laboratory

(SPL) Trivandrum India 9th ndash 12th

Patel A and Rastogi N Oxidative Potential of Ambient Aerosols First

Measurement over India

February 2016

2 Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association (IASTA) Physical

Research Laboratory (PRL) Ahmedabad India 6th ndash 8th

Patel A Rastogi N Singh A and Singh D Oxidative potential of ambient

fine aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter

December 2016

It was awarded for the best paper (platform second prize) award in IASTA

2016 conference

3 I had participated in Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)

summer school organized at Corsica France during 23rd

4 Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association (IASTA) Indian

Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi New Delhi India 26

July to 4th

August 2018

th ndash 28th

Patel A Rastogi N Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Capability of

Ambient Aerosol over the Arabian Sea

November 2018

It was awarded for the best paper (platform first prize) award in IASTA 2018

conference

5 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) Savitribai Phule Pune

University (SPPU) Pune India 29th ndash 31st

Patel A and Rastogi N Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Capacity of

Ambient Fine Aerosol over the Indo-Gangetic Plain Effect of Intense

Biomass Burning

January 2019

List of Abstracts

193 | P a g e

Contributioncollaborative work

1 Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association (IASTA) India 11th ndash 13th

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A and Singh D Semi-Continuous Measurements of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) Implications to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation 2014

November 2014

2 International Aerosol Conference (IAC) Korea 28th Aug - 2nd

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A and Singh D Secondary organic aerosol formation over Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using first PILS-WSOC measurement in India 2014

September 2014

3 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) India 9th ndash 12th

Rastogi N and Patel A Change in Aerosol Chemical Composition from 2001 to 2015 over Mt Abu Need of Monitoring over Strategically Located High-Altitude Sites 2016

February 2016

4 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) India 9th ndash 12th

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A and Singh D Seasonal variation of size segregated ionic composition of ambient aerosols over Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain 2016

February 2016

• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Abbreviations
• Chapter 1
• INTRODUCTION
• • 11 What are atmospheric aerosol
  • 12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • • 121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere
    • 122 ROS production and their impact on living organism
    • • 13 Review of work already done on the subject
      • • 131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation
        • • 14 Implications
          • 15 Major Objectives
          • 16 Structure of thesis
          • • Chapter 2
            • AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
            • • 21 Introduction
              • 22 Strategy and field campaigns
              • • 221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
                • • 2211 Patiala A semi-urban site situated in the upper IGP
                  • 2212 Kanpur an urban site in the middle of IGP
                  • 2213 Shillong a high altitude site in the lower IGP
                  • • 222 Remote locations
                    • • 2221 Mount Abu a high altitude site in western India
                      • 2222 Marine atmospheric boundary layer
                      • • 223 Micro-environments
                        • • 2231 Ahmedabad a big urban site in the western India
                          • • 23 Aerosol Sampling
                            • • 231 Description of air samplers
                              • • 24 Chemical analysis
                                • • 241 Analytical strategy
                                  • 242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration
                                  • 243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon
                                  • 244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon
                                  • 245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen
                                  • 246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography
                                  • 247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS
                                  • 248 Brown Carbon using LWCC
                                  • 249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS
                                  • 2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer
                                  • 2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential
                                  • • 25 Data quality
                                    • • Chapter 3
                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN
                                      • • 31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP
                                        • • 311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources)
                                          • • 3111 PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                            • 3112 Trace metals in PM25
                                            • 3113 Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                            • 3114 Source (s)Process (es)Species responsible for observed OP
                                            • 3115 Secondary Particles and OP
                                            • • 32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP
                                              • • 321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition
                                                • 322 Aerosol OP
                                                • • 33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP
                                                  • 34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study
                                                  • • 341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers
                                                    • 342 PM25 chemical composition and OP
                                                    • 343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon
                                                    • 344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components
                                                    • 345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP
                                                    • • Chapter 4
                                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS
                                                      • • 41 Introduction
                                                        • 42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India
                                                        • • 421 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                          • 422 OP of ambient PM10
                                                          • 423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                          • • 43 Marine Environments
                                                            • • 431 Introduction
                                                              • 432 The Arabian Sea
                                                              • • 4321 PM10 composition
                                                                • 4322 OP and PM10 composition
                                                                • 4323 Deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important and OP responsible PM10 species
                                                                • • 433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal)
                                                                  • • 4331 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                    • 4332 PM10 chemical composition and OP
                                                                    • • Chapter 5
                                                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD
                                                                      • • 51 Introduction
                                                                        • 52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad
                                                                        • • 521 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                          • 522 Oxidative potential of PM10
                                                                          • 523 Oxidative potential and trace metals
                                                                          • 524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol
                                                                          • • Chapter 6
                                                                            • SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE
                                                                            • • 61 Synthesis
                                                                              • 62 Future Scope
                                                                              • • References
                                                                                • Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals
                                                                                • Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool
                                                                                • Final-PhD-Thesis_Anil-Patelpdf
                                                                                • • List of Figures
                                                                                  • List of Tables
                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations
                                                                                  • Chapter 1
                                                                                  • INTRODUCTION
                                                                                  • • 11 What are atmospheric aerosol
                                                                                    • 12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
                                                                                    • • 121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere
                                                                                      • 122 ROS production and their impact on living organism
                                                                                      • • 13 Review of work already done on the subject
                                                                                        • • 131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation
                                                                                          • • 14 Implications
                                                                                            • 15 Major Objectives
                                                                                            • 16 Structure of thesis
                                                                                            • • Chapter 2
                                                                                              • AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
                                                                                              • • 21 Introduction
                                                                                                • 22 Strategy and field campaigns
                                                                                                • • 221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
                                                                                                  • • 2211 Patiala A semi-urban site situated in the upper IGP
                                                                                                    • 2212 Kanpur an urban site in the middle of IGP
                                                                                                    • 2213 Shillong a high altitude site in the lower IGP
                                                                                                    • • 222 Remote locations
                                                                                                      • • 2221 Mount Abu a high altitude site in western India
                                                                                                        • 2222 Marine atmospheric boundary layer
                                                                                                        • • 223 Micro-environments
                                                                                                          • • 2231 Ahmedabad a big urban site in the western India
                                                                                                            • • 23 Aerosol Sampling
                                                                                                              • • 231 Description of air samplers
                                                                                                                • • 24 Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                  • • 241 Analytical strategy
                                                                                                                    • 242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration
                                                                                                                    • 243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon
                                                                                                                    • 244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon
                                                                                                                    • 245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen
                                                                                                                    • 246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography
                                                                                                                    • 247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS
                                                                                                                    • 248 Brown Carbon using LWCC
                                                                                                                    • 249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS
                                                                                                                    • 2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer
                                                                                                                    • 2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential
                                                                                                                    • • 25 Data quality
                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 3
                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN
                                                                                                                        • • 31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP
                                                                                                                          • • 311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources)
                                                                                                                            • • 3111 PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                                                                                                              • 3112 Trace metals in PM25
                                                                                                                              • 3113 Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                                                                                                              • 3114 Source (s)Process (es)Species responsible for observed OP
                                                                                                                              • 3115 Secondary Particles and OP
                                                                                                                              • • 32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP
                                                                                                                                • • 321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition
                                                                                                                                  • 322 Aerosol OP
                                                                                                                                  • • 33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP
                                                                                                                                    • 34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study
                                                                                                                                    • • 341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers
                                                                                                                                      • 342 PM25 chemical composition and OP
                                                                                                                                      • 343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon
                                                                                                                                      • 344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components
                                                                                                                                      • 345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP
                                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 4
                                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS
                                                                                                                                        • • 41 Introduction
                                                                                                                                          • 42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India
                                                                                                                                          • • 421 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                            • 422 OP of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                            • 423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                                                                                                            • • 43 Marine Environments
                                                                                                                                              • • 431 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                • 432 The Arabian Sea
                                                                                                                                                • • 4321 PM10 composition
                                                                                                                                                  • 4322 OP and PM10 composition
                                                                                                                                                  • 4323 Deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important and OP responsible PM10 species
                                                                                                                                                  • • 433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal)
                                                                                                                                                    • • 4331 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                                                                                                      • 4332 PM10 chemical composition and OP
                                                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 5
                                                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD
                                                                                                                                                        • • 51 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                          • 52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad
                                                                                                                                                          • • 521 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                                                                                                            • 522 Oxidative potential of PM10
                                                                                                                                                            • 523 Oxidative potential and trace metals
                                                                                                                                                            • 524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol
                                                                                                                                                            • • Chapter 6
                                                                                                                                                              • SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE
                                                                                                                                                              • • 61 Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                • 62 Future Scope
                                                                                                                                                                • • References
                                                                                                                                                                  • Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals
                                                                                                                                                                  • Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool
                                                                                                                                                                  • • Patel and Rastogi_2018a_Patiala_Fog_AEpdf
                                                                                                                                                                    • • Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
                                                                                                                                                                      • • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                        • Material and methods
                                                                                                                                                                        • • Site description and PM25 sampling
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                                                                          • DTT assay for oxidative potential (OP)
                                                                                                                                                                          • • Results and discussion
                                                                                                                                                                            • • PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                                                                                                                                                              • • Trace metals in PM25
                                                                                                                                                                                • • Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                                                                                                                                                                  • • Species responsible for observed OP
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Secondary particles and OP
                                                                                                                                                                                    • • Summary and conclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Acknowledgement
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Supplementary data
                                                                                                                                                                                      • References
                                                                                                                                                                                      • • Patel and Rastogi_2018b_Mt Abu_ROS_STOTENpdf
                                                                                                                                                                                        • • Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in wester
                                                                                                                                                                                          • • 1 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Methods and materials
                                                                                                                                                                                            • • 21 Site description and PM10 sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 22 Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 23 DTT assay for oxidative potential (OP)
                                                                                                                                                                                              • • 3 Results and discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                • • 31 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 32 Oxidative potential of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 33 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • • 4 Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • References

List of Abstracts

193 | P a g e

Contributioncollaborative work

1 Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Association (IASTA) India 11th ndash 13th

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A and Singh D Semi-Continuous Measurements of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC) Implications to Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation 2014

November 2014

2 International Aerosol Conference (IAC) Korea 28th Aug - 2nd

Rastogi N Patel A Singh A and Singh D Secondary organic aerosol formation over Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter using first PILS-WSOC measurement in India 2014

September 2014

3 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) India 9th ndash 12th

Rastogi N and Patel A Change in Aerosol Chemical Composition from 2001 to 2015 over Mt Abu Need of Monitoring over Strategically Located High-Altitude Sites 2016

February 2016

4 National Space Science Symposium (NSSS) India 9th ndash 12th

Singh A Rastogi N Patel A and Singh D Seasonal variation of size segregated ionic composition of ambient aerosols over Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain 2016

February 2016

• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Abbreviations
• Chapter 1
• INTRODUCTION
• • 11 What are atmospheric aerosol
  • 12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • • 121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere
    • 122 ROS production and their impact on living organism
    • • 13 Review of work already done on the subject
      • • 131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation
        • • 14 Implications
          • 15 Major Objectives
          • 16 Structure of thesis
          • • Chapter 2
            • AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
            • • 21 Introduction
              • 22 Strategy and field campaigns
              • • 221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
                • • 2211 Patiala A semi-urban site situated in the upper IGP
                  • 2212 Kanpur an urban site in the middle of IGP
                  • 2213 Shillong a high altitude site in the lower IGP
                  • • 222 Remote locations
                    • • 2221 Mount Abu a high altitude site in western India
                      • 2222 Marine atmospheric boundary layer
                      • • 223 Micro-environments
                        • • 2231 Ahmedabad a big urban site in the western India
                          • • 23 Aerosol Sampling
                            • • 231 Description of air samplers
                              • • 24 Chemical analysis
                                • • 241 Analytical strategy
                                  • 242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration
                                  • 243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon
                                  • 244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon
                                  • 245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen
                                  • 246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography
                                  • 247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS
                                  • 248 Brown Carbon using LWCC
                                  • 249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS
                                  • 2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer
                                  • 2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential
                                  • • 25 Data quality
                                    • • Chapter 3
                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN
                                      • • 31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP
                                        • • 311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources)
                                          • • 3111 PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                            • 3112 Trace metals in PM25
                                            • 3113 Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                            • 3114 Source (s)Process (es)Species responsible for observed OP
                                            • 3115 Secondary Particles and OP
                                            • • 32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP
                                              • • 321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition
                                                • 322 Aerosol OP
                                                • • 33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP
                                                  • 34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study
                                                  • • 341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers
                                                    • 342 PM25 chemical composition and OP
                                                    • 343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon
                                                    • 344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components
                                                    • 345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP
                                                    • • Chapter 4
                                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS
                                                      • • 41 Introduction
                                                        • 42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India
                                                        • • 421 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                          • 422 OP of ambient PM10
                                                          • 423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                          • • 43 Marine Environments
                                                            • • 431 Introduction
                                                              • 432 The Arabian Sea
                                                              • • 4321 PM10 composition
                                                                • 4322 OP and PM10 composition
                                                                • 4323 Deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important and OP responsible PM10 species
                                                                • • 433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal)
                                                                  • • 4331 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                    • 4332 PM10 chemical composition and OP
                                                                    • • Chapter 5
                                                                      • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD
                                                                      • • 51 Introduction
                                                                        • 52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad
                                                                        • • 521 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                          • 522 Oxidative potential of PM10
                                                                          • 523 Oxidative potential and trace metals
                                                                          • 524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol
                                                                          • • Chapter 6
                                                                            • SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE
                                                                            • • 61 Synthesis
                                                                              • 62 Future Scope
                                                                              • • References
                                                                                • Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals
                                                                                • Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool
                                                                                • Final-PhD-Thesis_Anil-Patelpdf
                                                                                • • List of Figures
                                                                                  • List of Tables
                                                                                  • List of Abbreviations
                                                                                  • Chapter 1
                                                                                  • INTRODUCTION
                                                                                  • • 11 What are atmospheric aerosol
                                                                                    • 12 Aerosol and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
                                                                                    • • 121 ROS production and their impact on the atmosphere
                                                                                      • 122 ROS production and their impact on living organism
                                                                                      • • 13 Review of work already done on the subject
                                                                                        • • 131 Research gap identified in the proposed field of investigation
                                                                                          • • 14 Implications
                                                                                            • 15 Major Objectives
                                                                                            • 16 Structure of thesis
                                                                                            • • Chapter 2
                                                                                              • AEROSOL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
                                                                                              • • 21 Introduction
                                                                                                • 22 Strategy and field campaigns
                                                                                                • • 221 The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
                                                                                                  • • 2211 Patiala A semi-urban site situated in the upper IGP
                                                                                                    • 2212 Kanpur an urban site in the middle of IGP
                                                                                                    • 2213 Shillong a high altitude site in the lower IGP
                                                                                                    • • 222 Remote locations
                                                                                                      • • 2221 Mount Abu a high altitude site in western India
                                                                                                        • 2222 Marine atmospheric boundary layer
                                                                                                        • • 223 Micro-environments
                                                                                                          • • 2231 Ahmedabad a big urban site in the western India
                                                                                                            • • 23 Aerosol Sampling
                                                                                                              • • 231 Description of air samplers
                                                                                                                • • 24 Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                  • • 241 Analytical strategy
                                                                                                                    • 242 Gravimetric analysis for aerosol mass concentration
                                                                                                                    • 243 Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon
                                                                                                                    • 244 Water Soluble Organic Carbon
                                                                                                                    • 245 Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen
                                                                                                                    • 246 Water Soluble Inorganic Species using Ion Chromatography
                                                                                                                    • 247 Metals using Q-ICP-MS
                                                                                                                    • 248 Brown Carbon using LWCC
                                                                                                                    • 249 Water Soluble Organic Aerosol using AMS
                                                                                                                    • 2410 Black Carbon using Aethalometer
                                                                                                                    • 2411 Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay for Oxidative Potential
                                                                                                                    • • 25 Data quality
                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 3
                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN
                                                                                                                        • • 31 Patiala a semi-urban site located in the upper IGP
                                                                                                                          • • 311 A case study during winter (representing aerosol from mixed sources)
                                                                                                                            • • 3111 PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                                                                                                              • 3112 Trace metals in PM25
                                                                                                                              • 3113 Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                                                                                                              • 3114 Source (s)Process (es)Species responsible for observed OP
                                                                                                                              • 3115 Secondary Particles and OP
                                                                                                                              • • 32 Kanpur an urban site located in the middle of the IGP
                                                                                                                                • • 321 Variability in PM25 mass and chemical composition
                                                                                                                                  • 322 Aerosol OP
                                                                                                                                  • • 33 Shillong a high altitude site located in the lower IGP
                                                                                                                                    • 34 Effect of biomass burning on aerosol OP A case study
                                                                                                                                    • • 341 PM25 mass concentration and biomass burning markers
                                                                                                                                      • 342 PM25 chemical composition and OP
                                                                                                                                      • 343 Oxidative potential and Brown Carbon
                                                                                                                                      • 344 Multivariate regression analysis of OP responsible PM25 components
                                                                                                                                      • 345 Comparison of paddy-residue burning 2014 and winter 2014 (mixed source derived) OP
                                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 4
                                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER THE REMOTE LOCATIONS
                                                                                                                                        • • 41 Introduction
                                                                                                                                          • 42 Mount Abu a high altitude site located in western India
                                                                                                                                          • • 421 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                            • 422 OP of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                            • 423 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                                                                                                            • • 43 Marine Environments
                                                                                                                                              • • 431 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                • 432 The Arabian Sea
                                                                                                                                                • • 4321 PM10 composition
                                                                                                                                                  • 4322 OP and PM10 composition
                                                                                                                                                  • 4323 Deposition fluxes of biogeochemically important and OP responsible PM10 species
                                                                                                                                                  • • 433 Port Blair (Bay of Bengal)
                                                                                                                                                    • • 4331 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                                                                                                      • 4332 PM10 chemical composition and OP
                                                                                                                                                      • • Chapter 5
                                                                                                                                                        • OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF AMBIENT AEROSOL OVER DIFFERENT MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS OVER A BIG URBAN CITY IN THE WESTERN INDIA AHMEDABAD
                                                                                                                                                        • • 51 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                          • 52 Chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over five sites representing different emission sources over Ahmedabad
                                                                                                                                                          • • 521 PM10 chemical composition
                                                                                                                                                            • 522 Oxidative potential of PM10
                                                                                                                                                            • 523 Oxidative potential and trace metals
                                                                                                                                                            • 524 Oxidative potential and organic aerosol
                                                                                                                                                            • • Chapter 6
                                                                                                                                                              • SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE SCOPE
                                                                                                                                                              • • 61 Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                • 62 Future Scope
                                                                                                                                                                • • References
                                                                                                                                                                  • Research paper (s) published in peer-reviewed journals
                                                                                                                                                                  • Abstracts in nationalinternational conferencesschool
                                                                                                                                                                  • • Patel and Rastogi_2018a_Patiala_Fog_AEpdf
                                                                                                                                                                    • • Oxidative potential of ambient fine aerosol over a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
                                                                                                                                                                      • • Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                        • Material and methods
                                                                                                                                                                        • • Site description and PM25 sampling
                                                                                                                                                                          • Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                                                                          • DTT assay for oxidative potential (OP)
                                                                                                                                                                          • • Results and discussion
                                                                                                                                                                            • • PM25 mass concentration and composition
                                                                                                                                                                              • • Trace metals in PM25
                                                                                                                                                                                • • Oxidative potential of soluble PM25
                                                                                                                                                                                  • • Species responsible for observed OP
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Secondary particles and OP
                                                                                                                                                                                    • • Summary and conclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Acknowledgement
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Supplementary data
                                                                                                                                                                                      • References
                                                                                                                                                                                      • • Patel and Rastogi_2018b_Mt Abu_ROS_STOTENpdf
                                                                                                                                                                                        • • Seasonal variability in chemical composition and oxidative potential of ambient aerosol over a high altitude site in wester
                                                                                                                                                                                          • • 1 Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                            • 2 Methods and materials
                                                                                                                                                                                            • • 21 Site description and PM10 sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 22 Chemical analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                              • 23 DTT assay for oxidative potential (OP)
                                                                                                                                                                                              • • 3 Results and discussion
                                                                                                                                                                                                • • 31 Characterization of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 32 Oxidative potential of ambient PM10
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 33 Linear regression analysis between OP and PM10 constituents
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • • 4 Conclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • References