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THE JUDAEAN DESERT1אDISCOVERIES
CHIEF-או-EMANUEL TOV. EDITOR
THE JUDAEAN DESERT - XXI1אDISCOVERIES
4QUMRAN CAVEXVI
CALENDRICAL TEXTS
8י
1SHEMARYAHLTגמגיך(צנ'JONATHAN BEN - DOI
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CLARENDON PRESS . OXFORD
2001
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!ח19,58-יו%8270
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DEDICATED TO
ALAN AND KAREN ASHTON
FOR THEIR CONTINUING GENEROUS SUPPORT
OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
CONTENTS
TABLEקPLATES0ן%
FOREWORD%ו
Talmon.5CALENDRICAL DOCUMENTS and MISHMAROT by.גwith the assistance of [ . Ben-Dov
1Introduction:2-1394,337,330-32י37(11-1.Pls(גQCalendrical DocumentlMishmarot4.320
8QCalendrical(18ק.111-י1,)65 Document
~
Mishmarot4.321
QCalendricalם(1ק.זי)81 DocumentlMIshrnarot4.3218
21QMishmarot4.322(1ק.ו,)93
QMishmarot(וק.ע)99
B4
.323
QMishmarot4.324(2(וק.י,1)103
QMishmarot4.3248[)(1ק.1זי)107
QpapCalendrical?(1ע.ו,1)113 Document4A.3246
םQMishmarot4.324א(ןק.1ע)119
QCalendricalל1(1ק.י,11)123 DocumentlMishmarot4.325
QCalendricalם(1ק.11ץ)133 Document4.326
QMishmarot4.328ץ(ןק.11ע)139
QMishmarot4.329(](1ק.11ע)143
QMishmarot4.3298[1(1ק.111ץ)147
1QMishmarot4.330(1ק.111ע)151
QCalendrical?(1ק.111ע)155 Document4E.337
QCalendrical((וק.י,111)157 Document ]( (Re-edition4.2-1394
Glessrner.טORDO by
167(%1.91)QOrdo4.334
OTOT by [ . Ben-Dov.םQotot4.319(18ע.נ(-נ(111)195
245Shemesh.,עך"CONCORDANCE
1PLATES-נ(ו1ו
TAB
LE
OF PLATES
11-1 ג~QCalendrical DocumentlMishmarot.320
111-יו 8QCalendrical Document
~
Mishmarot4.321
QCatendricalס DocumentiMishmarot4.321ג
QMishmarot4.322ג8QMishmarot4.323
וע 24נ.QMishmarot4םQMishmarot4.3248ם ,
~ג Calendrical DocumentקQpal4.324ח
2QMishmarot4.)324
11ץ ,]QCalendrical DocumentiMishmarot4.325
]QCalendrical Document4.326
QMishmarot4.328ן
1)QMishmarot4.329
111ץ QMishmarot4.3298א
1QMishmarot4.330 ,QCalendricalץ Document4.337
QCalendricalם Document4.2-194ב
%1 QOrdo4.334
%-וווצ QOtot4.319
FOREWORD
important part ofחפCALENDARS and the celebration of feasts and hol
idays
form
religious and national movements . The Qumran calendrical texts provide new
~known festivals . These Issues often form the substance-*11!1שinformation about otherwise
of debate and are the grounds for schism. The Qumran calendrical texts , together vvith
the previously published community docunlents , reveal that the Qumran community
solar calendar which differed fundamentally from the lunar calendar observedפfollowed
Jerusalem . This volunle contains texts composed by the Qumranחוthe Temple8שbe God-ordained. The0!calendar , which was considered118commun~ty delineating
the cornmunity ' sחוcentral roleבthe Temple playsת]serv~ce cycle of the priestly co
urses
.cDnCept Of chronology
this volume contain manuals for calendrical and liturgicalמןThe texts published
,several types of annual or multi -annual lists . Some of the scrolls1חevents recordedday-364festival calendar for the8designated here ' Calendrical Documents ' , display
documents additionally include the component of the priestly coursesז"
year,(חינ
six ~-" year cycle , and were alsoחובmishmarot) .~'hese documents record varlous festivals(
three(4(320נ,3218,321).ןן additional tex
ts
combined[ח with certain lunar features
vh
ich
forty]0years-מ[ח(years(5ןreflected[ח4(319נ, (six jubilees294longer cycle of
the number of0!refers4(334נ.the beginning of every third year!8'sign'8מסוית0מזפunique script dubbed
ct
rypticתובbe recited daily. (Jalendrical texts written0!prayers
different1נ.XXVIII.תו01ץindicating their esoter~c and secret nature , are published
"ינ
.vol . X](XVIמוpublished318נ)ת41calendrical system " reflected
this volume for1תthank the authors of the tex
ts
included10Jtyp1leasant dשצ18פ.their thorough and professional work
The volurne ~as.06נvery professionalבthank the production team for0!We wish
,Chavel.5~or8.5"ת,Jerusalem by Eva Ben-David1תedited-7עססprepared andGordon, Sarah Presant-" Collins , and Valerie Carr Zakovitch . The.4ל,Janice Karryis
ordinated efficiently by Janice Karnis , who also prepared the canlera-0)production was
Valerie.5.י14015 Carr Zakovitch?6ready verslon
.
The plates were carefully prepared
many texts and also critically read the lvholeחוchecked the lemmas and references
.manuscript
01context concardance was prepared by Yehudit Shemesh of the Departrnent.-תוThethe Hebrew University . The corrections and formatting of the!8Hebrew Language
concordance for this volume have been supported by the Foundation for Ancient
.Provo , Utah1תResearch and Mormon Studies
constant encouragementטוthe Israel Antiquities Authority for0!
dr
b are indebtedאן
thank the0!particular , we wishת[.supplies!וand for the network of support servicesDrori and Ayala Sussmann , Director of Publications . By the.21).Director, General (ret
Tsila Sagiv , photographer , and Lena0!debt of gratitudeבsanie token , we owe
Libman , conservator . We were guided by the Advisory Committee of the lsrael
the reorganizatlon of the DeadמוAntiquities Authority which has been actively involved
.Sea Scrolls Publication Project for the past eleven years
THE JUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIESווצ
thank the '
Israel
Science Foundation ' administered by the Israel0ןTalmon wishes.5.of his text editionsזק"תסח8ז8קAcademy of Sciences and Humanities for supporting the
be0!15The Qumran Project of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies
.support for the typesetting of this volume18ןthanked for
yww~lew EMANUEL TOV
CHIEF-או-EDITOR2092February1
Introduction:2-1394,337,330-32יPIth,-ייייע 'friS(
General Observations
FRAGMENTS of sorne twenty calendrical works were recovered from the Qumranephemerisחן8 preserved8תend of]]18the;2-14(320ב-330;4(337ב;4(394ב
:
caves
compu8and;4(394נ7-3ן):6(17נ)of Miq~at Ma(asi ha-Torahפעקסםfragment of
otor of the priestly watches0זlong period of time , harnessed8of jubilees over8110מ,of diverse chronometrical regii. sters greatl
~
r compl~ lement the15ת8חThese rernl.(319ל)4)
the Covenanters ' ritual timetable , partially0)VarIOUS details of information pertaining
QPsa , and11,QHa1,QpHab1,CD,105)'their ' Foundation Documentsחןpreserved
and prayer collectlons such as,(509-40507,409-40408,15%1034)prayers,(1107The considerable number of.(503ב)4)QDaily Prayers4Shirot orat fiaShabbat and
calendrical works and the diverse calendar -related statements highlight the rnornentous
The.וע"יןthe Yahad ' s worldתן'proper chronology10importance attached
divinelv810course according15]lJovenanters conceived of time as runfilfig
the beliefתוpreordained pattern . l Thei
r
rnesslanic -millenarian expectations anchored
epochsl,0divinely(אלקצי]QpHab1ן,11 established sequence8ח]that history unfolds
13-12],עולמיםקצי,orנצחקצי]5which(,([9-51QM1;16,%1;25-241QHa1ן0expectedז
,
'world ) age('8וי"%רperiod and the making (establishment ) of]]0-ת8'1טס]culminate
Equally , cultic acts
,
forenlost the observance of the'.(25,%1Qs1(חדשהועשותנחרצהקץ
,'annual festivals and the offering of sacrifices-the donaain of the priestly aratches
preordained schedule with their e[ficacy depending80ןbe subject10were seen-משמרימplace8precise tirning . For these rea
sons
, calendar -related notations are accordedתסקט
QPsa11Qse . and.,%105ח]Yahad works , as,0the concluslon81of prominence.QMMT4חןtheir beginning , as)8XXVII ~ or
.52-177(1967)16YS1.'חןחבוחטסApocalyptic Literature andחוLicht . ' Tirne and Eschatology.ןSeeי,this compositlon111(13נ,חunderlie0)קקב"5וב~ ubilees10וחומרthe subdivision of historical time,0scherna1,2
0theו ageחןaccorded the role of supreme judge110)7-1),יPs:20-18:14Melchizedek , the royal priest Of old ( Gen
den neugefundenen eschatologischcnחןdcr Woude , ' Melchizedeq als himrnlische Erl~sergestilt5.4.י'תב,corne _ See
a~lllkireiac dans les anciens1)1,יג(,י4-!,נ'.hailik-'14(1965)354--73,]ך
TS
0
"1Midraschinaונ aus Qumran Hbhle
,10fetchrcedek al~ d hfelr /rireiar ( CBQhIS-1~,Kobel
ski
7chritiensב(1972)144-95,ת]. ' , yys1טicrits juifs ,:ork'1~rhe Dfad Sea scrolrs
:
: A'leasurin
"Ti
me
)iLondonlNeuמןanderKam , (halendars'7ו.[).%19יל1ן..:).(1ashington)איOxford : Oxird(1.]כ',,Dead Sea scrol/s)11111)Steudel
,
' Melchizedek ' , EncJtclopedia.1,:6-102(1998,Routledge
,1,ל,,נofיוט,וםזא,תוטזו
Betwcen
the Bible and the Mishnah ' , The'.7-535.ט5"5.ד'ת0וחוב)ooo2,University Press
and(181-2180)4)Oreation)כQAges4also.,[).51-45(1989,Brill.[ו:W'ithin = vfp
vr
(Jerusalem : MagnesiLeiden
4(384ל-390.
.5-45
"1;0,1].'idern
.
' Betlveen the Blble and the h~lishnah:92-81(1990)7
WT
t'AT,',"9קץ',r0nfalm.5ג
the Messiah-. l ~ he eonceptual Universe of the Qumran Covenanters ' ,' Jlt (iais)nlי0יWaiting,05.ד'ח81)חSee4
rnbridge ; C]aebridge UniversitvY3ork/Cייטא)Green , and ] . Frerichs.5.על,Neusner.ןand Their fifessiahs , ed by
Press,1988)111-רrepr3.-חןעיטעי,דב%-סמ3.
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES2
presents the comparative data for the present and former sigla of the1TABLE
.calendrical documents
Present and Former sigla.1TABLE
Former Siglumו1מטן
"Presentן5
320,414Calendricalכ4Mishmarotו DocumentlMishmarot4(320ל
48Calendrical(321לMishmarotג8 DocumentlMishmarot4(321כ
Calendricalם4(3218כMishmarotל8 DocumentlMishmarot4(3218ל
1Mishmarot Cb4(323נ.)Mishmarot4(322ל
2Mishmarot Cbמ4(323נMishmarot40323
Mishmarot CC40324םMishmarot40324
1Mishmarot Cd403248םMishmarot40248נ
papCalendrical Document AS none4(3246ב
4-3Mishmarot Cd8*ע4(32לMishmarot40324ם
0Mishmarot40325םCalendrical DocumentlMishmarot40325
Calendricalם4(326נMishmarotע" Document40326
CalendricalםMishmarot40327רע Document2-14(394נ
Mishmarot40328ץ4(328נMishtnarotץ,
Mishmarot Fb40329סMishmarot40329
Mishmarot403298אפMishmarot40329ס
Mishmarot40330!Mishmarot40330א
Calendar]0Fragment40337?Calendrical Document E40337
now subsumed underן'The sigla for items previously designated ' Mishmarot
:
are provided here,(89-275,Historical Texts ' (DyD XXXVI'
5-3Mishmarot Cb40323,"Historical Text403228
papHistoricalםMishmarot403246ס Text40331
Historical[)4(322כMishmarotס"3-1 Text4(332ל
4Unidenti(322לMishmarot(כ'4 [ied Text403328
5,2Mishmarot Cd403248עHistorical Text40333
highlight the fact0!orderתןslm . , were chosen)8.,י8םetc . , instead of'8.םI'
eh
designations ' ~[ ishmarot',.one common source,0coples0ח
320ס4_32-1394,337.330
Structure and (Jharacteristics of the Covenanters : (Jalendar
15daysן which probably had364solar ephemeris of8The Covenanters abided by
intents and81110,and whose essentlal characteristics7,ancient Mesopotamiaתוorigin
the Bookת]the principal features of the calendar
~
ropagated0,purposes , are identical
.cf.2).%מ1 also chap;6.yubilees (chapח]and,(82-72E~och7)Of Heavenly Luminaries
0theז Jerusalem Ternple conformed1תces
1contrast
, the schedule of the sacrificial servday lunar year of nlalnstream Judaism . The difference caused the members of-354the
kindle'01ת0זas50the Ternple cult1תabstain from participation10the con]munity
confounded , the5ו~ because there everything,(14-131,1vain
'
(CDתוHis altar(0ח( fire
corrupted , holy days are profaned and profane15course of the annual festivalsקסזק"ז
.(38-32:6~days are sanct~fied ' Uwb
Enoch and yubilees
t
-calendarת71 related document from Qumran , nor references140
10which conies closestזן"חיephemeris . The?8-364נfacets of the Yahad' s811cornpr~ se
the5ןdetailed , comprehensive outline of this calendar8indirectly preserving
0whichז are111,(9-5QPsa XXVII11(~'particularized catalogue of ' David ' s Compositions
every,זפ Sabbath,התמידעולת,daily sacrifices364the10be recited as accompaniments
festivals throughout the year
.
However, by8110תthe beginnings of the months , and
the various fragments andח]collating and integrating discrete details preserved
calendar-" related notations , the structure of the Covenanters ' calendar can be fully
.reconstituted
identical annual quarters10ת[זטס]fifty -~ two weeks , and subdivideקטdays make364
of thirteen weeks . The sequence of the quarters parallels the progression of the four
and1ל(7;1(34615נ),יQS1
(
m1aJor agricultural seasons termed ( mo
~
d) gFYr ,
~YF , ~ rc di
coincide with the astronomical seasons : vernal equinox , summer solstice , autumnal
number thirty,תקופה,quarter8equinox , and winter solstlce . The first two months of
andמ8 twelfth rnonths have,"ח[זת,the third , sixth.2]1851,עdays each , whereas the
and thus number th
irty
-one days each . ~ l The four added epagomenal,נוסףים,extra day
accredited with5ןheightened cultic significance . King David8days are invested with
.44-35(1996)24""צן
ג7",'Ancient Mesopotarniaתןday Year364and360ד'רן',Horowitz.יעSee7
secte',ן'!3(19531י64-25: de Qumrin
.
Ses origines bibliques%1ו"Jaubert , ~
Le
calendriir des lubilis.4,58רם
Glessrnerשן , ' Explizite Aussagen ~ ber kalendarische Konflikte.17;27-17,VanderKam, Calendars.1.םLange ( TSAJ.4,Frey , and.ן,Albanl.4לthe Book ofJubilees, ed . byח)~Ytudies"
38-33,32-22.6Jubil ~enbuch : Jub
.64-127(1997,Tfibingen : Mohr/ Siebeck:65
col . XXVII:3-91(1965,Oxford
:
ilarendon;,1]DID(77ca~e107חנזחואנSanders , rhe J'salms scroll.1.39ן
15-9
5byןcompleted,יט6 which the yea
r
364]0Eto
ch
and yubilees recurrently explicate the total7The authors of0י,systematically itemize the annual cou
rse
of the Holy Seasons01חdo tThe
Gezer Calendar and the,5.'[ב[ח0מSee.19:82.4-1:7;2-1:8;27!הcr . Gezer Calendar ; Amosין.103--100.esp,121-89(1986,cul* aad Calenda ~ (Jerusalem : Magnes,אח1צ"
Agriculturalתבשחבם Cycle Qf Anc
ient
separatedת)תקופthe beginnings of Eur annual,0rabbinic tradition which speaksחןבrefiected5ןThis division2ן
~:חקופח,חפריחקופח.חמוופת)תק.יסן)תקופה half hours-נח8-ב-from one another by ninety- one days and seven
.(568.Erub.6)ומחצהששחופבעום'ואחדחשעשאלאלחקופהתקופהביןן'ואפבח
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIIS4
PQ
sa
11
(these days0תsongs of supplicatlon for use0181
havingק8" composed four10-9).נוXXVI
I
~dSiy solar Cakndar-364The:2TABLE
Months Days of the WeekSunday Monday Tueaday Wednesday Thursday Friday Sabbath
11019.87651
1ע81716151413121
עוו25242322212091
צ3029282726ו21
987654311
י61514131211101ץווו23222120918171
302928272625241%
7654321111
וץ41312111098נ
ו21201918171615%
11צ28272625242322
313029
note regular01תThe authors of the calendrical documents and mishmafot rosters do
,their account , but record solely the sacred seasons of the ritual year andתןworkdays
sonle instances , the Sabbaths . ~ ' The only exceptions are the secular Sunday andת]
and thirtieth days of the third month of each quarter, whichח[מ!א-Monday, the twenty
the twenty-eighth of the month , and the0מקופהחfall between the last Sabbath of the
fuesday(4(394ב2-1יו8-6;4(394ב7-3[ו). , the thirty-. first'0חepagomenal daywhich the festivals 'wander ' and can fallמ]day lunar calendar-354the0!contrast1מ
riveted18day solar ephemeris each festivtl-364theחו,different days of the week0ת
the0תthe same weekday . The first day of the year falls invariably0)permanently
fourth day of
the
week , and likevvise also the fifteenth day of the Eirst month , Since the
annual quarters are identical , the first and fifteenth days of the first month Of each
the fourth day of the week.~
?he Covenanters preiumably0מalso always fallמקופהbiblical,אwasמ0 tradition10this fact since, according0!attached great significance
'The Covenantets',5.מסוחופזsee,ארבעההשועיםעללעןשירthe collocBtlOn,0For this understandingנו
futy,(11זו)נ(נ..llQP(11the Psalms scroll f~m CaveחןKing David ' ~ CompositionaסןAnnuarium According
,YiBhaq Ben zvi~ fortheoming6פץ:Nitzan (Jeru~alem.8Brin and.נ)~'ears Of Dead Sea scrolls Research
,
ed . by
.ס21).~
Eru.מלעדלמסדךשtype of festival roster which rabbinic tradition d~signatea
I
registersג re ~ emble"4יחיד(י
52-1394.337,330-40320
that rule the solarחססחזthe fourth day of tJreation that God fashioned the sun and the
14:1and-ן19. the lunar yea
r
(Genday epherneris ensures that Sur maJor ~ holy seasons ' are immutably-364The
the0ת'the beginning of the year',(1ק.שניםיאשנק)השנהראשית:Wednesday80תobserved
,Mazzoth]0the Feast,(6);המצותחג[QS1(the spr~ngחנfirst day of the first month
the autumnal comrnencement of the,ל(1011-!1);תרועהרון[זכיםQTa11(the fifteenth0ת
~
rabbiniהשנהראש[חtermed
",or(24:23cfהזכרוןום Lev,.81!3-2םQTa xxv11(year
passim) ; and4(321ןand4(320נ)the first day of the seventh month0ח,terminology
.)passim4(320נ.cf;10XVII8]'11(ל)the fifteen
th
the,ת0 Festival of Booths,סמתnote that later rabbinic tradition denies the fourth day of the week0יof interest18!1
the Covenanters ' calendar by enacting that the1חhasש]C status whichl1t11the special C
,Monday0תthe fifteenth of the first month never falls0תMazzoth lestival
,the first day of the seventh rnonth0דשנהראש,ת,Friday; New Yearזס,Wednesday
.tJonsequentlyש%רו"אדולאפסחבדייולא.וו,Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday0תnever falls
Num;26:23;29:16the tenth day of the seventh month ( Lev0מthe Day of Atonementvaysa1l5]י]ovenanters ' tradition3(theח]Friday , wheteas80תnever falls(7:29
Sabbath . The Covenanters8Friday, and thus imrnediately precedes80תobserved
which'התעניתיום,יor'הכפוריםוםthe correct timing of88probably hailed this junction
by taking this,(32:23;31:16Lev(שבתוןשבהbiblical priestly tradition designates 7ן
.
'Sabbath after the other"תסיsignify0!designation
also designated5]שבועותחג/השבועיםחנ~ day solar year , the Feast of Weekst-364the2תbeing constituted of two ' holy85conceived of18!1.החימיממוערorלחיטהים-ביכוויום/מועד
,(21:6.cf. yrtb(%ב"יש[השבנועחנבועשריכחמשה"85seasons[ת4(3244ל4-31:חד%ביוםר1י4[ימ
-17:6.746.Sunday the fifteenth day of the third month (cf0תalvvays celebrated8]and
the standing0!put15the seventh Sunday after the ' sickle,(5-1:44;13:16;1:15;18
העמרהניפח,הנר,דהנופהשמר,
,
'the day of the 'Waving of the Omer010-9:16)תDeut('חזססThe Covenanters cons~dered the observance of the festivals.(11-9:23Lev(שעוריםמחשד
celebrate0!be the correct implementation of the biblical injunction0!these dates0ת
seven weeks after the Waving of the Omer , counting from,שבועות,the Feast of
Weeks
the day following the,שבת(ה)אחרIdentifying this term svith.(16-15:23Lev(השבתממחרת
their calendrical terminology-theyתוSunday]0the standard designation-19,58668!א
,Sunday the twenty-sixth day of the first nlonth0!as referringהשבתממחרתunderstoodthe first Sunday after the entire Mazzoth Festival , which extends frorn Wednesday the
the tradition ofת],contradistinction1חTuesday the twenty ~-~ first . zo0ןfifteenth
designate the day after0!understood5]השבתממחרתmalnstream Judaism the collocation]0the first month
,
irrespective]0the first day of the Mazzoth Festival
,
the sixteenth
.cf,העדשוט-קקיטח,1:7. Maianides15
paraphrasticallyמץחהםסבחשםיום. designated5יthe day.8-6נ[נIQpHab116ח
,the Sabbath0חthe abstention from work0)pertainsשכהלןסבמo~her biblical occurrence$ , the collocation1ינתtheח,fallowפ]]fields)"]0!the command10]3:23)מbev;2:35;15:31;23:16the seventh day of the week (
Exod
defines the 'years ofבצוחשמזthe expression9-811IQMח],Similarly.(4:25seventh year , the year of
nr
~m (Lev .be suspended0)rnilitary undertakings are]81wh
ich
[ח
,
'release
.Pfann.7.5!0final )
"uoted courtesy!0ת)rext'18
the!11:21:7(דנ"Xblllו5. next year ' ( Gen'.ארדחלשנה.cf9]
.62-160
"the',עו(אע Covenanters from che Judaean Desert,0Taleon , 'The Calendar.5See20
THE JUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIES6
the sarne weekday0תobserved15הסבועותחג,falls
.
Accordingly1]the weekday ofi which
.the sixth day of
the
third month02וץ.ת,fif
"days hence
The discrepancies between the solar and lunar calendrical schedules inevitably
the height of the Second8יundermined the soclal order and communal life of Judaism
unbridgeable gap between the ' Community of the8תTemple period, and effected
may be sald that the calendar controversy11.opponents15]Renewed Covenant ' and
malnהוסז]maJor cause , possibly the causa cawsans of the Yahad' s separation8was
(עלאישלעמוראםכידה)יהלביתלהשתפחעודאיןהאלהים)השלמספרהקץובשלום
ts
reani Judaism : l
with the completion of the',בישראלמשולחבליעלהיה'האלההשניםבכל)ק)החרחקהגדרחה)ב)מצודוlonger0תmay8מסthe number of these years10(preordained) period according
his watchtower, " the0תassoclate with the house Of Judah . Rather each one must stand
these years811And during.[12-11:7extends far" [Mic"ת]1-built , the boundary15fence
11Israel,ס12-1). ' (CD(ת]:be set loose against (or11]ילBelial
h22tercalation zuith the True Solar Year
the true solar0!~ day solar year required periodical adjustment-364'The Covenantersensure that the agricultural festivals of0זorderת]days25.365year Of approximately
Mazzoth and the Waving of the Omer, the Feast of Weeks , and Tabernacles would be
appropriate time . Unless adjusted , the progressive accumulation of15]81observed each
extended time periodתשoverק"זהזטמתפquarter day-8-86ת-the discrepancy of one
ultimately would overturn th
e
entire system Of holy seasons ; spring and surnmer
.the auturnn , and vice versa1תfestivals WOUId fall
how the required calibration was0תprovide detailsי0הQumran documents do
the periodical0מmust have been based11,achieved .~Vhatever method was used
'the Covenanters1תinsertion of one or several full weeks . ls The periodical intercalationthe lunar calendarתוor thirty days , as practiced"ת[ת-twenty,0month0[בsolar year
week-
חס"of mainstream Judaism , would upset the smooth functioning of the rotating
day-364fairly accurate concordance of the)ע.the priestly watches]0service cycle
ephemeris ,vith the true solar year could be achieved by intercalating one week every
seven years . The intercalation of one additional week every twenty-eight yea
rs
then
168=hours628צ)annumק"זcovered slx hoursז0מthe as yet,0would take care
which theחןthe caiendar controversy0!Qum [an research , ] called attent ~ on,0the very early stages1נ,חthe Habakkuk Scroll '
,
Bibח]Talmon , Yom Hakkippurim.5were embroiled ; seeחחיחסקקהCovenanters and their
,ehe Dead Sea scrolls,9Calendar of the Covenanters of the ludean Desert ' ,
sA
pects)"'ך',idem:63-349(1931)32
.99-147.WQWחןwith revisions.1958)99-162;ז"וק,Jerusalem : Magnes:4adin ( Scrilier'1.ץby ) . Rabin and.נ)
,'of the Renewed lovenantחטחווחס"ץ)Ancient Judaism : The Case of theחןFurther , idem , ' Calendar Conttover~y the Dead Sea sc
rolls
: New Texts, Reformulated Issues, and Technological071
eh
Pr~to Intertlattonal eonference'7
Ulrich:ש.).Brill,ל95-3761999. ( Leiden.).שParry and.1,(1,1101יו0ן1ם,6י.6).[).יל
.dnd Christian"!וששע,,Beckwith , Calendar and Chraology_'ח.דFor suggestllO ~ S regarding Inter: rcalations , see12
theח]Glessmer , ' Calendars.7):40-125(1996,Brill.[.1ו:fnter ( estamental and Pa
(
rtstlr Studies ( Leiden.]81611[ם
:VanderKam (Leiden.כ).1and)ק.7ל.ק[[חed . by,11.Qumran Scrolls' , The Dead Sea scrol/s /lfter Fifty Years
,
VOI
.5-262(1999,Brill.1]
of8001Leach , VA Possible Method of Intercalation for the Calendar of the.ץ6ש.אI ' hus correctly posited'(י Jubilees',ן'ז7(1937)7-391.
72-1394,337.330-40320
Classification of (Jalendar-" ye[ated Documents
be subsumed here under three main11])ע'
~
he varlous calendar ~-" related registers
.Calendrical Documents , Mishmarot Registers , Mixed ~-type Rosters24:categories
Calendricat Doc~ments.24
.each monthהןthe months together with the nwmber of days,0Simple en~merations.1
51the[ח fragmentary , butת]'
~
he essential
ts
ructur
e
of this category can be discerned
mnemotechnicalפwhich originally may have contained,2,6(17כrestorable lines of
:phrase
החודשןOoooןי,
יום30בוהאשניהחורשיום30בווהראשוןיהתקופהן,ימיוןהביניום31בוהשלישיןהחורשו
]days[30תן1י,days , the] second month30(!1חסת"),27תן[יThe first[.1
days , ] and completed are the days of [ the quarter31)חון,the third month[.2
85cornprehensive rosters suchחנ
.
Itemized schedwles of the ann~al holy seasons.2
,the Sabbaths and the biblical festivals are iternized seriatim,2-14(394כand4(326נ
these,0the solar year . '
~
he extant fragrnentsת]together with their respective dates
,of the biblical festivals Of Passah , the Feast Of Mazzoth0חז"1ת[5חdocuments contain
.and the Feast of Weeks
also include the (Jovenanters ' distinctive holy seasons : the"קו)Some registers of this
cf;14-4llQTH.4(326כ1 xv.8,1)ם,לרא,הממרעד,Festival of the Priests ' installation
התירוש/הייןמועד(ל,/3),
,
the harvest festivals of ( First ) Grapes;(1:9[restored] ; Lev
and,היצהר/השמ1מוער ( First) Olives,(15/111)טבועות,celebrated fi
fty
days after Pentecost
observed after another,(9[251כ)ן2[4
~QHalakha;5]]132-13140509;3-11340508)
the,העציםקורבןמועד Festival of the Wood Offering;(22/1,י)fifry days]0interval
and twelfth,"ת[זת,and the epagomenal days ac the end of the third , sixth;(23/1,י)months
.
The harvest festivals of Grapes and Olives , and the Festival of the Wood
explicitחןהפ biblical basis . However , they are presumably rooted8חOffering lack
anclent[חcf(38-35:10Neh.י12,5:13:40): tradition which may be reflected
the house0זת]that ]) may be brought50,'We . . . have cast lots for the WOOd offering
appointed(ת"יר) times , year by year . . . and the first of . . . the81...of our God
.(4:15;23:14Deut;12:18cf. Num('1]0wine and5biblicalן or extrabiblical holy season0ת,With the exception of the epagomenal days
the absence of5ןrecorded fo
r
the last four months of the year . Especially noticeable
the book of Estherת]the biblical Festival of Purim , which originates10any reference
the fourteenth and fifteenth of Adar , the0תand which mainstrearn Judaise celebrates
Talmon , ' Calendars and.5חןclassificatlon proposed here rnod
ifies
the categorization of the docunaents""24ד'
.12-105,esp,17-108,~ he Dead Sea Scrolls,0Mishrnarot ' , Encyciopedia
(1962,Oxford : Clarendon:1]1DJD(חעם,וונBaillet , ~
Fragrnent
de Calendrier ' , Les 'Petites Grottes
'
de.4%See2י.3-132
40394.cf,דחקופה'מ'וממוFor the proposed restoratlon of
the
phrase.ותמוscribal mistake instead ofפPossibly26
7-3[2ום'וארבעהןושןשיםמאחשלושהשנהושלסה.
the translationחןhe different Hebrew sequence of ' month ' and the nunleral cannot be reproduced1727
THE JUDAEAN DSSERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES8
single fragrnent OF the book was discovered8!0ת,well known18twelfth month
.
As
Qumran . However, verbatim quotations!בamong the remains of biblical scrolls found
Covenanters ' writings indicate that the Masoretic version of the bookחןfrom Esther ת
.authors of the community0!was knosvn
impaired!י1!08תalways applicable because15The unchanging calendrical schedule
whichמ0 different watches areמו,the rotating mishmarot service cycle0יby references 29
.year0!the varlous festivals from year!8duty
MishmaNt Registers.3[
the sacrifical serviceתוThe Covenanters consldered their abstention from participation
temporary state Of affaltS . They confldently expected8be0זthe Jerusalem Temple!8
which their own priesthood would conduct theתו,new sanctuary8the restitution of
accordance with their solar calendar and r~tual rulings. Fragments ofחןholy service
rp
eserve various(330-328;325-324320כ-3248;ם)4)'several ( Tables of Priestly Watches
who are expected,משסרוה,six-year service cycle of twenty-~ fOIIt priestly houses8pa
rts
of
weekly turns of auty. This matter of cultic import findsח]the Templeחוofficiate0!
the future War of theמוthe description of the role played by the priestsיתסוח[חסחן
018but,(6-111QM1(Sonsת!8noted!11פתו of Light Against the Sons of Darkness,8QHaנ0ת and CD . Most surprisingly, there1,105related compositions such as.-!1ט)
wh
ich
affairs of theמו,the Tem
~
le Scrollתןmishmarot0!reference whatsoever
.sanctuary and the divine service are central
these tables derive from1תdivisions of priests detailedזטס]-The names of the twenty
Kingחו0.29-22Chronicles1ית1 David 's testament]0account8תותembedded1181ב
the context of his last dispositions concerning the affairs of the Temple
,
the dying king
theתוcredited with having determined the functions of the Levitical families5]
and with the establishment of the rotating(15:27-20:24;32-2:23,.16ח])sanctuary
The Qumran finds.(19-7esp , vv,19-1:24)service system of the varlous priestly housesfact , the earliliest extrabillblical aupli[ icates of the biblical roster, with the onlyמן,presel: rve
the time of!פservice alreadyתן,headed by Gamul15!8]1difference being that the
the Chroniclesמ]while,(11-14120נס14;5-3;3[12-10;4ן~14-10;40319ע)Creationareתן extant!115Later specimens of the.!1שversion , the course Jehoiarib heads the
31.Jewish liturgical compositions1תmotifפmediaeval inscriptions, and also serve as
!8are aimed330-ח41(י32בThe service registers of the priestly courses preservedsupplying the Covenanters , principally the priesthood , with practical guidelines for
~-Ben,'ג Dov.[673,2(1995)2*9-יQumran ? ' , DSD8ז~Talmon , ' Was the Book of Eether Known.5See%2
.4-282(1999)3,6QD
,
DSD47תן:(Presu~ed Cltation of
~
sther
these amall fragments are sabsumed,4(337נandחן4(ש324נ~mishmarot teference)0view of the absence129ח
.i?.C1.SI .F. NI)RICAI . llOCLrhlEN.גhere under
have0!record of the cultic personnel said8חןnames Of sevcral of these priestly families are adduced)"'יווך .(22-1:12the Babylonian ex~ le ( Nehחוסו]rL' turnEd svith Zerubbabel
[מסןלדותפרקום
"Enc)"chpaedkו,,6:80-569ן*וה,הכהתיו(משמרח Miqra~t,ח)משפר,See Inter alia . [ . Liverו(
12.Sperber , 'Mishrnarot and Ma'hmadot' , Encyud, vol.,];52-33(1968,crusalem : Magnes Press1(יה'1ה4ונה)דכ,Jerusalenl : IESIKarta(העחיקיםסק)הכ.מכחח,והעבריוח'ישורםחכהובוח-אבן)פסיפסעל,Naveh.1972)92-90,נ,( Jerusalem
Williamson, 'The.א.(;.4חalso_1.99-162ם,'Talmon , 'The Cslendar.5:106.52.51_1978)142,9-87-כ,05ח ,2100Studiel*1ק ]" the Niltoriaal
"Chronicles1Sttldyוווצא-יגא(ן ofב:Origins of the Twenty- Four Prieatly coursea
.68-25119791,Brill.8.ן:Leiden:30Emerton (VTSup.ג.[the Old Testame~t , ed . by
320ם92-1394,337,330-4
determining the imrnutable dates of the annual festivals or of other important events
,display the entire six - year cycle0)over the course of the year . They are designed
whose recurrent , unvary ~ ng implementation was consldered essential fo
r
the
.Endzeit0!maintenance of the sacred time-. schenle from Ur~eit
Theכשמרand'שלטאת' Terms
Qurnranת]found)03ח]'priestly watch'אתו01תת0סtechnical term8asמשמרןמשמרותtheתיextant1]5]ז0תrosters of the priestly courses , lJח]calendrical documents or
of.ח1that1[51,מחלקהןמחלקוח, the narnes of twenty-four priestly houses)8]1biblical
similar5-3),85[חcf. vv,1:24Chron1)en~ployed instead5]'' divisions ' or ' detachments
the Oovenanters ' writings , the1ת.contexts throughout the book of Chronicles
conjecturally restored(4-211QM1ת]appears onlyמשמרת,משמרהsynonymic female formthisתןserves recurrentlyתטסתמשמר,משמרחrabbinic literature , the1ת4(471ן51).ת]
theת]the priestly echelons]0duty]0descriptions of the turnsת]technical sense
four priests would enter there
,
tw
o
of this watch and two of that'3(:"יד"1קמזJerusalem
~ when the tirne;(566.Sukk.6)ווממשמרושניםזיממשמרשנים,שמנכנסיםהיוכהניםארבעה,
'
watch
Jerusalenl , and the0!go up , the priests and Levites go up0)watch8carne forמשמרומןהניע
,
'their townsתיconnected with ) this watch assemble(]0Israelites
Especially.(6,27ב
.
Tahn.6)בעריהםמתכנסיןמשמרשבאותווישראלעוליןולויםכהניםלעלות
one mishmar10the
rp
esent context are passages which relate explicitlyת]noteworthy
משמרותכאשר
,
'arriving for duty and seeing another : cwhen mishmarot see each other
the',היוצאמשמר incoming watch10the outgoing watch says';(278.Ket.6)וואתו!רואותthe outgoing watch does (sacrifices) the daily morning';(128.Ber.6)הנכנסלמשמראומר
the tamid00d, and the incoming watch does ( takes carea8nd additional (midday) tam
,משמרהומוספיןשחרשלחמידעושההיוצאתמשמרה
'
twilight and of the incense vessels81
.(566.Swkk.6)ובזיכיןהערביםביןשלממידעושההנכנסת
watches,0both[10ת the entry and exit0זnoteworthy that rabbinic texts refer15,1
Qumran sources . rYhe rabbinicתןnever mentioned5ןthe Tenlple , while the latterseeחו.eounterpart8has(7:11.Yebתן e . g . above and(עלהdefinition of their entry by
vhich~[ת prevailsכנסHowever , the terrn.(325נ)ל(על,יעלו(4'the Qumran expressionused'ל( by Qumran authors , who employ instead the collocation)05ת]rabbinic texts
totally absent from the pertinent rabbinic15which(3248,324,323,322ב)ביאת'(4
.literature . This linguistic phenomenon warrants further cornmentthe sole occurrence of the1ח.Biblical Hebrewת]hapax legomenon85]ביאהThe noun
the north of the10,h4as the spatial signification 'gateway ' or ' rneans of access ' : Jי],term
altar,בביאההקנאהסמלבח,המלשערמצפוןוהנה gate '
,
where cthe irnage of Lust ' could be seen
;18:16Kgs2cf . also;19:46;5:44Ezek(מבואSynonymoLIS with"ביאה,Here.(5:8(Ezek
.(11:43exit (Ezek',מיצאand likewise the antonym of,(.81!15:23םOhron2;14:38Jer
~ILIik , Dix a'ly de
"FC() UtlFrtEi.נ.זthe discussion by0זח]appears that the terrn mishmaFot was introduced1132
Strugnell.נthe Wi/der )resl of
ludaea
, trans
.
byח,Discowery,0~Ten Year=(1957,dans !" D,i~ert de yuda (Paris : Cerf
London,ו411959. : SCM;26SBT(
A.116;ן13); ~ak(298-276_"ב76,110'ם'ם.eam8.6)Sonle are explicitly named , e . g . Jehoiarib ar~ d Jeda~ah3נ פ56).
.
Sa*A.6)Jeshebab
ehe'.העמיםרלחות,wh
ich
conquered Tyreמבקעהעירמבואי,תand the irnage(25-24:1ludg(העירמבוא.CF34
.c ~ ty whose fortifications ~vere storrned by the enerny80!likened2:26),5ןgateway of the nations ' (Ezek
THE IUDAEAN DESIRf xxlאוDISCOVERIES10
the spatialת!'similarly connotes 'entranceמאיגביפחפthe (?opper seroll, Aramaic1מ 31
.rabbinic writingsת]as(111)[;3!1)[;13,12113015;9111;3,11;י)sense
connoting theום"8מות6,8נtemporal-" technical8hasמ4(322נ-324ביאה],contrast1ת18Biblical Hebrew, the same connotationתנ.mishmar's spell Of auty8beginning of
1the[םתבידכמשפטםזיה-לביהלכואלעבהתםפקהתםאלה summaryבוא[תthe verb0!attached
these
is
~
are the ( ir) rule(s ) of their service when (they) enter the house of',אביהםאהרן
Chr1)'the rule (prescribed) for them by their ancestor Aaron0!YHWH according
which concludes the preceding detailed roster of the names of the twenty-four,(19:24
.(18-7priestly watches (vvdescriptions of the rotatingתוmishmar8with the name ofביאהThe conjunction Of
the supposition that the technical term0!the priestly watches leads]0service schedule
suggest that the0ןventure1.biblical episode8מןroo
ts
15]may have,ביפז)['
this specific technical meaning derives from the appearance ofביאהחוemployment of
,the revolt against Queen Athalah!0the biblical ~ccountבואתןthe multifaceted stem
the Temple precincts by the high priest Jehoiada, who enthroned Joash, Kingחוstaged
two versionsמוpreserved18Ahaziah ' s legitimate heir ,
sa
king of Judah . The episode
the identity of the maln0תthe sallent details , but differ considerably0ח,vhich agree
the m~lltary, led by '
the
0credit1]8gives16-4:11Kgs2;theי conspiracyת]actors the CUItIC personnel centre stage5זטקthe hundreds ' , whereas the Chronicler,0captains
He presents ' the captains' as chiefs of the Levites who surround the.(11-1:23Chron2)
.(8-7:23)harrn0!come!0חmake sure that he does0,handמ]with weapons8ת]%-childcoincide with the changing of the courses of0!d ' itatקטס)Jehoiada carefully times the
his disposal two888חיthe crucial nloment he8זthat50,Levites and priesis
0!and one that wasדפבתבאי,ינ,duty0חcontingents of cultic personnel , one that came
0burמ!discharge,דסחלקאאתובהןיהוידעפפרלש'כ whom he did,השבתיוצאי,go Off duty
"(.(8:23) ,likeהשבתבאי the biblical expression
"summary'](ביאק'andכי(על , the collocations1מ
the0תthe Temple0!ת]priestly watch8the entry of0!are technical terms pertaining
week8!]before beginning
"Sabbath%י](שבת'or'](-בשבח , named after8afternoon of
8theתותז0חז' ensulng Sunday0שבח(ה)אחר,ז[2.מof service
T~rpes of Mishmarot Registers
:four main categories10זתregisters fall01.,"7ג[הגצ
schedule precedes8Such.40329ח]of the narnes of priestly watches as5!5]1Plain.1
.several mishmarot rosters of ltarious types
the heads of years
,
quarters , and months!8Rota of mishmarof that serve.2
-40328year cycle (exemplified by the proposed reconstruction of-5צןthroughout the.(3APPENDIXח]presented11,140319and329
.late Greek bia)0ע[פrefiect Latinה,בי.ביה,ביא,ביאThc spellings
i
)ו
with.8:3(האגיושביחל!שלכואםיופקזובשמה Ezt(6-512]Qapocrloshb4[379נ)ען)כלארץביאווםלחחלח(4.cp4( ישלש-לק.
theשבתאעלי. Targum significantly renders the terrn,9,5:11Kgsינ[ח~rtחשכת'בפ aCIDV of Fkings serm ~ ngly borrowed from the Chronicler 's account the t~
rms
Theק(8 author4(
theס!his versionחןthe CUIt ~C peraonnel , and applied them10pertain0!cssence seemחןwhich"השבח.יצאand .(9.7:11Kgs12militarv
112-1394,337,330-40320
day-364theתוRosters of the dates of Sabbaths and beginnings of the months.3
together with the names of the,(44322נ3248,324-44ב44,ם324ב)solar calendar.these dates0תmishmaroe that serve
whose respective terrns of duty the annualתוRegisters of the priestly cou
rses
.4
the(4(320ב4ו[[-ע[;4(נ11321,-ו,11). fixed six-.year cycleת]festivals fall
The accounts always include the biblical festivals : the celebration of the Passah
the,המצותחגwhich(15/1),[מ1accordance,[!א Mazzoth Festival;(14/1)פסח,Lamb
holy season separate8considered5]17:35),9נChron2;6-5:23biblical tradition (Lev
the,הניפת/דגף Waving of the Omer or the Festival of the (First) Grain.פסחframthe Festival of VVeeks or;(14/11)השרדפסח
,
the Second Passah;(26/1)ששריםמתדorהעסר
the autumnal New Year;(15/111)החטיםבכורימוערorהשבועווגעיםוצ,of the (First) Wheat
the,הכפוריםעםorהתעניהיום/מועד Day of Atonement;(1/11ץ)הרועהזכרון/דמכרו1יום,eestivalthe,דבכותדש(11זר/51). Festival of Booths49;(10/11זי)
the calendrical documents only the first day of theמוshould be stressed that!1
subsumed5וsorne instancesחןwhich,דבצותזצ:recorded8]seven- or eight-day festivals
,the rabbinic tradition88[מ,)passim40321ע11-1ץ;passlm4פסח(ם.א.4(ס32נunder
the ' intermediate days ' of,10מועדשלחולוexplicit reference015תThere.הסכומחבandthe day after the seventh day of the Festival of Booths,ז0ת!0עצרת,these holy seasons
5]which,(66-65:8Kgs1.cf,10-8:7Chron2;18:8Neh;35:29Nurn;36:23( Lev
mainstream,05!םחן![ח]contradi111(11בל(1ונ).ת)the Tem
~
le Scrollת]mentioned once
Judaism',חגorקדש(י)מקרא,[ח also observes these latter days as tholy seasons
;8:16Deut;25:28Num;36,5:23Lev;6:13,16:12conformity with biblical law (Exod.(22:6Ezra;25:45Cf. Ezek
the first day of the festivals Of Mazzoth and Booths0תThe exclusive concentration
duty during these05מ]mishmgot rosters by the fact that only one courseתוrevealed8]
theמ]Wednesday, falls8holy seasons , although the first day of the festival , invariably
days are10פ]~rmediת1!ם~ refore only the three ensuingw1eek of serv~ce
.
The5!2!0middle
and the day terrned,מועדשלהולוduty. The remaining days of]0turnתו[5שincluded,Sunday0תturn Of duty8ש]the service week of the next watch that beginsת]fall,עצרת י4
theימז8ת. nineteenth of the month , necessitating the mention of that mishmar
'
s
partlyתן40321י11-1ץ.ת81 preserved8]'808808תCatalogue Of Holy'8Suchmishmarot are named1]8,detailed register of the turns of duty of the priestly watches
.fixed six ~-. year cycle8תןthe first day of each of the seve
nty
-two rnonths0תthat serve
which theח]the four months0!paid only5ןthese data , attention0)addition1מand the Waving of the,(15/1)Mazzoth,(14/1)the first ~ Passah811:[מ]biblical festivals
encyelopaediaוץ,26-514. MiqraYt,1.ש.פטח,Licht.5.[see39
QPHab
rabbinic.!ח1 writingsחןfrequently employed5]but(5:9biblical hap. teg. (Ezra8מ'חענ5ןThe noun40 Atonementממחממnamשמיט. % designated,0the Day,81)ל
calendricalח]closing days of the Festivals of Maaoth and Boothsס!פא!The pointed absence of references4יdocurnentaןני and mishmarot rosters undermines Abegg's supposition that the qualification of the fifteenth day by
theבשררשמחעהרשתהן t~venty-fiTSt day by the collocation)0afid,14124(543ב)'Daily Prayers'טבודוכועדיפממהמוquestion rnust be either the first or the seventhחןimplies that ' the period,233ן[1-ו.glorious festivais ' (frg'88ןהיכמן
the Jewish] calendar that have festivaisהיthe Qumran ktually altogetherחןmonth for these
ra
e the only rnonths
Does
Anyone',.יןAbegg.3).1עSee..(א)חלחוthese days--namely Pesach ( first month ) and S,kkoth (seventh0מ
Parry afid Ulrich , Pro~ oחו
"40317)0Light503,4במוReexamination of14:?Is!1Really Know What Time
.9-398,hternational Conference
THE
UJAD
EAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES12
the third, the Festival of(14/11);תנthe second , the Second Passah(1126);תוOmer
the Day of,(1,11,ר)the seventh , the Day of Remembrance(15/111);תוWeeks
and(11זר/15). the Festival of Booths,(10/11זי)Atonement
specific festival falls, for8whose spells of serv~ceחוCatalogues of mishmarot.5.year cycle-5צןeach year of the4(3298נ),חו)instance Passah
the biblical tradition , twenty-~ four0!difficulty arose from the fact that according1ל
Jhron(1)the Templeחוcarrylng out the sacrificlal ritualsת]priestly courses took turns
twenty-~ four0!מ,Rabbinic sources ascribe the division of the priesthood.(19-7:24whoמפ are credited with having developed,(127חk~.cza.6)'the prophets'0!courses
,(278.Tai~n.6)or sixteen courses(2:1
.
Tabn.וש)eight]0earlier arrangenlent
setve alone for one week every0!appointed15introduced by Moses . Each mishmar
Several courses.(724צ2צ)days per annum336S cover~ng altogether1,half-year, th
Mo(פן(.ח17ם!~d.6;566-556.Suhh.6;8-5:5.S~kh.ש)festivals0זחוסנ[עתofficiated
.day year-354and thereby completed the service cycle of the(.ושpriestly8ח-days requires twenty364contradistinction , the solar calendar of1ה
cover the fifty-~ two weeks of the year, with each cou
rse
officiating for two0זcourses
8never deviating from0ןone-week spells . Since the Covenanters we
re
committed
be devised which would allow for the application of0!system had8,biblical tradition
the solar year Of fifty-~ two0!the biblical prototype of twenty-. four priestly courses
staggered8six -~ year cycle with8weeks . They solved the problem by establishing
weeks by which the solar year exceedsזטס]this system , theתו.rotatlon of mishmarot
the forty -eight vveek lunar year are covered by four courses that serve for one
18additional ~veek and accordingly officiate three t~mes annually . This arrangementThe fathers oe the community(:(111QM1(the Far Scrollחןcornmentתובrefiected
The maJor prlests shall be appointed after the high priest and his deputy.10!-ח"ץare
serve constantly before God . And the twenty-six heads of courses0!twelve coursesמו
The seemingly baffling statement.(2-111QM1('their appointed termת]shall serve
but,18-7:24Chron1תוthe twenty-
of
ur priestly families enumerated0!refer!0חdoes
,week every half-year"תסthe twenty ~-~SIX co
urses
that actually served, each for10rather
probably15!1whose leaders together make up ~ fifty-two fathers of the community ' .athis discrepancy between the biblical and the Covenanters ' traditions that]0because
Chronicles they areחוQumran documents , whereasחוgiven numbers!0תwatches are.numerically sequenced
the enumeration of theתוthe calendrical connotation which inheres0!contrastחו8the name of0!reference8,calendar- related documentsת]names Of priestly watches
.different purpose8has,4(333בor,4(331נ,4(332בhistorical text , such asמב]mishmar
the trunvated0ןproximity3,[מand140332דעיה'!חofחז"ת!תסוexample , theז0ץ
for pinpointing the date of8מז"8מadditional8תthe surrounding lines, serves asמןdates
sueficient
ab
sis for888the specific event being described , and cannot be construedmishmatot register . The employment of8the remnan
t
of88identifying the fragment
rabbinic:ביתכשחרב literature1תoccl~rs8180dating device888mishmarבthe name of
4aran (?awe@,,8Text"י!-~QWar Scroll.171,Eshel.אEshel and.שthe war sctoll ~ seeחןF~ r mishmarot4נ
Prastero~dnuftwm7(ש,!4ז0"4פ?:4נGlessmer, Die ideale.920001נ45-4;ט,Oxford
:
Clarendon;D1ID xxxv("ג'%;
synagagalen aschriften (Habilitation ; Hamburg"1den ( :hronikhfichern . den hale ~rdarisrhen pumrantexte" undח] .17
Llniversity,19951ל11-
132-1*39,337.330-40320
היהבפבותשעההיתהיהויריבשלומשמרתוה(ח)הישביעיתוסוצאישבתמוצשיבראשונההמקדשwas Saturday!ן~ When the 'Yemple was destroyed the first time:(9:3.Tabn.ן)בשניהוכן
ofזטס!the(ת])was the end of the seventh year (of release) , and ]! wasאnight, ans
ofז"סת'.מח1 Ab . And the same the secondח[ת!אthe(0ת)was)וduty Of Jehoiarib , andbuttress0זOf duty serves solelyתזט,Jehoiarib 'sס!ng , the referencet1his rabbinic saY
which0חof (the month) Ab ' , which informs the reader of the date"יחות'the notation
similarity betweeri]0wo pointsד.the First and Se~ond Temples were destroyed
:and the rabbinic saying should be noted4(332נ
Babylonian:יהויריב month-.name8mishmarot reference with8The conjugation of.1theידעיהwithשבט[ת4(332נ. Tosefta , andאב[חwith
synchronizing:היהandהיתה the different time systems0היה[זof the verb80טThe.2theשופתו40332. Tosefta and6
historical worksחוThe ernployment of mult~ple synchronizing calendrical notatlons
the vvan ~ng .Second Templeח!popular technique8and legal docurnents vvas evidently
.period and the early centuries CE , although the principal work of that genre , Hegany,תוwhichח8 case , historiographical documents1ין.תuseז0תTaSznit , does
8duty serve as]0turn5)]ח]date8mishmar and8occasional mention of the name of
and;33;217;4*332נand588תו4(331נ,dating historical eventsזס!supportive device
cornprehensive8ח]rnust be kept distinct from registers of mishmarot names,3140333.one documentתוsix-year cycle
.
The two types of references are never found together
Mixed-type Rosters.7)sorne calendar-" related SCTOIIS several registers and tables of discrete categories are1]1
length , the resulting,ז]combined . Notwithstanding the considerable difference
85Qumran , such8יamalgam bears cornparlson with other literary compounds found
.the Tem
~
le ScroII
register of the rnonths and the number8,(17נ)6.cf(14-1114;14-11]]3320נ)1.ת41
the!8catalogue of the mirhmarot that ser~te8combined with8]each monthחוof days.monthץ"צז"head of
the ' Calendrical0!similar way81תthe annual festivals are recorded,4032512.ת40325mishmelrot , which implies that0!Document' type . Since the festivals are tied
subsumed here under the category8]covered the entire six-"
year
cycle
,
this item
the category ~ Mishmarot Registers ' , like1תinclusion8!1Rosters '
.
However0קצי-~ Mixed
.cannot be ruled out,323-4(322נ
specific0,1,403218and,40321,403201דוקה.חand)ל:Lunar Phenomena.3are recorded seriatim , together with theתס0תזthe monthly revolution of theתוphases
.the service schedule of the mis/lmarotחוthe solar month , andמוcorresponding dates
;the documentsת]particular appellation8givenי0ת"One of the two lunar phases
specified by the sarne5]was suggested . The other phase')נ'therefore the designation
three,142-5דוקוןדוקוה/דוקה."ת1403201ןpararneters , but " designated additionally
Seder,4:68.Tabn.(,2:11igr(ii.6,1:29.ח6.מ6פז]Parallels of the say~ ng with slight variants are found43
.(1981,University6[55.;78[ם.cd . by ) . Milikowski (Ph . D,50)30,[תו.Mah chO1lmn Ra
Pomeg~anates,.ין*4(321נQum[an Cave : Mi~marotפCalendrical scroll fromג',Knohl.וTalmon and.5~se44 _Biblical,YNiSh and Near Eastetn Ritunl. Lasu and Literature ," Honor of
y
. Milgrom , edאt~tudies."))8and G~lden
.301-292.esp,301-267(1995,Eisenbrauns:.16ת,Hurvitz (Winona Lake.1/Freedman , and.14.(1,Wright.ע.,]by
TH
E
JUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES14
monthly recurring lunar8table ofב:one another0זdata are presented next
detailedתו roster of the corresponding daysבside by"ת0תסframed15ק""מז0ח"מסת table of theבthe other side by0תthe weeks Of duty of the priestly courses, andtwo monthly phases of,4(3218לandמ321,41ל.the solar calendarתוconcordant dates
the solar year andמוare similarly recorded together with their parallel datesת0סמזthe.the service schedule of the mishmarot
'moon11ט]'and duga
~
o
(
h) define the)תסותוקס,לprevailing scholarly0!According thejuxtaposition of these 'bright' and therefore 'positive' lunarד.
'
and the ' new toon
the solar calendar and the mishmarot 's serviceחוphases with their parallel dates
comprehensive method Of synchronizing the lunar with theבunderstood as5ןschedule
the intercalation of one lunar month after eve
ry
thirdתוsolar calendar , culminating
8,contrast1תwith the solar year . ~ s"1תומוbring the moon ' s revolution10year 46
,internal analysis of the pertinent textsמ0מבdissenting interpretation , based
maintains that the specification of only one or hNo particular,4APPENDIXתוsupported
10systematic attempt8the moon
s
monthly orbit cannot be construed asתוphases
1511~ day solar system . Rather-364day lunar ephemeris with the-354coordinate thethe moon
s
monthly revolution . 'fhe term1תsingling ouc two ' dark ' phases,פaimed
the middle of the lunarחוwane10beginsזוthe moon
s
phase when10dagah refers
the end of the lunar1פeclipse7011בthe night of the moon
s
10pertains)לmonth , and
the0!wane10which the moon beginsחוThirteen days pass from the night47.איח0תןthe next10total darkness , and sixteen or seventeen days from that night115,0night
.
the following monthחןwaning phase
The detailed rosters which forewarned the Yahad members of the 'dark ' phases of
8eclipse , must be accorded1115ב01ןwaning and115the onset of.2;ץ,the rnoonthe Covenanters ' dispute with their opponents . Such rosters armedתןsignificant role
each month which were presumedחוthe days,0timetable warning themבthem with
.be under the moon
'
s 'evil ' spell10
10The pluriformity of calendar - related documents suggests that they were intendedprovide relevant information and instructions for the diverse Covenanter echelons . The
0theי priestly domain , first and foremost10varlous mishmarot rosters pertain primarily e . g . the inclusion of,115טthe regulation of their ritual duties . Divergences among such
sorne items , while1תthe feasts of the grape and ol
ive
harvests and the WOOd offering
theחו!"זסוז different or possiblyחזסז]they are omitted from others , perhaps resultedcomparlson with the status of1תthe sacrificial temple service1תvstarus of these festivals
contrast , the target audience of the unchangingתו.'the biblical ~ Holy Seasonscalendrical schedules was the general membership of the Yahad. The possibility that
certainב variances arnong the Covenanters ' calendar -related documents nlay reflect
synchronous use of somewhat -differing chronometric schedules or evldence diachronic
10developmentsמ1 of the calendrical system by which they abided must also be taken
"~.account
.86-85,50-77,VanderKarn , ( 'alendars.חן~.1בSeeי,.301-297
See,'ג5Calendrical(וו0י"
aI
lmon and Knohl,1
.this interpretation10lends support4(321בand4(320נ~fhe discussion Ofו.'the Covenanteraחןday ephemeris-364tH of the shareds8ome differing d0)?,קקבSimilar conslderations may%4 .Enoch and yubilees1calendrical documents and
152-1394,337,330-40320
1APPENDIX
'Y SeasonsT1hirty Ho(
QPsaי5ת0וזו05קחז0ם XXVII ' David '11sחסBased
Seasons?01אMonth and
Day
רצצהראשית
חדשים'ראש/ירחימראשית
החורשרושהחודשן
דמילואיםמועד
הפסח
המצותחג
דחמפההעומרןעומרהניפה,הנף
השעוריםכלער
ששנירפסת
עים/השבושהחג
החטיםרגן/החטיפביכורימועד
דחירוש/הייןגלעד
-השמוןהיצדימועד
העציםקרבן(מועד)
תרועההוכרוןןזכרוןיום
הכפוריםיום
(מנוחתםשבח)צוםיום,התעניתיום
הסרוחחג
פגועים
"Newמ Year' sנ/ו
xrl Beginnings of Months-1
Priests ' Investiture"אזFestival of
Sacrifice of the Passah Lamb
Of Mazzoth5טץ!ו8זן
Festival of the Waving of the
First Sheaves
Second Passah
Festival of Weeks
Festival of the First Wheat
Festival of the New Wine
Festivalחל4 of the New
Festival of the Wood Offering
Day of Remembrance
Day of Atonement
8/1
14,1
ו/15
ו/26
14/11
111115
ץ/3
1ץ/22
1123ץ
ון11ץ
11ץ/10
Booths!0Festival15,11,1
1,111י,נ1(,נ(1נן1Epagomenal11)5ץ8
THE IUDAEAN DESER
~
P xxlאוDISCOVERIES16
2APPENDIX
year Mishmarot Service Cycle-%51The
the aftemoon0תthe Temple1י5זתס10ת)priestly8- ( indicates the entrance of
.Sunday0תof the Saturday preceding his first day of service
and3218-40320חןdateעחthe lunar phenomenon defined only0?- % refers
called'כ('. here
the'!ת lunar phenomenon defined by date and designated 'duqah0)refersס-
4(321ל-ב321.
of the sixthתוה?א-the twent]i0חrecorded5]Wood Offering]0- The Festival
4see(394ב COMM~NTS ad;ח()week after the Festival Of8month
,
precisely
.2-1
.includes the Feast Of Maaoth8180'the schedule , the term 'Passahחו-
Tuesday the0תthe Te
m
~
el
Scroll , Passahת]as,40326תו,However
mentloned separately from the Feast of4the first month]0fourteenth
..Wednesday the fifteenth0תMaaoth which begins
172_1394,337,330-40320
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THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
ההבם%=להג=חמת"
%%הה"גמ2=ההת
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mo0
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IUDAEAN DSSERT xxIאו8אזDISCOVERIES28
=ההת=ה5ם"ההת
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=ההם.רמש*
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2-1394,337,330-40320
3APPENDIX
Reconstructed Master Register of Mishmarot
מלכיהשעוריםחריםידעיהיהויריבמעוזיהדליהנמולאלשכניהישועאביההקוץמימין
-חופהיקיםטיב
יכיןייתקלפחחיההפצץחזיראמרבלנהושבאב
מימיןבשלימתעזה-הבשניתגנרלבראשונהדפצץבששיתישבאבבחמשיתשכניהברביעית
השניםרשיאלה
וצפהמעחיהאלישיבננצלהראקינהחשנה
מימיןבשלישיתחזירשעוריםבלגהידעיהבשנית
יקיםדליהשכניהברביעיתיכיןאביהפההיה
מלכיהאמרחריםישבאבכחמשיתיויריב
ישועיחזקאלהקוץהפצץבששית
יויריבמעוזיהדליהנמולהרישוןבחודשהרישונה
בשלישימימיןמלכיהשעוריםחריםידעיהבשני
יקיםחהיעברביעישכניהיסיעאביההקוץ
פצץ,דחזיראמרבלגהבחמשיסכאכ'חופה
בשבוצירליהעצליכיןיחזקאלבשסעפתחיה
שעורים'נ'בשםחריםהיה-היויריבמעחיהשכניהישועבתשטיאביההקוץמימיןמלכיה
אמרבלנהישבאבציפהבעמירייקיםאלישיבייוקאלפתחיההפצץזחירהחודשעשרבעשתי
מעחיהדליהנמולהחודשעשרבשניםיכיןימיםידעיהדיישוןבחודשהשניחיהויריבישועאביההקוץמימיןבשנימלמהשעוריםברביעיישבאבחריפהיקיםאלישיבשכניהבשלישי
יחזקאלפתחיהבחמשיהפצץהזיראמרבלוה
חרטידעיהיהויריבמעוזיה'meaדליהגמוליכיןאביהבשמיניהקוץן'מיםמלכיהשעוריםבשביעי
ושבאביצפהבתשיעייקיםאלישיכשכניהשוע'ישראלפחחיההפצץחזירבעסיריאמרבלנהמעחיהדליהנמוליכיןהחודשעשרבעשקי
סעוריםחרטידוחקש-החתעתרבשנסידויריבמימיןהרישוןבחודשדגמלישיתמלכיה
חופהיקיםאלטיבשכניהבשניגמוע:אבההקוץ
ברביעידפצץחזיראמרבלגהבשלישיישבאכמעחיהדליה'בחמשגמוליכיןקקאל,יפתחיה
יהוי
-
מימיןמלמהשעוריםבטשיחריםידעיהב
ני'בשםאלישיבשכניהישועאביהבשביעיהקץ
הפצץדתירבתשיעיאמרבלגהישבאבחופהקים'rPnnbמנחקקזקניהעצליכיןבעשירייחזקאלסעוריחריםהיה-היהויריבהושרשעשרבעשהי
אביההקוץמימיןדיצדשעסרבשניםמלכיה
שכניהשון-דובחורשוז'דיבהצישחצ
דויראמרבלנהישבאבבשנירצפהיקיםאלישיב
ברבתניטיליכיןחזקאלפתחיהבשלישידפצץשעורסחריםבחמשיידעיהיהויריבמעתיק:דלה
rP"סטיןמלכיהשכניהישועאכיהבששי
בשמיניבלנהישבאבחופהקים'בשביעיאלישיב
כין'בתשיעייחזקאלפחחיההפצץחזיראמר
חריםידעיהיהויריבבעשירימעוזיהדליהנמול
הקוץמימיןמלכיההחורשעשרבעשתישעוריפ
אלישיבשכניההחודםעשרבשניםישועאביה
ישון-דובחודשהחמסיחחופהיקים
פתחיהדפצץבשניחזיראמרבלנהישבאב
ידייריכמעתותוליהבשלישיננצליכיןיחזקאל
בחמשימטיןמלכיהשעורוםחריםברביעיידעיה
חופהיקיםבמשיאלטובמנציהישועאביההקוץ
פתהיהדפצץופיראמרבשביעיבלגהישבאב
בתשיעימעחיהדליהגמוליכיןחזקאלבשמיני
מנקיהבעשירישעוריםחריםהיה-היהויריב
ישחצהחודשעשרבעשתיאביההקוץמימיןהחודסעשרבשניםחופהיקיםאלישיבשכניה
בחודשהששיתחזיראמרבלנהישבאבגמולבשנייכיןיחזקאלפחחיההפצץהרישוןחריםבסלישיהיה-היהויריבמעוזיהדליה
ישועאביההקוץברביעימימיןמלכיהשעוריםבלנהישבאבחופהיקטאלישיב'בחמששכניהעזראלבסבוריפתחיהרפצץפיראמרבששיידעיהידויריכמעוזיהבסמעידליהגמוליכיןאביההקוץמימיןמלכיהבתשיעישעורטחרט
"עבעשיריעשרבעשתייקיםאלישיבn~Dmע
עשרבשניםוריראמרבלנהושבאביופההחודש
יכיןיןחקאלפתורההפצץשקידש
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוIJISCOVERIES0נ
4(]
~
LIUIEIVIII
0a"d(ם"9עשא duqaloh%:18]8גד
ג8םמ8?X)d
")X x)x0א.מןexts Day'1תןI)ate.8ס,0א.תןצ,נ0א
Int
enad
brle(8ץ8ם) Inter
nd
ז8)
LunarחןCyckץ:א:ט8" Cycle
11:1:1%10
116ם161717:1:1
29133030:1:1%229
246ם174717:2:1
30136030:2:1%359
375ם167616:3:1
29138929:3:1%488
4105ם1710615:4:1
חה51צ301311928:4:1
5134ם1613514:5:1
6147צ291314827:5:1
6164ם1716514:6:1
301317827:6:1%7177
7193ס1619412:7:1
291320725:7:1%8206
1722412:8:1(]8223
301323725:8:1%9236
9252[י1625311:9:1
10265צ291326624:9:11
0282וס1728310:10:1
301329623:10:1)(11295
11311[י163129:11:1
12324ן291332522:11:1
"aorowa."וsvith the adviice ofי0ס-Ben.1by"4ש"ק"וקAPPENDIX
49
312-1394.337.330-40320
84שם1ן
x)x%(6,ם(%תן.I)ay rao5)%0א.[)א8חן8זxlaי8ם0א.מןCyde Y: ha
~
] Solar Cyde Interval UJay
~
Intervalמ]
~
Lunar cyc
12341ם173429:12:1
13354ן301335522:12:1
13370ם163717:1:2
291338420:1:2%14383
14400ם174017:2:2
15413צ301341420:2:2
15429ם164306:3:2
16442צ291344319:3:2
16459ם174605:4:2
17472ן301347318:4:2
17488ם4:5:2חה16
291350217:5:2%18501
18518ם175194:6:2
301353217:6:2%19531
19547ם165482:7:2
291356115:7:2%20560
20577מ175782:8:2
21590צ301359115:8:2
21606ם166071:9:2
22619צ291362014:9:2
22636ם1763731:9:2
23649צ301365013:10:2
23665ם1666629:10:2
291367912:11:2%24678
24695ם1769629:11:2
25%7צ301370912:12:2
25724ם1672528:12:2
26737צ3":291373810
26754[ו3":1775527
THE IUDAnAN DESERT xxlאו~
ISCOYERIES32
ג8(ם8עx)dla)x x~x0א.פו
"Dateם
" Texts.0אxla0א.תןDay
cycle Y;M : D Solar cycle Interval (D.ys) Intervalתוuner Cycle[
27767ן1376810:2:3
27783ם1678426:2:3
28796ן137979:3:3
28813ם1781426:3:3
29826צ138278:4:3
29842ם1684324:4:3
30855ן138567:5:3
30872ם1787324:5:3
31885צ138867:6:3
31901ם1690223:6:3
139155:7:2%32914
32931ם1793222:7:3
139455:8:3%33944
33960ם1696121:8:3
34973צ139744:9:3
34990ם1799121:9:3
003נ35צ1310043:10:3
351019ם16102019:10:3
1310332:11:3%361032
361049ם17105019:11:3
371062צ1310632:12:3
1610791118:3(]371078
13109231:12:31091]
10צ*מנ30141
[ד'able[מסקוחם(טת
explicitתו4(3204ל-פ18321 information0מbased5ןthe table whichמןThe onlY element
month andטוor duqah " denoted by)נwhich the date of eachחן,].colחוregistered
332-1394,337.330-40320
8.01):deduced5י(]andח.colsח]day . so From this account , the information contained
.the three-
ey
ar cycle ; colח]or d~gah occurrence)לeachזס!shows the ordinal numberthe lunar1תcon~ prlses the day numberג.the cycle . Col1ת]( displays the day number
].see below) . Col(ם.col1חday behind the numberalwaysתס"
5cycleן , which
%or the,)לpreceding5זןexhibits the time interval between the daqah occurrence and)[displayed the time span between two5]ק.col1מ.antecedent daqah5)]and
occu[מ4(320ל.
rrences
, seen most clearly
8achieve10intendedתן52-140320ןday years recorded-364The cycle of three
the0ח,day lunar year with this '
ideal
' epherneris-354concordance of the divergent
days . This30added month ofתפplus354364%3=3ןbasis
fo
the simple equation
days and29additional month upsets the alternating seq
uence
of one lunar month of
full15,36בmonth.ו,2ן
,
days . Since the twelfth month of the third year30of)חס
deviation from the)חיך.days29hollow month of8should be followed by11,month
and the first3year!0day interval between the last daqah-14norrn causes the unique
.days31instead of the otherwise unvarylng interval of,4of year)ל
%the Meaning of0חReflections.2
before '
from
Theבריאה,)Creation'(4(320ל1ןג;cf.4(319לר17,11,1) restored keyword
,'the fir] st (solar ) year[,0the first monthת]...)day(41חmorning of theנןזתטevening
strongly suggests that this collocation,נה[1הרישובשנההראשוןלחודש...4-בבוקרערמערב
this]0which the '' great luminaries '' lvere created .- The conjlunction0תthe day0זrefers
alsoח0 occurredל(ק"חז0תם"חסחreference with the ensuing roste
r
implies that the first
year cycle . The intervals of-3rnore times for the entire36then tracked5]1];this day
the regular10days between one [) occurrence and the next correspond30or29
already[ח implicit5]day lunar months . This scheme , which-30and-29alternation ofirnportantחן roleחפas early as the seventh century BCE ,
)
l playsנחסז]cuneiforrn texts
the1מ01ק[תmarks " crucial transition)לSince.(.]]10:74.7אענ)Enochic astronomy
occurrencesחן4(320ל. are meticulously recorded seriatim15],lunar calendar
clearlyהז29 indicates that the6ת4(320ל1ן]The equation of three data elements
the service week1!1)the the fifth dav (Thursday5]day of the first lunar month , which
day of the first solar month . This equation can"301the10Of Jeda(iah , corresponds
1day5ןthe first day of Creation , svhich0תphenomenon)לthe first!וbe cor
rect
1ת0?
lunar51זחfact one day before the beginning of theת]of the solar month , occurred
follows that theז],From this.1equals solar day0month
.
This rneans that lunar day
solar30חזlunar day with the29אןand the,2first lunar day coincides with solar day
,preceding dayת0פthe first hollow lunar month , the roster begins10day . Thus , prior
.hypothetical previous monthבwhich actually forms the last day of,0postulated day8
the last day of0זdays always refers30or29the recording of [) after,0תFrom then
but correctly9;140320ח]misrepresented5],of the first year4rnonthחןThe fifth % occurrence , falling50
theל(3year]0חןפ40321י9. recording of the firstתןAnother rnistake occurs.61ח4(3218ל,regiscered
,Ancient hlesopotamiaח,Day Year"-364idem , ' ~l 'he;41-.40"day-364and-360Seeו'""ן Horowitz , "~he51
Tage-Jahr wirklich selt364Mesopotamien dasמוKoch , ' Kannte rnan.ןcontra;49.(1998)0,51-49מAgain ' , NABU
Jahrhundert.7demץ.(יה,',ן(נג(,(1997)99-97,לח.111.
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES34
sequence of theפRather than presenting51ז1.רי]the01ת0זthe lunar month and
account8תactually preserves2-140320,months ' , as could be expected]0' beginnings
.the three-.year cycle10respectת]'the 'ends of the lunar months]0
the above table ofת!posited"1!מborne out by the hypothetical5ןThis conclusion
0dataח.1092(=364צ3).However,!ח for the last day of the triennial cycle , viz . day
1091only(3צ354+ day8!0,!יwhich began with lunar day,(01.ג))the lunar coun
t
ences with thel9unation . The next cycle comn37אזthe day before the end of the,(29
Therefore, the first lunar month.1092day0מlunation"371the,0actual termination
-.the onset of the first cycle1בlike,2the next cycle begins with solar day]0 as the last day of the lunar month ralses the question Of which)0,לThe definition
beginning . Two theses have been put5זוsignify10lunar phenomenon was taken
signals the,חססמז,חודשschool malntalns that the new"תל)
.
recent yearsחןforward
accordanceפ(חסמזחזס withמן,the Covenanters ' traditionתןbeginning of the month
the wake of Milik ' s interpretation of the puzzlingחן,Semitic culture . Howeverחןtrait
10understood8,1פanother school argues that the lunar month,3-1114(320נpericopethe above10notice that according10This faction failed(,.ח00ת]full1בbegin
one day before the actual.".0,וlunar day0תcalculations the luminaries s~ere created
wouldחססמזcreatlon the15!the day of0ח,beginning of the first month . Accordingly
0,have been only about thirteen parts of fourteen full . Thus, the month cannot be said
creatlon the rnoon indeed was115the day of01[ח,full moon . Alternativelyזבbegin
,rnust be assumed thatזוthen,4(320נinterpretatlon Of5'111]1%accordance ~vithחן,full
the day after the full0חbegin0זfor ~vhatever reason, the lunar month was calculated
.Semitic culturesחןunprecedented practiceתב
,
rnoon
conveys the4(320נthenתססתזnew81the first lunar month begins,ן,Ho ~vever 4,creation.7קנ"4.73) (cf118the day OF0חlogical assertlon that the moon ~vas dark
the!!0ת same0מconJunctron , with the moonחןthat stage the luminaries wereחן5(םזב
later stage , when the eoon gains sufficient elongation from theזבבas the sun , Only
.sunset1בthe horizon0חsun , does the [irst
rc
esc
ent
appear
Garcia.קfollowing(80,the Dead Sea scrollsחוVanderKam (Calendars.ם.[correctiv notEd bY,י,'ב:fac,ריד'וה Both authors
nevertheless maintain that.526(1996)54EB"(11)Qumranח)Calcndarlos'חו~'] artincz ' s ~ ranslation
ofחססח. the fu
ll
%occursלקtheג4)'
the([ח60מSCM:0,1959)152ח.8:5. Wildernesr of
yudaea
Di,cotay,9eaחן
ri
"ווווו,ז(א(''5((1חו.ר,].ז.
,Washington(1.Preliminary Ed, t, otl ., the Unpubliihed Dead Sea Scrolls , fascג,Abcgg[)ןג~yacholder and.ן
~Tage-" Festkalender von-364~2ןAlbani . ' Die lun ~ ren Zyklen.991י)4ל4:1ל,Biblical Archaculogy Societ )r:.).ס,Glessmer.13;5-24(1992)4QS" , Kirchlic /le Horhschule Leipzt~ . Mitteilungen und Beitr~geQ4hlischmerotl4
Theץ.7ל.ש[מand)1!.ס. Dead Sea Scrall~ After Fi/ty Yearr , vol . ! ! , ed . by.'5(115סןthe Qum [anחיCalendars' .524,'Garcia Martinez , ' Calendarios:244(1999.81.ןוון,]:VanderKam ( Leidea
.,2and the Synchronistic
Calendar
', Purming rhe Text . Fest
~chriftחסק)ר
Second
Th
oughts
4י1Seeג.לו.ן.'ן%(,'
Sheffield,1994)120-98.חר" : Academ
ic
Press;184Kampen (JSOTSup.נIleeves and,).נ'?Ta ( .holder , ed
.
b,2י
the day.?.1,previous monthפor3סday01)יןbegin ( schernatic day0זcalculates the month4(73.""ן.simil ;lr SVLly ין8ן,becomes viaibleיןthis day0ח)Enoch states explicirly : ' and (when]ל~-he Astronornical book.ך,חל((ון)ח,))-
fo
Theז70 Book Of Enochש,Neugebauer.0.the thirtieth dayt ( transחסbeginning of the ( lunar ) month)(1)0יל)ט]
clearly plNCS40320while,(396[1985,Brill.ש.נ:Black [Leiden.1%commentary and re' xtual notes by(,:4,וי),ון,]',8פ
wrh ' can mean ' the beginning of the lunar
month
lhcזן,' lun ~ r month one daY later . The ph
rase
theוי brginning
~,1ח3.2ך:4 the first phase of
the
moon
'
(Charlea , Kahana) . Therefore0ז,Neugel)aurr and ] . Isaac,0translated by
.)GdizןסSegal for his observations.510רthis matter . (rrhanks are dueחןproyidr una~bigunus evidence)לחd ~les
352-1394.337.330-40320
140320Theו5-1 Significance of.3
!8beganי1חסתזMilik ' s theory that the0!50;7that gave4(320נ'
~
he textual element of
from evening',בקרעדמערבthe poetic introduction , especially the phraseתססח8ו!fulltheחס0חז, full0יTaken literally , this phrase evidently refers.(3"1!ת)'morning!וותט
med
iaeval
0dawnז8 . Attention was drawn0!the horizon from sunset0מobserved
offshoot of the8חthe Magharians , possibly0!which ascribes the sarne practiceז"זזסקtheתן Hebrew Bible andחןfind ev ~ dence10Yahad. More recently , scholars attempted
full moon . ii)8איתסחזbeginning the]0practice8early post-biblical literature for
this,4(320ב interpretationח(.solve the original difficulty)0חThese attempts dovarying provenance]0numerous texts0יcontrastחן,stands out clearly as exceptional
ח1
.
the nesv moon)בthe month beginning]0the conventional practice0יwhich atcest5theןdesignatedחודש:בשנההרישוןלחורשמול[ונבשבחמוע day of Creation,5-34()1320ו
theמ0 beginning(זב,the ~veek ( of service) [of (ia] mulתן)the aurth (day0נה[והרישו,'ח0)the firJst (solar) year ' .
~
his designation can hardly be construed[4יאוחסתזתוthe rirst]0the renessral10pertainsדודשliteral sense the terrrlחן5זןthe full nloon , since0,refer
.period of darkness8the crescent after
totally deny the0!conspicuous tendency prevails8Yahad documentsמ],Moreover
theמוthe timetable of the cultic domain . This tendency appearsחוstandingמססהזב
theת]Qumran foundation document , and8undoubtedly,(27נ)1)of Mysteriesוססמ]0correct conduct15]praised for15which the sunל(),חוQS1('' Song of the Seasons
Sirnilarתן)32:6.16. polemics transpire7.0י!never referred15time, whereas the rnoon
85Yזי monthQ1umran the ne!8Against this cultural background , the assumption that.full moon cannot be supported)בcelebrated
as[ה0theם%(%[[א.5.1ח0 sug
~
ested,]ןuncertainties are satisfactorily resolved111ל
the10!0תand5תטthe0)understood as pertaining5]the relevant passage,5-114(320כ.
.
moon
The Connotation Of Daqah.4
theחו4(321ן- lunar phase
,
designated duqa/t]0We now can determine the essence
5Theזו meaning of the word cannot be ascertalned unequivocally since.3218known from8ן01תarnbiguous , and the termדקק5ןorחזסזדוק]etmological derivation
beח0 deterrninedז5טהזconnotation)115ן5תוז1תו,other literary sou
rce
,
s
" Therefore8ץמthe Qumran calendrical documents . The proposals givenתןeniployrnent5!וthe basis of
the0!contrast1מ
.
the meaning of du
~
a/l0חreflect)לabove for the identification of
days erorn17/16]0the coun
t
prevalentיחססחז, interpretation of the terrn as ' nesht
the,ת0 night after the full rnoon0זpertalns1!the concluslon that10conJunctlon leads
spjtisraelitischen Kalender2ט?Neujahr oder Vollmonds- Neujahr-א"65ח0מט',Glessmer.טKoch and.55א
BZNSY
Koll~ann_8ים1ב.)
".Stegemann , ed.אFriihes ('.
hristentum
. ~iestschri/t8"טTheologien ' , Antikrs yudatum.36-114(1999,Berlin : de Gruyter:9ך
here.4032!יי-ג. _ cf . e - gחרש
!
the rneaning f) f5ןThis56
d ,-eיי,ציEnde df
r
Tayeו0מ,'Covenanters ' WritingsחןLunar-" Calendar Polemics.-ן(11ח',Talnlon.5SeeייBrill.3.:1:Fenske,1999)19-ס4: ( Leiden.יוBecker and.111~d _ by,ו?.א'.נ(גא,יGegwrwart des Heils
.
Festschttyt
-74-163.esp.85-14ד.Covenanters of the Judean Desert ' .. lite
If
Calendarח1( ofם
"idem,י'ן
and Other Essnysא1(ושינ(1אNe~v Calendrical ' I'exts from Qumran' ,, Thunder0חwise , ' Observations.4%.(לSee8%
(1994,Sheffield : Academic Press15יSecond Temple Palestine (IsPsup01atrd Literature*1.1שחם,חם,the Ffistory0א
.32-222
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES36
eas~ly observed by monitoring the18wane . This lunar phase0!which the moon begins
.after sunsetתס0וםrising of the
decide between the two interpretative options once fuller0!be possible1!של[1וcomprehensive study has8become available , and4(503כand4(317נreconstructions of
4Qumran(205כ- (including!8been made of the entire calendrical corpus discovered
vlew,יו15 of the cultural background noted aboveמוHowever319-315).9נ
"4,209i8nterpretation of the Qumran ev~dence which attache8תaccept prs'ma facie0!difficult
Rather, the analysis presented above.תססהזthe full0!great cultic -religious Hgnificance
track two highly3218-ת4(320ב]supports the conclusion that the synchronistie ros
ters
which0תdarkness and the nightטוthe moon
s
orbit , the night ofתוsuggestive phases
.wane
,
as first proposed by Talmon-~Knohl0!begins!1
40317basi~ of information culled fromת0!6חdaqah8צ6תof the meaning of18(5ח0ןIretחי(?קזdiffcr~ rentי"0ייךQDaily Prayers) were recently put for~rd by Wi.e , 'Sacond4(40503QcryptA I~unisolar Calendar ) and4(
reached6פconclusion can0ח,However.15זץ!Thoughts ' and Abegg . '
Doe
~ Anyone Really Know What Time which,4מ8אeecond8especially the coftections by,40317,0expla ~ ning the textual peculiaritiea51זו)ss' ithout
the papyrus01addition , the propo~ed reconstructionח,.by the scribeקוחר,טיץסbscure the dating sys ~ cm1(
.any concluaive judgement01,allow01חdoesחן4(503כfragments
ג~QCalendrical Document/Mishmarot.320
1]]-]PLATES(
:
the Unpwblithed Dead Sea scrolls,9Prelimiaary Editionג.Abegg.0.אWacholder and.8.ש:Previous publication -60(!99],Biblical Archaeology Society:.ם.(],Waahington(1.Ca
~e Four , fasc0ש(he Hebrew and A~waaic rexts'7 '.67
11.Qumran81the largest and rnost diversified calendrical scroll attested5]40320compendium of discrete chronometrical lists ~ which differ from the8be0!appears
that the technical data here areתוpurely register-like form of other calendrical rosters
framed by concise literary introductions andlor surnmary notations . Whereas the larger
0)attention was given71!![ם,this scroll were published and discussed briefly!04-1.frgs
thatתוס"order which differs8תוהbe presented hereל(ווןThese.10-5.the smaller frgs
,~the Handhonkordanח]the basis of the entries0תproposed by Wacholder and Abegg
.)Milik ( see CONTENTS.ג.יךand wh
ich
reflects the arrange~ent initially proposed by
Physical Description
The scroll consists of four fairly large fragments which contaln extensive stretches of
.four lines10few letters or pa
rts
of up%ו1הסtext, ar~d SIX small pieces which preserve
the only,329.42the basis of PAM0הTsvo of these fragments are discussed here.ev~ dence available
the;1ן11measures.דצ edges!8dark brown and frayed151.rhe triangular frg1
along the lossrer part of!511קperpendicular815the creased parchment there1ת
_
cm1.13
'(6the intercoluninar nlargin
.
The fragment consists of two written columns framed
1]56,the first column
,
the partially preserved lines1ה.vert~cal and horizolltal dry-rulings
,2]].col,"חו]cm wide . The longest, fully extant5.4-3legible for the most part , are
1The width of the margin between the columns fluctuates bet~veen.7.50ם[ה!connes
and0.רreent14he left side of the second column ra
nges
bet!בthe margin;5.1(וחand
crn5.15]the width of the written lines. The fully extant top margin0תcm, depending2
wide[88תז!ת. and the partly preserved bottom margin
straight edges resulted from5,1
.
cm3.58צnleasures2.The equally dark
rb
own frg
breakage of the materlal , with the exception of the rather frayed bottom rnargin . The
thirdן%,0 column . To the right of the8legible
oI
sver lines of5!וחfragment contains the
and1ח
.
cm -wide margin between frgs1plece of the above-mentioned8uppermost lines
the conclusion0!leads2and1.frgs0חcan be seen. The absence of traces of stitch
ing
2
desנט[(חמן';Milik , ' Le travail de.'ג.דwas published by4,0(320ב4ייי
iI
nes"חימof the first1;4ם5ח8ז1[חסיוקי
.5.25(1957,Brill.1.ש:Leiden,45דיו'קט)956!
ongris
d
~
trasbourg_'(אנDi.ert de Juda ' , ~rolume6טmanuscrits
,'~Tht Calendar of the Covenanters of the Judaean Desertתןprelirninary discussion of this textשTalmon presented
.76-168(1958,Jerusaleni : Magnes:4Yadin ( ScrHier.ץRabin and.סDead
,
iea scrolla
~
ed . by?4,iaspects of
HT
E IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOV
~
RIES38
that the first three columns of the document, and possibly one or ONO more, were
.one sheet of parchment0תwritten
tums from dark brown % grey!צ.rectangular, with somewhat serrated edges43.Frg
1058the partialמוresulted080the flaking of the parchment, which10the middle dueחו
~vo columns. The]0cm and contains parts64צof the writing. The fragment measures
towards30!תות!the upper part and narrowsמוcm wide1.)18intercolumnar rnargin
.the bottom
somewhat lighter818!ו
.
cm5.133.22צheavily damaged and measures154.Frg
cm and7.105.18צpleces OF parchment which measureסקל,comprised of15brovvn , and
m~ddle where theתו5יוcm respectively. The first plece has two large holes65.6צ
11stitchingטextant5.()ת facilitated the breaking of the matenal, with bia of the thread
.extensive lacunaeתוthe lower part of the left plece, flaking of the parchment resulted
wr~tten[זטס columns from8צוThe composite fragment contalns the remalns of
,2and1.than those of frgsשסזז8מ"זthe columns are appreciablyד.consecutive sheets
theתוו"cm2measures;תנ(and111.018ץ, broadest11.colחו:and are of vary~ng widths
the intetcolumnar]0cm . Also, the width7-2,".colמוcm; and3,יו.col4(חז;תו
,111and11.018)mm; between6.),11and1.margins varles considerably: between cols
cm ; and3-5.2יץand018.עו)cm; betsveen8.1-1,עוand111.mrn ; between cols7.)
cm!מ wide5,1.)18cm . The partly extant bottom margin5.2,וץandי.between cols
marg~n fluctuates between0ק!the width of the remnants of the1[1-ז.cols11-1.תו.cols
have misjudged the amount of text which could be0יThe scribe appears
his!8strips of parchmentווחסשסזז8תelse he had0י,]].col]0"הובחווaccommodated
and,א].colוותסsuggested by the fact that the adj
acent
sheet contains5ןdisposal . This
Qumran manuscripts the standardת!whereas,ץandעוחס(015.עוhas!1the one after rhate
~er the reason
,
the linesאך.five0!be four0!number of columns per sheet appears
fourteen letter0!are exceptionally narrow, containing only between seven11.of coltheח%8( very edge of the0!קםspaces, s~ith the wrtttng actually conling
this0תPieces of the thread with which the sheets were stitched together are preserved
with the end loop of the,!עandי.and between cols11]and11.fragment between cols
The lmprecise.י,and111.018)the bottom of the sheet between!בshowing111!5threadof se~ving the sheets together , or else the crumpling of the parchment, causedחת8מ"ז!
for example,88,corne flush with those of the next0יalways!0תthe lines of one column.111and11.the bottom of cols!8
bordered by the18and2ג5.2הזסsmall triangle -~ shaped eragment which measures4נ
presumably the,כותcm intercolumnar margin contains the letters5.18remnant of
of.יו. col"חווthe bottom0!plece can be attached"]!!1]This.דסשתending of the word
lines of one column. Toסשיcontains the first words of11.crn5.12צmeasures5.Frg
.extant1818!1וintercolumnar margin8תcm-"wide snippet of1בtheir right
of one188תוand contalns the middle sections of four3.2צ1.3חזסmeasures6.Frg.column
few letters from two8holds!צ,cm1.32.2צnleasures7.The irregularly shaped frg
.crn1.1intercolumnar margin ofחבlines of adjacent columns with
letter of"תס,crn high6.2w~de and4.115(וםwhich,8.the similarly shaped frgתל)
canחthe0ו[מ(beneathו" be seen and one word"1ת]one
320ט394
exceptionally8חholds remnants of two lines with1ש.cm2.27.1צrneasures9.Frg,cm2.1wide interlinear space of
andעסשofב theהרישוןcm
.
The word3.11.3צrneasures10-.The rectangular frghaveמ%0. been preserved"1חוthe following1תlamed
1.comparison with frg8supported by,]4.with frg13.collation of the text of frg24]-]] , prompts the conclusion that the standard column of the scroll contained fourteen
.
columns rnay have been81חתlines , possibly with the exception of sorne rosters , whose
the entire document facilitates theזסמ1ןחו.shorterק" '
~
he small number of letter-.spaces
only of the calendrical schedules which88ת01,11חfull restoration of the text of several
,technical, literary introductions-תסתt~mes also of the81set pattern , but80זconfornl
e.הו4and13.frgsח. .g
digits (see,1ק"ז8תוthe comparative chart of the average number of letter-spaces1ח.half-spaces88below) are counted
A~erage Number of Letter-spaces per Line:1TABLE
Frg . Letter-spaces
1ן252
1[י26
292
נ[ש
15]]3
4י[12
4וונ18
4יו16
4י18
4וץ18
ontents?(
the formal styleת]compendium of calendar-. related compositions , phrased8184(320נ
.prototype888known fronl other calendrical documents , for which ] ! possibly served
their beginnings or endings1בThe literary passages which frame sonle of the registerstechnical, literary-ת0תspecial feature. ~ Three examples Of such8,constitute , as said
5]practically parallel clause14[.1עand;13;5-11144תו320נpassages are found
.this column are appreciably shorter]0The five upper lines2
,The other lines are probably shorter.5*חוןthe max ~mum value , evinced byנ5ואקך5ן
theז"טסrnstruct(ח0ן0!4(321ל. tent~tiveחןpresupposed5ןsirnilar intreduction144
tHE IUDAEAN DESIRT xxl1אDISCOVERIESש
These literary segments exilibit slmllar verbal.4(319בthe beginning of!8preserved
:cornponenG
the beginning!8and111403201תThe preservation of the expresslon.1.אור,לדשרר
tentative[ח4(320כ4and]3א. restoration18]suggests,40319of;12-11]3;34]1.frgs(403201מThe phrase opens three registers.2.עצל(בני)בשכח4-ב
the important concept0יbears wimess!1.תו4(319כas well as the otot roster,(14-13]]4
which the luminaries were Eashioned that are the0ח,the fourth day of Creation0תthat
calendrical and astronomical computations, also the first SIX-"year cycle of11פbases of
the veryת]be rooted0!mishmarot commenced . This cultic institution was thus shown
.creation of the universe
three ofברישהתוfurther supported by the employment of the terrtl5]The concept.3
the,140320ן3;3ן40319and;6ע17,111. above texts
:contains the follovving distinct schedules4(320נ
listed seriatim between15every lunar monthתוone specific date,2and1.frgs11.תtheמןfalls and the concordant date11which0חmishmarפthe setvice vveek ofתוthe day
:5!11.frg!0Covenanters ' solar calendar , as illustrated by the tex
t
ברמשןביי/וע"לשבמלכיהבייof(מ0(וס:
the
lunar month("!29or : falls) the(א
~
lalkiah0סthe service week(חן)day(26תtheתס
.)month of year evo50שו)the nrstאן20חןthe(4,יcolnclding
preserved only for the first three years of the priestly service5]The text of this register
including,4(פ321לandת4(321נ]cycle . The dates given are identical with those listed
see()נthe cycle , provi ~isionally namedחוthe first month of the first yearחןtwo dates
and40321תןanother date appears,40(320כ!contrastחן,INTRODUCTION ) . ' However
8]pronounced duqah or possibly duqoh , which,רוקהי0(ה)דוקוtermed,4(פ321נ
for eve
ry
single lunar month . The formulaic natu
re
of)0זלsequentially recorded next
and the permanent service order of the wenty,2and1ח4(320נ]the schedule recorded
fullתו restoration of that scheduleפfour priestly courses provide the means for.columns5.5
precededתפ by8ןthree schedulesת]The technical enumeration of concurrent dates
are preserved . This introduction1[05חfewפalmost poetic introduction , of which only
.the fourth day of (reation0ח'great) luminary('פof"5וזthe0זthe appearance0זreferstheחן first sighting of the moon , whereas10Most scholars presurne that the text refers
should!1.detail below1מthe rising of the sun , as argued1015the reference0מ0ותוקmv
15the creation of the universeמ!be noted that the implantation of the mishmarot cycle
trace of this018ח
~
here'.(4!319ב)QOtot4and;14-13])4:10]3:5-10ז4(320ל1ןpeculiar
absent from the partly8ן!],anv other extant Qumran source . Most significantlyחןidea
unless the concept had,4(3218נand40321תןpreserved comparable tables of dates
*.the calendrical registers10preserved introductionחן8זסחfound expression otherwise undocumentedtype Of literary8חpartial lines of%50[ןconsists3ן.Frg.2
preceding calendrical80זjinaleבhad been appended asזן,compositlon . Presumably
,fourth year
0the!ז" first monthחןbe recorded al
so
10Accordingly , t ~vo % dates svould has.e'sol ~r calendar, but664%-צפEnoch and yubilees ~ whose authors fervently champion the1וח0ן)e~ually absentוו5י" .the mishmar
~t aad their
:
~rvice cycicט!attent~on0")8זן
4140320
.frgתנvacatי1.108עbut now,13and2-1.between frgs1תroster, possibly sandwiched
probably indicates the ending of that literary finale whose contents can only be1413תושתו91,
'
the) years of h~liness(',0הקדששף*reference80יtentatively ascertained . Next
~
he restored reading'.(11140319ע.cf(בריאה,Creation0!reference8חן1[8תסוfinds*חס
suggest4]"ת[אחו[ח[[ח
us
mmary of8and what may have beenהשביהיובלות[את[ת[סתו3ו4connected(נ(ל!01although,!0ת with5]contents8יוtext which by8held134(320בthat
0necessarilyן[(. identical
contains6.recorded . Frg15unspecified nurnber of otot87מand5.frgsתל,thousand(,אלפיםעת:, (days
"sevenתות , or,זטס)calculations whi~h surpass the sum of
These data conform.3"ת1[ת]the reading of the first legible letter0מdepend
ing
0!plausible5חז""8!
],the assumed nature of the original text
.
Therefore10reasonably
haveופתזThe lost roster.3ן.before frg,9-7.frgs8180and perhaps,6and5.pl
ace
frgs
which held,9-6.frgsחוadditional element , rudirnentarily preserved8תincluded
given period of8חוdays,0counting80!remnants of numbers that probably relate
8calculations of0*time, totalling several thousand . These large numbers rnust pertain
the0!days , most probably2184=364%6larger tirne span than the six-year cycle of
dayת8 count , together with4נ.much more extens~ve periods covered by otot documents7
,7.frgמ]found5],הוח[אenumeration oftheחסהז!5חחןplain enumeration of the seventy -two solar8contain14-1]3
.
Frgs.3
every single case that the first and second months ofחןyear cycle , stating explicitly.-%81
.days (cf08ת-days each
,
while eve
ry
third rnonth has thirty30annual quarter have8ת5theן beginning of the month81duty0תaddition , the mishmar1640326).תand6017
.(40329and40321.ordinal number (cf5!וidentified by18noted, and then the month
the first and fifth years " preserved , preceded0שsmall fraction of text pertaining8Only
introduction.3ן[8- whose full meaning escapes interpretation ( frg8תfew words of8by
.(11
every10זrecorded sersatsm15the success
ton
of the biblical festivals,1-1114ע.frg14.ת
year!ח cycle, together with the name of the mishmar and the day-%8וtheתוsingle yearhe relatively well -preserved7
~
which.321,4ב). each festival falls (cf0תweek of service5*וthe sixth year
.
TheחוSwkkoth , the last festival)סconcludes with the mentlon!115
which precedes the technical roster exhibits some(4יי.apparent catalogue formula (frg
theח!priestly passagesת]calendrical texts]0similarity with introductory preambles
apocryphal(1הן.3:75;10:82; works139:29),חand Num38-37:23Pentateuch ( Levof the"ל(8-6),תסQS1(the Rule of the Communityת]the prologue) , and6מ9:2.7,חו
.Foundation Documents of the Yahad
alaeogra
~
hy)/
!]BCE) . This dating makes100-125.))'typical Hasmonaean SCT~pt'8ת]penned1844320בNote iltter alsa the8.the standard Jewish scriptתוthe earilest calendrical scroll written
!0and the looped upper stroke,81חחהאחand"c8rooked, perpendicular strokes of zay
=da
ys
exceeds the nurnber of davs164]0which the solar year5ןspecified$ןdaya!0count8,15-13:14.7ח11הונ ,eight yea
rs
80five;ח , and50חן,three yearsחןdays30:days354the lunar year of
cross;ח , ~ The Development of the lewish Scripts '
,
, The Btble and the Ancient Near East : Essays.88"פ1,.4ח
Wright,4ן.Doubleday:.7,1961;138,,,ת"2. (Garden City.8.3)Honor af VFilliam Foxwell Albrieht, ed . by
UDAEAN DESERT xxl1THEאוDISCOVERIES42
arms0
ו!8ל",full circle; rather018ת!פSamek.%1יthe0יlamed which inclines noticeably
standard mem , Letters measure mostly0!similar!וgap which makesפare separated by
2somewhatצ2!ותח. less thanother.321נ41 Qumran documents, e .gת]Numerals are designated by symbols, like
hookפ
"stands'פתס for the value(קleft0ןslanted stroke from rightפ40321.גand
and two
"stands'!תם for(ר)horizontal stroke8וחסן!which may have developed
groups of three , with theת]Digits are arranged.'?)יה"ת'superimposed hooks )% signifytriadפsome instances, the last of1ת.elongated stroke8תclosed byתזס!ו1חסת)last triad
Digits usually-(ש)right0!leftץ[8.!ותסז,the opposite directionחןof strokes slants
symbol for21.5%8!6precedesי"תprecede the symbol for tsventy
,
whereas the symbol for
This.9.frg50תוand less,6.frgח!clearly extant(פ),5ןrepresented here by,100and " also.(6.frg0תknown fron] the Elephantine papyn (see COMhIENTS15symbol
.(284,221,111Milik, DYD.7.ז.cf(61.col1ת.e .g,3015Scroll,"ןןסםthe1חfound
.tralned scribeפThe identical execution of recurr~ng letters bespeaks the hand of
the4.frg13-1.ח..frgsת]displayed only8!the sheet,0uniform layout8,However.column widths and interlinear spaces vary noticeably
Orthography
and was probably pronounced Joiarib asייריבspelled5]The name of mishmar Jehoiarib
.(5:11Neh;16:8Ezra(יב-יוקor(7:24;10:9Chr1)יב-ידוזthe !% plene spelling0!opposed
Neh;15:10Ezra()8ת]passim , which predominates0[מימןNote the defective spelling
the0!ale
~
as opposed1spelled with9(6102;4ז
.
frgs(חפשand or,(9:24Chr1;8:10
Chr1)!5ו[the biblical mishmarot1תthe narne]0the single mentlonח]spelling with he
1ן8,
.
frgs18.ת-",are mostly spelled defectivelyחמשיand,שקשי,רבעיThe ordinals.(31:2410.נוי4ן.
(10-4
.
f8rg(682,(3-1,frgs(681.1עח,Nlus
*330.43,330,42,700.41,619.40,611.40,591.40,587.40,579.40PAM.3-1.Frgs 374594IAA.*331.43,329.42,*699.41PAM.10-4.Frgs
]1.Frg
~top margit
הנחרחמןירשותה[סן[..,,מאדרה ביסודהשמיםמחצית[ב]2
בשבת.יו-נבוקרעדמערבה[והברישנ
But,בידפא,,חfrg!ן[7. spelled plene1
4340320
בשנההריסדןלחודש16ל[ג]
acat/~5ה[ןהרישו
בובי714ך/לע7טגבידעךהבע17]
בשניבירקלרקוץ[השבת]
שיב[באליןב7בשלשיבע7ע7עקילע7געע7י
ברביעירי)צןתימתלידבבלגאהדו-וצ
בפבעגן]
""בחמשיייירייו-צעעךע7לעק4ה
בששיי.בע7ע7לריבדליהןע7בע7]בשעורישבת]
"בשביעיבע17י17717קי/נו
)בעליילבאביהןבע
בשמיניי"
בתשיעיי,ע)בעי[לענעג7ביקיםבש]
"bottom margi
REAv~NGs09א[88א
letter beforeפthe remnant ofחthe right edge of
~
the parchmentשbefore the lacuna%0!תןs
-
k41נ.,!.inter-word spaceמפ
theהראותה. head aYYd the foot Of
,
lanted
~
can be discerned before!0Traces1.חthe very right2.ן(זand1the space between linesח]appears that the word was wntten2חתפךיה.ינ.]
'Of,פ
yod
lamedתerasure8,פקות5 can be discemed , followed by0!פedge of the fragment the vertical stroke
,somewhat wider than usual9ןtrace of Ae . The ensuing inter-word spaceפfairly certain re~, and possiblyadditionalממלת,presumablyש6,. letter beforeחפand could have contained
are.700.[4PAMח]best seen,טת]]the beginning of the)8
~
he two parallel perpendicular strokes'3.14
the margin , rather than (ayin ofחןwr~tten mostlyריאה:דוparts of he , presumably the last letter of the noun
similarחן40319 context8ח]mentloned5[הבריאה,~ the firmament ' , as read by Wacholder-Abegg,הרקי
" זו1וו,and,17תן4(225נ71:דכריאהיוםעד. ,'Gamul]0)or : house(505תthe'.בני,שוץThe name of the mishmar was perhaps preceded by.4עצלל.]was possibly partly vvrittenבני
,
this case4אן2ה'מעחבניבשבת).מחו.cf. frg(י14נמהי'בנבשבת)4.frgתיlike
the[חו". preceding0!דינריא4החןthe marg)n, like the first four lettersתן
The.14וון.frgחןpreserved WOtd?11חthe spelling of the0תbasedחfhe restoration'.ח.15דרישו1ה.from the ensuing roster of data!ז8קפ~acat after hiw~ll sets the introduction
TMNSLATION
being seen (or: appearance) from the east1.[](80א
the eoundation of81Jthe middle of the heavensמו[sh] ine]0)1ן
)day) of
the
week (of
:
service(4אזthe0חmomingח1תטfrom evening1~Creatioln[.3
.Aeul0סזkK:46:40Ezek45:40לף'מבנ;ש~zekחן[ח.tound e . g8ןThe sarne variance of terms10
.see COMMENTS,ןדכרשביוןד
"the collocation,0For the s~gnificanceיי
xxlס%58%זTHE JU
DAIAN
אDISCOVERIeSאו
the(זפוס5) fir]st[חןthe first monthתןof Ga]mul[.4
year DaCdt.5
day(,חthe0אי30 of the lunar month(291יor: coinciding vvith) the(]פJedayiahתו)the Sth (day06.[מ
)monthש1שthe first(4ל
)the second (a~lar monthאג3!תthe030(אתthe81Ha]qqopח!Sabbath[.7
)the third (solar month291"תןthe0ח291תthe1פElia]shibח!)day(151the08.[ח
)the fou~ih (solar monthח291חןthe0ח301מthe1פBilgalhתן)day(א)4the09.[ח
)the ftah (solar month271"מוthe0אי29חthe1פPethalbiahחו)day(4איthe010.[ת
)the sixth (solar monthי271שthe0ס3*תtheש]Delaiahחו)day("61the011.[ת
the!מסם*)
seventh ($olar25*שthe0אז29מthe81SdorilmמןSabbath[1ג
)the eighth (solar month25*מןthe0ת[30!ןthe1פAbiahחן)day(26חthe0ח].נו)solar month(א)ח!תtheח241תןthe02[9]איחtheיפJaqimח])the Jrd (day014.[ת
COU ~IENTS
the biblical account!0which , presumably , detailsה,poetic composition8]סThese lines are part2-!.!]the account of the fourth day when the Creator fashioned theחןof Creation are recapitulated , culminating
calendrical computations ( Gen!]8ser~e as the basis Of0!the heavensח]great luminaries and placed them
dates]0!בroster1()פCreation!0the fourth day0)The apposition of the reference.(10-1:2.Cf._
yub
;18-14:1
11.dateת0מפ)וexistence10מ!convey the notion that the luminaries came0!1חט1ח!reveals the author 's
dates throughout the six-year)נpreface for the ensulng detailed schedule ofחבזקסזקק8;8(םthus serves as
poetic8,19Psalmח]note that0יof interest1!5ן.the solar yearח,mishmaros cycle and the parallel dates
which the poet extols theח!the song!0precedes the maJor part(7-1the sun
s
orbit (vv0!pertainingק"ז;טקססGod(עע15-8). ' s Torah!0glory
and-סהrhe last two letters of the word can be vocalited'.ראהNip(al form of4.]ותה)להרא.]andדוקה[מ4(321נ.rd masc
.
pronoun (cf38indicate0!-תהfem . pronoun or6]3understood as the
פ40321).
the first5]states ' they call the east East ' because this quarter of the heaven1.77."21דמויחמן.נע..].(159~DyD xxxvl(15210נ1ין)40209נ4.32which the luminaries arise . See(ה'קדם)מן
שר,
~
of9!חחם
*0aufnxזtheא pertains0תסזק!ופחוחThe same ambigu ~ ty regarding the.2חא41ה.]
.lvritten here ,vith the well-"attested elision of
~
he
synonynlousרקיע(ה)פמצע, with the termם'השםמחצית5ן,rabbinic parlance2ם'השמןבן6חניח.חו.]phase80!and never refers324Tamid.6.8.ם)zenith8!18ןthe sun ' s position,י]which pertalns exclusively
the sun'sחןsaying which relates this stage15פconcernז0וזטסthe moon
s
revolution . Most importantחן
the0זcorresponding(2~wlndows365Creation : 'The holy one praised be he created)8position50א!orbit
,the midst of the firmamentמוthe west , and one182מןthe east and182חן...)the solar year,0days365
fourth day) of""1the sun) came forth from the beginning (viz . from(]ןwhichרקיעשלבאמצעו,[סז!תCrcation,ברששיתמטשהנהחילח'ל.0א!1םא.cf.588.2.ן,9"אןן5[נ).
biblical Creation traditions andמןare Leittvdrterחזסז1ומךVocables derived.2.1-נה[ורנראביסוד]
that1(!13:4888;?12:893;26:102;5:104;]4:3806אע.).מthe formation of
the
earth10pertain especially
.cf;6:9Amos(בנהare often paralleled by terrns derived from?01יcontext ,. ~vords from the semantlc field
Zech.16,13.51the making of the heavens ( Isa10which relate,נטהand,(19:3Prov;2-1:245ק)69:78),מוןps 12:[ו.
pragmatic aynonymity withח0פcan takeך%יבQumran wrlt ~ ngs , the term85תו,biblical literature1ת
'structure the Mo nouns connote 'Creation8.4חחפ)Conjoined.%:38Job.26,21:40cf. e . g . Isa(בריאהthe:14תםברפתקבהזכרה?המרויס9ד, phrweחן~ of the firmament ' ) , like0ז'the creation0יfoundation'י0ח)
the,2-12215זוו21).מו4()פnnale and fenlale he created them '" (CD"(1י8י)ןפ;חס5ן)ה0(ז' ( the essence
:evident 'Creation ' context8חת),parallel structure8ח;are employedבראandיסדtrbs'1
.En~ch1the astronomical vocabulary ofחן'equals 'gates'ן;5ע601ח'The tcrm2יea,!9631ל4ו-158.
.
Ba~berger ( repr , lerusaltmמ
4540320
יסרםקודשו
" לחחשבראם2spatial signification , like the expression8)0תtemporal8hasרברשא[ביסודthe construct403281ח
synonyrnous with5]which,7תן40216יןreconstrucred by VanderKam,27:1.&yuדינריאהראשהז[חthe ' midst of1ח'one of the ' great luminaries]0identify the position01תdoes1הבריאהמן(4(217נ22).ז
theח0 luminaries ' function Of giving
iI
ght0!Rather , the collocation refers.(2"חון)השמיםביחציח,'heaven
.the phraseתןlike,(3טתו])(,קר)בעדמערבearth throughout the ent ~ re ( fourth ) day (of Creation
רשה[הבביסודכוקרערמערבגמולבניבעבתבארבעהלה4ירה(40319עו0ן_ו!).theתןvhich recu
rs
Theבוקרויהיערבויהי, author employs the biblical phrase.3בוקרעדמערב.]~ The same1.period of twenty-~ four hours8.denote 'one day' , viz0!)passim,1Creation pencope (Genesis similar:שמש Creation contextפbe0זwhat appearsחן4(503נ228-27תןsequence seemingly can be restored
10the mention Of morning ' precedes the reference,3תו4(408נ3+פ
,
contrast1עץקר,ערבאם-ב4ח8רץ.ת:tJreation context8ים"8תות'תן'
"לאותדבוקראתברתהאשרביומם)ילגמלאורממשלתופיע
"ביןתאשר[,י.3:19cf)לילהבול)לןחושךמבשלחע'לדיפהערבאח Ps(
the01ח,septad or daysפsignifies hereשבתother Qumran documents , the termחןAs.3בשבת.].(13xxl;12XIX:11xvIII110ידthe week (cf. e . g]סseventh day
the preposition]0ץ.spelltd defectively%%31א.frgמ)he noun % spelled plene, whereas'1.4לתדש.]129:16Lev:5-4:811:7givenט1פ. month cf. e . g . Gen8תןgiven day8lamed connnotating
];1.frgח;the order0!contrastחן,Here the month precedes the year.5-4ןהרישוימבשנהן)הרישלשדש,]]
.5-4
contains the formula ~hich recurs throughout theטתו]The first.1[בידעןבין"[.6בו644לשטעקן
the,ן! present instance1ח.th
ree
discrete calendrical sys~emsחןdetermined by concordant dates18)[:roster
lun~r month1מאof theא1חוח-Jedariah , which co~ ncldes with the twenty!0the weekתוthe fifth day0תfalls
.as~d the thi~ieth or the first solar month
follo~-s)ןthe lunar monthתןday291חsolar month with the"1תואday30(אthe]0From the equation
Enoch(חןthe nloon was invisible , as implied by the description of the moon
s
orbit1א18חthatתןthat
the easrחןAnd her ( the moon ' s) rising aryd setting changes every month . . . her first phase':(4-3:73)
firSt"4,shae day she becomes ~isible, and constitutes for you0חthe thirtieth morning; and0מcomes forth .the sun4,ז8גש!
theגש" shirtt
'eth day0מphase of the moon
like.'!8'lamed!ת has the temporal connotationק["ח0ווו05קthe entire roster the16עגי)לגגע.ח.]biblical.ערבלעה)7:14Zech;14:17Isa;2:11Sam2;11:24;11:8Gen).השמשבואלעת()05 Hebrew, e .g
.(1:11Sam2))לעתחשמזגלששצטזnws27:10),צףם"המל
the present instanceתן,appropriate ordinal number%וby15month8he first mention of'1.6בך.]other calendrical%8[ח,employedבמ(succeeding references only the pronoun1שת'הרלדגדש(חח"4).ת
ser;תח8 ~'esבידthe Ararnaic equivalent(8:7).Meg . Taran1ת.)passim,2-14(394נ.documents (cf. e . gidentical:בקעההגאנשישאןביתצשי*)גל...ביהעסרבחמשתצורמנרלאחידחבסיןבארביסר meaning, e .g חן
"151the0ח;of Sivan (was) the captu
re
Of Migdal sur"141the0שוראשמרןאחידתביהוחמשאבעסרין,'חthe wall]0wa$) the capture(!ח251מןןthe0ת;exile10מןBeth-Shean and Biq'atah went]0the people...1נ .
'of Samaria
Theחפ scribe either inserted.61403218תןas,28The co
rrect
numbet should be.1,.9עי"ברבקי))ג)ג)ג)ב
this case , the beginning1ת.svrong dateפextra stroke mistakenly , or else he erred altogether by calculating
.keep week-days and month-days concordant0)orderבבלו4ענשג,[חread10ahould be restoredטתו]of the
"8refiect4(320נand4(319נssue and cannot be adduced as proof that1the calenda
r
10relevant8ן01חphrase*4ורד!
the)0Reckoningמן'סאידdiscassion of the issueווםevening. Seeטח!wh
ich
the day was reckoned fromחןephemerii
Theמן,Light"4",(,י B,
bfe
From]0theיי8חיחםי8 Biblical and Early Po~t -~ Biblical Periods : From MorningחןDay
12-109.esp,29-109(1994,laphet (Jerusalem : Magnes Press.5Interpretert, Sarah ~Camin Memoral Volwme , ed
.
by
.)Hebrew(
HT
E IUDAEAN DESBRT xxlאוDISCOVERIES%
ANALYSIS
0!refer0!The prevailing scholarly consensus takes the preamble of the technical register
my vlesv
,
the1מ,s However1.the time of (Jreation!8the first appearance of the nloon
.vizקטתט8י',ייdefinesהשרחמןלהראותהthe east . ~ fiתוtext speaks of the very fltSt sunrise
the Hrst day of the0תthe eastern horizon0תthe phase of the sun ' s becoming visible
the week of Gamulת]the first year which coincides with the fourth dayחןfirst month
when the
"stands'ח00ת for(2"1~ת)ב
"cf).4(319נ10,11,בשבותבפרבעהאורה[).השמיםחציח
the sun's orbit, approximately midת]intermediate stageחןע.highest point5"!815sun
biblicalחשמשחם Hebrewחוbe felt, " defined0,beginning4heat8!]morning , when
this4(503ב6-1וח5ה1שמשחוםבופ[י).8י%ת.cf;21:16Exod((ו)השמשחוםor(3:7( Nehpossibly NVaS inspired by the40320description of the sun 's daily clrcult , the author of
bridegroom from his wedding8like!טסwords of the psalmist : ~ ( the sun ) comes
irs circuit,מוצאוהשמיםמקצה,from the end of the heavens(5ן)rlsing(5!])...canopy
heat ' (Ps1אescapes) from,.*.1)hidden18their (other) ends , and nothing0!)leads(
.10.frgח111(7נpartly preserved15he passage'7-5:19).ד
byלהשירת1 the employment of the term!טסborne8]This interpretation of the textthe,,ך%דעללהפירחשמש[ובצפת sunrise0!formula pertaining8ת])Daily Prayers(503ב)4
several(ם.8. juncoJres of the text!8which the editor convincingly restored10ע1),9י.( frg
should be stressed that the!1.(.81!"4]2,-25ז[[32;32-29ץ[ן[9,7;41-40[-ו,frgs
the rnoon ever explicitly5]תטסתז,זסחthe rising of the10never applied there5ןformula
invocations0!relate,בערב,the evenlngח]daily prayers0זreferences"חיד.mentioned
the0ןoffered after sunset , and cannot be construed as evidence that the text pertains
the0!rnoon or the lunar calendar . Equally, mentions of the hours of darkness next
calendrical0!strictly pertain!0תthe ' Rule of the Community ' doחןdaylight]0hours
the course of tNentyתוbe offered0ןthe daily prayers which are0!issues , but rather
the writings ofתן,Altogether10.(4-1צQS1(night!8during the day and.3]ע,four hoursthe biblical0!evident referencesוחס)תן'signifies ' moon'רחthe Yallad , the cerrn
combination'מכים(".240216.8וא5; with 'stars1),[תCreation tradition ( Genesis
invariably standsדחוירחט,calendrical documents1ח.)restored2]26140392;4(458נbut'ח00וח'. never for
"for'ח0תז(א(5)
buttress the (Jovenanters ' claim0!purports40320part ofת[![1ב]The author of the
rooted8]dayתו8 solar calendar by which they abided-364that the legitimacy of the
Mitteilaven
"Bgtחסץ4QMischmerot4ן(25. ~-Festkalendarחון364-דlunare~ Zyklen?ן(]',Albani.]
"'יcf.חן(.וש.
rime (LendonlNew3?שר1זפזפן;the Dead Sea scrollsפןVanderKam , Calendavs.:).1;47-3(19924יund Beittdge .79(1998,York
;
Routledge
*and the Qumran Synchroniatic
Cslendar
', Phrmi
~g the Text, St~dieח10יק
~
wise ~ Secotld Thoughts_0_Cf. M%י%199.~?Sheffield : Academic Pr;4*1Kampen_
(
JSOT.up.1Reeves and.6_67נ.ם",,.H'ach~lder elr.2.8י)H()norמ] .14noteחןwho lveighs this poesibity.2ו)]
See.6-5;2-11111ח4(209נ,presenterd15the setting and the rising of the sun0וa ~ most complete description7י%חQumran1Introduction ' , Mbcellanea, Part:48אם0מ'י]QAatronomical4',Garcia ~lartinez.קigchelaar and'שנ'םד .102(2000,Ox [ord : Clarendon;D1ID xxxv(1,1%%.4at
~ r'(
8:17andחםבפ'כירפ,ולש. Jer4:18cf. also Isa.(ו)חשמשחמה:reads hereץ?חסן5וSamaritan",אווד
mw, derived86,711מthe terms -"'ftwi
,
derived from40320and405חן3פconjecture that0!ternpted5ןOne19 .word-play8חןare employed,וחםר8ה"sce,חIsraelחן1LightיQumrw[ן!*8ז!זט*',Theז0יש,4 my paper ~Tht Emergence Of Institutionalited Prayer"1
.33-211.esp.43-1989)ס0ן,Jeruaalem : Magnes Pre ~s(1י,[%1הC)umran From4
4740320
the biblicalחןthe (
rJ
eation of the Universe. The precedence accorded!8divine fiat
the great luminary ' , the sun , over ~ the lesser'0*(18-14:1pericope (Gen8זם*ח10שthe '
Book
of theת]the very outset!8,sald above88,echoed4,luminary' , the nioon
rst lawן]the5ןAnd this':(82-72)Enoch7the book of0!es attached1Heavenly Luminari
the eastern portals of the heavenחןrlsing5!1the luminaries : the luminary the Sun has?0
1And after this law';(2:72.7חן)'the western portals of the heavenתוsetting8"and
named the Moon . . . her5]saw another law dealing with the smaller luminary , which
that day she becomes0תthe thirtieth morning; and0מthe east comes forthת]first phase
the thirtieth daf together0אthe first
~
hase of the moonטסצvisible , and constitutes fortuithן%%'(4-1:73). the
for[[ח"[ת the interpretation of the opening81קתוו"5חסחThis statement has importantSlightly paraphrased , the text can be rendered as.6]144320כthe calendrical schedule of
)day of
the
(first29!אthe0מthe serv~ce week Of Jeda~] iah fallsת]day561follows: ' thethe (first) solar month '
.
The only wayת]day30!חlunar nlonth and coincides with the
the[ח method explicated5]solar) coincide(30lunar) and day(29make day0*considered18,1Astronomical Enoch . The first day of Creation , counted as solar day
thisת0סחז day , theח().of the preceding month30day.*.1
,
day zero of the lunar month
invisible during18the conJunctlon with the sun , andהזסז]enierge0ןbeginning018צות
ternledנ(. he
re
15,altogether eclipsedתססת5ן!the day . The night Of day zero , when thetally with the calculation4(320כthe beginning Of!8This explanation makes the text
.4method of Astronomical Enoch
.
See INTRODUCTION and APPENDIX
theצחshared5ןthe hoary antiquity of this calendarתוrhe tJovenanters ' belief'
and.9-8:2[=40216וץ8-5];36-34:6), yabilees (cf. e . g(5:79.Enoch (cf. e . g1authors Of
CD evidently]0exclusive authenticity . The author5זוwho never t~re OF proclaiming
calendrical matters which equals thatזס("[ת]binding8the book of'
yubitees
0!accords
other cultic statutes and prescriptions (CD XVI8110שrespectת]'of the 'Law of Moses
5]days364yubilees the introduction of the exclusive legitimate calendar of4-1).תצ
Enoch1)was divinely revealedזןwhom0יthe antediluvian patriarch Enoch0!ascribed
the sarne time, the Covenanters , like the writers of yubilees and the Enoch82-81).זןןliterature, categorically reJ
ect
the misleading lunar calendar , which became prevalent
chronometrical matters ,, with3-2),13ץ.[תthese ' (CD XVI8116תו61תו'when Israel was
the fourth dayסיreferenceוזןב,However'2,the exception of the precursors of the Yahad
theתןGamul]0the weekת]the fourth day885-3ת4(320כ1ן]of Creation , identified
be over
~
ooked thatיסחfirst six -~year service schedule of the mishmarot , the fact could
that very0תbiblical tradition the sun and the rnoon were created together0!accerding
Thereforeח00תו'5 , the.ן2,ה%הבריבימודand y~bilees,514(392נ.Cf;19-14:1day (Gendetailed description of80!adjunct885מbe given attentlon , albeit10revolution needed
.the sun's annual circuit
justifiedז[ת0 by the biblical tradilנ,the solar calendar0!of the lunar6זסיט5[תסח8ת~
he'
the service weeksת]highlighted by the systematic synchronization of days%1,161:ל(Gentheת]shows8150!1.the solar calendarתוof the mishmarot with the concordant dates
the Covenanters' writings are comparatively rare , and asחססתוחןthe0!Generally speaking, explicit referencea21
Covenanters',חן '
Writings
~חן Lunar-Calendar Polemics-11הןן',of .' ywbilees , are rnostly negative . See Talmon6001theח,dem Neuen Testament und se ~
ner
Umwelt ,. Fextschriftא%Dai Ende aer Tage und d~'e Gegenwart de, Heilt-~egegnanaen
Fenske:%.ג.Brill,1999)י40-2. (Leiden.שלBecker and.4%Kuhn
,
, ed . by.,ן2.א
HT
E IU
DAeAN
DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIESא
lunar8of the required intercalation of2-140320תוabsence of any explicit mentionaltogether15זריthe end of the third lunar year. Since the lunar)868830ץmonth of
arrangement provesקאי,year service cycle of the priestly courses-81או*צirrelevant for
for theסוsandwiched18every lunar monthתוdate)נof one1181conclusively that themoon
s
monthly eclipse by the concurrent dates"אוonly purpose Of identifying6חפone
theטא1תט8,פוץ.0אז681-364 course of0תthe two calendrical systems which dependתו
.ephemeris and the six-year mishmarot cycle
Frg.1ח
mifat
ati
~
in
%
"בקנייר
בעשיריב14יie[D[כקשתיבייי/לעגעגעביחוקאלבעגלה
החדשעשרבשניםביילידבייריב,ב
גמש!השניתהשנה
ברישוןבלגע7י"לשבמלכיהביבשניבילידבישועבועןגעלי"ג"לבחופא.בעע
m']בר7עעע7ע
~
el
5הביעיןברשגע7ילייבפצצשבת
1"5,ב
אעעעעוי".בר7געע
בחמשיי[בששי,11)))1-1ןיל14רבידעיה7"ב
בשביעיןברעגןלשנעגווגיבמימן.בזע
בשמיניןביצגי-ליקבשכניה5ועע7
[בתשיעי.ברועלע7שע7ףבבלעהשבת
[בעשירית"ברלירבפתחיה1בע
ייחגיא14ו"
")day(6]23theחס)day of
the
lunar month(א"30!א)81)Immer00the week(4ש)day(א)1.ח0או?5 )the tenth (solar month
)the eleventh (solar monthחןndt1he Z0אי29חthe8יlebezqel(ץ68)(ח"61?"
2.מס(
the twelfth (solar) month6ח22חןthe0י8טדי30!אחJoiarib3.ח0(א"151(ץב6)חן
Theטש(ם! second year.4
440320
)the first (solar monthאי20חןthe029!אתthe!8Malkiahח])day(24מthe05.מ
the!אזתסת) second (solarחןah2the0אח)30theזפJeshdaמי)day(%41the06.מ
the third (solar month )I%191[שthe029!חתtheש
~
uppahמו)day(%51the07.מ
])the fo[urth (solar monthח]
"!18the0301"תtheת1קווקקפא"ואSabbath.8
theיומסחז)] fifth (solar17!חמוthe0ח291ת[the1פGamul1ח)day(!15the09.מ
])the sixth (solar monthי171תוthe03[0!יחthe!8Jeda' iah1ח)rd (day3the010.ח
])the seventh (solar monthאז15,תthe02[9!חתthe1פMijaminת])day(4!חthe011.ת
])the eighth ( solar monthאי15תןthe03[0!חתthe!8Shekaniahתן)day(%!6the012.מ
])solar month(%ותוחthe14!ימןthe029!יתthe81Bil [gahח]Sabbath.13
])the tenth (solar monthאז13חוthe0ח301חtheשPetabiahתו)day(24תthe014.[מ
COMMENVS
."
Theחו(תמחוטנdocuments(ם. Aramaic designation of the eleventh month prevails.12עשרבעשתי.]the(ט.2:25Kgs2;3:1Deut;72:7Num.8).ת1 Hebrew Bibleח]see COMMENTS ad loc.) as;2!!2-140394ן
the0זsimilar,החדשעשר'בעשתthe text reads(.ת321בי7-6111,8-711,5-414,יטפ!Iike(132.frg
the presentח[.(15-14:27Chr1)3!!1.frgהחדשעשךם'בשנ!ת!!טח85,14!מdesignation of the twelfth month
The use of22,"ח!!the1חpossibly because of the excessive length of text,ודודשinstance, the scribe omitted
way pertainsתן0תdefinite scribal convention , which88!the eleventh and twelfth months10regardההישמו נ2
theח100ת,. renewal of
the
10
2and2!1ו.introduced by the preposition bet (cf. frgs5זסח!Sabbath0!פThe nlention.8בפצצשבה.],mishmar0[פthe week of serviceחןother days10referencesח!the formula used1סcontrast!13),!ז
2.Frg
[בשביעיי/בעלעגשעעישוע]46.ב
4665מי/6עי4.לבחופא/בע
בתשיעי,בעעלעגעגעעיבחזיר.בעג
ביכיןעעבוע
"ביר
בעשיריג"
החישעשרבעשחיבילעגעגעעיבידעיהשבתהחישעשרנ6ניםשניםנלםליר1[במים]נע
READINGS00788אא
the
an
rrow space between the0!מ]The letters of the narne were presumably crowded.1%14.14בברמ
4andתחמאמ. the partly preserved*1!חthe beginning of theיפnumber
the presunled three ensuing lostחןtentative reconstruction of the text0פ)Similar considerations would apply22
.columa
he~ק.י,. Dead Sea scrolls Afetr Fifty Years , ed . by-7,'the Qumran scrollaחןGlessmer , ' Calendars.טContra2נ
VanderKam:8.נ.חז8[,1999)266,5-244.11. (Leiden.כ).ןandץ!יחי
1THE
IUDAEAN DESIRt xxאוDISCOVERIES50
TRANSLAT~ON
the Sth of
~
the ~evmth0ת)of
~
the lunar month(%2אthe8Je[ahda0סthe week(מן)the nrst (day9.מס
solar month)l(
)the eighth (wir monthמ]the Sth30!אמסthe81Huppah(ץ48)חןthe Jrd0ת
"1
)month80187)ח[מ(אtheח41תוtheמסh%2the8Hezir1)day(
"!4the011.מ
)the tenth (solar manth6134זthe0מ
"!30the!8(ץפ6)[ח%78[מthe eth012.מ
mo~th(ס5[זפ)
~
the
-
eleventh4ת2שthe29!חחסtheעledFiahתןSabbath.13
month(5זאוס)the twelhhת]the second day0אשנתthe!פday) )
" Mijamiln(24מthe014.מ
COMMENTS
The.()תtheק0י fragment begins with the seventh month of the third year of the cyclepreserved , the data for the eleventh month of the second year!0תeight lines , which are
.sixth month of the third year were recorded*6סיו4indicating the day!0full against the uaual practiceחןwritten out5,687ןThe second'.614שנשבל.]
nurnerical symbols throughout the entire document. The seemingly superfluous addition of6ץthe monthany.4(3218נ7111). other calendrical compoaition (cfמןattested!08מ)שנשbefore the numeralקם
]3,Frg
הקרששניס[
קדשהקוריאה
בשבהי[בע
גמויהשניםכל15ד24
השניהיובלאתית
wacatאהואתעשןר
ER
A~
INGS
אס
(
NcyfES
131,companaon with frgפborne out by15בשמתThe restoration of the cipher ~ fOUt before.411[מ.] 319י111.
"4and
topפס"di~cemedש ~troke of
lamed
and
ofthe
horizontal bar of rei?2ןתיעסמי,גשפחחזאח1יס.]g ~p , apparently resulting from the obliteration of8the right edge of the fragn~ent ; these are followed by
.uldikely4"or arרתפror
I
י0וז2
~
defective spelling8since,ז(שם
pa~ibly by theשאשזסpreceded by,א*שמנן!the beginning Of!8ש8ןThe partly preserved.ן.13ןח(פא.
"Qr the defectively apelled
I
שת
"ofl10פז(חsuggeste the restor,שש)of anotherס41זנןט(left perpen
TRANSI.ATION
the years of
I
holiness[.9
the JCreation holy.10
11.ח0!א"4](א(ץ68)%theאי%
5140320
the years]]פOf Gamu]l
,
he[a] d of.12
osloe of
I
the second jubilee.1נ
~acat![01017*1
CoawENTS
,(5%lQS(קודששי~irequently assoctated with calendrical units8,adjectiveחפas9.14הקדש.קדש
holiness ' eay be connected!0The mention of ' the years.(9286ב1ון)14111),קודששבועי(4CD(קדשושבדצתthe'חן[יתו12. years1]פsvith the ensuing phrase 'head of
and31ו~freחןthe term,0Creation' , parallels the mention',10בדיאהThe reference.10.14קדטדירישה
.4cf(2251בו7רברי8הימ'עד. al$o.(17,11,1319ב44י)QOtot4מ]
lvhether]0,somewhat problematic structure810בריאדתןrefersקרשbe decided whether1110.14יסמח8ם
constructוקדשיםקדש. , such as8that the word wo~ld be part of50,"מטsyntactical8CIOStSבריאהand5חחAny calendar reckoning could begin only from the fourth day of (reation when the12-11.141
This.(41ן.the week Of GaGul (cf. frgמוday41חthe nloon were fashioned , here again identified as the
the years' , viz . 'the years of holiness ' , rnentioned]]פhead of',מעיםכלההשbefittingly designated15mishmar
מן[שחו9.
identicalחןcouched5ןjubilee"מןמסthe sumrnary [ormula of o ~ot(17-16319ב]זו)4)QOtot413תנ.].'signs17(10signs of the second Jlubilee (amounts0001ופ)the (sum[',והשניבל*היאעח]7אחוח]:terrns
.olot17:This wording could perhaps be restored here with afi inverted sequence of
:
the last two components
summation of otot given (or the first jubilee _ 'fhe (irst5פ)neither document01חחמט"מ,[תPor reasons חן
0101The summations or.חן4(319נthe second jubilee . See the discussion0יsummary specified pertains
half of the nextקקט"זtheחןthe sarne mannerמןthe seventh jubilees were possibly recorded1סthe third
column.3ון). (frg
rp
ompts the conjecture that14-133ו.rrgחןhe summary or the number of
~
otot ror the second jubilee'1
"precedingמ0 detailed roster of80יlower part served as the conclusion0!8אthe text of this column or
Remains of this.חן4(319בjubilees , likeמןsignificantly longer span of time measuredפwhich covered
.frgsמןwhich otot are explicitly ment~ oned , and perhaps also6-5,חו.$frgמןroster are possibly preserved
and possibly othero1toe!0lengthy scheduleפoriginally contalned4(320נThis suggests that.9-7and the.(2-1.the SIX-year cycle (frgsתןdates)1[051[כbetween theו!]calendrical calculatrons, sandwiched
the cycle, together with the names of theחןeach of the solar monthsתןroster of the number of days
.(3.pertinent mishmarot ( frg
Frg.3ח
]מ5
ם]בזבחי9
סןימים
[גנךלירהרישון]קדש
ידעיהן]לרהשני
]rwnייההשלשי
a'elירהרבעי
~
RI[
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES52
NOTES
I
ox REAOI~GS
ligature of
~
bet with8elw0י,be medial mew10the intercolumnar marg~n appears81The letter.1,.8גofו,ש.
:
another lener , possibly the right arm of
i
אפק
.be certain0!seemsבובח0[בובחןם'The feading.9בובחןם.]
RT
ANSLATI ( ) N
].8
sacrifice[s4אי))?(with.9
days.10ן
headed by) Gamull5ןdal~ s and(30)holy [the first (month has.11
]headed by) Jeda'iah4ת58י)])days(30(85
"the second (month.12
]headed by) Haqqoi15days and(1]3)the third (month has.13
]headed by) Eliashib484ת)])days(30)the fourth (month has.14
"]
1געסם[א.
the months, but the)0the beginnings81be offered10sacrificesשreference8Possibly.בזבח
"ן.9ם
.the particle bet cannot be readily explained)0connotation
mentloned, this8!the second monthשמווthe next1תHere the introducton' passage ends . Since11.,1
.the rirst month0!was probably somesvhat longer , assumedly containing the forrnula pertainingן(טח
.9]
3
.See
conl
~ les'rs ad frg.11ש-ק.]
,30-the annual quartersתןevery single solar monthתןdetails the number of days)5)]The14-12.],1 מןpertially preserved8ןs~milar schedule probably)נ.year scrv~ ce cycle of the mishmarot.-8ציthe31,30-חן
the.88משץ0זק begiruling of the month)פfurther records the name of the mishmar that serves!5;1"6(17נ.ד'ח
recorded50]8Theseתן4and40321(329נ. data are.14-11;4by
14.Frg
י'[41ייבירןדמשיעי]
מלכיה[ירהעשירי]!2
שוע[יירעשרוהעשהיני
ישבאבירןעשרושנים]4יbotfom margin
'[5אגא[ךנ'11.או
]headed by) lloiari [b5ןdays and(31)month has(ח1תיחthe[.11
headed by)] Malkiahבdays and(30)
~
the tcnth ( month has.12
headed by) lelshu'a5;days and(0נ)the eleventh (month has[.3ו
headed by) lleshebab5ןdays and(31)the twelfth (month has[.14
5340320
מאשעעםם
The extant bottom rnarg~n proveB that the last lines of the column conta~ned the record
least fifteen81lines, each holding"זסהזthe cycle. Twelve1תof year five12-9for monthsthe.1ט8 next column1תof the sixth year)115spaces, would have been required for the
the subsequent10introduction8חof that column are taken up by118סחthe last five.rosterקט0ן Since the lines of the column are extremely narrow, and the writing cornes
0)would have been impossible4,the very edge of the sheet, abutting the stitching
perpendicularly1]enter10themחו the rernalning text of the schedule orחוaccommodate
the intercolumnar margin
.
Therefore , we must ass
unle
that the scribe accidentally or
larger number of8deliberately om~tted the data for the sixth year or that he crammed
the column by narrowing the interlinear spaces . Neither of these assumptions0)חנlines
.satisfactory5]
1]4.Frg
ולשבתתהימים0ילחדשיםי,
ולשממיםשנים[ול]וי
בשןלידבלות[נ
גמולבניבשבה4י
TRANSLATION
ht
e days and for the Sabbaths.10
for the months.11
and for the Jyears and for the seven-year periods[1ש
)day(4!אtheת().and for the jubilees.13
the week of the sons Of Gamul14.[ת
COhdWENTS
suppositionתן1[סח9 that the last word"ן!promptsהטטpreposition before8The lack of.10הטט.]wasלכל.
Theחןcols.ן[[-4,ן. formalaic pricis of holidays, set before the detailed catalogue of festivals13-10.1] biblicalpriestlyח]notations connected with calendrical texts4מעresembles introductory statements or
theחןyubilees , and0)the prologue,(10:82;3:75)
~
noch7,(39:29Num;38-37:23Lev.ש.")sources
practically identical text concludes the8,Milik10Covenanters ' Foundation Documents . According
"~enumeration[מ319,4נ:הלשחותשניהםחודאי[ילהם[שיולעצוי...Wnta~lשתת of otot and festivals
THE IUDAEAN DES
ERT
xxlאוDISCOVERIES54
The.(7"40216=)9:2,yubחיfound15eimilar textןנמוי[ןבנבשבתובלהקמ'ול(ה1.1%ש2.4*ג
~
ב
"דרבועיןש
the:ושי...ירחשבואשיה Community Ruleשחז[ח;!the enumeration of prayer0ןespecially close5ןwording
0the!(או*) beginnings81',דרורלמועדשבועיהםוברושלשבועיהםשיםשעדי...שנים'ברשש...קידשthe annual1פ...the) years(!0the beginnings81...)Sabbaths.5ץ68(ן.טholy(1טא)months . . . and
the(!0the festival1)1חטyear periods-תשאthe
1the
begirwings of)8their sever -year periods andמןfestivals
Roi Hai. , which.חש]reminiscent of
I
the statement81505ןtextנ(8-5).ו2ד'טאQS:1)'the jubilee00beginning
the,4א.frg1ובלוח'ולולשמיטיןלשניםדשנךראש(1:1).מ:'four ' beginnings of the year1טאone of10pertains
.cf.1ו3-1 frg(בוקעדמערב...להאירה/רחה*להר-unpreserved clause like8תpr
~
cis possibly followed upon
.day of
~
Creationאאטיםreport of the58סח0ם;טwhich closed(106ח319,48לצוו
theופ6 fourth'8פthe fourth day of Creation , identified0חThe fashioning of
the
luminaries14-3].ו],calendric~ l caleulationsוזפagain presented as the starting point for4,'sons Of Gamul1יםטאthe ~veekחן
.frgaתןdays)נroster of6"1חןas,4ן;4ק.frgמ;ensulng schedule of holidays"1יanchor for85חבserving
.2and1
designatesמדלmore comnlon nameתפאי1"טrather,מקלבניThe somewhat fuller term.14עקלבר.].(2"
the.ה'0עח'בןבשבת)frg.4ן mishmar . cf
Frg.4ווו
)op"",ץ["
מועדיההרישונהדשנה1
הפסחמעוזיהבניבשבתג"ב2
עמרן]ההנףיהן]זדפ[ב](בנ
השניידפסתןבשעריםבלגן*השבועיםחגבישוע,ב
הזכרוןיוםבמעוזיהבגעע6
הכפוריםיוםבייריבגי1"[ב]7
"8(ש,שביעי[בבעשרה]8
דסקותחגבידא4ה.בנע]9
,ימופדותהשמת,
"2י[דפס1חבשעריםג[ע
milieuאפthdolagie4זפ0:שא-*,ש,'Amram8Qumrin : d 'Hinoch4Milik , ' Ecrits priess~niens.'14נ.ד
.below212.ק,See, however.93(1978.*5?9זDelcor (BETL XLVI ; Paris : OuculotlLeuven : University.1%cd . bv
tw~nty-~ fourשאש
~
the couree ofשוהופenumeration of
)
prayer?ח1()5צ6-1חן!א]refiectcd5ןthis textנ2מש'חן .hour period
5540320
ן,ב]נןבמיוםי
הנף~
nulh[
[השני1הפסחאביה[בבעני]4י
bottom margin
READINGS0אNorrEs
,from the preceding phrase,טמ,ה'מיעד]!theח]blank space illogically ~eparates the last word1ונ.]הרינצנהדשנה.
the day!0even larger blank space from the mention8תs~milarly disjoined by15This word.2הפסה.].$which the festival fall0מthe week of service Of Maroziahחן
5Theן layout of this column.6טח]]rom[5טח]]larger than usual interlinear sp
ace
separates46-5.]]
.as carefully designed as the preceding colurnns)0מ
.medial mamפcorrection Of
i
0Theיטח8 final mem appears..1,.46מ
TRANSLATION
festivals5%the first year.1
the Passah(8115!)of Macoziah85חסthe week of theחן)rd (day3the02.ח
]the Waving of the[ Omer(8115])]JJeda[ciahח]])day(191the0נ.חthe [Second] Passah(5]!%)Seorimמן)the Sth (day04ת
the Festival of Weeks(19]%)Jeshu'aמו)day(191the05.מ
the Day of Remen~brance(8115!)Ma'oziahמו)day(ח)4the06.מ
the Day of
.
Atonement(5]1%)loiaribמו)day(6אז[the0ת].7
the Jseventh (month) "acat1מthe tenth08.[ח
Booths]0the Festival(5]]%)Jedldiahחו)day(41יthe09.[ח
~acat.10 festivals5
")the second (year.11
]
~
the Passa(5!1%)SeKorimתו)Jrd (day3the12.[חס
]the[ Omer!סthe Waving($]181)Mija[mi]nמן])day(1שthe013.[מ
]the Second Passah[(118%)JAbahמוthe Sth day01*[ת
COMMENTS
810This roster of the annual festivals parallels the slX -. year roster of holidays preserved
both registers only the biblical festivals are listed . The1מו4(321ני1/-ו,11.תlarge degree
the Templeתוadduced explicitly, whereasהמשהוצ,"01ח,lrestival Of Unleavened Bread
separateת0 holiday which falls885presented%תו326ב141וar~d(12-61)נ)Scroll
of,חו4(320ל14[1 the first month , the day after the Passah
.
Rather15אשWednesday, the
theחןlike,הפסרevidently subsumed under5]the Mazzoth Festival,ת4(321בזי11-1זי]as
Mazzoth or]0mention of the last days of the Festivals018חrabbinic tradition . There
the tradition of the mainstream community are also1חthe Bible and1חBooths , which
Equally()1ו missing are the tJoven~lanfIters' special Festivals of the First.88סועדיםrankedolives) , the eirst Wine (grapes) , the Wood Offerings , and the Consecration of the(
.(40326.Priests (cf
differs from the register40320חוsorne important details, the roster of festivalsת[preservedמו40321:
T
~
E IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES56
the solarתוseria~tim the beginnings of the months5!118תו4(321בThe roster.1the first day Of each0תof the mishmar that serves"חז8חcalendar, together with the
possibly because they were already,4תן4(320נrecotded)סחmonth . These data are
443חן).
,
the preceding register (frgsתוsomewhat different forrnat8ת]g~ven
,given festival8!8records only the name of the mishmar that serves4.2(321נthatחששofסועזם5"ת0 mishmar'sח]the day515]1also4(320בwhereas the catalogue of15
.8118]which the festival
theמתם1פentered5]mishmar ' , seem~ ngly8the vveek ofמ]'
,
nama
.
The specification nlea2.,וthe)0nrst and fourth years1טאthe onset of!פ.beginning of the Erst and the second thre~ -year periods , Yiz
.cycle]08י-s ~x
the only15Day of Atonement0!!טאThe double date.הכפ1רימים.ביורב1ב114יי
"ן[.8-7'ע'ב1שבשרה
g~ven!62-1403940ת48(324נand7-61ח1 , similar15the month1מfor which the day51]]"מןאוentry
this and other,0of the otherwise formulaic wording4ח0([85(!4403200[י%-4;ע7-1;ח13-12,2-1.מ1יש)
10however, that there are exceptions,911יעסזק.ev~dently irregular15calendrical documents , the double date
.he rule(
Frg.4עז
ביעים[השחג]ג[חפ]ג.ביוםבשעריםבעגן
~ןגיתס במלכט(בעג
"ש(ורי%דיכיוםוק
הסכותחנבקרמן.ע7]ב
מ!
מועדיהחשלישיז
הפסחבאביהג"ב
העמרהנףבשכניה,ב
[שני]ההפסחין6]ביקבע17
[השבועיםחג]נחיר[טtaeatן
[הזכרוןDYבאביה,בש]
[הכפוריםarבישוע41ןבע7
דמעותחנבשכניה.בעד]
[מועדיההרביעית]
days[חdocumtnt8,2-]394()4איי[אט5ן01ח partly preserved0(י01אcalendar)")ח]that")10סחInterest]015]1"ו.explicated5ןfestiv ~ l [alls8whichחסmonth"0(חיof thr mishmarot category , the day
5740320
READINGSח07850א
%1theס space between this1חן
כהע"corrector entered the acc~dentally om~tted word8fhe scribe or'2.]
.and the next
.Note the ligature of he and pe.9דפ0ה.]
acae ? ) , and began writing8)blank1[סחthe!0unknown reason the scribe left the nrst halfמפFor10.]and most ctrtalnly also of,פחוןthe0!בווירמןcrowd the letters0)after the lacuna. Q'herefore , he was forced
whichא10. are now,עט)חשביג,the last wordssmall fragment which presumably can be80חpartiatly extant15rnSon ,. As noted above, the word13.]
.placed here
TMNSLATION
the Festival of
~Geeks
[(115%)Hupp]ah]תן)day(151the01.מ
]of Re]membran[ce[י8םthe(118%)Serorimתן)day(41חthe02.מ
Malkia[h] ( falls) the Day of Atone[menlt1ח)the eth (day03.ח
the Festival of Booths(15]8ן)IMijaminחן)day(4!י[the04.ח
vNCat.5
festivalsטן)the third (year.6
the Passah(115%)Abiahמו)rd (day3the07.ת
the Waving of the Omer(18]8!)Shekaniahתן)day(!15the08.ת
the[ Second] Passah(115%)Jaq[ iJmח))the Sth (day09.ת
]Weeks]0the Festival[(115%)Hezirחו])day(!15the0ת~aca]"1
]the Day of Remembrance(115%)Abiahמו)day(4!אthe011,[מ
)the Day of Atonement(8115!)Jeshu' aחן)day(6!אthe012.[ת
the Festival of Bo]oths(5]1%)Shekaniahתן)day(4!חthe013.[ח
]festivals8א)the fourth (year[*1
Frg.4י
top margin
הפסחם[יקיבניבשבתןבע7
העמרהנףב*1בישג.ב
השניהפסחמר[באה(בע7
השבועים[חג]ין[ביכ1בן
הזבייןיוםביקים.7[בע]
הכפוריםיוםבחפא[ןבע17יהסכותחג5ישבאב[(בע7]
ן8
au
c
[
as
THE IUDAEAN DESERT XXI%וDISCOVERIES58
שעדיהחצמית]
הפסחבאמרבעג
העמרוצף65פצש4
השניהפסחביחזקשלבןעגי]
[תשבועיםחנבייריב.ב]
[הזכרוןיוםבאמר.בעג]
ע[)5וז,ינלסווטגוא.2and11114-f[g]יצףםFor the blank space after2_,1
the.ע131. amall fragtnent preserv~ng col0חvisible15possible remnant of
~
betינ.
~
12.,1
.the margin1מbe written10ווצ'causedדפסדunusually large inter -~ word space after12וזצי.טאיד.]compartson with the8bome out byטח511ןthis1מthe flimsy remnants of )etters,0The reading13.]
fullyחןfrg.14ן[5. preserved text
ד'נגא%ו.ן4['[,)אthe Passah(115%)the sons of Jaqilm,0the ~veek1ח)rd ( day3the01.[ח
the Omer]0the Waving(115%)Jeshe]bab1ת])day(151the02.ח
the Second Passah(15]8ן)I ] rnmerחו)the
~
Sth (day03.ת
Jaklin ( falls ) the [ Festival ] of Weeksח])day(15114.[חלסן
the Day of Remembrance(15
")Jaqimח])day(1י[4the0ח].5
the Day of Atonement(115%)
~
uppahחן])day(א)6the06[ת
the Festival of Booths(8115!)Jeshebabחן])day(41חthe07.[ח
vacal.8
festivals5ין)the fifthl
~
year[.9
the Passah(15]8ן)Immerחן)the Jrd (day0.הס]
the Waving of the Omer(5]81!),5וקקב,ס[חןן)day(151(rhe0ח].11
the Second Passah(8115!)lehezqel(צ48)חןSth1the012.[ח
]Weeks
"0the Fcstival(8115,)Joiar] ibתן)day()15the013.[ת
]Day of Atonement(181[5)!טן
mI
merחן)day(41חthe014,[ח
Frg.4י'1
הכפוריםיוםבחזיריובעגי
[דימכתחחגבפצצ.בעג2
(VaEat
5940320
מועדיההששיתנ
[הפס1חביחזקאל."ב*העמרהנףבגמול,ב7
שנין]ההפסחבמעזיה1[/1בע
9
"[שבועים]הShבמלכיה([
Hiiהי
~
al4ן]ה1כרדיוםל]ביחזק
[הכפוריםום]'45ן'5ועע)[)ב]יי
הסכותןחגבגמול]גע"[ב]2י
READrNGS0פ07אא
the last colurx~n of theמ]the lines10parallel0ת!תטזthis column do8שת11חנ'fhepreceding sheet , The irregularity may have resulted from the fact that the already
was caused11inscribed sheets of parchrnent had been stitched together unevenly ; or else
.the uneven surface of the materialץח
TRANSLATION
the Day of .Atonement(8115!)Hezirחן)the eth (day01.ח
]the Festival of Booth
~
s(18115)ת1קסקקןקק18י)day(41אthe02.ח
DaCat.3
waeat.4
festivalsטן)the sixth (year.5
]the Passa [h(115א])Jehezqelמן)rd ( day3the06.ח
the Waving of
the
Omer(8115!)Gamulת))day(אנthe07.ת
the[ Second] Passah(8115!)Mdaziahמן)day(5]!אthe08.ת
]SVeeks]!0the Festival(8115!)Malkiahתן)day($1ז[the09.ח
the Day of Remembrancel(8115!)Jebezqe[lחן)day(4!י[the010.ח
]the JD[ay of
Atonement
[(8115!)Jakinמן)day(6]אזthe011.ת
51"8001the Festival of(8115))Gamulת]])day(4!א[the0ח].12
5.Prg
]חדשים[ה]ן
ייןאתות2
HT
E JUDAEAN D
~
SIRT xxlאוDISCOVERIESש
READIN~S0א
'
NOTES
.discemed6טminute remnant of
!
the left pe
~
ndicular of
~
het can8hla~ilnl . Only1.]clearly preserved198שdoes the80and,20without doubt stands for5601וחץnumencal51זחThe
.2ןי"]
.second symbol
W~VSLATIC)Xו[the Jmonths[.1
]400101.2
גע0ם[5זא8
.connected with the roster preceding frg5]The mention of
~
otot suggests that the fragtnent.ישזת"
2.,1 ,more than wo-
jtbilees
theמן sum total of otot0)olot pertains40least81see above) . The number of(3ן
restoration of the original canיתו1סחthe end of theאBecause of the break.34or,33,3210,vhich anlount
.be suggested
6.Frg
ססססן[ן
י]ימשיי[2
"[
מאותושעאלפיםעת[נ
מאותושמעהשלפים[4
0ןס[נ
The first composite symbol , known from the Elephantine papyri , represents the number.,1,.2פליר 00ן2,
~
he next'.מולם'be the leh stroke of1סletter be
~
ore the legible taw appearsבThe
rt
ace of.3אלפיםגר.]
suegestsארבעח,שבעח,0[תשעח. the restoration of.אלפים,w (Jrd
with85אלפשcan be read"1[חthe beginning of the81traccs of letters18[1חThe.1,.4מאוחושמההפ'אלפ
coalescesמאוח(8 with mem
.
The restoration ofמעתthe fragmentary,04ע.!חה[ושמנpe and)0ligatu[c8
.clearl ). approprrate
~)l -lf'1?.TRANsl ][.]
]da [y ] s150[.2
hundred]%5ןthousand and(ח[]סח:or : selven ; or(ח]]יט.(
lthousand and eig[ht hundred4][.5
.)Hebrew(174,ע,Enrytlapaedia hfiq
-
rd*tt
"זן
":Src7ס.ת-ג.sariuti,חטאי
610320*
COM ~IMENTS
.13.possibly connected with frg18,100,This fragment
Glessmer (private communication) , and the.טproposed by150The reading of the ~ um.2,14עפייר
the framework of the Covenanters ' calendrical system ~ remainח]aignificance of that number of days.unexplained
over9600,7600,4600way Of preferring one of the three possible readings08ח]here17
.
niffנאלפים.].can the meaning of any of them be ascertainedזסת,the other
and,4800.VIZ,מאותןושכעהגלפיפ[ארבעחthe reading0ת]]thisחןBy restoring.6[.4מאוחןה]ושמאלפיwouldחן[תו(3. be exactly hal
fofthe
number4חן[[שחthe number,39600תן8חוו
7.Frg
ס[ן
סן[ורים[ימי2
ססןסחות[אנ
סן4
R~ADINGS040785ןע
!01ב.ן
.mem81חחbe10appearsחcerta~n . The letter before1812fhe reading of
the
number'.42חזט.]
TRANSLATION
col.ן
ו.]12dayJs.2 ,
3.י]"0ם"5זע8ע
].col
cf. the count of.ששread10stiggests completing the preceding final mem12fhe number'.2יישש.].8.frg0!ימט[חand the mention,6.frgתןdays150
8.Frg
אןיימיםוסלם[2
HT
E IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES62
READINGS0יTES1(N
slantedם'ם)יכל. stroke follows the lamed . Wacholder-Abegg proposed restoring1;.2ימימןסלס.]be connected with the4זסחתפםproves that26)ש]the "uddle ofולHowever, the gap a
~
er the slanted stroke
partly8be the remnant or0!appears1]thus refuting the proposed restoratlon . Rather,ששensulng word
one',ששאלףthe rtading
i
]0the prtceding lamed. This pronipts the restoratton10pe connected81תחerased
.!5]1the missingחזסז]thousand days ' . Also this fragment could stem
9.Frg
השיו100אבון2
READIX(S"0א~י'[מthree number symbols can be discenled with senleטחו]the beginning of the1בappears that1].ןשר.]
inter-~word space
,
the letter he of
the
nextתבAaer.30[,010181810amounting,10and,20,00[:difficulty
.~ord can be read
ד'גגא"ו.דג',ג11
]130[.1
]lca
~
culation.2
Judging by the script , the external appearance , and the colo~lr of materlal , this fragment
should.()ח699.41PAMן!" be placed11unclear svhere1ן5ןbut,4(320נbelongs ,stith
the latestתו;different position8חןappears4ו],ת0ק;1ל329.424[ז.frg,0top0תplaced
.missing altogether151374594,יIAA1חas well as,331.43photograph , PA~
II
.evldent explanation0תhas130Of]101בThe.1מןיר..]connote 'calculation ' l0)employed several times5ןQAstronomical Enoch this lvord42חשבון.[ח.]
Ge( ~ez by te'zaz ,, which equals Greekתןrendered511ן.ations:ק1טcom
I
.חןhe:1(י)חastrronoml,0textו(8י'1)וטנן.
()1.Frg
]הרישון[י
1001וץ(2
;68astranonwthen Nenoehb~ch (WMANT2משQyfr~lti *lmie und irhh'pf~ngsglaube. [ /ntersuchu~gen..11ג[.,1חבח";
.99(994].rrlag:1Seukirchener11תיא"מיא-ע,חץט
6340320
MNSLATION'ו]the first[,1
COMMRNTS
be somewhat0יThe material appearance of this small rectangular fragmen
t
seen~ s
addition , the rather broad base4(320נ.חוdifferent from that of the other fragmen
ts
of
other fragrnents . Therefore , the811ת]differs from the spiked base of the letter")ןof
.question0יopen8]410(320בascription of this plece
8QCalendrical Document/Mishmarot4.321
ון'[.,ו'5שוו[-[וע
.'!4032,"8Qumran Cave : Afiimdrdl8Calendrica ~ Scroll fromג',Knohl.וalmon and'-5.ד:Previous publications ור10וותן
"Biblical , feRui$* . a )ld Pdear Easter ~l Rilual , Laru , at~d Lilerature!1]~Pomegrawates and Go/den Be/lsk-Stitdie1ה SYacholder.2.8:01(-26719951,Wright " ! * ] . (Winona Lake , Indiana : Eisenbrauns.?.(]6צ.yacob Mil
~
rom , edנס IIs
,
rlhC Hebre
~t. a ~ld Aramaic TCA- l~ iromt1he Unp~blished Dead sea Srrf01Abegg , % Freliminary Edilion.3).1יsnd Biblical,ווף4ן%6-1ר. Archaeological Societv:.1).(כ,Washington(1.rave four , fasc
Physical Description
group of fragments of varying size , most ofבconsists of(88olim Mishmarot(40321
ra
eנand,21ן
.
lengthy strip of leather . Frgs841%!1"תר.סwhich were assembled by
number of large andבconsist or5and4
,
each comprised of one piece , whereas frgs
.small pieces which can be tentatively combined
eight lines111-1תן8יתסם.Altogether . parts of seven calumns are preserved . colsconsists of only slx lines . This fact11,%.lines , Colת!0תhave1,015.ע1-ו)each , whereas
indication that the text ends here . The lengths of the reconstructed85הבbe taken(8תז
:the follosying tableתןlines of each column are laid out
A~rage Line-~ leagths per Column:1TABLE
~etters per Line Letters and l~ord-spaces Average Nun~ber of-ו.col-Letter-"spaces
6870-6760~
51
8185-7770-63!1
112118-10798-86111
י7378-6866-581י7850-7569-631ץ8590-8581-67
ו1ע4"71-5260
,very short5]best preserved"1תוbecause the11,1.!0םaverage was calculated for140
.sixteen letters or nineteen letter -.spaces0ץ1תholding
.The manuscript " horizontally ruled , with the letters suspended from the dry ruling
places also vertical
il
nes can be!5.תנ5(ץ(בז.frg]0the left side0תbest seen18Thisrhe interlinear spaces1.traced which delirnit the columns and interven ~ ng margins
rnm . Most letters average7and2Inter-word spaces range between.7!ותת.)measure
millimetre . The uniformבspace of approximately halfבmm , separated by22צ
THi JUDA
~
AN DBSERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES66
the whole, theמכ).expert scribe8מlettering shows that the manuscript was penned by
.difficulty1"סאtext can be read withthe leather wereחוbrown . Puncture holes8118[1אcrn and84.8צmeasures1.Frg
,made by verrnin or resulted from corrosion . The lower and right margins are serrated
evenly preserved . The fragment contaes the15whereas the edge of the upper margin
height . The top nlargin5יוcm of2.5קטwhich take,1.eight lines of col]0beginnings
1cmסאתו. , where5.1crn and the bottom margin3.1nleasu
res
some places, which1תdark brown, blackening18cm and4.75.13צrneasures2
.
Frg
renders the decipherment of the text somewhat difficult . There are several large holescm marg~n3.1-1edges are serrated . Vertical rul ~ngs delimit the8!ןthe leather andמן
1.of col8-%9*11תthe right side of the fragment, the ends of11.(חכand1.between colscan be seen , taking11.01)left side eight partial lines of the text ofח0[5ז.are extant
5.118fully preserved middle section , the bottom margin5!יגן.height5!ןcrn of2.5upand,7ח1מז. the partly extant top margin,1.frg]0cm wide , like that
the ragged edges. The!8brown , but darker1181!115ח.cm8.58צnleasures3.Frgleft and0ק!the!ג.height8!וcrn of8.3קטtake111.col8-3חןmiddle sections of lines
the height of0!preserved"3and2of the fragment the space between lines1זבקright
.crn6.1Where fully extant , the bottom marg~n naeasures.4תזוח
consists of two comparatively long strips of!1.dark brown154.The composite frg
cm
.
The8.85.26צmeasure,811חו11ב,leather and several smaller pleces which
and,0015.%יof text of the left sides of$"תווpartially preserved*ח[חfragment contains
9The partly extant bottom margin measures.1ץ.beginnings of colשחווand the,עthe0תand1ע.the right side from col0זןח-cm separate col5.1-8.0]0Margins.תזח]
8cm5.12.)wereת10. thus,ו.colח]Yhe inscribed lines'.1,ן.left side ftom col
7.22leatherצ4מזם. ~easurlng6תיוסזnarrow strip of dark,10פ8תconsists of5.Frg
.few letters of text of the upper six lines of colבSeveral additional smaller pleces bear
,larger extent810the last three lines of the column are preserved]0The ends.1,ןthe lower section of the18cm wide bottom margin . Also extant1.1the1'איןtogether
.beginnings of col)1מ]width cannot be ascertained, since the5,1,left margin
.
Ho~velter
the lower left corner of the fragment rernaln the last words)14.preserved01חare11,1
As.!1above*חווe letter-. traces of thea1nd SOry,11,1.Of COI"חווof the bottom
11contalnedח8 only six lines. Two additional horizontal dry rulings11י
.
mentioned , COI
3.)width of80זcan he~
iscerned below the writing , merging with the bottom margin
.the manuscript ends here]0clear indication that the textב,cm
cycle of slx yeavs which8rosters of data, each encornpassingסיע!The scroll contains
.months each8צו-concordant cycles of three solar years , Of thirty10חוsubdivides
.each lunar month are recorded seriatimחןdates1-י81),סעיז.cols(ז5יןthe first1ב.ת8the week of ~ervice ofתוparticular dayבidentification with8!)?6defined5ןOne
theזו18 solar calendar. Sinceחןparticular date8priestly coursc , which coincides ,vith
The.(2-1320נ)4.cf(יציbe called]]11וקי,explicit appellation8תdesignated byז0ח
8also termed duqah . For8וadditionח]defined by the same paranleters, but5ןother
.4and dugah , see INTRODUCTION, APPENDIX)נdiscussion of
6740321
:he partially preserved open~ng lines of the document illustrate the system'
-
ך
the eighthחו]the twenty -" n ' rfh0ת)Abia[h (which falls00the week(חן)the aecond ( day1.(חו
])the third (day0(;5)מand duyah;(ת0תו!א)
.)the eighth month(!תון]the twelfth0מ)Mij
amin
(which falls0מthe week(2.[חו
the cycle areחוor the first yearאזתסחזthe eighthתןthis passage two specific dates1חtheו[ח"2. middle ofחןand ends1"תווthe middle ofתןnoted . '
~
he reference begins
of the course")]יז"8
the week ofחוthe second day0חfalls,)2וץ.נ,The first date
,the twenty-~ fifth day of the eighth solar month . The other0!Abiah which corresponds,the week of service of mishmar Mijaminת]the third day0מdesignated duqah
,
falls
.which coincides svith the tsvelfth of th
at
same month
theל(, middle of the solar month , preceding by thirteen days1118%מAlthough duqah
always15)18!ל[part of the1ותו!1בthe1מ,the end of the rnonth!בwhich occurs
gradually rno~ es toward the middle of)מ0,כmentioned first and dweah second . Later
the beginning of the month
.
After0!the solar month , and concomitantly dayah shifts
solar(01ם.11 month of the second yearחוח!אthe first of the0תthe daqah which falls
comצ.
es
sixteen or seventeen days/nights after!1reversed and now15the sequence,(5
and,(701ס.וננ)the first month of the fourth yearמוThe reversal occurs again
month of the fifth year, with the timeאזמ1חtheתוaccordingly must be restored
occurs thirteen days after)כ
:
intervals between the two phenomena remaining fixed
.dugah or precedes " by sixteen or seventeen days
occur0!twoחו d~qah dates are presumed,6=11.the proposed restoration of COI1ת
:one solar month
the~irst ) duqah(:(חןמ0ח!)ח;חןחtheמןthe fourteenth0([115ב)מ]Bilgah0מthe week(1חSabbath[
and;(א)ח~ת!י(ח0הזtheח,]the first0ח)
~
uppah (which falls00the week(1מ)the first (day0(15)[מ
the,ה thirty-[ first0ת)Vezir (which falls00the week(1ח)the third (day0(15)חsecond [duqlah8
[the(!1ח~מ!אאןת10ח)].
monthה1ת!אthe solar year theתוThis ' double daqah
'
results from the fact that
the first of this0מthe second year, when duqah occursחצ.days00ת-numbers thirty
then111עיthe fourteenth . '
~
he next dwqah01.".ת,fall thirteen days laterל(111יר,month
the thirty .-. first of the month . The sa~e0ת,interval of seventeen daysמבoccur after 1
.month of the fifth yearחות!אtheמוseq
uence
must be restored
the week ofתנcoincides with the fourth day!118theמוThe last duqah recorded
the sixthתוthe eighteenth day of the twelfth month0מ,service of mishmar Jebezqelthe Covenanters ' calendar the twelfth month has thirty(01ס.זיצ7).תנyear of the cycle
mishmar Gamul , whose service]0the weekת]days . Therefore , the third day"תס
the last day of the year . This course then0תalways falls,תות!א-the twenty0תbegins
the fourth0!the first year of the next cycle, from the firstתוturn Of auty5!1completes
.(4-11.01))Saturday10from Wednesday.".1,day of the first montheitherמןattested)015מQumran wrttings andחוhayax legomenonדוקה15פThe term
biblical or rabbinic Hebrew . Therefore , the meaning of the term rnilst be ascertained
rather than,4(3218נthe parallel rosterמוthe scroll under revlew andחוuse8!וfrom
understood here as the designation ofדוקה8ו.putat~ve etymological derivation8אfrom
substantiated by the required15month of the fifth yearמ~ת!אtheחןhe posited occurrence of two dwqah dates'1יtwoסז
~
he restored reference'.4501011(3218נthe parallel mishmarotח,that juncture!פmention of two duqah dates
theתוthe first month,0th
e
solar calendar the firs
t
dayת,borne out by the fact that5;711].COIח;occurrences)ל
the.4(320נ1;6). thirtieth day of the lunar month (cf0חfirst and fourth ye ~rs of the cycle falls
THE JUDAEAN nESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES68
signify0זtaken15ן;the middle of the lunar monthתוthe onset of the moon 's waningthe end of the month . As mentioned, from the onset of the!8eclipse11ט]the moon
s
from the appearance of the new;855קecilpse thirteen days81!0!0[ט!moon
'
s waning
2.seventeen) days0ז)the next month , sixteenתןvvaning8!1the onset of10תס0ח!
The.דוקהelucidating the meaning ofת]the above data helps,0This explanation
,examine',דוקrather than
"[tern[מסז)דקק,'!be0!מוא should be etymologically derived
the tume when the moon begins0!thus pertainsו1ו4ה".3דוקהobserve ' , as proposed by
.wax0!begins!ןwhenי0תwane
,
and0!
roster of the dates of the biblical festivals8The latter part of the scroll contains.6
~.the week of serv
lce
of the officiating priestly course10referenceתן
law and ~ve
re
observed81)616111מare rooted!15]theתוdetailed,מוערים,festivals411;
them0יthose assignedחזסז]days differing0תthe sarne dates , although0תIsrael11בby
the5ן0חחסחתטחזתוshould be stressed that there!1.the Covenanters ' solar calendar1ח
and,מייחהתירושטעד,'Wine!י[[5זroster of the two particular Harvest Festivals of the
,קורבןמועד
'of the '
Festival
of the Wood
Offering
היצהר/השמןמועד,ז0ת
"the()ןן '
First
and(111%)נ-cf. XXI(4-3חן)restored(,15-6QTH XLIII11חוwhich are recordedהעציםexplicit biblical basis . s Their absence from0תother Qumran documents , but haveחו
the Temple service the Covenanters did1חthe mirhmarot rosters possibly indicates that
.
ts
atus equalling that of the biblical festivals8ם'מיעדaccord these!0ח
Palaeography
0!hand ' , similar%600
late
Hasmonaean or early Herodian'8ח]The scroll was penned
0canי(.25-55 be tentatlvely dated4(321ל,QIsab . h Accordingly1QSama and4that of
well -executed script by8the best example of5ןthe calendrical Scrolls , this811BCE . ofSee.71זוand3,ו.colsתןhighly qualified scribe . There are two interlinear marksב
.FIEADINGS0ד0א'[5א
.4AePIiNI) lX.אוללן,וי)י(,:1)גsccי52!(1959,SCM:0ח60מ])oiscor ~ ery ," the lfilderners of
yudea
, trans . by ( . Strugnell,,;,10.11,,'7,ך,.וווו1ל.((
theח0 solar month,0the term : 'They also note the day]0differcn ~ interpretationגoffered(107.0ק!( addendum
,examine"0!meaningק)דduqya . . . the root0ס%4חפ9יcalled5ן~hich ehc new moon falls ; this correspondence
Tage-364!שןAlbani , ' Die lunaren Zyklen.4חobserve '" . Th , s Interpretatlon ~ as tentatively accepted by
4yudmtamמש _ Mitteilu~gen?ז9ןנ!(שףש4!1ו?(ו-Kirchliche Hochschwle Lnptiii."4(ל"ן1,(1חה[0(,4(5לFcs~ kalendcr von
,hinsehen"="ק)ד"der aram~ ischen wunel!קיל)ד"ווח'Pvl ~glicherweise hingt der Begriff':47-3(1992)4.2,,,1,יעל a
~ e
erste Beobachtung der Neulicht~ichel ged~cht seln8חwobei,547,Beyer , Texte.1,'י.nachsehen " zusamrnen
Newשו Calendrical Te)tts from Qumran ' , Thandtr0חwise , ' Obscrvations.().1לSee [urther.(65.ק.27,ח)'kann
tc
.32-22219941,Sheffield : Academic Press:1לJSPSup(ץ"'ו,;'.3rabbinic tradition . Seeחןpossibly also attested!1duty0חthe syeek after the priestly course]0rhc naming-';4!H.ran (erlsr.4חGinsbng Volume, ed . by.1.]ן,'the De ~. elopment Df ~ he Jewish WeekחלTi~av , '
Not
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,hutah , vol-י%Lieberman , Tosefta.5further:*1י-*Jerusalem.975י)11" : IES 5(,ן,יזגח.1955)and452חח.5.4.
יSecל1'1.א(י1)((...711,י,ג,,ן,ן,ןל)ן1%
*Ho~uwש,
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The
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Vright~,17.ו,.:Doubleday,!96!)138,ת11?3. ( Garden City87)Alh,,yhr . ed _ hy"'י
6940321
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Some names of priestly courses are spelled differently.(9ו,2;וזן.cols(הואה,)(passimfrסז!תפ18-7:24Chr1:ימלאכיה(61.0018;י4,1-זו6)opposed88!0מלכיה;בלגא((01.ו,9)
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[בארבעהודוקהבתשיעיועשריםבארבעהביקיםבשלושהבוא[עשרבשניםבמימין]2
בששהודוקהבעללירי"ף4[וענשבשלושהבאמרבחמשהבואשף[עבעשתיבשכניה]נשבאב(בי
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יוקה[ובואלנשריםבמלחכיהבשהםשון*הף[ית]ה4עהשנהvacatבואבתשעה]בארבעבואבשלפהבתריםבשלושה]7
"קוץ[בבדמשה15דוקהבשנישרים*["*בישו
בשבעה
lhemודישהבשלישיעשרבתשעהןבחופהבחמשהבוא]4~lבא
~
שבאבואשהן[ש]נב[ץישי,ב16
bottom matgtn
which the occurrences1ת,column8?5The first extant column "vas definitely preceded
.the first
es
ven months of the first vear of the cycle were detailed6חשנ(,חOf daqah
lחןח(.
~
ke85מלכיהgiven!ןother mishmarot texts the nanleסי4(381ב.תוpeculiar5ןspelling5]7'חע
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES70
Considerationsא Df the space filled by the restored text of that column suggest that
short introduction , or possibly8,superscription8was most probably headed by
another.4(3218ל). calendrical composition (cf
READI ~ GS"05אז0א
.see above , ORTHOGFIAPHYשקאיה
;
For this spelling instead of.4בקשחה.]
more!מם thanטתו1סחthe end of the!8]יוקדand5שthe lacuna between1חappears that)1".
,[
.the proposed restoration5נתן.letters can be accommodated
~TRAXSI .ATI ( l .)the seventh month(!חןןthe w]elfthחס)leda
~
ah (which falls00the week(תן)day()5י"theת0ן
the eighthסוthe] twen [ty- fifth0ת)Abia[h (which falls0חthe week(1ח)the second ( dayחל)
])the third ( day0(5ן)חand duqah:(אכחכח])
(481)the thirdחל).)the eighth month(תן1ן]the twelfth0ח)h
~
ijamin (which falls00week"1חן(י]
[-twentyתןו"טאחוח(מ0מז!י);4חduqah8(5ן)חס four[ th[ת0(טן)which falls(00]וזוהבthe week(תן
])the fourth ( day
the fifth0ת.)monthקתותthe("ח)the elev]enth08115ן)חShekaniah ( which00the week(חון
and duqah;(איחסם!)the te [nthחן~ third-?8שט[ח]יthe0ח
"811]Immer (which00the week((ץ48)חן
)Je] shebab (which falls0ע"צ"ס(the((לג4)חןthe sixth0(15)ח
)Jebezqel (which falls0חthe week((88?)חןthe [si ] xthמל).)the tenth month(1[חןןtenthסי)ח0]
00the week([1מthe) Sabbath0994ענ(5ןח]month ; andאזחטזטןטtheחןtwenty-. secondחסו"ט
)Petahah ( which falls
)Joiarib (which falls00the week(תו)the first ( day0ח_])monthחטץט1ם(הthe()ח~ח(אחןן
ht
eחס]
the week QO((צ48)!חseco]nd""10(5ן)חthe twelfth month ; and [dugah5"([0]4חחן-the twenty0ח )
Delaiah (which falls
the(ח0חז!י).(תלfirstסאבך]:se [cond year["ך'ןthe t ~velfth month) . vacat()1ח0(ח"1ח1ח"חן]
]the nrst month) ; and("theחן tw [entieth0ח)Malakiah (which falls00~veekחן((טא)second ( day
(חל
.
)the first month()חןןthe seventh[0ח)Harim (which falls00veek1the(48))תו]rhc third0ח]
the(!תסח!"); secondתןthe twentieth[0ח])Jeshuca (which falls00חטטייthe(1ח)fou [ rith ( dayןן)
the seventh0ח)falls"(סואש
~Ha
] qqo001""ייthe(תו)aay(,),חthe0ו5ןח)and [ duya/r
the0י,א(אם8115י)ח)~
uppah0סthe week(חן)day(1ה"![!ח)ח().)the sccond month(]1ח~]
E] l [ iashi] b00the week(חן[)the sixth (day0(15)ח[and duga[h;(ח)(ח)ח0the thirdחוnine
~
teenth
HappivVev (which00the week(תןthe fourth monthl . Sabba] th()חןן[silxth[קעו(",1י811ח0(טן) ,ווט,)
(2_Frg(11.זל)
עשרבשבעהב1גמולבאחדבואבחמשדןבאמרבאחדודוקהברביעיעשר1בשמונה[בחמישי
ודוקהבששיעשרב1שבעהעיה[בידבשלושהבואבארבעהחז1קאל[ביבשניםודוקה]
[בארבעה
בשעוריםבח1משהודוקהלשביעיעשרבחמשהבמימיןה]באיבכביאבארבעהבמעוויה
בשנימן
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[בבלבאשבת]בושבשניםבאביהשבתודויקהבשמיניעשרבחמשהןבשכניהבששהבוא
שחזירבשלושהפיחלרוקהבתשיעיבאחדןבחופהיאחד4דוקהבתשיעילשרלארבעה
[בשלושימ
בישעהכין[ביה]בארבעוייקה[בעשיריעשרבשןלושהבפתחיהבשניםבוואואחד[בואועיקרים
בדליששלושה
"ועפריםבתקעםיב]יוירבששהקה[ודוהחודשעשרבעשתיעשרמשגים
[בתריםבחמשהוא]ב
]ן%ני]בש~
mbועשריםבשמונהמין(6[בלבת[ודוקוההחורשע6יבשנים
"השלישיתע*8[ו
[בעשרהבקוץעיששה
bottom margin
READ ~ NGSאסNOTES
mishmar!%ט entered]/.בישועשבתscribal mistake . The text should read85]This,4באביהשבס.]However, the count~ ng of the.8"זטאnamed5]Sabbath and this Sabbath8the afte
rnoon
Of0ת
~
'emple
the Sabbathץ00אזא1(ז[א0).חסthe following Sunday (see0חterrn of serv ~ ce begins115seven days of
mishmar Abiah1סthe first year of the cycle , the termמןsecond of the eighth month"%ח0זwhich falls
servlce(81["6ישיעשבמ. . Therefore , this Sabbath must be18!ends and the co
urse
leshuta begins
always.4/11-נ). mentioned after Haqqo~ and befo
re
Teshu'a ( see e . g . col15Ensuingly , Abiahexplained15'sec~nd[חא0ס.[[א.[5. dugah'8phenomenun ofדיק%,ך'טא
"נ,.5שנית
.(5111.rcim (colבווקאל.cfב-preposition1י0טאelisionז%טFor.7יויריב.,[sl~ggestsןהראשוזן reading here(61.year ( col50004תThe comparison with the beginning of the8.,1
opening!טא phrase orטחזaccordance withתןrestore the text10preferableן!5ן,However.בקוזןבןששה.(7111.of the first month (colת0ו)חטוחfourth year without the explicit
vacat before the beginning of the third year , as8indicated by5ןThe ending of the second yeat8.,1the(01ם.7111).ג5racafן8150 beginning or the fourth year after the ending of the third5]
th ,s1[5(5ןclosure of the entire duqah"(01ס.61).איךyear050(4מreconstructed between the first and
the(סט[.ע5,3; ensuing rosterחןthree84ח
~
two,"0חyears]סas
ra
e the endings,(8,1[.וסם)highlightedווו3).
ד'5ץג8[7ג!ח0
mI
mer00the week(חי)fi
rst
(day"ח0אז(%)d duqah1[a;(אזתסחו)fourth"חאז]the eighteenth01.[ת
the week oe [ Gamui(תן)first ( day""1תכ).)fourth month"חןזן((א]fifth"ח0אז)fallsאסואיי)
the(אוחמא)]; fifthתןthe seventeenth0ח)( which falls
the()1ח]the fourth0ת)Je ]hez[qel (which falls00the sveek(ח])the second (day05ת]dugah82.[6ח
theמ!seventeenth["%)0ח)Jed]a'iah (which falls00the week(ח!)the third (dayת().)fifth month])the fourth (day0(4)חdugah
I
sixth(אזת10ח);4חב
)the fou
r
[ th (dayתכ)
.
)sixth month"חןן((אוthe fourthמס)Matoziah , ( which falls00the week(ח).3
the(!מ0ח!ח);6ת8ם4ט%4(5ן)ח0 seventhתן]fifteenth"1ח0י)Mij
amin
(which falls0חthe week(חן
the secondl0ח)Se'orim , (which falls00the week(זן])the ei [ fth (day
Shekaniah(ח0(%" (which falls00the ~veek(סו)sixth (day"%מזOr.(א1ח0ואseventh"%1)
4.[מזן
Abiah (which0סthe week(חןthe) Sabbath0א4]444(4מandווילו1זמיסיthe eighthתוfif[teenth
])the sveek oe Bilgah ( falls(תוeighth month) . [Sabbathחזן(טאז]the second0מ)falls
THE JUDAEAN DESIRT xxlא!DISCOVERIES72
00the week(מ!)the first (day04י[ת)and (the first) dagah;(עמסת!)אחותtheמ!the fourteenth05.ת
the thdrd0ת(")second [duqa]h8and,(א1תסים)אזת1חtheת!]the firstחס)HUPPah (which falls
[
-
115%Hezir)תthe0חוח? (which[00the week(תן)( day
the115%)חסPetahiah (which00weekטאז)
"[the(ץ68) second0ת1ת!אאיחסר).חthe(!]1ת]
" . first
Ja]kin (which00the week(תו)the four[th (dayמס(")dagah8(ח!ת0!א)];6תthe tenthשthi [rteenth
falls(ח0טאזtwe[ntyl-ת1ח!א[תןזו)theאיתאת!ח1ת0)].
;eleven[th monthתו!טאtwelfthח0!טא)Delaia] h (which falls00weekח(טחו])the [ third ( day7.(,ח
"[the-[1ח]מ!אתן1 twenty0ח)Joiar [ib (which fallsמסweekתןו"טsixth (dayאע]4פ9(5ן)מסטאזand
])fallsאסליא)
~
arim00weekתן(*ט)fifth (day"ת0ש.)( the eleventh month
Mijamin00weekטאי)
(the[י" Sabbath0את)the twelfth month ; and duqa[hl1חthe tw[el] (th08.ח the [sixthחל))rac The third (year.(איחסםthe twelfth(![ח1ן]eighth-7!ח
"(ארוחיfalls(ת0(טא(י,
]the tenth0ת)fallsאחאי)
~Haqqo00the week(תן)day(
(3.Frg(111.Col
ודוקהבשניבעשרהביקיםבאחדבואועשריםבשבעהבשכניהבשניםודוקהשראשון[באמרבשניםבואועשריםבששהבישכאבבשלושה
בשמונהביחזקאלבארבעהבואועשריםבששהבפצץבחמשהודוקהבשלישישתשעה[בחמשהבואועשריםבארבעהבנכולבששהודוקהברביעי
במלאנכיהשבתנ41*[ועשריבארבעהלהיייםבאחד4[ודוקבחמישיבשבעהבמעוזיה]
[בשלושהבקוץבשניםודוקהבששיבשבעה
בואועשוריםבשניםבאלישיבבארבעהודוקהששביעיבחמשהבישועבאחדבוא1ועשרים[בחמשהודוקהבשמיניבחמשהבחופהבשלושה
יירבע*בוןועמריםבאחדבבלגא]באחרי1חזקאלשבחודוקהבתשיעיבארבעהבדייר"
[בעשיריבשלושהביכיןבששהבואועשרים
ודוקההחודשר"פבעשתיבשניםבידעיהשבחבואעשרה[בתשעבמעוזיהבאחדוקה-וו]
~
במשיהבשמםאבעשרבתשעהבשעורםרישה
בארבעההרביעית,"בואעשרבשמונהבאביהבארבעהקה[ודוהוקדשעשרבפניםישנים
בואןבשלושיםבישבאבבחמשההשניתבראשוןבאחדיה]בשכנ
ב4חדורוקה'בשנבשלושיםבפקחיה]שבחביאיםוןעשרבשבעהביקיםבששהלדוקה
[ועשריםבתשעהבדליהבאחדבואעשרבשבעהבח1ןיר
hottomא2ןנא12ויו
7340321
READINGS%085%זס
the secondהחודשעשרים)בשבשנים,תסיthe restored text should read,41240(320ל)According7.]thereforeתן05ת1.7-611(5ןtwelfth month '
.
However , this reconstruct ~on exceeds the lacuryaת1"ט])(day
was.4(326נ5). omitted (cfבשנשpossible that through haplography one of the two identical words
and,511ם(%1.1.א%.ח.
.
COIח]month . cf. the double duqah"תןמםdates are registered)לTwo7.14
l'RANSI.A'rlON'
)Shekaniah ( which falls00the week(ת])the second (day0(15)חand dugah;לא1מסוזז)the first1.מוןJaqim (~hich00the week(1ח)the first (dayמו).)the first month(1)מוthe twenty-seventh0ת theח0
~veek(ת])the third ( day0(5ן)תand d~qah.(תסה!א])the secondתןthe tenth0ת)falls the(תן)the second ( dayת,).)the second month(!מןןthe twenty-~sixth0מ)leshebab (which falls
])Immer (which falls00week
ת0
~
HappiMe00the ~yeek(חן)the fifth (day0(8ן)חand duqah:(איתסתן)of the thirdמוח!אthe02.[מ)lehczqel ( ,vhich falls00the sveck(מן)the fourth (dayחל).)the third month()תןןthe twenty-~ sixth
Gamul00veek1the(מ))the sixth ( day0(5ן)תand duqah;(11מסחז)the fourthתוthe eighth0מ
])the fifth (dayמו).)the fourth month(4ת]the twenty-fourth0ת)(which falls
the0(3ן)ח)the fifth Imonth) ; and duqaתוche seventh08115)ת]Ma'oziah (which00the week(3.[תו
.)the fifth month(!1חן)the twent]y -[ fourth0מ)
~
ar [ im (which falls00the week(1ת)rirst (day
d(5ן) duqaha1I;(ח0חז!א)the sixthחן)the seventh (day0תMala [kiah falls00the week(ח]Sabbath
]-the twenty0ח)Haqqo
~
(which falls00the week(1ח)the second (day0ח
]the fifth0ת)Teshu'a (which falls00the ~veek(חן)the first ( dayחל),)the sixth month(חןזןthird[.4
)Eliashib (vhich falls00the week(חן)the fourth (day0(8ן)חand du
~
ah;(א1חסמן)the seventhחן
Huppah00veek1the(תן)third (dayתו!0ן).)the seventh month("תו]second-[וזת]8ץר!the0ח
])the fifth (day0(5ן)חand dugah;(ן)מסתו)the fifth of the eighth0ח)(which falls
the fourthה1ת0ח).)(מל]the eighth([תן]וןthe twentv-flFSt0ח)Bilgah ( which falls00the week(5.[חן
)the0גם9א4(5ןחand;(מ0ת!ח!)א1מיתthe fourth of the0ח)Hezir (which falls00the week(מן)( day
theמוח(אח0חז!").(חלthe(!חן!the twenty-first0ח)Je[hezqel (~hich falls0סthe week1ת)Sabbath
the(א1מ0מז);] third of
the
tenthחס)lakin (vvhich falls0מthe week(1ת)sixth (day
theתןן( nin]eteenth0ח)Ma'oziah ( which falls0סthe week(ת,)the first ( day0(15)חand dugah[.6
;the eleventh month]0the second0(!115ב)חthe week oe Jeda'iah(מ!( the tenth moYIth) . Sabbath
the(1!חןthe nineteenth0מ)Se'orim (which falls00the week(ת])the third (day0($1)[תand duqah
])
~
lijamin (which falls00the week(תו)the second (
day
eleventh(.(,ת month
00veek1the(חן)the fourth (day0(15)חthe twelfth month ; and du] gahח])the second (day07.[ח
theה~1 twelfth month)
.
raca
t
The fourth (year) : (The(!1ח!the eighteenth0ת)Abiah (which falls
the(י1ת10ח): first of the first0ת)Shekan[iah (which falls00the week(חו)the fourth (day0ל(5ן)ת the(חןזןthe thirtiethJeshebab(ח0 ( which falls0תthe week(ח;)the fifth (day0(5ן)תthe second
firstח10מ!א);]
the seventeenth of thel0ח)Jaqinl (which falls00the week(חו)the sixth (day0(15)חand aueah[.8the(4תסחז); thirtieth of the second08115,ח!)Peltahiah00Irhe weekמן]Sabbath.(תסח!א!)first
the()חןןthe seventeenth0ח)the week ) of
~
ez[ ir ( which falls(מן)the first ( day0ת(")and dagah
the-ח1ח!א] twenty0ח)Delaiah (which falls(!0the week(חן)the first (dayתל).)second month
be,ת1 restored10and rv the text of two further columns needs111.Between cols
the0זoccurrences from the third month of the fourth year)לwhich the duqah and
fourth month of the sixth year were enumerated , The restored text implies that each
,
lines"חוחcolumn contained
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
(4.Frg(יו.COI
5באחדוקה[ודבחמשיבשבעהביקיםבחמשה]
~
שבחפ11אןמ[שרי]ופ[בעה].באא[לג[ה]כע*בבוחיר
ודוקהבשביעיבחמשהביכיןבמחדבואועשריםבשלושה[בפתחיהבשניםודוקהבששי]
רבעה*ב
בהרוםבחמשהידוקהבשמיניבהמשהביויריבבשלושה4אמנשריםבשניםבדליה]
ביחדבאביהשבתודוקהבהשיעיבארבעהבמלאכיהבארגעעהבואועשריםיאחדמנואןעשרבתשעהבזקנםבאחדודוקהבעשיריבשלושהle['a[Dבששהבואועשרים]
בואעשרשעה[בחבאמרושה]בשלודוקההלגדשע11יבעשהיבשניםבישבאבשבת]
[ר]עשבשמונהאל[ביחזקעה]בארבידוקההחודשעשרבסנטךבסגיםבפצץבשנים]
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85given4priestlyמעיזיה, order4
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אחוישיי,יצןן(,ויין"4תן(ו0.ו[[נ,":ה1ט"ס24:אוreadsסעופנו.
the week of serviceתוthe scribe detailed the days.!5]!the [irstבהן'עז;במוטה)ןבשל.תו(*[.[.א-9ןהפסחן
ט
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,prik' stis C ' ) llVSL' S
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1[()ח(א(,י[,ון,ימם
~[תןן[!)theא!!" lfou[ rth-י""יח[צ[!]the0חBilg]ah[00veek1the(חי(r1st ( da,,)חיןיני
"117,;,1(ן
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מסי"
the((68,)תןsecondטח)(15)ח0lllqah(ה,:שתוי)(ח)(,חSIXtlT)2[~חווו תן
the fi
fth
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rst
1[4ו11חן1[יאהsixth[ח(תו(א).())ח
)fourth ( dayס
"sclentit;4חגו9ייע,4[5ח0( lmonthl1[]י
the(.(חגthe!4ווא)day(חן seventh month(!6ת0]חןן)ט5-t ~venty"חאן,,l )claiahחון
טחיי",.[י[)ן(ן](
fifth"ג98א44ח0!אand;(איחסחז)eighthט"J(ח0!טאfifthחן( (, iurib ( Khich fallsחייCCk1,( the
Harimמהacvkן(גן),1,ה(11;ט
Malekiah0סthe week(תן)the h] urth (dayחל).)cighth month4ין,חאו([י,ע1חט-ן.יין[תןן!(!1)ט
the week of
i
(theח1) Sabbath04ת98א4"4(5ןח:(
theחן(טןיזחיח(ח0חז!" h ,urthחין)alls1])11,יין,1,)ו:וו;ין,1],(1),4[1,1חיי(זן([(הטיי[י-]
7540321
]theמס)Je]shu [ta (which falls00the week(ת])the sixth (dayתל).)monthאסתרחthe(חןא]$ . first
laqim(ת0 (which falls00the week(תן)the first ( dayחס(%)and duqah;(א1ת10ת)the tenthת)third
.)
the
tenth month([)]]תןthe nineteenth
the second of the elevenlth month ; and dwqah0ת)Jeshebab (which falls00the week(מןSabbath[.6
the cleventh(!תןןthe ninleteenth0ת)the week ofi Immer (which falls(תן)the thi [rd (day([5)מס
.
.
)month
;twe]
fl
th monthתן(%טthe second0ת)which falls(1"0!)!קק18[ייthe week((ץ68)חןthe second7.[(תל
]the eighteen[th0ת)lehezqel (which falls00the week((ץ68)מנthe four[th0(5ן)חand dugah
the((!81!5)חן]the nrlst mo[nth[00the twelfth month) . Dac [The nrlst [year] : (The first day(
חי"].8
Moתןזן(!8[15) ['aziahl0חthe week((ץ68)תןth] irdת0פחז;Ga[mul00%8*,י)of the48ץr~ rst(סא]'.Omer1טאfalls) the SYaving of(תןיןJeda
~
ah00the week(ח];the Passah[.9
falls) the Second()!ח!]Se(orim00the week([ת!;Jeda
~
ah0סthe week(1ח)second (month falls
Haqqoll0חthe week(ח!)of the) third (month falls?68Passah
.
The (rirst
COMMENn's
fourth day0זטאזcycle"איmonth of the [irst vear of!5זתtheו68חןFor the dating of the first8.]of.140320ו40319.5-3]י0ן. service Of Gamul , cf%"9טtheתן
the third day ( of0תthe first month ) the Passah(1!חןfourteenthטא)חל).]:specifies3-249(326כ.]wr~nlבמגעש'שלישום'רפסםבו,'the four[th day0חthe Festival Of
aM
aoth[תןיןthe fifteenth0ת;)the week
fourteenth"אזthe afternoon Of0(18!6ה)חfollows that the offering of the Passah!1.רבועייוםדגושתדגבוןthe081ן[5תTuesday) was disti ~inguished from the Mazzoth Festival which8)אזת0חזday of the first 5
6xvll_2יWednesday8)fifteenth(,%.ח11(דנ.,
Col.ו,(שזקר.4)
[עי],ה6ב[אל]ביחאקtmenלגא]ג5[י]החמי6ב,6[באליי]ע[הרביהשבוליםחגבואבישע
השמיניnDWnחנ]415בידעיההכפוריייוםבואניבפיוהזכייןיו6הואהבמועזיה[בשעורים]
[האקשהנמולהחודשעשףשניםבושירהחודשעשרלשהיבחופההעשיניבישועהתשיעי
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ה,ה[ת]65במילין5רים[פ]5[היוםבוא]במלאכיהדחכרוןיי6הואהבשעוריםהשביעיבמועויההששי]
ביכיןהחודשעשהע1שתיבלנירועשיריבשיפהדחשיעיבאביההשמיני]ה56כות[חגגוא
"בואבאביהבצנימיוהראשיוה24לישיתסע[בידעיה]6[וד]ההלשרפ[ני
]0Second Temple Period-From the Morning884וthe Biblical and theשValmon, Counting the Day'.558יט
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aphet (Jerusalern.8from the Evening? ' , The Bible and is$ Intfrpretert , Sarah Kamitt fitemorial Volame , ed . by_)Hebrew(19-111994)ד,Magnes
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES76
בשכעיפסח"9
"בבלנאהשלישיני[הש]דפסחבושבזקזםבשכרה[היניהעומרדגףבוא
ר(,בה
READIXOS"יןNo'rEs
simplified form of8right-" angled interlinear mark can be seen , perhapsמה)בח,בAbove oet of3.]"מע.
ך'ן5אגא.ג.[.1,יי
falls) the Feast of S
~
eek [s . 'Yhe ( rirst day of the) foulr [th (month(!מ1ןJeshu' a0מthe ~veek(1.תן
.Bi [lgah00the week(1חElia] shib . The ( first day of the) fi
~
th (month fa, , a
' l0מveek1the(8115)תן, )
Jebe]zq[el . ] The (first day of the00the week(מן)The ( first day of the) sixth ( month falls])seve [nth ( month falls
Jo~i)arib00theת1!!($1811) week(1מ;the Day of Remembrance15
~
lo'aziah , this0חveek1the(12.ת
Booths . '
~
he ( nrst day or0מfalla) phe Feast(!תןןJeda' iah00the week(חן;the Oay of Atonement
].Setorim00the ~veek(חן])falls"זחסח])the ) eighth
thel tenth0יJeshu'a . The ( first day00the week(תי)month falls(ח;ח!א)the,0( . The ( firsf day
the week(1(118%)חthe) eleventh month!0veek oO
~
uppah . The (first day1the(1ח)month falls(
Gamul . [~catl(!0the week(1(8115י)תthe) tweleth month0יor) Hezir. The ( first dav
the week(8ן[א];!ת)6800סןthe week(1ת)Thc second ( year ) : Thc ( first day oi
the
) first ( month falla.4
the Waving of
the
Miljamin[00the[תן]ן!(!8115) week(ח;;falls ) the Passah(!חן,Se'orim00
]Abiah00the week(חי;Mi[jaminחי)the) <se>cond ( tnonth Ealls!0Omer . The ( first day
the week of(חן)the) [third (month falls]0the Second Passah _ The ( first day(8115!)!;5.חן
the Festival of Weeks . [The] ( first day of($1811)!חןן]Hu [ppah00the week(חןE] l [ iashib] ; and
the(ת))fallsאיתסחז)the ~veek oe Bi
~
lgah . The ( first day of the) fifth(ן;ח)thel fourth (rnonth falls
.Pe [ ta ] hiahמ,]~vcek
the) seventh0יMo'aziah . Tht (first day00the week(ת;)thel sixth ( month [alls],י')" . [ 'rhc ( first cla
Malakiah00the week(חן;the I)a]y of Remembrance5]11(1!;thr ,,-cck of
i
SeV,rim(1151בחן)א1חייח])
Mijamin00the ~veek(מן;A [ to ] nementי8טן,מthe51]תו11(81ן]
00the week(תן)the) eighth ( montb falls,0Booths . IThe ( first day0מFeslival7,[חן11(נ1[15)[,)ט
)first day of the(ד'טן-HUPPah00the week([ח])month falls(ח)ח;ח)the]0first dav("(ך'ןAhinh
the((!8118)חןHezir . The ( arst day of the) e [ leventh] month00veek1the(ח])tcAth ( m ~ lnth falls.
Jakinחי,wcek
Jeda( iah . ~ac The] third (year) : The00the week((!8118)[;חthe ) [ tlrlel ~th m[on] th0יhe ( fi [st dav'1.אAbiah00theשן!(118%) week(ח[.Mijamiln[00the week(חן)( lirst ~ay ]( ) the ) fir[ s
~
t ( month falls
0falls!!א*) ) the Waving of the Omer . The ( rirst day(!11חShekan [ i ] ahממ
~
the
eh
ckח];the I' ~ ssah.ל
the Sec]ond[(8115!)!1שJaqim00the week(1ת;Shekaniah00%ש"טthe(1ח)month falls([0נח]"5
Hezir00the week(חו.Bilgah0תthe week(ת))Passah . The ( first dav of the) third ( month falls
(.,,ייגיי,י.י,
Remembrance]0the',ותכרוןיום.חו fi
r
~ t dal- of the seventh month falls the ~ Day2ון-הוכיים.()ח.,] biblical:הרועהיהט appellations or that festival werc amalgamated1טייparts of.בח[[י,ח
"51rhisט6 _
(24_23
I
.ev(חרועהן)וכרשב1קוןand11:2חבא)ף]
the fir.t day ofצ1מ0שQumran calenarical documents this designation pertains2ן)ךחכי6]י.!ח.,!
%the term23:6.ub
1whereaa
in,(41ע11:5ע-colsחןrestored:9,11,6,1:ן
.
scventh month ( cf. c ~) lsט")
decisive for the8ןthis difference]0every annual
~
uarter _ The recognition]0-the first dal1]]טטו1קקה
rcstן),(סחtcxtחן4(394נ2-1ן;111-15[. ( ) r ;ltl ~ ln
2103*
(5,4.~
rgs(וסם.צץ
חגבוא]
"בשהששיבדליההחמישיפחחיה]בהרביעףשבולים
"באבדפביעי]וריפ
~
בוא בעבעןקכרק
[כפוריםום]י
החודשעשרעפותייכין[בהעשיריבחזירהתשיעיביקיםהקמעיolh]niJiדגבואה[בשכני]
[שניםיויריבן[ב
~l@b[מי]בהחודש"
הנףבואבישבאבnolb[nבואביקיםבשכניההראשוןהרביעית9ש(ןין[השניהעומר
הרביעישבועים]ה[חגבואביכיןבפתחיהי]ליש[השהשגיהפסחבואבןאמרב[בא]ביפ
[בדליה
מ[רי]בההחמישין]"
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חגןבואבישבאבדחפורים
ביויריבהעשירייכין]בהתשיעי]באסףהשמיניהסוכוא]במ1לאכיה9ש(עשרעששי [החודשעשרטצים
הפעיהעומרהנף*בוןyslbiהפלחגואבאמרבישבאבהשאשוףהחמישית[1בשכניהבואקאלהז'ב[בפצץ
el'ה1פ5]הפלה
~
en1החמישיבתרים[היגיעיהשקועיםחנבואביויריבשדליה
השביעיביקיםשי[הש]בקיץ
ביחזקאלהשמיךדסקיתג"בואצץ[בפהכפוריםיוםבואבחזירהוכי1וןיוםהואהבאמרהעשירי[יב].6יויהתשיעי
READINGSאסNOTES
the.1!5ן columnח]that of the other linesתפחזappreciably longer15"1!תThe text of this1.]theחןי[חם scribe entered superlinearly some additional words,85אליי[בישועהזכרוןופן['1הואה,that"085161ק
exceed[ח that of the others . Note that!סחfact didאו"טחךתןthat the length of50~he had missed out
second8scribe or by"אזwere inserted between the Iines , either by05ת115510חcolamn two more18א! .9
hand:קדט[חח11"6,6תhee8חנ01תו[תו" .the leatherתןfault8vacat must be posited , possibly resulting fromפ
the[[מ" middle of the16.14ח seen
"6Fade . canאחא]0downstroke108חabnormallyמפwhich could be,"וסוזיcurved)1,.7ע
betweenחunder,8-73"11[ובפצץ.
TRANSbhT~ ON
00the sveek(1ח)four] th (month fallsהא!first day Of("אנך.
~
Festival ] of We[eksח[!(18118)](8א]].1
("%1of?48!מח)Delaiah . The00the vveek(ח])first day of the) fifth (month fatls("ן]'.[Petahiah
the(תן)the) seventh (month falla0יfirst day("אנד].Se]'orim00the week(תן)sixth (month falls
TH
E
JUDAEAN DESERT XX
I
DISCOVERIES75או
the(115"00the]טאמ(8])תוא( week(תן;the D] ay [of Rernembrance3ןAbiah ; ] ~c [this00week
;f) [ay of Atonem] ent
the) ei [ghthתןday81זמ)the Festival of [BJooths . The(8115!)!תןןShekanialh00the week(2.[תו
00the week(ת,)month falls(אזת1ת)Jaqint . The ( first day of the00the week(1ח)fallsחזת0תו)
4of?48Theאז (first.מ"וט00תועןthe([1ח)Hezir . The (first day of the) tenth (month falls
[-Joiarib . [The ( nrst day of
the
) twe00the week([115)ח]8!)el [eventh month
of the) first?48fourth (year) : The ( first"אידMijlamin . [~ac[00י"מthe((!8115)חןIf[ thi month.3
Jaqim00theתו1!(!8115)!טאJPa[ssah;תו(!א" week(1ח;Shekaniah00the week(8113)תו
,( month
])first day of the) second (month falls("אז.Waving of the Omerט"Jeshebab00weekחןן!(!8115)(
first day(טסיך.the Second Passah(8115!)!ח1ןImmer[00the week(חן;Jeshieba] b00the ~veek(4.תו
the(8115!)!1תוJakin00the week(תן;Petahiah00the week(ת;)of the ) th
~
ir [d ( month falls
].Delaiah00the week(8115)תן!Festival ] of [Weeks . The ( first day of
the
) fourth (month
The [( first day or the) sixth.חן(ם1אטטש800וו[ון]!ח])~onth falls(אדן!)the!0The ( f
~
rst dav[.5
Abiah(חן(טאזאטטנו0ס . The (first day of the) se] venth (month falls00the week(חן)( month falls
the Day of(8115!)!1ת]]
~
uppah00the week(1חמסח;Remembrance01ןthe Da]y3ןJaqii~ ; this
]the Festival(8115!)111חJeshebab00
the
~veek(חו;Atonement of68יimmer. [ JThe (nrst00the week(תו)of Boolths . The ( tirst day of
the
) eighth ( month falls[.6
the(חן)fallsתסח!א])iJakin . The ( first day of the) tenth00the week(חן)month falls("(יה)תזח(
week of
i
י"טJoiarib(0חן[ח!א])ש"()falls(חי( . The ( first day of the) elev] enth00veek1
]hla[ lakiah . The ( fi [st day of the) twelfth rnonth
of(תו the) f[ irst] ( month falls4815א!י)Shekaniah . ] The fifth ( year ) : The00veek1the(תו)falls([.7
00the week(חן;Passah"ח11!(!8115)!י]Immer00the week(ח];Jeshebab[חס( the ~veek חן
)se [cond ( month falls(סח),0Omer . The (~
irst day1טאof
"קקנזן;[טי5,חן][[[,15ן8ן)](טחחשביו
theחסJehezqelחןן!(!8115) week(100יט5י1קקבזו],ח( the ~veek
the(חן;Delaiah[00week"חן)תן)Passah _ The ( first day of the) third ( month falls5"6ח0ס
~
~ [ theא
day(ח1 of
the
) fo [urth] (month falls!760(מח.W] eeks]0falls ) the Festival(),ח]Joiarib1,0veek1
Haqq [o]v . [The00"טטעי
the(1ח)fifth ( month falls(ט"!Harim . The ( iirst day Of00( the ~veek
seventh (eonth("א!first day of(טאז.Jaqim00חששthe(חן)fallsח)ח0חז)si ] xth(טה)da~ of],י1י)
the(8115!)!]1חHezir00the week(חז_Remembr[ance,0the Day,1Immer ; this00וטסן
the
',.[ח)the ~ Festi )val of Booths . The ( first(8115!))1תוHappil ~ lef00~veekח(טין];[ ) ay of Atoncment
)month falls((י")א1ח1חJehezqel . The ( nrst day of00the week(115)[ח"ei
~ hth
( month()
dav()י1"
)tenth (month falls(טא)01fi [st day(טחיך]Joiar [ ibחיוucck6ח((ט]
(5
~
rg([[ן0.ע;)
[בפצץהראשוןהששית1"בישבאבהחודשעשרשניםבישועהחודשעשרעשתיבמלאכיה]
[השניהפסחבואבמועזיהבגמולהשניהעומרהנףבואבגמולהפסחבואביחזקאל]
[ב1אמר[הששיבאלישיבהחמישיבקוץהרביעיהשבועיםחנבואבמלאכיהבחריםהשלישי]
דביחזקאלהשביעי]~
הסכותן;הנ[בואבנמולהכפוריםיוםבואביכיןהזכרוןיוםאה
העשיריבמלאכיהדחטיעיבמועזיההשמיני]בישועי
בחופהחודש[העשר,,פש
[בפצץהחודשעשר1שנים
7940321
TRANSLATION
.Jeshu'a00the we~ik(([8[15)[חhe (first day of the) eleventh month'1.Malakiah0מthe week(ו.[מןleshebab . vac The sixth (year ) : The0מthe week((115%)[חthe) twelfth month]0dayז"(81זח Happi
~?
eV ; l0מthe week(חו)$nrst day of the) first (month fall(
the Waving of(115%)!חןיGamulחסthe week(1ח;the Passah(8115])!ח1ןJehezqel00the week(2,[תן
00the week(1ח;Gamul00the week(ת])fi
rst
day of the) second (month falls(סאיד.the Omer
].the Second Passah(5]81!)מוזוMoraziah
Malakiah00theחןן week(ן8אף0,וח;[חthe weck(ח.)The ( first day of the) third ( month falls[.3
theח890א,0,. week(חן)Weeks
.
'The (first day of the) fourth ( month falls]0the Festival(8115])
Eliashib . The ( first day of the) sixth0חthe vveek(חן)first day of the) fifth (month falls(ד'סא1.Immer[00the week(הו])$month fall( ]
0the Day5ןJeheaqel ; this0חthe ~eek(חן)eThe ( first day of the ) seventh ( month falls.4
Gamul00theחי week(חן;Atonement]0the l)ay(15]8!)!ח1ןJakin00the week(מו;Remembrance .]the] Festival [of Booths(8115!)א
Mo'aziah(חוח(ה . '
~
he (first day of the00the week(חו)the) eighth (month falls]0Thc (first day[.5
theת0 week(ח])falls
"Malakiah(!חסח( , The ( first aay of the ) tenth00the week(מן)$(month fall
.
~
uppah0מthe week((18115)[חrirst day of the) eleven[th] month([סאיד.Jeshu'a500theשייוקקפון.] week(1(!8[15)תfhe (first day of the) twelfth month'[.6
a321and de321()4017050%ע?Overall
are"תתס[
.
contain two rosters Of special days and dates4(3218נand40321,As stated
eclתו
ipse
5!]wane, and the day of0)beginsתס0תזwhich the0תdetailed the date
every solar month and theתוthe other, the first day1ת
.
every single month10respect
the weekת]their occurrence0!referenceתו,dates of the annual festivals are recorded
combining these rosters , the scribes of the2מ.given priestly course8of service of
underscore the dichotomy between 'darkness ' , represented by0!documents intended
and ' tight ' , represented by9,'1]עם'the wan ~ng and the fully eclipsed moon
,
the omens of
the sun , the symbol Of gOOdt . The synchronization of the lunar dates of darkness ,vith
enable the Covenanters0!probably intended5]the solar calendarתוthe parallel dates
.the lunar monthsחןbeware of these negative periods of time0יVIVld illustration OF the calendar controversy8The dagah/ daqo (h ) scrolls provide
who5!0חסתסקקsolar calendar and their80)between the Covenanters who adhered
the revolution of the moon
.
The latter emphasized the0!adjusted their pace of life
the moon ' s course, the former purposefullyח]'the ' positive times.ץ[ש,bright nights
the moon ' s dark nights . This antithesis.שוץ,'the negative periodsשטסsingled
either ) full or15which(,תססתזng : '
Like
thet1he terse rabbinic saYתוreverberates
you,!ן[0תfull ( ness ) , and5!]00count ( the periodsטסצ,are worthy11טסץ.waning
00counטןwaning'.יי
t
(the periods
"Eliade , Patterni.14porten
t
of danger and doom
.
Seeשconceived as5ןmany culture$ , the wanin
~
moon19מ
.6-183(1958
,
York : Shecd and Ward,א"י)Comparati~e Religion
.and parallels(!10,Mandelbaum.8.ed(דש)מח,.P,siq . Rab Kah0י
QCalendricalם Document
~
Mishmarot4.3218
)PI.ATEח
4Calendrical(4ל%שוצי1%א8, scroll frorn Qumran Cave14',Knohl.וTalmon and.8:Preliminary publication Fox and others (Winona.,4ן.וMewahem Haran , ed
.
by9]rributeז,4ם!!מפו?--4וretts, Temples , andה!
"321,4נ*) f
'reliminary EdiriotI of theג,Abegg.4ח.(נWacholder and.ש.%;)Hebrew(*71-*65(1996,Eisenbrauns:.16מ,Lake Biblical:.ם.,],Washington(1.Unpublithed Dead sea scrolls
.
rhe Nebrew and Atantati Trxts from Cetue Fo~r , fasc.6
-72(1991.Archacological Society
~
'hyst'cal Descri
~
tion
,Mishmarot Bb ) consists of seven inscribed fragrnents of various sizes111!0)413218נ
.
which were parts of eight columns of the original scroll
cm , The proposed reconstruct~on7.46.5צthe second largest piece , rneasures,1.Frg
ת"]1the,0of the text suggests that the right side of the fragment contalns remalns
The ve
ry
.11and1.small part of the margin between colsשand8,6-41.endings Of col
dark brown cololar of the righ
t
side of the leather prevents the decipherment of much
can be read fairly8-]11.the much lighter left slde the beginnings of col0ת;the text!0
.easily
dark brown ; the lower part light15upper part115.crn6.48.2צmeasures2.Frg
.8-2111.01)brown . The preserved text suggests that this fragment contalns the ends Ofcrn
~
holds the remnants of the2.11צwhich measures,3.The dark brown frg
.111.of col5and4beginnings of
lines
few legible letters can1.light brown colour8and " of5.1צ2מזסmeasures4.Frg,111.001of9-7linesתוbe located
part of the right margin of8crn , consists mainly of3.22.2צwhich rneasures,5.Frg .markers-"188תוthe marg~n probably served the scribeת]Two vertical dots.1זו
.
col
the!8the possible trace of he,11=פthe beginning of one8בשבז0בשני'fhe letters
the beginning of the!8and the faint letter top,"1[תbeginning of the preceding
.the reconstructionתוallow for definitely inserting this fragment!0תdo1[פמsucceeding
,%-6the beginning of lines!81ע.colת]could be tentatively placed!1,However
.respectivelyבועשרימןand,חמישית[ה,:עה,בשב]:containing remains of the words
5!]also dark brown . The legible letters suggest8]cm and5.12צmeasures6.Frgcol]0the.זיצ10-8. middleתוplacement
dark10brown1crnתייסזח.ג,! and9,52.7צmeasures,7.rhe largest fragrnent , frg1vertical rovv of needle holes caused the breaking of the leather . The8right edge5" substantialתcol]010-18)11.ו,. part of the beginnings of8fragment contains
trained scribe. Individual letters8The lettering " very regular, evincing the hand of
and final,ו!הטfinal,90ק,mm with the exception of the larger lamed22צare mostly
space of8Letters are separated by.881תאהשFade, and the narrow ea~, zaytn~ yod, and.ligature%185תtogetherm1m. Occasionally two letters rUT1
THE IUDAEAN DES
~
RT xxlאוDISCOVERIES82
0!Instances of apparent 'crowding' seern.2!מזת.)space ofבWords are separated by
.have resulted from the crumpling of the leather
significant8אhorizontal or vertical ary rulings, but where preserved0תThere are
.WIYfi4.)average space ofץחתבrun parallel , separated1188תextent , the
theסץת several columns are of unequal length . Where rerna~ns ofחוThe lines
by measur~ng the4"85*888column can be8consecutive lines are extant , the width of
this.זי,11, respect cols1מ.together with the width of the marg~n"תנוlongest inscribed
descendingפ order of their state of preservation, provide the best data for111,תובand
.possible restoration of the text
letters with22,*1תוthe longest,4ח"
be.ח11[ comparatively wide0זappears,ו.col
The restored.3.5נחםinter -word spaces are preserved , which together take upזטס]
7crnומ!מ
.
Together with the6.6inter-word spaces coverזטס]twenty-~ SIX letters and
10right(.12מיס. margin , the width of this column comes
.crn2.5twenty -four letters with ts~o inter-~word spaces together take up,3"1ת1תו
inter-word(.4.5מזס. spaces coversזטס]The restored text of twenty -. three letters with
.crn wide1115this column,7וחוחTogether with the right margtn of
large-תנ1* m~d8vve
re
considerably shorter , unless each contained9and5Lines
The restared.8.5חזםthirty letters and six inter-word spaces cover,5"11ח1ת.caesura
,mm wide marg~n78With.7,2חסsixteen letters and three inter -.word spaces rneasure
.cm3.90זcornes"11תthis
The.14(תcontains twenty-. one letters and four inter-word spaces cover~ng9Line
restoredקט7.4 text contains twenty-SIX letters and four inter-word spaces which take
.cm long4.915"1מ]this7!תותthe added marg~n ofאן[!ח..cm
can be restored with much1,11.colת]of the longest"00,חוו"6,הThe text
beginning , also the preceding and succeeding lines8!]0!additionח,confidence , since
crn ~ and the7.2preserved . "'hirteen letters and two inter-word spaces take up"זפ
follows that?1.cm4.5restored twenty-. five letters with five inter-~word spaces measure
mm-.wide right8
~
ogether with the'.1.8וחם.)text coveredזזןליי(חthe)חו]thisח]
.cm9.)0!coees11.col]0margin , the svidth
lettersזסם"ז7.1 and two inter-word spacesחנ[שתו7,תשי.the narrowest15111
.
col6.)crn . The restored text Of thirty-seven letters and Slx inter-word spaces extends over
.
cm5.8.)0!mrn
,
the width of
this
column cornes8
~
Vith the added margin of.תז)
,cm wide . '
~
herefore10.)column wasבthe average0חabove data suggest that""ד'
eight columns can be fairly accurately5!1the width of the fully unrolled scroll with.cm80.)!8estirnated
enumeration of the monthly dark phases of theמבcontains4(3218ןalso321()4Like
the middle of the lunar month when theתוthe night.2וץ,six -year cycleחס0חזחןב
the end of the mont!פwane , and the night of the moon
s
total ecl
ipse
10beginsחססחז
the progressive decrease of the0חThe emphasis.(4( see IN -rRODL: CTION , AI'PENDIX
theסוmoon ' s light and visibility contrasts sharply with the custom of the adherents
.rema~ ning blank"ח]]th
rec
lettcrs . wi ~h the rest of theחט,ץcentains,("1,ח,The shorte ~ tי
4(ב321נ83
the bright0!Jewish lunar calendar. Rabbinic tradition attaches great importancem ~ d-month, vvhich precedes theתו
,
moon11ט]'phases of the rnoon
:
the night of the
the beginning of the!8'wane; and the ' new moon10beginsמ0סמ!which the1חnight
total eclipse . The denigration of5!וthe night ofתסקטwhich follows,חודשראש,month
dark phases strongly suggests that the Covenanters5!111818חוthe nloon by assiduously
days , used these records as364whose lifestyle was determined by the solar calendar or
the0!their dispute with mainstream Judaism whose cultic life was adj
usted
weaponsתו
areמססמthe dark nights of the rr,ת4(321ב!this document , as1ח.lunar calendar
calendar50187the.ת1ח8661110, Qumranתוparallel dates0!pinpointed by tying them
given priestly8the week of service ofחוare synchronized with specific daysיי"צseveralמןthe "'emple .
~'he painstaking correlation of these dataסשסר,מו,watch
Qumran rosters suggests that the preoccupation vvith the calendar and the prolific
.priestly prerogative8production of calendar-" related documents were most probably
0theח!mentioned,[ת extant fragments of this docurnent, the annual festivals are1ת
0!referenceתוwhere they are adduced seriatim,4(321נthe parallel roster0!contrast
.the priestly courses]0service,0the terms
the partially extant columns of the document under review1מSubstantial lacunae
day,"תשסח calendar-364with the help of the characteristics of the1תcan be filled
The proposed.40321from other works , especially from the practically identical text of
contalned eight columns , the first seven holding403218restoration suggests that
the bottom part of that column was]1.סחותthirteen lines each and the last, only
,however,18!1.indeed blank , this svould indicate that the text of the scroll ended here
,the main roster0!possible that another now lost calendrical schedule was appended
like!ת4(321נ.
implies that the calendrical roster proper began1.of the text of colז"5!תסוי8זסThe
short8superscription or8and that ] ! was probably preceded by2"1חוthe rniddle ofתוwhatתו40321. appears % be the case0!introduction , similar
Palaeogra
~
hy
from where the111נof"וסזזאof tamed and the ascent of the middle0ק!The prominent
the conclusion that0יthe pointed base of the letter lead8זleft and right strokes meet
,However2.)BCE25-50ן.י)'late Hasmonaean book hand'8!זוthe document was penned
the left bottom approximates the form of that letter!8final memת0קס'the consistentlymay , therefore , be assumed that13י.)BCE100-125.])'the ' typical Hasmonaean scriptתו
.BCE50-1051סthe scroll should be dated
Orthogra
~
hy
~'he text of the document shows signs OF the typical Qumran plene spelling . The ptene
other calendricalמןand,40321מיalso found[(7,6,4,3,241;711;י.cols(בואform
Hottorי, of4t3he lewi~h Scripts ' ,, rhe Bible and lhe Near Easf . Essay]סCross , 'The Development.ן.4אSee2
Wright~!4.ץ.:fig,1389611!,Doubleday.2.[חו"3. (Garden city.2.ל)Albright , ed . by.2ן
r'g.381,'crosa.2,[חו?2. , ' Developmeat3
THE IU
~
AEAN DESIRT xxlא!DISCOVERIES84
Theיחומתחופדא(01ס.זר7),10oppoBed88טיהתו spelling of the.4caveוחסזfragments fr!89long vowel8as matres leetionis indicatingהאthe use of0זattests,(13:24Chr1))8
the spellingח4(3218נ!we also find,40321!115the parallelחןword. ~ As8the end of
.However.(18,5:12Cf,פ40321 Neh,14:24Chr1)משהתושinstead of(8111.01ס)בלגא
contrast12:11*!81.,תןNeh;12:9.Cf;9:24Chr1שas do,45111;ע.cols(מלכיהreads
.passimסימלאכיהחן321,4נspelled three different18pivotal term which8"this documentת]of special interest
fully,נ!"spetledדוגך.5מצcol.ך,5,דדקךה preserved example8חסthe,8,ו.col1ח
.
ways
18be required, which0!seems5111דלקה.COIתו,can be read with certainty . However
suggest that we are403218תוThe different spellings.40321תןinvariably used
,Therefore.'תססתרחthe mascul ~ne0!technical term which pertains8concerned with
the6תוvowel108תshould be understood as the realization of the,דוקהvocalized,דוקהplene8should be understood asדויהwhile,חטסת0זקperson masculine possess ~veחי!6ז 6
דייspelling of
5%ט1.עתו.190
4ה4ת332.43,701.41,617.40,610.40
1נ37568214*
(1.
Frg
(1.Col
1[]
[בחמשהבראשוןבאחדבגמולבארבעההראשונההשנהןנ
בואןעשרבשבעהבמעחיהבששהודוגךישניהבואבשלושיםובידעיהנ
בואעשרןבשבעהבמלכיהבאחדודוקובשניבשלוששבקוץישבת*ששהן]5בישועבסגיםודוקוןבשלישיועשריםבהשעהבאלימרביאחדנ
במביעיששריםבשמוצהבבלנאבשלחפהבואעשר]6
arat1[בואעשרבחמשהבחופהבארבעה1ודוקו7
ף[בוחיבחמשהודוקובמבישיועשריםבשבעהבפתחיהובארבעה8
combined the twoץ6פחן?וואשא
~
ssibte thet the Ncribe8180ין5ן,Howeyer.185.See Kttschcy , Language4
6s1pellingsה8*וימר. nDV
Theחןcol.ו,81. same reading shoLlld probably be restoredי29Qimron;4!חח!פ,1986)137,21. , TA, HtbfN of ~the Dead s~a Sttellt (HSS.4-182,?הפ*9א],cf. Kutscher%
peculiat18textt!610[5ן0זסש,,[* the form d~qd, which?א)proposed reconstruction Of the missing parts ofח1(זא originחפ
~lly u ~td . Porששיspellngאשאיevtry instenceשaid fo~ certain3?6cann~t!1alwaYs restored , although .4exp
~ anation of the sign ~ficance of these tcrms , aee INTROn~
rC-rloN , APPENDIX
55403218
[בששיועשריםבשבעהבדליהבששהבואעשר1בארבעה9
ןבואעשרבארבעהבגמולשבת1ודוקו0ן
בשניתןבידעיהבאחדוזנוקובשביעיועשריםבחמשהבשעוריםשבת]יי
[ודוקובשמיניועשריםבחמשהבאביהבשניםבואעשר]2י
[ביקיםבשלושהבואעשרבשניםבמימיןובשלושהנו
READINGS785סאאס
.the photographs1חbe seen111אletters can!0undefinabte traces"80ות,Before wa4.].lunar phenomena from the preceding one!0]חס"יפקseparates0ת]]theמזhe proposed gap'16.קו
of]ופקwith the next)11מthe ensuing10חטקסorderתו,empty"מווthe!0The scribe left the rest7.]the corresponding1חand10and6the restoration of linesתוdark niehts . Such gaps are also assumed
.lines of the nex
t
columns
TRANSLAT~ ON
[].1
the first (day) of the0ח)which falls(G1amu00the week(חן)the fourth (dayמ():The first year[.2
])the fifth (day0(זתסחז%).חfirst
the second(ח)אזחסthe fi
rst
theח1(1) thirtieth0ת)Jedaciah (which falls00the week(13.[מ
the8115)מס!M
~
oziah, (which00the week(1(ץ48)מthe sixth090א4(15)מoccurrence of [)( : and(
seventeenthתו1(ן.
the(זמסוח%):90andא4(15)ח0 thirtieth of the second0(!8115)ח
~
Haqqo00the week(מ]
~
Sabbath.4
the[ח1א. seventeenth08115י)מMalkiah, (which00חמסיthe(ח])the first (day
of(ח0חז!א); the thirdמ,אא-the twenty0ח)Eliashib (which falls00the week(מן)the first (day5.[()מ
the(אדאיב!8115)חthe0[צן5-] week oe Jeshu'a((681)חןthe second0($1)ת]and duqo
eig[hth] of the-קע1*ץימ]the08115)ח!Bilgah (which00טש"חם
teenth[.6[מא.()מtheמיראז)day(תו(1"
fourth(אזמ0מ1),
the(מין]. fifteenth0מ)the week oO
~
uppah (which falls(1ח)fourth (day"90ח4(15)ת0אזand[.7
פש(1פ
the fi
fth
twenty[ח -.seventh"מ0אז)Petahiah (which falls0סweek*%1)חג)fourth (day"8.[מ0אי
~
ezi]
r
!0)the vveek(מ])the fifth (day0מ(")and duqo.(ן)תסחז)
the(אנואהfalls(מ0 week of
i
Delaiah(תן)sixth (day*תןא.מ0אזthe fourteenth0ת)which falls([.9
twenty-.seventh6"1תוח1"1צ%51(!תסת(א)];
theמו1(]. fourteenth0ת)Gamul (which falls00אפייthe(תוthe) Sabbath015מ)and dueo[.10
(15)auqo8(ח0חז!א);4תseventh"0[אזthe twenty-~fifth0מ])Se~orim (falls(!0the week(תוSabbath[.11
]twelfthח0(טא)Jeda'iah (which falls00the week(ת0טא1"[5!(481)תן
theתןthe"אדי twenty -~ fifth0ת)which falls(24618מ0אthe week(תו)the second (day012.[[מ11.ת [(18)and du
~
o-(אזחסוח)
)day(ומיאןtheחנ).חןזןthe twelfth0ת)Mijamin (which falls00the week(תן)day(יז[6זthe013.[מ ])
~hich falls(עטש00תח89נthe(מו
COMMENTS
first.([4(320נ1ו6-3. monthנ(5ט481תןסחיFor the restoration of two3-2.1,!
THE IUnAEAN DES
ERT
xxlא%DISCOVERIES86
(!.Frg(!!.וט]
[בשכניהבארבעהודוקובתשושיועשריםבאר15ה
[ועשריםבשלושהבאמרבחמשהקואעשרבאחד
ןבואבעשרהבישבאבבששהלדוקןבעשירי
[ודוקוהחודשעשרבעשתיועשריםבשניםמתשקאלבששה
כשנימןביויריבבאדדבואבתשעה]בפתחיהשבת
[בתשעהבדליהבשניםודוקוהודדשעפרבשניםועשרים
vacבוא
at
[]
השף
"[ודוקובואבעשריםבמלכיהבשניםהראשוןהחודש
בעשרימןבישועבארבעהבואבשבעהבחריםששלחשה
[בחמשהבואבשבעהבקוץבחמשהודוקובשני]
בואןבששהבאלישיבבששהודוקובשלישיעשרבתשעהבתפה]
[בחמשהבאמרבאחדודוקוברביעיעשרבסצינהבפצץשבת]
[בשניםודוקובחמישיעשרבשבעהבגמולבאחדהבוא
beginת80 the register of the second yearס!ocderח11"קתוט(ץ,חוThe scrlhu Icft most of the7.,1neטח11. ~v
00the week(א(ץ68),ח)זטחthe10ע(5ן)חס"and;(ח0חו!א)ח,ח!חtheחןtsventy -~ lfouirth[ט
[.חסו"
Shekaniah ( ~'hich fa , , s
' l the twenty-thirdl115%)חסImmer (which00the week((ץ48)תןthe fifthח1;(.(חל]the eleventh2.מס
Jesheb~b(ת0 (which falls00the week(אע51(ץ68)תןthe0(5ן)חand [dugo:("!ח0ח!)the tcnth3.[ח
.["(טא!חט!אחן
the eleventh6ה0סש5תן-the twenty0ח)the week oe lebezqel (which falls([ץ43)חן,the sixth4,(חל
~
)the015ח)dugoח(,ח1ח:4%ת,the wwk(מא.()ח*טישח(ץ68)מן)8115)ת0!טאאיתוח,Petahiah
~
(which00the week(ח,Sabbath.5
[-the twenty0ח)fallsאמא*)loiarib0ח
Deliah (which00אטטנהthe((ץ48)חןsecond"א)(5ן)ח0the twelffth month ; and au
~
oחן" . second(4115)חthe0חוח[א]
[]f ' aeaf.11ך,חן
second("(*שMalkiah00week(11סואי1!4יי8 (day"ח0או.secon[d (yrar) : The first month8,ך'טא
[(5;)duqo8חן!:6ח!the t ~ventieth0ח
)the fourth (dayחן).תןאthe seventh0ח)fallaאבאש)Harim00week"ח(!א))third ( day9.[ח0(טא
Jeshu'a(חthe0(ו1חטי1?א1] (which fallsמס~veekחו(ו"ט
87403218
HaqqoV(ת0 ( which falls(]0the week(ח])the fifth (day([5)חסand d""
o;(א)ת0וח)the second10.[תו
1(?68)the fifth0פ11.תthe seventh
the(18)חסthe third fmonth ) ; and duqoתוthe nineteenth0ח)the week of
i
~
uppah (which falls(11.[תו
the[ח[1]. sixth0ת)Eliashib (which falls00the week((ץ68)תןsixth
(15)and duqo;(אזתס1ת)the fourthתןthe eighteenth0(!8115)חHappiVVeV00the week(ת,Sabbath[.12
]the fifth0ת)Immer (which falls00the week(ח])day(81זחthe0ת
theחןtheאאא seventeenth081[5)ח!Gamul (which00the week((ופ4)[תthe nrst313.[ח41.(ח
5andןחסטאsecond1(ץ68) dwgo;(א1חסות)
anotherנ(90andאצ column intervened , svhich conta ~ned the111and11.0018Betsveen
.thirdמא)the second month Of10the fifth month of the second yearתז0ז!records
(4,3,2.Frgs(111.col
[בואועשריםבששהבישבאבבשלושהודוקובשניבעשרה]י
שרים[ועבששהבפצץבחמשהודוקובשלישיבתשעהבאמרבשנים]2
גמול[בבששהודוקוברביעיבשמונהביחזקאלבארבעהבוא]נ
לחמישי[בשבעהבמעוזיהבחמשהבואלעשריםבהירבעה]4
[בשבשהבמלכיהשלהבואועשריםבארבעהבחריםבאהדקה[ורו]נ
wacat*בוןועשריםבשלושהבקוץבשניםודוקוןבששי6
באבארבעהודוקובסייעיבחמקיהבישועבאחד]7
"ינח]ועשרבשניםץישקב
בחופבשלושהבוא]8
"בגלגאבחמשהודוקובשמינילחמקיה
9
~
[ודוקובתשיעיבארבעהבטיירבארבעהבואועשריםאחד
"[בעשיריבשלושהביכיןבששהבואועשריםבאחדביחזקאלשבת]ן
[בשניםבידעיהשבתבואעשרבתשעהבמעחיהבאחדודוקו]ן[
[בואעשרבתשעהבשעוריםבשלושהודוקוהחודשעשרובעשתי2י
[בשמונהבאביהבארבעהודוקוהחודשעשרבשניםבשניםבמימיןבשים]3ן
NOTESאסאוסגשא(חנ
discussedתן above4קה[1ודוsomewhat crumpled . The restored spelling5]Here the fragment5.,1
(0אידאנ(יאקגאכ.
bottom]סתוprobably46סאן ofקט10טאיvert~ cal stroke which reaches"7שיג.באחץ.אבל.].of the lamedמשאextraordinarily long
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES88
TRANSLATION
Jeshebab0סthe week(מן)the third (day0(15)חand duqo;(איתסות)the secondתןthe tenth01.[ת
theשין.נ twenty-~sixth0ת)which falts(
and;(אזם0ות)the third!0אזמ1מthe0מ)Immer (which falls00the week(1מ)the second (dayמ,)].2 ]sixth
Happi~VeV00theמthe0ם"?]ץ1מ[- week(מו)the fifth (day0(15)חduqo
the fourthתןthe eighth0ח)lehezqel (which falls00the week(חן)the fourth ( day3,[ח11י.(חו
(115%the week oe] Gamul (which(תו)the sixth (day0(15)מand duqo:(0ת]אזח)
theמס)Ma'oziah (which falls00the week(מו)the fifth (day0חן!.ת~]the twenty]-fourth04.[מ
the(מסוח!א), fifthש]seventh
the!ח11. wenty-fourthמס)
~
arim (which falls00the week(1ת)the fir$[t (day0(15)תand au]eo[.5the seven[thl0חMalkiah falls00the week(חןSa] bbath
Haqqo(מ0
~
(which falls0סthe week(מ])the second (day0ת(%)and auqo:(אזמ0חו)the sixth6.[תן
vacat.חןזמthe twenty-~ third
and;(אומסומ)the sev[enthמןthe fifithמס)the week of
i
Jeshda (which falls(חן)the nrst (dayמכ)].7 ~second
-[
"[E(מthe0(י1"מ[ l [ iashilb (vhich ralls0סthe week(תו)the fourth (day0(15)חdugo
the fiffth of the eighth04)
~
upplah (which falle0חthe week(תן)the third ( day5.[ח1ן(.()ח)Bilgah (which falls[00the week(תן)the fifth (day0(5)ח)and dwqo;(א)ח]ח0)
the fi)urth0מ)the week oe
"ei[r (which falls(מן)the fourlth (dayמכ).חןזןthe twenty-first09.[ח
])the05ןמ)mortth) ; and au~
o(ח~איתof the
the(ח1(טאז aixth (day51זתח1א.()ח-the twentyתס)lehezqel (which falls00the weekח~)Sabbath[.10
the(!ח0ח!א)ן] thi
rd
of
the
tenth0מ)$Jakin (which fall00week
theחןא. nineteenth0ח)Mafoziah (which falls00the week(חן)the first (day0(4)חand duqo[.11
the secondl0(1%[8)חJeda'iah00the week(מןSabbath
Serorim(מס (which falls00the week(חן)the third (day04,ת)the eleventh month; and auqo!0].12
theחן1(.] nineteenth
the twelfthתו)the second (day0ח)Mijamin ( which falls0חthe week(חן)the second ( day13.[(חל
[the eightמס)Abiah (which falls00the week(תן)the hurth (day0(5י)חmonth ; and duqo
andצrequired , which contained the180ם!חתזטadditional8111-ע1ח.Between cols.months of the fourth yearטת1תduqo dates for the first
(6,5.Frg('14.crol
בעשיריןחנשריםבשלחשהבשעוריםבחמשהבושעשר]י
[בשניםבאביהבששהבואבעשדהבידעיהבששה1ודזקו
בואןבתשעהבקוץשבחודוקודיצדשעשרבעס8זיחצשרים]
בששןודוקוהודדשעשרבשניםועשרשבשציםבדופהבפחד]
[בואבתשעהבאלהשיב]
בבלגאןבשלושהורזקובראשוןבעשרים-בדהטבשנשלעחמיסרת
ן]ביכיבארבעה]arat)1ןבואבנאשעה
89Q21a4S
[בואבשבעהבפחחיהבחמשהודוקובשויבעשרים8
[בדליהבששהודוקובשלישיעשרבתשעה]ביויריבבחמשה]9
[באחדודוקוברביעיעשרבשמונהבמימיןnalmבואבששה]ייי
[עשרבשבעהבשכניהבאחדבואבחמשהים]בשעוי]יי
בואבארבעהבאביהבשניםודוקובחמישי]2י
[בארבעהביקיםבארבעהודוקובששיעשרבשבעהבישבאב1בשלושהו)
theתן(טא tsventy- third0ת)Serorim ( which falls00the week((481)חיthe fifthחןזן.(חכeenth-].1
tenth(א1חסחז);]
theחor.!וחסי"תןיthe8!15)חס!Jeddiah (which00the week(ח))the sixth (day090ע4([5)תand[.2
[-the twenty0ת)oe Abiah (which fallsותטעוthe(ת])sixth (day
)the week oe Haqqo
~
(which falls(ת]the) Sabbath90אצ(4מסthe eleventh month; andתןsecond[.3
מthe0איחיתתןין.]
theיעי"ו!או twenty- second of the0מ)
~
uppah (which falls00the week((ץ48)תוthe first4.[()ח
])the second (day090ע4(5ן)תmonth ; and
Eliashib%!15)חסטאזאזתוחמןן!.נ (which00the week(5.[תן
0the,!טא twentieth08115)ח,which(]00קטוןthe week((481)חןthe secondמפטץ.(חכ)The [fifth.6
])Bilgah (which falls00the week((צ48)חןthe third090א4(5ן)חand;(איתסח!)81זח
]Jakin00the week((ץ48)חןthe fourth0חןזן.]שמש"([חthe sev [enth07.ת
the((48?)תןthe [fifth090ע4(15)חand;(חסח!א!)the se] condמןthe [twentieth0115%)תwhich(.8
theתןן!.] seventh0115%)חPetabiah (which00week
the(חסהז!א): third1תnineteenth8115ן)[ת0(טאJoiarlib (which0פthe week(ת48חן)אחתthe09.[ח ]Delaiah0סthe week(חן(
?68)the sixth090א4(5ן)חand
theחןthe eighteenth0(!8115)חMijamin00the week(ח]Sa[bbath.4ון8חןזהthe0118%)תwhich([.10
])the first (day090א4(8ן)חand;(מסמ!א!)fourth
00the week(מן)the (irst (day0ח.)מןןthe fifth115%)תםthe week oe Seso] r [im (which(11.[מן
]the seventeenth0ח)Shekaniah ( which falls
the08!15)ח!Abiah (which00the week(ח))the second (dayחם(%)and da
~
o;(איחסנו)the fifth12,[מן
fourth,ת".]
theתןtheאיצוע(!חסם(א): seventeenth018115)מJeshebab (which00"קטעיthe(ת88מן)the third13.[()ת ]the fourth08115)ח]which(ח
0theס89נ" vveek((48?)תןthe feurth090א4(5ן)חand
(7.Frg(001.ץ
"[ודוקובשביעיעשרבחמשה2ץ[בפבארבעהוא
[ודוקובשמיניעשרבחמשהל]בנמושה[ישבואבשליםבאמרבחמשה]
[באחדודוקובתשיעיששרבארבעהם[חרי]בשבתבואבשניםביכייןשבת]
THE IUDAEAN DESERT XXIא!olscovERIeS
[שניתדוקובואואחדבקלושיםבמלכיהבשלושהבואבאחדביוירי4]
[בתשעהבישחצבארבעהתזקוחבעמיריעשרבשלחפהבקוץבשנים
[ודוקוהחודשעשרבעשתיעשרמשניםבאלשיבבשלחפהבואחצשריםתת
*בתשעהבתפהאבששהעשרןבשניםבבלגא1בחמשהבואשף
[בואועשריםבמצינהבפצץ]שבתודוקוהחודשפשרבשנוק
"בעשריבפתחיהשה[משהלגשיא[בשבעהבנמולבשניםודוקובראשון
[בידעיהבשלושהודוקובשניבעשרהמעחיה)5ולאחדבואועשרים]
בחמשהןודוקובשלישיבתשעהבשעוריםבשניםבואועשריםבששה]
ודוקהברביעיבשמונהבאביהבארבעהבואועשריםבששהבמימין]
[בחמישיבשבעהביקיםבומשהבואועשריםבארבעהבשכניהשששהי)
Iill ( ) lsris
יי"ל,
"א:,.י.
.month0חוטחT,vo au~
o phases are regISttrtd4..].definite reading815he6יט,mlsslng4the letter,0left partו,_5דוקנת).יחיד
see,,אי'י'ייא"קגח"ץ. above5פחן8חיווסקFor.1...7פהא)ח
He then indicated the required deletion.עשרבתשעהrirst wrote erroneousiv)8The scrihe.1,.7פשר 7
.scrics of supralinear cancellation dots , and inserted the co
rrect
word interlinearly8byעשר),)correct0זand failedבעשרהinstead of the reqiliredבעשרשThe scribe erroneousiv lvrote.1..9בעשריך
.thv mistakc
.1ק(ן),ו.ו.ו.ו,יוthe seventhמןthe [fifteenthחס)HappiIV
~
et (which falls00the ~veek(חו)?the f,)urth ( aaן.חין1[.()ח
[(5])duqo4חן(חי(1א:4ח)
the(681)מ1 si]xthחןזן.[(חלthe selcond0ח)$Immer (,vhich fall00the ~veek(חו)aay(אניחtheחי)].2
a1nd duqo;(ח)מס!א]the eighthח,the fitteenth081151ח)amu[ l ( ~hich;(חחvcek1( the
the week(מןSabbath.חן1ןthe second0(8113)חJaki ] n ( ~hich00weekחן(1"טthe ) Sabbathן(1,()ח.(
])the fir~t (day090ע4(8ן)חand;(חסוח!א)א1ת1חtheחןfourteeinthטא)ח0)Harilm l (allsחזיןthe week oe Malkiah(תן)the third (dayמןין.מסthe first0הופ)ת!loiarilb (vhich0וסטתיחthe(4.[~ח
].second duqo8ח1ן!8ןthe thi [ rty- first08115)ח]~hich(
theחןאי?!א1תט(איחסחז); thirteenth018[15)חHaqqo~ (whieh00אששthe(1י48חן)the sec ( ) nd5.()ח
-the tsventyחס])$aO Jeshu' a (~hich fall"י.טטthe((15)חסןטין(יוטס",ץ68)חןlttgu(4חב
the [tivelfth or the0181)$)מEliashib ( which0חthe week(חן
~
day("יא)"אזחיח)חןן!.()ח(א]."~;6חauqo8("ת cnth ml)nthייןט
woג,
rds
vvhich should be deleted , see
~
bolh de RaShi Nathan, Ver~ ion10pointer8854015For the use clrי,Butin.11see further.496.ibid,37.chap.8Verbion:!5(1945,ork : Feldheim-1שטא)Schcchter.5ed . bv.4נ.chap
Ptwtata~h?14,ףt1he ixtraefdinafy Peiat,0P~,poseזא)the IVfeaniW and0זT~rahחזאויגא9זא4י!זחTite
with epacial ref~ rcncc,25-1(969!,Ktav:794Talmon (New.5( ~ lasselrctic Text
)
, teissued s~ ith ' Prolegonaenon ' by
.6-43(1950~JTs:אז0ץYNiSh Pales ~ ine ( Newמןbieberman , Helleriism.5;manLISCTlptsן1,(חןן)חגי
או914032
the fifth0אזתותת1".[ח-the ftwentyy0מ)euPPah (which falls00the week(תן)the sixth (day07.מ
]the twelfth0ח)Bilgah (which falls00the week(חו)(day
the0ח)which falls(00יאקיקק8אthe week(תן]the) Sabbath05ןת)the twelfth month ; and duqo8.תן
twenty-eighthתוזו.]
the twentieth0ח)Petahiah (which falls00the week(תן)the siJxth (day]מו).)The s[ix]th (year.9
Gamul (which00the week(תן)the second (day0(8ן)מand du
~
o;(אזתסתן)the firstתן])lege : tenth(
[-the twenty0ת)falls
theתןthe tenth08![5)ת!Ma~oziah (which00the week([תו)the first (day[מזן].()תseventh[,10
[(115%Jeda
~
ah (which0חthe week(חן)the third (day0(8ן)חand duqo.(חזתסת!)second
Setorim(חthe0אזחוח (which falls00the week(חו)the second (aayמו[ו()מthe wenty-~sixth011.[ח
])the fifth (day0(5ן)חand du
~
o;(אזח10ת)the thirdת!)(day
the week(מן)the fourth (dayתל).חןיןthe twenty-~ sixth0ח)the week of
i
Mijamin (which falls(12.[חן
[(15)and dugo.(אזחסח!)the fourthתןthe eighth0ח)Abiah (which falls00
the fifthתל)."theתן twenty-. fourth0ת)Shekaniah (which falls0חthe week(חו)the sixth (day13.[תס
the(ן1י1חסחן] fifthחןthe seventh0ח)Jaqim (which falls00the week(ח])day(
required , which contalned the records for the latter part5!additional column8ת,Here.of the sixth year
QMishmarot4.322ג-ע,
'
PLATE(
,Freliminary Edition of the Unpwbli~hed Dead sea Srro
tfr
4Wacholderל.לAbegg.1.ג and.2.8:lSSioTISP4revious disc Annalisticחן/
:
Wise , Prtmo Ann~ler Fueve.().4:7519911ן,Washington , ]( . ):. : Biblical Archaeology Society(1.fasc Second
4the fiistory . Lanywage and Lirerar~re0חGawini and Other Et~dyaא!Calendar from Qumran ' , Thunder .189(1994,Sheffield : Academic Press;15Temple Palestine (ISPSup
clusterחס of fragments assembled8one of1[4(ד323ן)5ןMishmarot Cb01140322(פbe.1![81505זסח numbered0זwithout an
y
explanation of how they were694.1ית.Mus
be divided . The0!vere meant1the upper three rows1הclear how the fragmen
ts
7justified15theש15ן fragment under review0!separate siglum8ass
~gn0זproposal parchment , script , and contents
.
-These peculiarities0יparticular features with respect
and4(332בwith4,403228(323ן(א0=4(323ןל2זסwith)וmilitate against associating
evldent affinity with the mishmarot8תexhibit)0תthe text of which does,4(3328ב.category
.contents115satisfactory explanation of8prevents40322The fragmentary nature of
the0ת(]o[im Mishmarot(3248-40323provisionally grouped with5]יו,However
strengthבישהandבה(תוו"נ). of the te
rrns
Physical Descri
~
tion
brown leather , presented-1%118small piece Of
consistsחס" of one large and322ב)4
theתוbut rightly combined,33442.ןand702.41earlier photographs (PAMח]separatelythe0זrecognizable close!1"5between themתו0נwith the,(336.43PAM("תסmost recent
holds7.4צ2.3חזם.זגright edge of the photograph . The combined fragment rnea
sures
and,(3and,2,1inscribed!סעןח11"5 by one hand ( lines1115תaltogether parts of three
written secr( tsda36לand,31[טת(5טת11ב2,בthirdבfew letter -tops of8plus rernnants of
of the original3and2was inserted between lines28manli (see PALAEOGRAPHY) . Line
The.3"1חוbeneathח]are wedged36סתווplus the scanty remalns of38"חווtext
,
and
the10ח(ערthe lack of space; the added text was entered0!crammed due18inscription
15which,38שתו]of the original column . The blank under the left end of)11תIast
remnant of the8beסןseerfis,3-111חו05תsomewhat broader than the interlinear spaces
bottom[תו"(36). marg~n , which was partly filled by the secondarily inserted third
HT
E IU
DAEAN
DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES94
Contents
some instances misread or wronglyתו,their wake WiseחןWacholder and Abegg , and
restored the text of the fragment ( see below) . l However, despite the skimpy amount of
the eighth and the beginning of0!writing , they correctly discerned that the tex
t
pertains
the mishmarot service cycle . This conclusion1תmonths of the second year
1theחוח"
from the explicit mention of the course Jaqim together with theיחו0קstarting175takes
the strength of(!ת1"3).()חthe Temple115"וזזת0זחוonly partly preserved date of
supportiveשה( considerations explicated below, the extant last letters of the misslng date
follows that theזסשאה.2!זnhonשה[שלו,01חread0זcan be completed with confidence
orי1ו the twenty-. third of,בשלו4יה,question must be the third day of the monthחןdate
single date which"תסonly5!the entire six -year roster , there1ח,Now.שה,)ושלבעשרים
Jaqim , namely the twenty-third of the eighth0זrespectחןansss'ers this requirement
Jaqim prima10the second year of the cycle . Immediately after the referenceתןmonth
indicate that the second day10(8נ)שדבחפהמגי4)י(תו1
"manuא , the second hand recorded
-364theתוcorresponding dateפof service Of Huppah , the next mishmar, coincides withhere the"50ז"זסי.hesitate01חpreserved . ! would5ןז0חdav solar calendar , ,vhich
.'monthאזמוחthe second of the4]בחשיעישניםא;שהו,'ואיי(אreadingThe suggested restorations of lost particles of text are buttressed by the preceding
the course Shekaniah , that presumably entered the Temple10truncated reference
Again , only once.(2and1given month (lines8or nineteenth ofח;י1חthe0ח."בחשעוה,ע
date including theמ0פthe entrance Of Shekaniah occu
r
yearי,ו[ו cycle-%5חן1""ן
the second year of the cycle , twoחןthe eighth month]0"1חוחnamely the,"תוחnumeral
.the ONEnty-" third of that month0חJaqim]0lveeks before the entrance
The proposed partial reconstruction of the text admittedil( leaves open several
substantialחן1[ת"1 gap between the presumed recording8there remalns(8):questions
of the eighth month) and the(א1ח1חthe0תthe Temple0זחןof Shekaniah ' s entrance
connectlonתפ withח]the narne of that cou
rse
(probably,02"1ח1חוensulng mention
dayזהwithת8 synchronized by80ח,week of serviceחן15ןe ~' en
t
.- hich occurred
the cou
rse
of10reference015מthere(6);)the [eighth ] monthחוunpreser~' ed date
the sixteenth of the eighth month , following0יך"וקוח"ח
~
liashih , u- hich en
ters
the (
and!חand3linesפ2) preceding Jaqim ( registered(2-15)111151"6חןת)Shekaniah
mishmarot document must8fragment of8as4(322לsaid , the classificatiory of15:
the fact that both the original scribe and the interpolator]0חןוע"עיremain tentati ~' e
year cycle of the-8צןthe0זdirectly relatedזסחoccurrences ,vhich are10noted references
priestlyביקיםהביעירום([חו"נ),ביקיםכשניםand(28flineשההאבחפהשני(יוא cou
rses
, such as
translitorsח0 based thei
~
renditions,(4פ321סand40321.8))othersע;ה
,
this caseחוbe regretted thatין(ו,(הthe basis of the Handkonkardanz , without checking their readings0חl~' acholder and Abegg'(לtcxts rcconstructed
.photographs ,vhich had become available0ין4חןו
"agalnst,)ן, the
the seven
th
month]0,שה"רמעשרש,the twtnry-fifth0חthe en ~ rance
fo
Jaqimיוother poss ~ bility sshlchד'ח(י,יוה: .the additional data explicated below0)ו0ח,ן,,ח~ car ( ,
~ ucs)חו 10was erascd,מלקדבבימחבהעשרבששה,original mentlon of the entrance of Eliashibחב~'onders ~vhether)ו(חל
(337.43the fragment (PAM,0ש"שphotograph taken from theי/_text inserted
Yb
~ he ~econd hand)הןmakc room fo
r
1!.*produce any ttSUltיסתthe past , but didחוun] lng that this possibitity was indeed considered4_reason for as,).4ן
ratawti w~ s corr~ctedI3Uptu8Eliashib through0זcon~ ectured that the omission of the required reference)(ןcould also
.QWPa4ח]*",pr,~erved1*1סחfhe left margin , wh
ich
ertical.~,ח Insertlon,י6'ווmatru"יז",וה[ו,,ן,"נ"
9540322
'historiographical docunlent'888cannot be classified4(322כ,the sarne time!38),1נ
מ"(ו[
annalistic'80[מpart88,or ,
~
ace Wise40333-4(331נof the type represented by
historical events are0!narnes of historical figures or references0חcalendar ' , because
recordedחןו!.
Palaeography
late Hasmonaean or early Herodian8חןexpert scribe8חThe basic text WHS written by
מו"serifתובתשעוה([ of taw!תזסזק;ת(מand theאפsuggested by the spiked85,bookhand
Letters consistently4.(2"חו])שכניהand he ofמעחand,(3"1חנ)יייםme )n ofו),81תא8Words are separated bv.1חזחןand are separated by less than3צ3[חזתmeasure
85dry rutings . Lines are nevertheless straight , as far0חmm
.
There
ra
e2.)space of
interlinear(.10[מזח. space of8מascertainable , separated by
marked by the curs ~ ve forms of qop5ןsmaller , and8ןThe script of the second hand
2Lettersן2 rneasure.ניתובשניםand by the ligature of,(28"11ח)חוביקיםem1"81חתand
recurring.בשנים[ח1[טחyith,28שני letters (cf. e . g]0the executionת]The fluctuation.חזחז
accommodate his0)Sa ) was possibly caused by the fact that the scribe had"תוחוו.the restricted interlinear spaces and the bottom margin of the original textחוinsertions
.the script,0precise dating8the way ofחוThe peculiarities of the second hand stand
cursl~fe8should be pointed out that both the fi
rst
and the second hand employ,1shown by the ~omparison of15This.חזזס]the regular square0.mem next181ת,form Of
with the(28"1[ת)מןביקיםם'בשגand of the cursive mem(3"1[ת)ויוםandתויקיםmem
squמו41.(תו1(38).
are
final mem8remnant of
Orthogra
~
hy
ofחטסת0זק(חreconstructed,3"11חו the third pe
rson
singular mascul ~neבהThe spellingMishmarot0140(322כ-3248(או!peculiar15
"66presumably,'ח1[ז pronounced,(1118ת
and40321.ם.ש)prevailsבוא/בוother mishmarot tcxts ~ the spelling14(324כ31).ת.cf;םdate80!The[מ8זק"י81טסוץmentionedתסמז!א. word refers.(443218כ
Mus.ית694.1
)verso(337.43,*336.43,334.42,702.41PAM
בהבתשלנהי[בשמיני
ו1השכניה[בבץ[שכניה1ביאת2
of.המן'!" ~ he Jewiah Scripts '
,
The Bt.bte atid the Jlncient PPear Eastד'א"[ישי(וחקסו"יח'
~
$$cro.ק.4תSee*.3-1lines,13819611,Doubleday:.א.ץ,Wright (Garden City.ש.;)~dlbtight . ed . by.א/.ינHonor af
HT
E JUDAEAN DESERT xx
I
DISCOVERIES96או
ה]!ביקיםבשנים%
"5שה[חמלובעשרים%ב4
ביקיםביעי]רויוםם,ק,ת*
יו]"בס0[%
"בתשיעישניםא]שה4פה"בשני
%[oooo1
[
aaQ1
?
bottom margin
REA [) IS (JS,1)א,"חthe last letter of the,בתשעוהי0עשרבתשל1הread10which can be reconstructed,בחשעןBefore1-]
.he!0of the upper barקוזpossibly the leh]0,preser~'ed . most probably yod15VO
Fd
1prcceding
-
reninant of
yod
8be0)be( , followed by what seems15legible letter)5]חThe2.,1
11lenerה. of51וחpresumably the151טחוthe end of the)8za ?-in2_,1
ז.
"za)tt
n
of15the last letter,"חוזthisחןAlso1ג.]
,can be discerned , followed by heמ,!downstroke of.!טזthe right edge of the fragment the)4,3.]
n#Thm,[()זא[ל.5ן). (see above!0letters81חחpresumably the
close that they actually overlap , with the upper bar of be~ crossing the50The t ~vo letters are.3בה.]
.right perpendicular of he
alep and the top bar and left!0together , followed by faint tracesנ9יי0ח'(rR 'a
.
Bet and1..ג
do~nstroke of laar
theי0ו8תח letters yodt gop , and yod are preserved _ The executron]05ויבקOniv the lo ~ver"3ם'ק.]
the]חויומתזטת1ז). pronounced square forrn10thanחןסחו1בCUISIVL' [orm5"10closer15ההש
bet , the last letter0זbe the left part of pe10preceded by what appears5ו,,
fi
St legible letter , bet[]
"1..ג3ך'
or,ט0!,ן! possibly by,מי,')מ,ז0מץ'be10nilo ~vcd bv three letters which seem[15נחג
.
prcceaing ,vordי[ג,ligature.'פי0.פ. )( , tvyo lettcrs - e . g51וויןב]the
.preserved , presumably
"(. (cf15preceding WOFd8lem of"0[818חחthe uppcr left part,ש:'Bcfo[c1,,)ג
ם)י)חוחון[)).
space which clearly8preceded by15מוו,However.בזידשacholdcr -Abegg and
~
Vise rEad''ג"ברפ,ין(..]
11_the lacunaתןthe next word . The tops of pe and he may be discerned10If~ ttcr belongs)1,רprc ) ves thar
,)RAPHY1(the cursive character of the second hand (see ORTHO10that
,
oshlngח[4חוה,borne)(14ןה,).ן,.form ~ d lettc[s can be expected here.ו[ווגוהקסוst ) m ('~vhat
.inserted secunda manu can be discernedטת1יadditionalחגf[oml1ertcrs uhich sten,0r ,,ps.-3ין.,]
.ן11.י,,1,י1ין,י )rhe eighth month()חוח,(רןחןוthe
the;חיי cighlthן.ייי 5ן
]Shekaniah which00the ~-eck([חן]ח,,Shcknniah . l,,)"וון)(יוחן:
Jaqim[5י , ~vhich0ה
ru
ck]
the(זגנ),חוו" sece)na4.חיי:
00the week(תו]Jaqim , and the fo [urth] day!0cighth month ) the entry]"thvחו1[(( tls. cntl ' -thi ] , dחי,_(
)ךג,י
)month(חוח!אthe second of the5ן]Huppah , which00the week(חוIfhc secona [aa ] yןןן,(ן,ויוי,,,1,
presumed,בשמינ5,4ן earlier mention of the eighth month8106)'בהThc rcfcrence_1.,.ובהבחשעןה
proposed by Wacholder,בודרשקשלה(בcontrast , the readingח!_recurring date patternי,ח,,חנחי(י)י[הנ)
must.חז be rejected,מעי(ה2בודדשמקשע1הthe fragment , and Wise ' s!0translators'ייו~ild (,plCtן"[""4חנ, חן
date8the nrst mentlon of!80יותordinal number8חdesignated by,יculcn ~ ricul ~ocuments , the month
%40322
as,ט.8..תו44403248:בחורבעא
"thatעטא)בי0בה,'תןן( month by0!]! . Succeeding dates are connected
the;ת0 entrance of Mija[m] in(5ןthe f[ourlth of the te[n] th (month0בואעשרבשחדמ4ן,מביפחירי[בלש,'מof the8תוט8תטחז*תסו1תdates theבהthe present instance, the restored term1חן1ן((5ן)...'.חthe eleventh
bf the eighth,מ1ח(א,בהשפוהthe0)(טמ]!the next!0the beginning)8missingילסמ)entrance of Shekaniah
preserved . This date svas probably followed by5נwhich only the laSt lener04?חשמבתדש,יorי[חשמיי,monthpresumably88יpartח0יזןthe week of Shekaniah 's aervlce , whichחוday81סmissing reference8
,the solar monthמןdate8with,והaynchronized by חן
parallel5אone calendrical schedule withחןgiven day or date8identifiesזהThe pronoun.ז"
2.]the week1חday8,the present Instanceםת3811).!ח,see below(שויאthe collocation0!another system , similar
date between the tenth and the fifteenth of the8withזהpresumably identified by4of Shekaniah ' s service
.eighth month of the second year of the priestly serv~ce roster
be decided whether the second!ןclear , nor can015מ!The meaning of this phrase.פ2ביקשבשנים.].that collucationטןaddition885חor(טחוונ)הביעיום'וcorrection of
the
first sc
ribe
's8as)וscribe inserted
any of theתןthe second day of
~
aqim's service0חthe Covenanters ' calendar fallsת]day of importance0%
.the cycte1חyears8צי
the sanle way . See e . g . fifegillat Ta
~
nilשthe rabbinic tradition1חalso used15This term.3בה.].passim
.This
eI
tter sequence escapes explanation.138במץ0,בפף.]the original teKt
.
But the annotatorחןmentioned01%מi'he entranee of
~
uppah.יי"ק38.1"בחפשני
,dtity after Jaqim. As said0חremark concerning the service period of the course that comes8added here
.palaeographical and contextual grounds0חunten~ble15)Wacholder-Abegg and VVise(בדודשthe reading
twoחןformula which synchronizes dates8serves asשהsee,5טחand211פ2)," above(זהLike.38פההא.] 5ן
The term.(324נ61בשביעיעשרהשהושחויר[בששי)4.or naore parallel chronological systems (cf. e . g15the Day of Atonement , which',בחשריעשרהשהאכפוריםמ)י,rabbinic literature , e , g1חsimilarly employed
the'(4מסז.11Pequde);עשרשמנהיםא)שהלנסיעהן,רביעישהוא)בשבת'בשנ,'ח0 tenth of Tishre(0ת( falls
the4the aecond (day) or the week ~which " the fourth (day) :( of their Journey (from Egypt)
,
which5
4theן5) first month) ' (Mekilea de Rabbi tSimeoN bar Yohai,0)eighteenth
Unidentifiliedז irragmenl
.4נ~
rg
]ער2[י
ןהוהם[2
]מא[נ
]0[
336.43PAM
fidtash1,,Buber.5-cf.49(1945,Melamed , eds . ( ]erusalem : Mekize Nirdarnim.2.8Epstein and.5ץ.א
Bo.(1946,Taahuma'13,ק.Me~ora;48'!5,ק.53. (New York : Sefer
8QMishmarot4.323
ח
'
PLATE(
the Clnpublished D~ad Sea,0f~refiminary Edit
ion
14,Abegg.1).1%Wacholder and.]1.ין:~Previous publication ת
"
:
wise , ' prima Annales Fuere.0.4%;1991)8ד,Biblical Archaeology Society:.כ,.(],Waahington(1.snils , fasc the
"istory . Laftwguag
e
and Literatwre0חd5G55yemi~i a~d Other Eמ,Thunderזמזטנ*ח.,חן)Annalistic Calendar frorn .189(994!,Shefrield : Academic Press
;15Of t~etond Temple Paleseine (JSPS,p
olimם), Mishmarot(3248-40322characteristic of*5ניאה(פח11יןTHE technical termthis,ו!5 group . ~ Howeverסיas belonging(2.olim Mishmarot Cb , frg(323נ)4marks
the second of three fragments which88presentation by Wacholder-Abegg and Wise
scrutiny . The distinct hue of0!stand up1סתtogether const~ tute Mishmarot Cb doesspacing, especially of the-
ח1"]the parchment, and even greater differences Of script and
403248and,40324,40323,40322rule out the assignment of,40322חנsecond hand
.one and the same manuscript10
Physical Descri
~
tion
cm. The upper right edge of the fragrnent5.34.3צand meas
ures
4(323נ118אש11מייסז6
bottom may have caused0!ק0זfrom!נcrack cross~ng1פ%-vert~cal wedgeינ
.
jagged15
the middle of theת]Of several letters1055the flaking of the skin and the resulting
15which,!1סת]rnrn space above8upper four of the five partially preserved lines. The
twice as large as the interlinear spaces ( see below) , suggests that the fragment comes
contain complete or almost cornplete5and,3,2,1column . Linesבfrom the top of
the small size of the0!few letters can be read . Due8only41תוסתוvyords , whereas
one8of0זscroll8remnant of818יוcannot be ascertalned whether!1,fragment
.column docunlent
ontents?(
and,יחזקאלand,ר[וי!ח,צץ[הפ,The complete or restorable narnes of three priestly courses
the extant or recoverable dates of the beginning of their turns of duty , which dovetail
with the known particulars of the priests ' rotating service cycle , prove that the schedule
the fragment . The rosterח]of the second year was recorded11and10of months
andתופחן41ז0 ends with the assumed mention of Jakin(פת11ו)begins with Hezirsee COMMENTS) . The partially(5,linesתוcourses"זסתזpossibly of one or two
coincides with) the first(15)date(18*',בעושיריחד,אזהpreserved double- date formula
the original document theתוindicates that,(1"מוו)'(א1ח0מז)(day) of the tenthbeginningsתו403248.5140324ו31. of the months were listed, like
7,5,43241;40324*יי4,2.
~
י(!.403223:
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES%1
which,(41שמו)ירית[הלthe letter cluster5וadditional component of the roster11מ
.)READINGS0אsee NOTES(הלכידהWacholder-Abegg, and later Wise , wrongly read as
0reference888thenית8 construes this enigrnatic letter cluster(11.חand196.ק)Wise
,Year Two (of the mishmarot cycle) . . . involving112ןand1025ןeven
t
' between
highly81תoccurrence0תש!as relating!1perhaps , the temple service ' . He presents
,BCE63-72historical incidents between]0serles8conjectural reconstruction of
.pp(םMishmarot0!the varlous fragments svhich he ass ~gns0חן!presumably referred
be(פטזי5מס!תסו015מ! shown below, this entire11],לHowever , as.(221-197regular mishmarot roster, likeפfragment of8clearly154(323נ.convincingly supported
.1%"1historical80ח!חand,4(3248בand,40324,40322
Palaeography
mm . Foreseen22צtralned scribe . Letters measureפThe writing evinces the hand of
and the larger,(5"מ1ן)חוביאתand yod(3"1חו)תקשקאל]exceptions are the thinner zayin
space8clearly separated by"זפmrn . Letters3%3which rneasures,(2"11מ)חןנצ(הפFade
which,(5"1תו)ביאזand(מו1"ו)תבדהןיר]except for the base of bet,1מז[הless than]0
mm
.
The2space ofפcoalesce vvith the following letter . Words are separated by.mm apart without dry rulings4are5"11חstraight , eveniv spaced
.accurate dating of the script8תallow for01מtext does,0The small amount
flush with the8תווחס)base5יוHowever , the positioning of the supralinear lamed with
prominent8!1and the broad head of qop with,(3"11ת)תןיחוקאלtops of other letters
0and[חאחושר[ע the spiked base,(28חוו)תוצצ[הפ~ade]0serif, the right -angled foot
early Herodian888מgive reason for classifying the scriptחןעשהים,ב(1[שח3)יand(2"תו])
worthתורפשצ(חו1"2) noting that8111ן.)BCE25-50.))or late Hasmonaean bookhand
.the end of the word!8the middle andת]used both5ןthe medial form of sade
~OrthographJ
Since'חןי1ן8ןpreserved([[ח"2)0andח only the first bet of the calendrical ternl forcannot be decided whether the scribeזו,fully u' ritten out occurrence of the term
orבה. ratherבוןבואemployed the spelling
5%ט1.זח694.1
)werso(337.43,*336.43,334.42,333.42,702.411%גק
theןושןEasayi.2(ש Jewish Scripts ' , The B,ble and the Awfient Near)0i - hc Devclopnlent-',ק,1%.(0ן,וSee
.3-1
uI
nes,138(1961,Doubleday:.ץח,%.ץ)Vr , ght (Garden1_E.0נ."ץ).ן(..,.,1,"שוז"ו"ון,ווו",,
10140323
ב3אאיזה]יד]בוירביעייום
שירי"
"שר[עבאחדוצצ[הפביאתבוארבעה
"פתחיהביאתו
1ביחזקשלבישאבועשר1בשמונה
"בווחמשהשמים
]0יףות[]הע0[יכיןוביאה
עיאת]5
READINGS0אNOTES
.remnant of yod8נbefore 'ayin0!וחןfhe speck'.1רבדעי,]
.~
are the bottom tips of zaytn and re61שafter%ח]two dots of)1אוה.איד.]curled sign
ac
n be8אmost probably bet . Before15טת1ןthe1ת
~
'he last partially extant letter2.]similar;בריתחן7140324. mark precedes the bet of11.seen
,
which defies explanation
the remnant of the last letter5ןaot before
~
hpVPשתוContextual considerations suggest that the3.].ofawta
!0letter , presumably8ofקוזprobably the left5;טחוןthe right edge of theזפmark%7חוזחוThe4.]81תחמאחofיכין.
are preserved. After the5חוענthe skin , he andת]crackפlacuna caused byפBefore.1,.44י4קהלwhich seems]0tost . traces of four narrow letters can be discerned , the lastw8hich one letter waתו,crack
out of place here ,
" fits the5ןAlthough this word.הע
"0be!יייה, tasu
~ suggesting the restoration10 .restored by Wacholder-Abegg and Wise,ודה[העןבcalendrical context of the item better than
theיפletter directly after a~tep8he remnant of'1.
~
he reading may be considered certain1.45מאה.].)the right downstroke of tau5)left edge of the fragment
TRANSLATION
]coincides with) the Fi] rst of the te[nth(15]Hez[i] r0מthe week of service(1ח]the fou] rth [day[.1
(חיתסמו);
the entrance of(5ן)חן[11the elev [en] th0ח;Happi ] ? VeV!0the entrance(4)1]חןthe fourth02.[ת
;Petabiah
the[ח[1 twen[ty-~ fifth[0ח];the entranlce Of Jebezqel(")ת11ןthe eighteenth03.[ת
][]])the entrance of
lakin
] the( i(5])].4
Jthe entrance].5
COMMENTS
'coincides with ) the beginning of the tenth month(15'he restored double date formula'11.,1parallelsמן4(פ324נא6. the same formula
room5ןthere1[טחthe beginning of the8118נ%תthe entrance of0?After the restored reference4.]10thisירקההען. mishmar 's week of service pertain~ngחןindeterminable date8חfor the mention of
double date which8may have contained5ן~טחof)זפקand the first4)1מוThe last part of5-4.1]after which,(1ן[סמ.the week of Jakin with the first of the eleventh month (cfתןidentified the sixth day
This.1עעלביאחבהןבסנים
,
the month!0the second day0תGamul]0was listed the ensuing entrance
..~mishmaros schedulפfragment of8as4(323בOf0ן08א(חthe identif5תסוב05קקט35וזסקקט
QMishmarot4.324
IPLATEח,
.Abegg, % Prelimlnary Edir,'on
"the Unpublished Dead Sra scrolrs.ס.%Wacholder and.2.8:Previous publications Annallstlcהג:Wise , Primo Annales
~
vwere.,).8019911;4ח.Biblical Atchaeology society:.ן.,כ],Washington(1.fasc
Second,0ehe ifistory, Language and Literature"0Gemini and Othet
~
$saysאThundeiתו,,'talendar rroma 'Qumran .92
:Sheffkld,1994)ל19- Academic Press;15Telwple .Palestine USPsuP
Physiea[ Descri
~
tion
composed of51ן.parchment .~
rg6יא118תיסזCONSISTS of two fragments of*4032
contains fractions of seven1ש
.
crn5.55.6גtwo initially separate pleces , and measures
part ofזסה"1[0ח.ג]column, with undecipherable traces of one0חסof8"11תconsecutive
theחוdark spotג
.
cm3.1the width of10preserved5]the bottom margin of the column
152.the parchment . Frgת]flaw8orחחוspilledץ"left part of the rnargin was caused
.few identifiable letters from two lines8holds,1
.
ce4.28,2צnluch smaller , measuringי"ם
right part , where the surface Of5!ןofאי68זו-white spot covers appro :) ximately two21
.have peeled off0!paahrnent appears
t?ontents
scroll which presunlably8the reninant of184(324נ'Yhe extant traces of text prove that
which the different0מregister of the dates of the Saturday afternoons8contained
the0תthe onset of their week of service0!priestly courses entered the 'femple prlor
the eleventh of the0ביבשביעיעשרחד%ב,'ח%"following,"-8.:הפצץ Sunday morning
iS
nce the rotating.(71)'מ0קם5קוקק18וthe entrance of [(the watch(15seventh (month
variety ofבfully known from15slx-year service schedule of the priestly cou
rses
records their1.can be stated with much confidence that frg!ו,calendrical documents
possibly pertains2.the seventh months of the fifth year .
~
Frg0!the fifthתוsuccesslon.)below800)the eighth month0!
the weekח!interrupted by the identification of the fourth day18The runn
Ing
account
without stat ~ng, though , that,(51)the first of the seventh month88of service of Immer
theה!and by the recording of the sixth day,דשכרוןימם,'the '
Day
of Rernembrance18this
the['(חוו"6).ת1 tenth of the month, 'which " the Day [of Atonernent85sveek of Hezir
see(311תןםand probably7"ברית[ה1[תinexplicable mention of85ןתaddition , there.
.
)below
.92-194,'alao Wacholder and Abegg , % Preliminary Edition
,
so; Wise , Prima Annales
Fuere
50!
THE JUDAEAN D
~
SERT xxlא]DISCOVERIES%1
Palaeography
late Hasmonaean or early Herodian bookhand.l Recurring letters8תוwas penned40324
larget8with the exception of,2צ2תוום.)are executed identically , and rneasure mostly
which!0ש.3צ3חזות. come!2,frgסוmem818חתand318תוthe end or105ם"!סtazo
mrn separates2-1space of8milllmetre , and8fraction of8apart byזקתוLetters are
,cursive script8מוseveral instances , letters
~
ow together asמו,words . However
e.בי,asתוביאה(1ו,7,5,4)andבשביעי(1י0but,65מ!מנ71),בה(1 . g"
especiallyש6 after נ
נ),באחןבארבעהand,(51)באחד(71).
the processתו,cribe. However8tralned8Lines are kept straight , evincing the hand of
properly*טת!יועףseparate pieces wereת"סthe,694.ימן.Musו!מיםחסof mount~ng the
somewhatזפ* curved. The interlinear spaces"60!that now the lines appear50,aligned and,68655מ
mmמונ* between the left parts of1rather irregular , measuring barely 63ofת48. linesטז8קmm between the right5
Orthogra
~
hy
,40325,403246.cf. e . g(תזזבו"!the technical0,חThe cogn ~ zance of the long vowel
given85%1חוwhich
"4(326נ,4(394נ2-1)ז0בוא)cf.4(321כ,4,פ321ל,4(פ324נ),חוי11
.-calendar,5ן related documentsחןpreviously mentioned month and prevails80!date
probably,(41.frg(ה[בthe partly preserved,(31.frg(85חןבה,by heתן4(324נachieved
compared6םorthographic feature mayת4(323כ.נואגד]possibly88150חן4(322ל[טחו6.3ת
another:דוושהחן4(פ321כי,5צצת!!0רוגן(01ס.וי8), calendrical term]0~vith the spelling.passimק5"["6דוקה[ת4(321נ
.ית694.1
~
lus
כגק336.43,334.42.702.41*,337.43(50זשש)
1.Frg
[בהבשלושיםןאלישיבביאת[בהושלושהבעשריםשכניהביאת]
[חפהביאתבהבשבעהבששיד[אחזהביקיםאחדיקיםנביאת2
בע1שרימןלריחישבאבן1ביאתבהשר[עבארבעהןנ
"בלגביאתבהואחד]*[אסןרביאתה[ב1ושמונהבעשרים
"crvss.טען , ( -fhe Deve ~ opment of the lewish Scripts' , The Bible and fhff Antimt Ntar Sast.נ5"ק,1ג
SVright.א.ז.:Doubleday,13819611,[חי"נ. ( Garden City.8.0by.6?.,"""6;4."דוו,",""""possibleחן[חן"3. restoration of the partially preserved penultimate word8חסYhis [eature has s (lmc bearing'(
10540324
[1זיר"ביאתבהפה[ב)באיבשביעיהד[אזהבאמררביעייום]י
יוhf6בשביעיעשרהשדואבח4ירששייום_]
[הפצץ]ביאתבשביעיעשרבאחדסברית[הכפורים]1
READINGS0אNfffES
I
the next]0with the foot)%11-instances, the base of bet connects ligature1!פpractically11ביפת.ת.]the"(בעשרים, case of (ayiה],and yod. However,ששע!,letter , especially with the perpendicular upright of he
8the right stroke prevents such]0the left0)the bend,(7,6,55"11בשושי,טמו21;בשביעי,ח
[חו*and(4א"" .linkage
"rayi]0the oblique stroke]0remnant or the foot8presumably8]4שךletter beforeפ
;
The speck of3.]blank space , the8After..שבאבthe upper bar of bee of!01191*אthe15)1ח]the middle of the1ת'Yhe speck
8possibly5ןwhich are preceded by pe or what,יהpreserved , followed by the letters156?וbase of another
unusual way with the yod that follows ] ) . suggesting the restoration of the wordחופ!וtruncated ref linked
ביקק)cf.[מו"7)..preserved8!?4]0the lef
t
upright,ח"בas before,בעשיטBefore4.]of
the
course"מז8חcan be seen
,
the first letter of the!48שthe upper bar of*ש]the end of
the
[.415נ.
~ezir
trace8followed by yod, waw ~ and,4ח"(5ש]]the end of the10The truncated letter after sayin close6.],mamעם. evincing the reading54תOf
.possibly the foot Of lamed1,טת5ןthe beginning of theברתא)truncated letter before
I
14.ד'חע*
TMNSLATION
theתןא] thirtieth0ח;the entrance of [EIiMhib["theמן twenty-"third0ת;the entrance Of Shekaniah[.1
the0(1ת0הז");חJaqim " the nr] st of
the
si[xth00the week(תןthe entrance of Jaqim, the first day[.2
];the entrance of
.
~
uppahמואseventh
[-the twe[nty0ח;(?)the entrance Of Jeshebab;] covenant[שאthe fourteJenth3.חל
],the entrance of Imm [er,[חןthe twenty-[ eighth0ח;Bilg] ah]0the entrance)]תןfirst[.4
]0the entrance
"theתן fou [r] th0(ח10מ!א);מthe fi] rst of the seventh18Immerחןthe fourth day[.5
the tenth of the seventh (month) % the Day5ן
~
e]zir, which00the week(תוthe sixth day[.6
]0]the entrance(ן)תסחו)the eleventh of the seventh0ח;of Atonement ; ] for ) ? ( the covenant[.7
קקוקק18ן*ו]
COMMENTS
considerationsתthe0חיו0חו of space and0חfhe proposed restoration of the text rests'
.service-cycle of the mishmarot
the Temple10מןpriestly ~vatchפwhich defines the entrance of,0[ביאהconstruct8"This.1ביאת.]andתו40322טתו31ביאתpartly preserved%";40324תפ]fully extant18(see INTRODUCTION) . The term חן
designated5ןmishmar8the service ofחוBy contrast , this phase.4:4מן4(323ניתי31יאpresumably also
)(whichנ(,ס.8.: entered mishmar0יז)the Sabbath',...עלשבת:by the Aramaic expression4,214(325נ 4
רעיהעלשבת.identified as the nrst day of the sixth month5ןJaqim]0the serv~ce weekת]
~
'he first day.
[.2ה"
theיחעו houses rhey0)9:2י"יבוש?בחמע4'בבחים,'חןcf. e . g . loel.עליזar~ dבשFor the contextual ~quivalence of4
:Targum:.חוwickedness comes(חעו*ח)',ק[עס2:11ן)ד,באand"enterע,יייgo[ת , through the windows they
.(9:11Kgs2)'ס1חשבתצאיcontrastהשבחבאיחןcf. also.ויחנחאדעלאהיך
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES%ו
theאand sun~lar blanks,ו"סthe beginning
,
of the1פthe reconstructionתןThe blank
ps
ace posited3.ן sentence subdividers . Because of their short length , these85possibly serve,71טתו6נתנתןסתו]beginning of
.
text9ותblank spaces cannot have held
identification19]singled out by9ןservice of Immer0יthe week1חiourth day""[.5בשבקעיאךךזד.ך'
this dateת,).of the year begins,משפה,which the third quarter0ח,the fi [st day of the seventh month85
.noted05ת(1קצם(ם,!ז),Day of Remembrance ' , which , though'"1ןfalls
1givenן special attention because5ןthe week of HezirתןEqually , the sixth day.ן.6'ע'בשבק-עששדוא
which.4(320כ4וון8-7: falls the ' Day of
.
Atonement ' . s Cf0ח,coincides with the tenth of the seventh month'ב4שביעה-ובעשהכפורשום'ב'ר-בי))ב4.
given8ח)date8mishmar with8the week of service ofת]day8synchronizes6"1...שהוא.שהוא.] חן
'~ holy season8identifies(5and2linesחןrestored(40322טש3240332:381;3403331).ד.month (cf the.403248ון3ן3340332). Covenanters ' festival calendar (cf. e . g
,this terrn , ~hich Interrupts the sequential enumeration of mishmarot]0The insertion.,7מ'0בר.]
5)calendar related context9be10what appearsבריח(ד)תןsimilar mention ofג.remialns unexplained
בכלו4ציאשר
".8111022Cf:גריח also.81:וומועדיסןרבריתושכקרש[קופקראכולויע1ברו
Q
~
1Zחיex ~ ant
40216and(6טנ40')וןyab=17.ן!14.
2~Frg
)ס0ים[1
שיישן2
"ן,.ן,ון,Os",וג)לי(;י 0Theזreadים. letters COUId possibly be restored.01ש[י010ום..]
Thescש,ש,שלושה,י0שלושש. lctters are probably part of
~
either
i
1..2שלתא.
'יל
(.וייי,וו."
well)1!,ישלושהעשריםorעשרשלושהbe restored0ןpossibly,שלושה/שלושandיוםThe readingsgives reason forלדשה(וועשרשthe mis/lwarot vocabulary . The tentative restoration or10חן
.frg1תthe one partly preserved0)from the column adjacent52("!5ח.assuming that [rg
when Joiarib,איחסחזthe eighth0זחןcourses svas continued]0which the roster1,[ח
_the t~venty -third0חentered the Temple
.are mentionedושכרקום'י0חדבפורשיםncither2333)4ח,sirnilar con
tcxt
יו[ן0'(,'(ן,,ח8
QMishmarot4-3248ם
)PI.A.rEע[ו
,Prelim~.nary Edition of the Irnpublt-shed Dead Sea scr~llsג,G _. Abegg.4%Wacholder and.2.8:Previous publications Annalistlcמג
:
wise ~ Primo
nA
nales Fuere.1991ו82:4%.,לBiblical Archaeology societyt:.נ).(],Washington(1.fasc Second,9trlafutea1nd L
0avld"(ח(Hi~tory.[אפעאחם" Oeher Euays]לז(;?הו1הThunderתן,'l?alendar from Qumran .19019941,Sheffield : Academic Press:15Tea~ple Palessine (lsPSup
as the [irst of slx fragrnents assembled403248WACHOLDER-ABEGG and Wise present
which,שוע.Mishrnarotם". are supposedly remains of one manuscript684.2עת.Mus0מ
far as85,contents(ם)spacing , and(6)1[8ת,differences of script(8),However
rnust be considered separately from the other4(3248ןascertainable, demonstrate that .
:
Ca0ז41%אזfive Eragments which ~vere ascribed
the left perpendicular of he descends vertically from the left end of the4032481(ב)מ
slanted and5]!תשהואתו140333נו]whereas.תוהעשירי(01ס.11לנhorizontal bar , as
meeting point with the top of15]!8connects with the angle formed by the horizontal bar
.the right perpendicular
5]appreciably smal
ler
, and the top upright15211תומלליה4(3248נThe foot Of lamed
much[תאמליס4Of(333נand8,41נ0ול(1[שת6). longer than
of4(3248ב[4,31,תןעשריםofעשרandתהעשירי]As distinct from the normal form of rei,yodתורביעוי4of(ם324ב21. like88as small15!]114(333ב
Asן["[תושמונהעשריםandהעשירי[ת4(3248נן[2,נ, against the straight right stroke of
slightlyתושהוא[ת4(333ב31. curved8]that stroke
measured frorn the top of,7-6תזתזequally spaced apart by"(6)ת41(3248נ8סת11זפ
-90!the interlinear spaces amount,]-ןנ.frgsת]the top OF the next, whereas0*"1תוone
.
mrn12-188לmuch880!תנ4(333בand10תיתזstraightforward account of the service schedule of fiveבcontains443248ב())
and,ים,ר:ח,ים[עור%נ,יה,מלכ,ין:מיומ:successive priestly cou
rses
whose
an
mes can be restored
only once interrupted by the identification of the5]The roster.וץ,הקpresumably alsothe beginning of.תסתז!א,צועthe sveek Of Malkiah as the first of
the
tenthת]fourth day
known from sinlilar81508]the th
ird
annual quarter . This type of double dating
can be classified as the remnant4(3248נ,Thus.4(324לand485(323נdocuments , such.typical mishmarot register8of
the killing by the Ronlan0!8and5140333תוction , the referencesc1ontradistiy1ת
strongly,אמליוסהרג,general Aemilius Scaurus of victims whose names or identity are lostthe service schedule of the courses Jehezqel and Gamul0*suggest that the allusions
mea
ns
for securely chronicling these events through888serve here(6and3ines1(
which dates1[ת,primarily historiographical workבfragnlent of8184(333ן.double dates
;DID xxxvl(1JWiscellanea , Hart,4.וץצצOwmran cave"4(ל333נ)%Textש5י"81םיSeeנ.Fitamyer,,ו40!
Oxford,2000)לש9-2.
;
Clarendon
xxl08887פ
HT
E IUDAEANאוDISCOVERIES18
subsidiary role (see8the service schedule Of priestly courses pl~y0!pertaining
.)INTRO~
UCTION
Physical Descri
~
tion
small[תחס8 piece of parchment . Together they8חסconsists of one large and40324ב
!1.right side18!אcm, z which becomes lighter44.13צdark brown fragment measuringcm . The2intercolumnar margin of8תcolumns separated byסיןזcontains remains of
of the second column--and next316חוopposite--ליאfirst column holds only the svord
the marg~n . The se~ond1תwritten vertically,סידםזא
"the truncated notation,!0ו!
and,3,2Lines.3*1תנthe end of!8wacat8fragmentary lines withזטס,column contains
that the average80,1*18180תו,Intents and purposes811can be fully restored, and for4
8bordered by18
~
he colurnn'.108תcm5.9.)have been10can be assessed"1[תwritten
18crn3.1The bottom marg~n of.41[8תthe left of0!cm5.1.)partially extant margin of
the0!contrast1מ~.fully preserved over almost the entire length of the written lines
deterioration of theחזס"serration of the upper edge of the fragment, which resulted
.undamaged15parchment , the straight bottom edge
Contents
,the Temple of five mishmarotסוחןThe fragment registers the successive entrance dates
year five of the sixחוthe middle of the ten
th
0!monthח1ח!אfro~ the middle of the
and,(4ן)ל)Mijamin,(28ן)ל1)Malkiah,(21ן)ל1)Se~ orim,(114ןצ)year cycle : Harim
5theו week Of MalkiahתוREADINGS) . The Fourth day0אsee NOTES((11/)ל)~Haqqo
identified[ת40324and40323).צ! with the first of the tenth month (cf. the double datestacat , which most probably separates the fourth annual quarter fromבfollo~ved by15
.the third
Palaeogra
~
hy
8trained scribe who employs8late Hasmonaean hand by8חוwas lvritten403248
18the next letter . This tendency0!connecting dash8round senil .-~ cursive mem with
medial8מלטיה(01ם.211),תוand(4]].col(88חומלמףן,word8the beginning of!בevident נ
andחןfinal8מסוין08ק,88חובעשרים(01ם.211), also,(2]01ס.ן)חןושמונאposition , as
also[מעם(01ס.ן[3).Final"אא18 partly preserved5ןform81חתalthough the square
top. ietters routinelyק86!8אnoticeably long and slightly curved , without the thickened
rnm. Exceptions are the1space of less than8mm and are kept apart by22צmeasure
,85[תביאת(01ס.וו2,*),באחד((01.ונ4),
iI
gatur
es
of bet and mem with the ensu ~ng letter
תעיש)col.ן[and(2מףן,פ(01ס.ן[4).
.338.43the most recent photograph , PAMצוחסחןThe two pleces are combined2
Crossג"ופ6ששגSatt:ש"נעש4 , ~The Development of the lewi*h scrip~s ' , The Bible and the.ץ.וע.cfנ.5-4lines,149(1961,Doubled~y:.?.א,Wright (Garden City.8.נ)by.6ש,Whlliam Foxwell
Albtight
4,Honor
40324,שו
0fromמ the next . Although there are6יסיוmm clearly separates one4-2space ofינ.em7-לspace of8run straight, separated by118סת,dry rulings
Orthogra
~
hy
the!8and1חן1[8מand restored4and2linesת]fully preserved,מא'~
he p
~
ene spelling
differsמקת1נ324-4032. from the spelling,2beginning of
line
Mus.עח684.1
*338.43,334,42,702.41PAM
1.Col
א*ש1bottom margin
the margin1מinserted verhcally
2h[rלן0יום
READINGS0א
~
Nas
and the1(הas11rounded base rules Oblt reading118.The letter before lamed cannot be identified2.]attractiveשאשיו,י0שיסש. restoration of
i
inmMe,
-
WD
TMNSLATION
18whlich.1
]day[.2
11.Col
ואחהבאשריםבואעשרעה]באר5[ים]ר[חביאת]0[]יום1
]'lbת[א]45א[בו]2~lvle][יה]מלכביאתבואושמונאבעשרים
ר45עיידםנ
"1ה*6ל5[
[eaclatהעשיריבחיישאחד"
באיבע4
"בפ
"הלובוחעשרבאחדם5ן]מיביאתירי[
" boteom marain
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxIא!DISCOVERIES110
READINGS0א'NGrES
the texi ~ the uwual fonnulaic sequence!0the proposed restoration11בואןעטרבאךמעהח4ןשאטה.ת.]reverwdtץ6 as implied%ע2-1,פ.which the ~try date precede~ the ame or
I
the priestly course (er. colם
.and by considerations of ~pace,*1!תthe first half
~
of theבשר5-תוand1ן-the position of
-
the extant letters
than the other letters"שס!somewhatהטאאשapparently15%נ!מ(חשר4ם
.
ofק]!The preserved lower2.].the parchmentחוfault8!0the word, possibly becauseת!
449partiallyל,whw.8-*.cr(394,4ב2-1!ז6) preserved8the spelling of
'
the word with1,.2ועצתא.זסץandיא[11ה(398ב41!4--17ו!ן5.
Malkiah with the fir~ day of!0the serv~ce weekתוidentifies the fourth dayזהThe forrnulaic term3.].)the tenth month ( see CONTENTS
uggest the8,4שand the aeemingly semicursive,מעThe clearly legible letters bet and.3בחייש.]proposed by Wacholder-Abegg and wise. The slanted stroke betveen the apparent teft0[ב7זדשrestoration
.escapes explanationהעof the upper bar of
~
dalet andתאtheחפ remains of7!6ן055קyod and waw, or870?תוןthe end of the!8ב"The letters after4.]
restoration of1שחsemicuraive qop . This rules out80זפק!יimperfectly executed he , followed by the loweras
part of the entrance forrnula of the next mi~hmar, as suggested by W~cholder-Abegg and wise. Theבךא]
before,שא1 which, presumably,השתpartial qop gIYes reason for restor~ ng the name or the priestly watch (
probablyבש becauae Of haplography with the preceding vocable
I
om~tted(8'ב, the word84אscribe
RANSI.ATION'ד]the] twe[nty-first0ת;)monthא1חוםthe(!1מןthe fou[rteenth0(!5)]חdayV the entrance of Ha] r [im.1
];the entrance of
Malki
[ah(פ)ש11the wenty-eighth0ת;the en[tra]nce of Seporlim(5ן))[תןן].2
]Malkiah (coincides with) the first of
I
the tenth month; ~w[cat00the week([ח~]the fourth day.3
the18)תןאthe eleventh0מ;Mija[m] in!0the entrance(5ןthe aaur] th of the t [elnth (month04.ת
entranceח0ן[ףפ[י0ף.]
Cost~esTS
whichמן prevails,עשרעטלדThe Hebrew term " used here instead of the Aramaic.4עשרבאחד.];7xxvlll,עו16.זסננIQM;2-1!)DM(1022,calendrical and other Qumran documents . cf. e . g.
passim4(321ב;passim40320
fnidentified Fragments(
Frg.ג
פלח[
4זין1
יה[נ338.43PAM
haמלnunaeal1אThert the eerib* eup
-
edily
,
o~nintd.5%403ח)h.plography
-
otcutred!0~ imilar case4ג
.month)6(8אthe second d~y10Nhich pert~ins.בשוי~ he second manth . before10reference
1!1403248
-8.~
rg
l]י~
hSn
וס0סן2
נ
"0ןפל
.403248This fragment possibly belongs with
Erg.ם
רסס.אי0ם.י
מןשנר[1
0ן2
3Jwacaf
סן4
8ח.ם
ים.אים.ייקםס[ן
משרן2
perhapsסי4(3248ן. relatedחThis fragrnent
eR
ADI
NGS
18דסאאס
.%1rernote possibility , or8ל%חhea2ו
QpapCalendricalג Document4.3246
)PLATEווץ
CONSISTSתס"0nextז of five narrow strips of almost wh
ite
papyrus , arranged403246
of the plate contain5עוסץThe upper two.302.עחצ.of Musעיסזthe bottomמוthe other
theת]papyrus documents , which differ from the fragments"זסמ]fragments of one or
the execution of the letters bet and tazaחוvisibly!0105,script0שrespectיוסז!תbottoe ,0the right!בassociated the targest fragment%1!41%.יד.[.)(see below
,
PALAEOGRAPHY
Reed.5,335.43.גhis description Of PAM1חwith mishmarot texts . lק0שסז!the
papEssene'85!1MSS" of "pap Mishearot'" , and catalogued2"]0one'881110referred
That3.used5ו'the revised edition , the designation 'papHistorical Work2תצ.'ChronicleaCalendrical4(324לק8ק
olim
QpapHistoricalם) Text44(331לnow designated18item
andיתו.302 th
ree
of Musסעיזrowsחןfragments"חוחThe remaining.("נ)Document 4
.cannot be identified
לנ?נ(ה60ק4ז~'hyst
.eal
0haveז similar left and right contours which appear403246The five fragments ofcm and holds the3.14צmeasures1.have resulted from breakage of the papyrus . Frg
As."1תוsecond8ח]E lettersw1ith traces of the San,"1תוoneבותוclearly legible letters
crn5.1rnm . The6-5space ofבthe other four Fragrnents , lines are separated byתוtop margin , andבmost probably the reninan
t
of5]1.of frg"1[מspace above the upper
rhe somewhat1.column8suggests that this fragment stems from the upper part of
canח88two1ח11.ת1 be readב(Also here, the letters.3צ5.1(חזmeasures2.shorter Frg
successive,מס" lines10חזט]appearבתcm , the letters2.14.3צwhich measures,נ
.
frg
cm and holds16.2צmeasures,4
.
exactly above the other.~'he smallest fragment, frg
lines1תare legibleעותhe letters?ד.bothתנappeanngהותrwo lines , with the three letters
separated from the second,"חווthirdוע.cm2.15.3צwhich nleasures,5.frg]02and!
,which , as said,בהsomewhat broader interlinear space , clearly preserves the lettersפby
.3.Of frg8"11ת11פ[זטסת!appear
1956des manuscripts du D~sert de Juda ' , Volame de congrist S ~ rasbourg06'"ןן[חMilik , ' Le travail.'ד.[See1
)Leiden;4VTSIp:8.נ.Brill,1957)26-17,"ק25.5.
.Reed , Dwd Sea scrolt* Inantoty Projtct : List of Documents, Photographs and Museum Plares (Claremont.*.82 .(1992,Cal
if
.: Ancient Biblical Mantiscript Centet
Reed
,
The Dead Sea scrolls (?atalague ; Documents, Photoyraphs and Museum I~ UEtllOry Numbns . rev
.
and.נ8.ג
,98(1994.Atlanta , Ga . ; Scholars Press;3285]58)Phelps.8.4הLundberg with the collaboration of.(-4ןed . by
.376
DJD(1Miscellanea , Part,1,4.ןצצe~mran Cawe..(331,4ב):)QpapHistorical Text4~,Fitzeyer.נsee314ט
.80-275(2000,XXXVI ; Oxford : Clarendon
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES114
Palaeogra
~
hy
8few letters are preserved, the regular script evinces the hand of8Although only
producing r~ther bold,קו!broad8reed Stylus withבtralned scribe who used
other.70ל398and14ל5.41ת1 fragments, e .gתוcharacters , which can also be observed
cursive script . Bet8of85תסו"
lettersזקחזו now together, giving the5and,3,1.frgsmrn, and33צ.)rneasure consistently(5and,4,3.and tato (frgs(5and,3,2,1.( frgs
(4.frg18088ח
"1,2and1.frgsתוare identically executed , whereas eoatu (best seen
bar, without theקס!horizontal8are appreciably thinner . Bet has(5.and
~
or yod (frg
most Qumran1חcharacteristic trait of this letter18פthat(398ל)4.serif (cf
equally straight or slightly ' curved bottom bar . The most8תmanuscripts, e and
the looped left ending of tawt seemingly5403246וprominent feature of the script ofthe foot of the10of the left downstrokeקו!theמוסז]one stroke of the penתןwritten
81illust ~! ratlon below) . This semicursive forrn of taao % found"80)ular:)6ו(right perpenן
88QEng as well4and,118)[441ל,)QSerekhe4(259נ)4,19and15מו70,1ל.Qumran
,
e .gwhich most probably stems frorn,(1747-1063)small fragment from Masada8ת]
the Hasmonaean10known from the Nash Papyrus, dated by Albright18!5ן.Qumranand from ossuary9,period , preferably co the second half of the second century BCE
theב Herodian period . 'o However, sinceסיinscriptions , which are generally datedן
the second0808ןdocuments from the fifth centuryחוsimilar form of taw appears
precise dating of8allow for.!0תdoes!וYardeni concludes that.1נ,century CE 11
4manuscripts(3246ן which exhibit this feature , such as
Orthography
and40325e. g. the scribes Of88,'"פ,'חוemployed the spelling403246]0The scribe
used18בלאthe tlene spelling4(3218לand403218.מו.),whereas,2-140394 12
.the two spellings alternateח41(326ל.consistently
Mus.עת302.1
)bottom(335.43PAM
Rule of the Cammunity and Related Docwments (TUbingen ; Mohr,.6),Charlesworth.נ,חross , apud2(.יק.4ה.BCE25-5040398שdates,57%199,Siebeck)lLouisville ; Westminater John Knox(
Developmentהו of the Jewiah scripts' ,, The Bible and the Ancient Near East . Essays6א]",Cross.4%.ץSee6.2and1.figs,9-137(1961,Doubleday:.א.ץ,Wright (Gatden City0.שAlbright, ed . by.ש.ןfionor of
xlx ( DJD4Cave"0סזשש_Related rexts0שזVermes , Serekh Ha-
aY
had and.0Alexander arld.עSeeי6and,,חו*5(ע.22). TABLE133199מ,xxvl ; Oxford : Clarendon
Final Report (Ierusalem : Israel1965-1963The Yigael Yadin Excawations.זלMasada,5.ך'ח1ב:חסSee8
.5-33(999!,Exploration Societyl Hebrew University
.171(1937)56)78,'Biblical Fragment from the Maccaba~an Age ; The Nash Papyruaג',Albright.?.9ין
.3-162(1982,Naveh , Early Hi~tory of ,the Atphabes (lerusalem: Magnes Preas.0ינ%DYDפYardeni.גwith comparative chart) by(%אSee the detailed discuasion of the seml -cursive bet and1י .34-29
The$eכה,ח4,40324,40322(פ324נ,332andל41. spellinga interchange with2י
115403246
1.Frg
-tep margin
בוןי4א 41ין
TRANSLAT~ ON
1.[ח"[
2.מ1[4
2.Frg
בוןי
בון2
TRANSLATION
1.תו"[
2.[ח[([
COMMENTS
gl
ven
8relates2and1.frgsח]which recu
rs
four timesבוrd sing. masc
.
pronoun3The
theתוkey term8151י.)Tabnit.ביהתועשר.previously specified month (cf80שdate
.)passim403218andחן(.4.81(321נCovenanters ' calendrical terminology (see
3.Frg
e[l1hי
]שבת[2
שגע3
שגתו4
'TRANSbAT ~Oh [Sa]bbatb.ו
[JSabbath.2
THE JUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIES116
Sa]bbathe.נ[Sa]bbath.4
MEWrSC1oh
fourתו times here and once,ת4(3246נ]which occurs five times,בתThe letter sequence8]!],2and1.בו!מ(88ץLike.בח[שread0זcan be restored with confidence,35.frg
and4(321בthe Covenanters ' calendricai terminology (see inter aliaמ]another key term
.
)passim403218
calendrical8are the remains of3-1.These data induce the conclusion that frgs
which,88תו4(394נ1- the annual Sabbaths swere sequentially enumeratedתו,documentthe(מו1! eighteenth (day01[1ו-8:שבתבווחמשהבעשריםשבתבועשרבשסונה,'מ.e . g . col2,נן
Sabbath' , presumably with subמו1וthe twenty-~fifth0מ,( the fourth month) Sabbath
the entireמוand(13)each annual quarterתוsurnmarles of the number of Sabbaths
courses after8וזק"ןויsome cases with the added mention of the officiating(52),תוyear
the(ת1 second (day0325ב41:חריםשבתבובש2ים,'מ)ת41.whom they are named , like , e . g 14
.
'viz . the second month) Sabbath (named after the course) ftarim(י~
4,Frg
חנהע[שבישבאיע1
TRANSLATION
Sabblat
~
h] si.1
[Sabb] aths.2
COhIMENTS
suggests that the first4.frg]01185מthe two adjacentשב[ח
"he'"ות mention of the ternl
the fourth quarter , andמ]the subdivision of Sabbaths or weeks0!occurrence refers
.the overall su
mmary
of the year0!the second
theמוthe arrangement of the fragments0יlead4-1.frgs0תThe above COMMENTS
the necessarily conjectural translation of the restored Hebrew0!order suggested , and
,the last quarter of the year0!pertain0!taken5!which,10צ
(43.the previously mentioned twelfth month) Sabbath (frg.12ץ)(22.frg(!!ת!]the twenty-eighth0ה]
(14.complete with thirteen] Sabbaths (frg4[the (fourth) quarter
.(24.complete with fif
".-two] Sabbaths ( frg4)the (entire year[
,Baumgartenמן 'The Counting of the Sabbath.ש8].4ח.also knolvn from other traditionsחschema8Such(1
.23-115(1977,Brill.[.8:Qumran Laso (Leiden"יAncient sources ' , Jitudies
.4cf(320כ1ן[8,!);4ן[14. also.בשבז...:prevails the formula403218and403214חו!
117403246
5.Frg
שביעותןן
שביעית21שגתנ
READINGSאסNOTES
areי0 watu2and1lines1חcannot be decided whether the first and thi
rd
letters preserved112-1.1]both,יpossibly0שחס lines1חseventh ' , should be restored',שברבניתweeks' , or',1עוח[שבyod, viz . whether
.)the other (see COMMENTS1מand one0ת!!one1חword
TR~NSLATION
[we]eks.ו[we]eks.2
Sa]bbath.3ן
COMMENTS
theשביתות)cf.4(320נ14[1"-13:ולשבתתהימם word2and14.frgת]restore0!propose1appear168ז0יThese.2ועות[שבז0יעיה[שבand15.frgתוand(ולנובלותולשמטים6נט[1וללחרשים
the Feast ofסיcalendrical reEerences pertainingסוthe Tempte Scrollח]three times
ממוחרתעדתסשורוהחנופההעומראתהביאכמהמיוםתמימותשבתותשבע1לכפןוספרתה
:
Weeks
ןו
"1QTaש13-1);חדשההמנחהאחהביאכמהמיוםלכמהפרחמה XVIIi1
~
l)יום[חמשים]תספורוהשביעיתהשבחיוםחמשטתספורוהשביעאהשבתממוחרתעדןתהיזהןהמינעתשמתותשבעשבועותשבעההבכוריםלחם[אתליהלה
(11(דנ"13-11XIX);שבתותשבעיוםוארבעיםתשעהפעמיםשבעשבעותשבעההזהמיוםם[לכוספר1תמה
These verbalנ(ל(14-121).5יQTa11(חמשיסיוםתסטרוהשביעיתהשבחממוחרחעדתהיינהחמימות
are5and4.~frgתוassuming that the truncated words10זsimilarities give reason .the Feast of
Weeks
0)text which relates8remnants of
Qimron.ג)?0riricalח26"14ט , The Tetnpte scroll.810quoted here according4-ז10נThe text of15
Extensive RetonttrucSiom (Beer Sheva : Ben Gurion University of the Negev Pressl]erusalem: lsrael Exploration
.(1996~society
2QMishmarot4.324ם
,י,
'
PLAhTE(
ofקז5 the t/npublitAed D~ad"44ןPreliminaryג,Abegg.0.עWacholder and.2.8:Preliminary publication wise:תג , ' Primo /ennales Faere.1991)82;4ן.(ו,Biblical Archaeelogy Society:.ל1.(ן,Washington(1
.
scrolls. fasc ,0the
"ish~y . La~gaage and Literatl ~ rr0מGaini and Othe, EssayrחוTh~nderחן.,'Annalistic Calendar from Qumran .190(1994,Sheffield: Academic Press;15Setetd Tnwple Palettine (]sPSup
theחוolim Mishmarot Cd1040324םwith the ascription ofאסם(סאואאעhisת]Wacholder-Abegg , along with Wise,(684.1עח.Nandkonkordan~ (cf . Mus
of Mishmarot Cd . This3.of this item as frg1.annalistic reconstruction , present Frg
,)below2.discussion (see below) . Another srnall fragment ( frg0!open8]attribution
very,ת8 similar script8Wise ' s reconstructions, exhibits8(81[הוappear01חwhich does
identical[חה. size of interlinear spacing, and the same consistency of parchment and
.
comes from the sarne scrollז]~
hese features indicate that'
Physical Descri
~
tion
crn and holds31.3יrneasures1.brown colour. The larger frg11818חof154(ס324ן8column , topped by particles of letters from8from the middle of5)11תrenlalns of three
few;1[8ח2 letters have been preserved8only3and18*11ח1ת.above thern11םתaurth
2.wh
ich
are nearly complete ."'he smaller frg)זסמ!holds one complete word and two
fevvזסח letters from three mid-~ column lines , but8cm , and contains3.19.2צrneasuresone complete word . The small quantity of text and the lack of means for assessing the
definite identifi (ication of the type of comlIposition8the way ofתוstand5*11תlength of.from which the item stems
ontents?(
double date , which presurnably synchronizes the8contains1.The truncated text of frg
theח]date8the week of service of the priestly course
eJ
shuca withתוfourth day
.ovenanters' calendar2(
THE IUDAEAN DES
~
RT xxlא!DISCOVERIES120
Palaeography
cursive script . ~ Letters are of unequal-801ותlate Hasmon
~
al
ean8תו
"'he text " written
differ(21.frg(חאת1יאןcayipg and.3צ3ששmm and11צsize and measure between
,Letters are visibly separated.(2"1!ת)ת1רבקגי"rayiחזסז]and(3"1[מ)סז1!תעיsomewhat dry,88תו1 rulings0חAlthough there are.2-1תו!הspace of8and words are divided by
.cm1consistent interlinear space of8rtan straight , with
8Interlinear spaces are of.40333resembles that of40324םYhe penmanship of'corresponding.צ"[תי0similar"(21.frg(14יפאתועשריםandשהוא(333ב1144, size
0!are similar(21.frg(תרבקוי]and rei(21.frg(ייםand(22.frg(תנים[ש]mem3);81תת
resembleתו those letters(21.tfrgתוזםyod and ~uatu;(1140333)תעשרים]rei and mem[תשהוא
~
ale1differs perceptibly from(11.frg(תויאצס
~
However, 'ale.(8140333)אמליוס
of semi-cursive1ח4(333ב]Furthermore , the mixture.(8"ו[ת)אמלייסand(31333נ)4)
with their bookhand(]1[8ת)תעשרים]and rei and ment(8"ו[ת)חאמלייס]forms of mem
These divergences , along.ת4(ם324נ]parallel0תhas(8"ו[ת)התand(6"1חו)תעצל]forms
doubtם324ב44 the ascription ofטק!תו,)below"80)derations1;with several additional consl
.the same manuscript0!40333and
Mus.עת684.1338.43,334.42,*703.41PAM
1.Frg
סןואצס6[1
רביענייוםקשווג2
עשנרה[זנ
RE~DINGS0א
'
NOTES
final cualve0!פpossibly the lower round Boot18"1שthe beginning of
:
the!8letterפThe fraction of1..1
.can probably be readש9ש,inter-word spaceמפAf~er2.5תיי60!8ח0זlonger than asual leftפmem , with
canפ be seen , which Wacholder-Abegg and Wise ~ 'construe abחמןspeck of8the feot of ~ade10Parallel untenable
. The foot Of lamed8]However , this reading.אצלrernnant Of lamed and restore the reading
.with the upper parts of other letters and never descends that lowי8טחalways comes
,Yardeni.5-4;ונlines,149,'cf. the chart 'Semicursive scripts from Qumran' , apad Crosa, 'Jewish Scripts1
,Oxford: CIRrendon;צ~ Torah (DJD-11פMiqtat
.
Ada
tdde
,.4Strugnell , Qumtan CaDe.ןQimron and.תןעtscripttt
1994)י34-2.
.2.col,28
""apud,'י801 Yardeni40212חןcf. mem2
ם40324!21
n]ay be compared with the identical form of8תו]the beginning of theמיפ%seemingly irregular82איד.]theתושיש)ע(4(333נ11). letter
alep as proposed by Wacholder'!0ח~,rlay be discerned1zayan"ש]the beginning of the!פBefore Ae3._1.coordinate two dates0!which serves,הthe technical term,0Akgg and Wise, saggesting the reading
suggestedעשרה by Wacholder-Abegg and Wise, but restoring85.עשרread0!completed6שcanנעש.].(
~
possible (see COMMENTS8150טתוח5ן-or any other number beoNeen owenty and ONentyעשיטor
TMNSLATION
]1.1
Je]shura ; the four [thl day.2
te[nthl/twe[ntiethl3.ה$(!4ח
(ידאשאא0
specification or the date of this course ' s8Jeshu' a vvas evldently preceded by]0זשוו!!וז0ו!The2._1.the Temple10תןentrance
:wise restores1_!.2-נ
דש)בחאחדוהע)בישרביעןייוםע)ש[ית"בבואה))ושמובעשרים
[עשרהסרוואהעשירי
~'Jelsbu
]0month fall$) the entrance*שחthe(1)שthe twen
ty
-cighth0ח]
...the tenth monthח,)the ) first (day(וJeshuta00the sveek(חו)the four[th (day
.which] % ( the) ten
~
th
0restored[ם40324פ8 dates]0this reading Wacholder alld Abegg enter the explicated]0the strength0מ
.'annalistic calendar'8תומyear mishmarot schedute . Wise integrates them-5תנ8צןsequential series of dates
accountתבcontain10are said4(3246נand,4032440324,40323,40322,פ)The combined fragments (olim
theחןthe second year and the tenth monthמ]Of historical events which oecurred between the sixth month
63and72the span of time betweenסיcan be datedק[ם6$פחזט!ץsixth year of the mishmarrot cycle, and which,
BCE
(8):docurnent4(333נ10טחסand403240,סdoubt the ascnption1טקחןHowever, several considerations
characters pl ,s5צן-contains fortyס324נ)*of10ח]the proposed restoration of the textt the complete secondמנthus!טחו0[ significantly longer than the longest
inter-word,שוש.fifty-צוspaces5[תפ[1.1!" spacesמם!
total Of forty-. five8.11ש
,
which holds thirty-seven characters plus eight inter-word spaces.(81.frg(333,4ב
10reח8 [erence8which cannot be taken asויש,יWith the exception of the perplexing letter cluster(6)4.spaces
the text contaln only technical terms, which identify]0the extant and restored parts5,'עש"זמhistorical'two events which108and41ת4(333נ]contrast , the explicit referencesתנ.mOhmarot register88540324ס
Aemilius killed' , highlight the historiographical',אמליסהת,the m~
hmarot cycle1סdirectly related01תare
proposed by4(3240לrestoration of the text of"חיד()).stems4(333בcharacter of the work from which uaeaf between
the last word of theזסinexplicable substantial gapחפd Wise involves1
~
facholder-Abegg ay
theעשןרהשה4אחןand,2which ends at
the
beginning of
line
phraseז9מרריבדלדט8חיה!D1Wרבאיט)י,.shorter lines , as suggested below0חbased5]the reconstruction!ןThis can be narrowed.*1תוmiddle of the85]the first of the tenth month of the second year0!the week of Jeshu'aמוfourth day8"1The dating of(6)
gi
ven
special attention5וthe week of service of Jeshucaתןthe only one. The fourth day!0תvalid option, but
.30,'For aimilar forrna of
:
sernl -~cursive he, see Yardeni , Script1
presualably:ןעבואעטרןבחמשה was even shorter . The text should probably be res~ ored as followsו,שח' The
LIStdן(5 together vvith5)בדלדשgiven month the termחפ)date0!פfirst recordingאס)אמדוזא?1חסכחן.(ווחכ8!!פאSubsequent specifications.(7פ40324ון)ושביעיכתד4שאחדמה(5140333);העשיריביודששחדזה.ordinal number , e .g
""רבע%.ב(פ40324ין4)זסbyטאןבה,ב.ordinal.רי'עשן number , c . g*)ןonly by0!that month
ra
~ referredחןdates,ס 32415נ41.
"$a
and!ח[מחו7. the
_
same word31324ברקז!מ4(נcf. the similarly baming lewer combi~ ination
I
5
his table of chronicled events (
'rP
imo Annales4(ס324נ[=[)3)מןaccommodate!סחthis reason Wise colJld6זסו .(6
-195,'FS~ere
THE IUDA
~
AN DSSSRT xxlאוDISCOVERIESעו
:the cycleמוthe second month of the second yearתןthe context of
:
another tour of duty of this mishmarחן the twentieth of the aecond[0מ]
Jeshda0מthe week(חן)the fourth (day0בןעבישועה[בארבנע,'מ
"בשנירים lunarפThe highlighted occurrence of.(71
l7unar(4(321נ eclipse occurs8.(month falls [)(
"wiz
fragment8%4(ם324לthe week of Jeshu'a underpins the suggestion thatמוthe fourth day0מphenomenon
.mivhmaros register"]0 was
somewhat narrovver than presumed by4(ס324נThe proposition that the written column of
:restored text which runs as followa8Wacholder-Abegg and Wise yields
בואעשרואצסטנבששה4ם
רבקעףיםwd'ביאת
עו(זבישוע
"בושרש
5theן) second month(!מןןthe sixteenth0ת]
fo~r[thl day)1סנ]טח5(8;ןthe entrance
,
of[
~the second month)l(חןאthe weEntieth5מJeahu(a0מ
,
the week(=]monthlyק]). lunar eclipse8which occ~lrs0מ)
(4olim Mishmarot Cd(2.Erg
ן]רי46[יתשצים2[נ
"READINGS0א
~
NOTES
.$The fi [st two extant letters could be any combination of waw and yodt or semi-curaive re.%111די.]vestige of the foot of anotherפfollowed by,מוזbe the right stroke of10The slanted downstroke appears
.0let~r!מן"ר. possibly foatu, suggesting the restoration
the reading%80;conjectaral15:
yod
beforeהפה! the ligatureנ!.ה
;
The proposed restoration of.2תשצים.].as the first letter of the next ~ordסיאש
:
of
medial position , since % % followedחפ]letter9final form ofפappears that the scribe used11.]3ץן.].by another letter
TRANSLATION
lfi [s [t.1
[tJWO and.2
][.3
see,)נspecial term and was therefare ~ermedפdaignated by!5ן0חthis interpretation of the date , which7ז0ץ
.4
'
and INTRODUCf~ON, APPENDIX,8!4,40321,40320(32נ
QCalendricalם DocumentlMishmarot4.325
)PLATEי1יי
sort ~ ingת,"
Calendricatעו)MiEס,40325) DDcument frotn Qumrara (aveג',Talrnon.5;Prelirninary publication 2Greenfi.ץם2[1,
~ld , ed _ by.י)Hanot of JonasחוKnots . Bibhcal, Bpigraphic, and Semitic Stadiesהט,ע(שיוRiddley and Abegg.13.4%Wacholder,ג and.%.8:44-327(1995,Eisenbr.uns:.14ה,Sokoloff (Winona Lake.4%,8.(;ההר
1,she Unpwblished Dead Sea Screllg . The Hebretu and
rA
amaic Texts frem eawe Four , fasc,0Preliminary Edition .(1991
.Washington , ], . ): . : Biblical Archaeology Society(
Phy~ical Descyi
~
tion
1
.
The larger fragments , frgs.ס41(325ןFOUR fragments were identified as belonging
are light brown
,
syhile the two srnaller ones are dark brown , almost black . Based,2and
of the small fragments , measuring0תס,contalns!וcontours and the partial words5"0מ
small gapבsvith only,1.the lower right part of frg10cm, co~lld be joined4.39.1צdefiniteבconstitutes333.43PAMהוshown0נ[מ~heד-.remaining between them
earlierהוהבthe pleces , as shownשמומ~combi81attempt108טprevlת0בmplIrovement1
be consideredווועלthe ensuing discussion , th
is
fragment332.42).מצphotograph (PAM
-1.part Of frg8 the scroll . The few1הtheir original positionsמוcan be easily placed2and1.Frgs
115suffice for establishing!0מcm , do6.23.1צwhich meas
ures
,3.frg0מlegible letters
the document . However , the remaining letters of four lines permit theמנplacement
4the(325נ. vocabulary Of10הוwellיחreconstitution Of several WOtds which
highב(theק0ז . The uneven edges4.6תזםcm w~de and8.10151.frg0יי05קהזס)The
.and bottom and the equally un
even
right edge seemingly resulted from deterioration
ת"~ev.גו[ dence breakage of the material0!the left side appears0הThe straight edge
cna froe the4partial split of the leather surface runs horizontally for sonleבcaused by
,middle5,]!8crosses the fragment vertically"הורsimilar1ן.middle of the left edge.bottomקס0י)from
theת0 left side the writing abuts708!.(תלare1115הThe beginnings of the inscribed
,missing altogether5]the very edge of the fragment. The right half of the lower edge
the leftצותסresult , the writing extends over8the skin . Asתוflaw8שpossibly due8thirdמו1. of the bottom
contours are rather uneven , except for the straightטצ.crn2.67.4צnaeasures2.Frg
series ofבlower half of the left edge which may have resulted from breakage along
be.ע(מוא1ן!ה"0[ת8 needle holes where the thread had disintegrated0!w1hat seen
the left side of the fragment. Another such0הbottom10incipient split ru
ns
from top
bottom, then turns upwards toward the0!runs through the right side from top)מור.heightטוquarter of81בleft edge, ending
7-61.endings Of frg)1תרcontaln parts of sevetl inscribed lines . The2and1.Frgsboth fragments are,0118םתthe!0contrast , the beginnings1מ.are intact2.and frg
run115יהdry rul ~ ngs , theסהAlthough there are,2.frg80הוm~ ssing , extensively
THE JUDAEAN DSSERT xxlאנDISCOVERIES124
apparently resulted from the shape of1.frgתןslight curving of the lines21.straight
but are,4-3מזהזthree fragmenta measure811תוthe parchment. The interlinear spaces
.2,frgת!mm6,1.frgחוmm5:2and1somewhat larger between lines
letter, and"תסrnm, the width of2space ofבWords are fairly regularly separated by
"61.frgמוmm8caesura of21.22;7,6,21.frgsת].mm , e . g3]0some instancesת~
nesvבwhich opens,השלישיהחודשרושseparate the phrase0!evidently intended
contrast , the large gap1ת,which closes the pteceding one,הקוץשבתsubsection , from
of the fragment and separates the"תווwhich extends over two-thirds of the bottom
appears % have been caused,61[סמthe end of!8החודשרושFromהשלישיordinal number.the oddly shaped vellumתוflaw8by
rnm6cm and1which are,1.frg]0The partly preserved top and bottom margins
left1(שmrn remnant of the top margin and the9respectively , and likewise theprove that both fragments contain parts of the text of one written,2.margin of frg
the basis of the above data the original dimensions of the columns ofמל,.column each
.can be assessed2and1.frgscontalns thirty-~ fOUt letters and eight inter-word3"ו~חThe almost complete:1.Frg
Theתןמוו*3 preserved text.5and28*110מ!forty-~ two letter-"spaces, similar.2]ץ,spaces
cm , and the reconstructed text of seven letters and one inter-word6.10extends overorrginally contained forty-.one letters and"ו[ת
~llows that the!1.cm8.1.)space covers
The width of the.108תcm4.12vvas approximately!1inter-vvord spaces , and that"ת[ח18which2.frg0תcan be deduced from the partial left margin1.frg0מmissing margin
follows that when intact, the!1.cm2.1.)crn wlde and originally may have measured1 1
.cm wide513margin svas about8!1column with
The proposed reconstruction of the text suggests that the lines of this:2.Frg
The extant endings of successive.1.fragment were somewhat shorter than those Of frg
theת11*8 conclusion that each of0!lines together with the preceding restored text lead
inter-word spaces, viz . fortyת[סתoriginally contained thirty-" seven letters and5and4
cm, the2.1.)side marg~n of"תסcna long . With2.11.)six spaces altogether , and was
slmllarו[מ*6 width can be calculated for1ל.wide5.12וחסcolumn was approximately,cm6.9.)inter-word spaces , measuring"תוחletters andת[סת-which contalned thirty
.cm8.10.)10the column came]0cm wide margin the width2.1.)"תסWith
crn high: seven written lines7.)The above calculations suggest that the scroll stood
and8קסיcm , and5,2.)=mm5-3spaces of"11ת-crn ~ plus slx inter5.1=rnm2.)of
.crn5.1bottom margin each Of approximately
Palaeography
tralned scribe. Sfith theב~
'he expertly executed lettering evidences the hand of
and the especially long,החפletters suazs , zayin , yod, and finalא[ת,exception of the very
final fade
,
and
~
op , which protrude above or below the lines,העפIamed, finalsize of most letters emphasizes the2צ2!1תמrespectively , the apparently customary
.pronounced angularity of the square Hebrew alphabet
account, aince each ~ide margin was0!מ)taken9ןcolumn, only one margin8the assessment of the width ofיחו ,shared by two adjacent columns
12540325
early formal8חת]Several prominent features suggest that the scroll was penned 2
.the end of the last century BCE0!can be dated4(325נHerodian script. Accordingly
protruding,5פ.חןבששנה, spikeחופthe bottom!פmeet regularly"4?
סאיך8verticalםת011,
the th
ickened
head;2.frg0,א"חןseveral examplesח]and,(51.frg(11),בששה.frg(שבה
;(51.frg(ושלושהand21),מלכיה.frg(ועלוןandחועלthe leet as0!Of lamed bends slightly
the slight incline of the right stroke of ~em (passim) , and the rectangular bend of the
.trained scribe8left downstroke of tae (passim) , evince the hand of
Orthogra
~
hy
exhibit the notable plene spellin$
~
which typifies Qumran scribalש0תdoes4(325בpleneחןאז: instead of defective readingפthree instances ]! offersמ],practice . However
5:27Jhr(2]סbiblical occurrences with the exception811)שעריםagainst(31.frg(שעורים
other biblical811and8:24Chr1)חרםagainst(11329ב)4.cf;41.frg(ושעורים);חרים
but Neh,8:10Neh;25.10against
IQ
~
g (Ezra(81140321.Cf;61.occurrences); ra~
l (frgthe other hand , the document twice has the9:24;4(320נ1[[וו).(תלChr1;5:12מיםין
the Songs ofתוa[ep which prevails1with the elision of(6,31.frg((החודש)רדשspelling
and(1328נ)0יהשנינפ)רשי(4and Inay be compared,(405-400נ)4)the Sabbath Sacrifice
further uniformly11.(191911105-8_20;נזו8,5;11ע-")other Yahad worksרשוגהמו
e.חו4(321נpassim,4(פ321בpassim,4(324נ. . g0בוש!contrast1בותexhibits the spelling
ontents?(
roster of the Sabbaths , the 'beginnings ofפצ51-ץ"זבThe scroll presumably contained
,the months
'
, the Covenanters ' special harvest festivals , and the maJor biblical feasts
.'these 'holy days0חtogether with the names of the priestly courses that served
hol
ds
the pertinent dates and the names of the1.frg0מThe column preserved
the cycle , from Sabbath1מthe first year]0priestly cou
rses
for the first two months
the 'beginning of the third0!the eighteenth of the first month0תJoiarib which fell
stands!ןlisted . Therefore!0תmonth '
.
The data for the first half of the first month arewhich,105עוסחי,least one rnore column!פreason that this column was preceded by0!
.
record of the data for that part of the monthפended with
,
frg0תthe middle of the partly preserved columnהששינהאודשרושןתוThe mention of
,indicates that this column held the data for the fifth and sixth rnonths(411סמend of(2
must!ןthe concluslon that " wa$ the fourth column of the scroll . Therefore0!leading
which were recorded theתו,longer extant third columnב0מhave been preceded by
mention of8d fourth months . This column probably ended withd1ata for the third aI.of the fifth month'תמ81ם6[8מ'the
.recurrent calendrical patternפfollowsת4(325ל]The overall account presented
the seventh month , the roster of Sabbaths andמוSince the latest annual festivals fall
the twelfth months presumably ~vas only punctuated0!priestly courses for the eighth
.'the 'beginnings of the months]0by mentlons
"Near Eart . Essays)ג"([םcross , "~he Development of the lewish Scripts'
,
The Bible and the.54.2ם8"ץ
VVright,14.ד,.;Doubleday,1961ו202-103;138,ו[ת(4. (Garden City.8.3)~lbright. ed . by."וק.נ,*Ho~wr
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES126
Mus.עתו.226upper haln(*333.43,332.42,
~
lower hal(701.41,618.40PAM
1.Frg
ma~gin104
יויריבל]]שבתבועשרבשמונהשי[שלייוםהפסח]
ועלוןידעיהעלשבתבווחמשהבעשרים44ערב]
ני]הןפהחודשרוששבתאחרבווששהבעשריםשעורשו[שע
שבבובתשעהחריםשבתבובשניםזיעיהעל[בשבתבששה]
""
ושלושהבעשריםמלכיהשבתבועשרבששה[עורים
"ו
החודשרושwacהקוץשבתבובשלושיםמילויןשבה]
[,]9
awcI
שבתאחרהשלישי[
bottem margin
READIN~SאסNOTES
can be discerned , prompting the5מBefore the - first faintly legible letter yod~ traces of1.]for the significance of this(פסחprevious mention of8%manifest reference8,יוםrestoration ~ml'he
lettersת%which consists of,3סעוריםמעל[ת1[טתreading , see COkl~lENTS) . The partly restored reading of
l
ofשי[שלייטהפסח eleven letter-spaces, buttresses the restoration of!018)8.2יע
,
and one inter-word space
The last.11]טתthe beginning ofק88אthe11]]spaces which neatly6זסן-interסיחletters and1"ת,yith
follows85lines:מבארבעההרישוןהחודשמועדיההרעינההשה of the preceding column would have read
theמס,festivals: the first month5אThe first year',עשרבובמרבעהמעוזיהעלשפןבועשרבפחדרלהעלשמזwhich) enters0מ)Sabbathסואthe eleventh0ת;which) enters Delaiah0ת)Sabbath1](ץ48)מןfourth
The proposed restoration of the text reflects the same opening Of such.'"ת]the fourteenth0548(ן068;ת
The restoration of the namcs Delaiah and.40329חפ]parallel8and has1]]תן440320ןroster8
which these courses ser~e before Joiaribתוmbhmarot01year cyc
le
Ma'oziahצן5-. derives frorn the known
Gamul
,
who?6covered8טזof the first month679פthe beginning of the [irst year . The first three!8
Sabbath , the fourth of the[!1תטpreceding month , and serves"אוSabbath , the twenty-eighth Of0תenters
.
first month , when Delaiah enters
the10which refers,בוThe number of the day always precedes the pronoun.1בועשרבשמונה.]
followed by the name of15and,881טthat0מmention of the Sabbath which falls1טאmonth
,
and equally
.this dayחסcourse that enters the Templeטחו
other(4(321נ, calendrical documents8[50!תwhich prevailsיויריבThe short form.1[ב,רר'ן.]restoredתן10contrastזמ1זאב7:24יהויריב. here3](40329,40328,403218
12740325
5theןת8 ' new moon
,
which!0ת,'beginning) of the month:0ז)Yhe ' firat'.3.14החודשרוש 3
.solar calendar8ת)inappropriate term
months are indicated by ordinal numbers; days of the month and days of the,403253היאני.מנ.].mishmar are denoted by cardinal numbersפservice week of
he preceding'ד.tallies with this practicc(2ו.cf. frg(בשבתבששהThe proposed restoration of
i
4.14
comes before the rererence,
"Instanceחסוח( the second5]
,חו1"
'
the month,0the 'beginning10reference
.the mishmar]0the service week1תfalls)1which0מthe day0ז
.the seventh day (cr01מ,septad of days8.c1Zonnotes 'week ' , V12,12בת.rrgחוHere. as.14.14בשבתן
.(13xxl;ווxlx;11xvIII'ידנ)11inter alia
8,(6interrupted5;mishmar8seems that when the account of the service week of)1.ח4ויעיהעלresumedעל with the repetition of5]1ן,'month(1צ0ת)the ' beginning of the0!festival or810reference
listed before the insertion . Although there5ןthe Temple10ח]and the name of the cou
rse
whose entrance
.2.f[g!0the tvxt,0the restorationחןwas adopted)ן,the practiceחןevident consistency0%ח
possibly reaects the plene2*:8,ט6(ש"החקםצChr1חרםחןhas the defective spelling4חרים.!א.].)cr. ORTHOGRAPHY(ט-1וspelling
TRANSLAI'lON
the first rnonth) Sabbath(חן1ןthe eighteenth0ח;)the week]0)]the thi]rd [day0י8558קח] . . . the
fon which) ent
[
ers Joiarib[vhich) enters lcdatiah and entcr0ת)Sabbath!11תthe twenty-fifthח,).
"]תןtheתותטים
after the Sabbath ; the beginning of the115[%[ח-the twenty0(!8115)חthe festiv] al of (First ) Grain[
secondחטמז[אי Sabbath1]חוthe second0ת;which)] entered Jeda
'iah1תthe sixth (day) (of the week0ת)[( falls Sabbath11ת1ת!אחנtheת,).
~arim
theחן[1ן twenty -"thirdחל,
.
Sabbath Malkiah!חןןthe sixteenth0ח;][Sehorim
the thirdץס~ The beginningמס(מ.~Sabbath Haqqo)חןןthe thirtiethח().[Sabbath Miljamin
waeat month after Sabbath
COh~ MINTS
includes theפסח,the rabbinic tradition1(85,51חןthisחןThe proposed restoratlon implies that1.14
the Mazzoth Festival before10reference8for0ח[חוססleavesשלישייופMazzoth Feast , since the reading חן
indeed reflected5ןhis inclusive unde ~: rstanding'-ד.the month!0the eighteenth0תSabbath Joiarib
)the ( First]0Yaving1'the,העומרהנרןיגיפתimmediately followed by15פסחwhichת]miskmarot rosters
six-year88150חןpassim ) , and40321;passim440320)the twenty-sixth of the first month0ת'OmerQTa11)However , the -Temple scroll.(403298)fellפסחwhose week of serviceת]schedule of mirhmarot
~acat visuallv bisecting8as two distinct festivals , withדבצוחחנandפסחmanifestly presents
XVIIי-12)4
the:6ב1זכרןל)כיובחתהוהערבבגחתלפניווביולידוהןפסחהערביםבין;הראישןבחודסעשרבארבןעדועשו; account
ללורשעשרדבחמשהvacatיהל*לשישוהלכווהשכינע,קותזש[ןהחצחח%לולח%ואכלורןאוחויעטוומעלה6נה6'פסרthe fo] urteenth0תThey shall observe
[
לידוהימששבעהת?מצדגבו=תעלושעבורה,מלאכטלקתדסןפ-סקחה.'the elteningחYHWH] and they shall sacrifice . Prior]0
"8558twilightק the81]of the first month
1andן81 consume)ןperform1]8"5males] twenty years old and over811ן!י]offering they shall sacrifice
t/acalמ0 And.11תטhis10the courtyards of [the] aanctuary , ( then) get up (early ) and go each oneמוnight
the(5ן)]),perform any work!0םthis day) you shall0ת)holly assembly[5)פ])the fifteenth of this monthseven days for YHWH
' . The differentiation between Passah and the Feast of10זfeast Of mazzoth
)]the first month(%תןthe fifteenth0מ]'the pointed specificationת326,4נ3-2[ת,Mazsoth also shows
Enoch ,
,
yubilees, and the Covenanters' writ )ngs should beנtranslations ofשיפמח0סוח'(ח'The use of the termנ
Scriptores;151Booi of
yubilees
(csco?7'ג,VanderKam.:).מןנre~d 'beginning of the month
'
, as0!
~mended .(1989,Louv
~in : Peet~ rs;88Athiopici Gurionת
suith:ת" Ex ~ ensive Retonstruttions ( Beer Sheva9מ
,,;4?2critieal1/.emple scroll'2Qimron, rhe.8,Ed4
.(1996,University of the Negev Pressllerusalern : Israel Exploration Society
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES125
which presumably,רבישייוםדמצהזזצ(בוש)יץ,')the four
~
th] day (of the week(0ת)the Maaoth Festival
the third day (of the088886קתtheחא]the fourteenth0טב4שקיוםדפסחבוט)מץ,'[חwas preceded by
7ע"ט%)]'.
portionת1פ of text which was lostפbe offered for the restoration ofs1uggestion cai02-1.1א]
the!פthe same length0קק8[ץ1י1פחזוצof1058nor for another,1118חthe end ofאspaces11-1לlacuna Of
the81בערבplauaible explanation can be given for the meaning of0ח,Equally.21טתוbeginning of נ
beeinningן,ח"2 of
was possibly11.eas~ly explained8ן01תmissing , the plural verb form18Since the subject.2יעלע.]maJor festival fell several priestly8whichתוweek8ן!(ח,other mishmaros,0followed by the names
01but,(176"Moמ
~
d Qat.6:566.Sukk.6)attested for the rabbinic tradition15dllty , as0תco
urses
were
.for the Covenanters ' ritual customs
,the twenty-sixth of the first month0ש4.ת,the week of service Of Jedafiah]0the first day1,.3(תכ
;12-9xvIII;101)[QTR11;4,3העטרינחשפח(4(321נ71,1;4(513נון,'falls the 'Waving of the Omer
this1חן440326::ס1עוריםמועדבוק",במ,ת41(פ365נ2ןas,שעוריםף:מתhere designated,(.81!צ[6111סbeלדנןדבכורים4עד. named10feast appears
5]by cardinal numbers (see above) , but the first day of the week10Weekdays are refefred3.]the Covenanters' _ literature, this1ח.'the day) after the s ~bbath('.שבהאהרalmost always called
.see INTRODUC-rIaN.(16,15,11:23Lev(השםזממחרהsynonymous with the biblical term15designation
the Sabbaths and the ~ btginnings (or: the first) of the10the seriatim references10addition13ת.]undoubtedly records the special Qumran festivals of the gathering of the first grapes325,4כ,'months
the0!next(72.frg0חand olive$ , together with the ' festival of the Yvood-offering
'(see COMMENTS
should be noted!1.festival of the barley harvest , and presumably also the featival of the wheat harveat
and40320.ם.ש,,other mishmaros rostersתן
~
istedז0מthat the ccoven ;lanters three spec ~ al holy s ~asons are
.VIZ,חנופהלחםorבכוריםלחםandהעומרוצףbiblical feasts , including1"םyhich register solely,,4(321נ
togetherתן with the names of the priestly courses,(21-9:23the '
Feast
of Weeks ' ( Lev,ות;השבינימחנ.whose ~veek of service each feast falls
the fourteenth of the0תwhich fallsשניפסחorחן325,4בmention015חllQY, thereתוAs5.]
.40321and403200יcontrastוח;דפבועיסוצ,חיandדבצוהחנZ . betweens1econd month , V
,additional column must be assumed82תand1.As previously stated , between frgs
.5-3which included records for months
Abe]ת,andש.Cook,ש14
~
g.;).4%~wiee.4%hey are followed by'1.בערבהשלישיןוכיםWacholder-Abegg read1
:who offer the untenable translation,317(1997,Netv Translation (San Francisco : Harper4,.$Dead dea scroll One wonders what
Hebrew collocation could be translated.'שחוחיע*theחן]the third day0ח' [Passover ends
biblical ritualחן' Passover ends ' . Moreover , the last day of the Mazzoth Feaat , which earns special mention
,holy day' by rahbinic Judaism'8obseryed as8ןand,(5:16Deut;25:28Num:8:23Lev;6:13;16:12legislation ( ixod
the seven days10only the re(erence5ןcalendrlrical docurlment of the Coven~ntera . There8חןוחnever listed5ן
the day,(ק?שמSimilarly, the biblical msu.(16xvll4דנ)11)the Temple Scrollתןduration of the Maaoth Feast
the Templeחןcalendrical context8מוpreaented only once%,(18:836:23:פטא35:29;יפאafter Tabernacles (Lev
~Tht Covenanter's lknnuariumפ~ssue5]"1מסSee my comments.1311)ל*
IQT
1('separste 'holy day8scroll as
by.6*,l)ead Sea scrolls ResearvhנםQps. XXVII ' , Fifffy Years1'ת]the List of
.
David ' s Cornpositions0זAccording
.)]zvi ~ fortheoming [Hebrew8"חYizhaq"Nitzan;ץ (Jerusalem.8Brin and.3)
12940325
2.Frg
ma~gin
*1
ו]בושה[בפןל6ר[אעלשבתבובשניםבלנהעלבשבתובששה;
חזירשבתבותשעה[באמרעלשבתאחרהייןמועד]2
שבתבוושלושהבעשריאהפצץשבתבועשר1בששה3
הששייפ%[ה]רוץיחזקאלעלשבתבובשלשיםפתחיה]*עשרבארבתהיכיןשבתבובשבעהיחזקאלעלשבתאחר]ו
שנים[ובעשריםדליהשבתבוואחדבעשריםגמולשבתבו]
העשיםקרבן(?)מועדאחריודליהעלשבתאחרהשמןמועדבו]7
READINGSאסNOTES
8mem makes the restoration or the n ~me Imnlerפleft part of]"קקהThe preserved.1,.%1וא
.certainty
the account of the ~ntrance of the course of Jehezqel , whichתוthese linesת!was inserted
[5-4.1ל"The proposed.(4-21.cf. frg(א)חסח!the beginning of the sixthםinterrupted by the reference5פש
~araf8room for0תleaving,5-3determined by the nush endings of lines5ןtex
t
reconstructionטדי of was!4ש. omitעלthis caseתןmonth' .. unless
before(א* the 'beginni~ ingifirst or
TRANSLATION
)monthאדחthe(6%ת0סתו1ןtheחס;which ) entered Bilgahת))the week(צ48)תןthe sixth01.[ח
])monthת"אthe(חן[אthe thi [r]dחס;which) enters Imlmerמס)Sabbath
whichl.(תל]theאחותחן1ן entered Immerמס)
"!58668)Wine after ( the(51"the!0the(ץ Feast[.2
קשט;
"Sabbath
Sabbathתא]the twenltY-~third0ת"ח586681קק8וו"ו"י.ח]the sixteenth03.מ
"(0svhich!!א enters Jehezqel . The beginning058668(א(ת)the(!1ת]the thirtieth0מ;Petabiah[.4
sixth month
)the sixth month(!אחןן)חטעם5the0ח;which) entered Jehezqel0%586ח81(ח)after ( the(5]1%)].5the fo]urteenth0ח;Sabbath Jakin
the twenty] -second0ח;Sabbath Delaiahתח]the twenty-firstמ().Sabbath Gamul"16.[מ
the1]which) entered Delaiah . After0י586681(תa[ter the]וב))First(טא!the Feast of"7.[תו
(ץ*Of[?]!85או,)W]ood-0(%י!8מ.
COMMENTS
the0)The phrase refers.בלגהעלבשבתבששהprompt the reconstruction of*580קCalculations of1.].the beginning of the fifth month)8the entry Of Bilgah01longer extant mentionסח
first of the Covenanters ' special harvest6טאי
,
'Feast of
the
New Wine1,.2הייחבועד).חדשיין,טא1יfestivals(א5יזסונ8xxl;צ[1340588;40261;14111).celebrated5))1חםSunday,שבתאחר,theאיא
.Immer!0service day
the more67buttressed5ןThe proposed restoration of the mlnlmally preserved text4.1,1-ר
"*השגתאחןרהשמןמועד)בושניםבעשריםextensivelyתו4(394נ2-1י9-3:קרבןןריון preserved parallel text
[העצים.
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES130
the.2-140394י6-5),פ!ש Yahad's second special fe~tival (cf0)term refers7הוימחומועד.ד'5וח.] 5ן
0which[1,חדששמן, the new!19,1ט1פ.),פQTt XLIII11;13היצהרסועד(4(261נ;4(364ב;4(508בcalled
4xxll;14xxl'1107)offered;צ[10111;4(פ365ב2ו1ט!81.).
.35:10cf;31:13;1107"%ו13-12;ןXLIII;12-11111%.2-140394י10-6; Neh.7העעשוקרבן.]COMMENTS40394Seeמfrg0.2-1י9-3. INTRODUCTION and.523.cf. frg;92340365
The Wood offering svas observed for $ix days , from the twenty-~third of the sixth month, with theקרבןמועדthe celebration ofמןthe twenty
-eighth, culminating0תthe Sabbath]0probable exclusion
Sunday-י1מות,שכתאחר. the twenty0ם'העצת
3.Frg
]בס[0
לנה]בבת[שו
mlרוש2~lnh
לאלה[3
"קודשמקראייהוהדי
במוערםאוחםתקראו]שי[ש4
READIN~ S05חזסאא
the narne0על,(חודש)יוש,י:followed exclusively
by
one of three vocables1שגת.ת41(325נ,שבח5ן.].be the remnant of bet10appearsשחמזthe word afterת]priestly course . The
rt
ace of the first letterןOf
theפ name of07ותwould be precluded, and0[עלז0רושindeed the case , the restoratlon5ןthis!1
priestly courseפOfפת!טחthe only,5ןב1לנהmishmar could be restored . The most plausible reconstruction.,,5lvhich begins with
suggests that the fragmentש[רו"6Theולנהןשאתandחויוש proximity of the phrases.1ר
"nhm1li2.]
mishmar se
rves
from the15וחthe cycle , when!0the first yearתוBilgah]0the first tufn Of duty10relates
the0תfallingדוידשי1שthe second day of the fifth month, with10twenty-sixth of the fourth month
could3.servICE . Accordingly , the partly preserved and partly restored text of frg5"third day of
positioning ofפpreclude4and3linesת]However , the letters.2.possibly be accommodated before frg
.that Jl]ncture,פthe fragment
attp1be the top Of0?the right side of the fragment appears8זletterפThe trace of.3מחשלה.]trace of another letter after the mem , which68ץחwith,םלהclearly followed by411.0!ע!מrather than
couldיססתעריאלה. be the top of u)azu , suggesting the conjectural restoration
be the right vert~ cal stroke of0!ollowed by what appears[,מו!clearly5יThe first letter.4שף[א..]ז"ו.
TRAisrSI ,ATION
Sa] bbath Bi[lgah.1
the beginn] ing of the mon [th.2
these are the fea[sts Of YHWH the sacred assemblies.3
their appointed time81wh] ich [you shall proclaim.4
13140325
CownENTS
formula ,vhich se
rves
'8סת54and311נbasedת80
~
he above conjectural restoration of,1:23biblical ( cultic calendar' ( Lev8superscription and summary notation of88both
similarתן40325. function here8and may have,(37,4
QCalendricalם Document4.%3
ע[,,
'
PLATE(
.the ( /npuhlished Dea
~
.se~ ,Srr (/ lls
Wacholderא.Abegg.0,עזן";א,םמ"'Ediri~nי" and.2.8:Previous discussion Washingtun,8819911.ן. , !( . ): . : Biblical Archaeolog)t Society(1.irebree
~ and
.
Aramaiic Texts From cerue Four . fasc1"4'7 ,h
~ unichlBasel
: Relnhardt:1863raschenb
~ cher
Maier,2(וחט' , Die Q~mran-Eaener: Die Texre Dom Totet~ Merr , vol :Nru
~ Tran ? lnlion ( San Francisco4,.!5(0ז[יand % . Cook , The Dead Sea,.1נAbegg.3).4%wiset.1995)299;4%.!ל -167(1999)2,68;~Tarbt
Festival,וחסי,ח8זוחטל" Calendar71--4(324נ',Ben-~ Dov.נTalnton and.5;318(1997,Harper .)Hebrew(76
Physical Description
brownז8 , turning greyish15cm and9.2%9.5QMishmarot Ea) measures4040326(אא
crn wlde right margin suggests that2the upper and right edges
.
The partially preserved
document. The fairly even top rirn and8the fragment stems from the first colurnn of
the somewhat less even bottoe r% possibly evince breakage of the parchment , whereas
part of the margin probablyקקט"זtheח]hole8the serrated upper left edge and
.resulted from deterioration of the material
0Whereas[326נas41ב Wacholder-Abegg, Wise-Abegg -~
Cook
, and Maier conceive
1,year mirhmarot cycle"-5צןpart of the fourth year of the8fragment vvhich records
day-364theתוholy seasons]0year roster-
8fragmentחס" of8as!ייוס08קסזק!0וץ(
the annualצומסcalendrical document]0this type1ח.)full weeks52.solar year ( viz
the cryptic85~vorks of the same pattern , such1ת.recorded"זפSabbaths and festivals
.15-14111cf;1זווו-19;נ(1.4-311(22נ CD(3-17-3ןand2-1394ב)4(3246ב-4,1fragmentsthe serYlce0יsynchronization with dates pertaining018תthere,(10-912;81390ל)81;4
day lunar calendar of the mainstream-354theתנ.weeks of the priestly courses
the,זסת monthsתוfixed dates0זriveted permanently!0תcommunity the Sabbaths are
,contrastצח.year0זthe same weekday , but rather 'wander' from year0!the holidays
the sarne date0חdays per year ensures that eve
ry
Sabbath falls364the time scherna of
the sarne day of the0חand every festival always,!0טyearתוgiven month , year81ת
,any year . Conversely0)applicable184(326בweek . Therefore the roster represented by
the,א1ו1 rotating system of priestly courses0יthe holidays are geared,18
"1mishmarotח]result , the8year and fOUt courses three times . As8twenty-. four courses serving twice
different]0the weeks Of dutyחוdifferent years fallת]Sabbaths and the festivals
six .-"
year
8register of8חוmishmarot . Therefore , each of the holidays rnust be specified
the solarמוwhich datesתוschedules1חalso required15detailed account8cycle. Such
dayתן40320, lunar calendar as-354theח]days are allgned with dates364calendar of.See INTRODUCTION.403218,40321
HT
E JU
DAEAN
DESERT xxlעוDISCOVERIES134
seemingly certain textual reconstructions , are0תboth based,4(326בTwo features ofthe ritual of the sacrifice,פסחthe evident separation of
I
emple:(ו) SCTOII'2shared by the
the restored(וו);the Feast Of Unleavened Bread,המצותונof the Passah lamb, from
the celebration the priests ' investiture . These shared,הפלואיםעד)פmention of
40326insicתו relation of the Temple Scroll and]זיתןthe0תpecullliarities shed light
.matters calendricalשreference
Palaeogra
~
hy
Iate Hasmonaean or early Henodian book hand' . t The text can'8The script bespeaksregular photographs . The letters are mostly of equal size0תbe read without difficulty
which are half as wlde, and,עעאyod, and final,שפשmm , except for22צand measure
rhe letters are separated by less than'.(ג)88חויום,1[ת)mrn high4,)8]final mem which
.rrirn3-2space of8millimetre and svords by8
straight115סתkeep the0!dry rulings. The scribe nevertheless managed0תThere arethe rightתוstring of several dots arranged vertically4.their beginnings8יand justified
were possibly8"11חthe svrittenתוmrn frorn the first letters3.)distance of881margin
placed exactly opposite the!0מmarkers , although they are)1[מserve as0!meant
.
opening words of the lines
88Theת11[8 length of the preserved written.1טחט0מן8!0ש.5מזמThe interlinear space
The proposed reconstruction of the text.(310תו)crn8.3and(11[8ת)cm5.2between
inter-word9-7letters and37-28cm long, and held8-5.7was"11תfull8suggests that
cm the3.)letter-.spaces . Together with the marg~n of46-35of1%?0!8.spaces , V ~S
.
cm11-10(.ל!column width presumably came
Orthography
other calendrical documents and mishmarot texts, % previously explicated monthת]Like
.written plene(5"11ת)4)ז0בואand2oinesבוby0!referred8י
Mus.ית693.1
*339.43,335.42,703.41PAM
[המלואיםמועדבובשמינישבהבוי]ברביעבאחד
[בוברץשטשלישייוםהפסחבוט/ברןת;שבבו/באר2
[ר-ידולוווףצהרשצמןצףעלייוצ(צי]*רבייוםדפצוחחננ
"Development of the Jewish scripts' , The Bible and the Anciens Neat East. Essays"ך'ח',Cross.ן.4יSeeן
Wright,א.ץ.:chart,138(1961,Doubledayנ. (Garden City.8.;)Al&right , ed . by.0,ןו.ןHonor
13540326
הראשוההחדשהשבתאחרעורים]שמועדבועיט/בלשבת4
[ע)ברזןשבתבואבתשיעישבתבואןבשני1vacבעיך)
READINGS0א
~
NOTES
endedסב1ח, after!ו!ןshort100would beן~טתThe.1דמלושימןעד)מבובשמינישבתבוברביעןיבאחד.].spaces , vis6זסש-the first month , holding only fifteen letters and three inter]0the burth0חwhich falls
rnore . Since the following0זspacesזסן(צwhereas the other (restored) lines contain,1!חופeighteen sp
aces
0!stands)מו",ן]the beginning of the next!8listedתסח(ח5ן!the eleventh of the first0תSabbath which falls
restoreנצער here0)propose!.1*1י0וזוthe second halfחןreason that another 'holy season' vvas recorded
.
,
S't1he Feast of ( the priests ' ) Investiture ' . J See COhlhlEN',אים)דמלwriteחןwords,עשרןבאןחד,1ט6 eleven0!appears that the scribe erroneously began,ו.rwn2בו._!
without deleting the redundant 'alep , as he,בובאיץ,symbolsחןcaught himself and completed the numberthe firstתןand then entered the corrected reading,1"תווmistake above]חפפו1ומוpresumably had deleted נ
(
:
see below , COMMESVS(18תו
promptedרבקעןייוםדמצהק by the ensuing collocetion5ןThis restoratlon.2שלישקיוםחפסחביעי,היר.]דש.
the Covenanters ' calendrical vocabulary thisתו.'Meaning ' (the aay) after the Sabbath.4.14[חשבתןאחר
which equals their,(7-64()2-1394ון.standard designation of the first day of the week (cf. e , g818
23the.ו1. 'Waving of the Omer ' ( Lev10referenceהשבתממחרחתןinterpretation of the biblical appellation.(16,15
theפן)וי-)יבוהאניהחרש strength of the notation0רראשוןהחרשחread10propose1.1-.4ח)הראשןהחדש340320tooפ;4ן. short . cf. further4טתווwould make1)באחר85[ח[[מRestoring.60חו7פ
probably summarizes theאסח!
"theטתא5,'[חן]304(5צ8נ) beginning of!8This notation.בו.5-4שויר
0the[תוו"cr(4.340320ון5_7;403246 end8יmentioned,ן)ריאשהחדש,the first mor)thח]number of days
l.7-340394ן3-1). ;
for
sumrnarles of the days of
the
year cf6(17כand;2[]5+]2ן.frgs[11;2[21.frg[1
the mention of the second,0[בשנטhave caused the elision0יHaplography appears.בשניr~el &
ia[5.]
~ acat separates thisבואבשני.ג,the second day of that month0חthe Sabbath10month, before the reference
.
the first month0)laWer date from the details pertaining
TMNSU~TION
)'the Feast of ( the Priests!חןןthe eighth0ח,Sabbath!תןן)the four[th (day0ת)the first (month1.]מ
,]Investiture
ח51the0!ח
,
)the third day (or the week0תthe Passah)ח141תןןthe0ח,Sabba [thז]חןthe eleventh02.ת
מוזן]
theחן(.8[_ד.חשפץ, biblical and the Qbimran evidence $ ee10referenceח;'discussions of this 'holy se
ason
2זסץ
xv,11:9-75!19771,IShrine of the Bookןציrhe Ta~ple Scroll )(( erusalern : Israel Exploration Societyll
~
Hebr~ rew Universit
theחןidem, ' Studies;41-541991)י,Doubleday:.א.ץ,Garden City:3AB(16-1Milgrom, Leviticus.[;43411עא
6Knohl.1;10-509(1978)97חבeh.5(Na,'ןנ4,ן%)מVe-Kippu~im6',יי61ש627(1992)1744;א.
"~emple scrolltt
.
YBL Temple de6טd ' apris Le Rouleauחפfire du nouvelג[פDelcor , ' Rifiexions sur l ' investiture sacerdotale sans onction
,Leuven : Peeters(.81אCaquot.גed , by,1'לValentin Nikiprowetshy4Qumran' , Hellenica ?! yudaica. Hommage
.[.3)Qumran Texts and Studies
,
, ed . byששא,,'the Temple Scroll1חSchiffnaan,
'
The Milluim Ceremony.1986);4.14ל
the Interpretation of theחןMilikowsky, ~ Studies.8-267%199;ם,Brill.[.8:Gareia Martinez (Leiden.עBrooke with
.)pressחי;Rosenth ~ l (Hebrew.0Sussman and.,וMilluim Statute ' , Meh
~
ere Talmud, vol . ! ! ! , ed
.
by
other.הקדרשטדרחעםלפיצ141א)ןפל(4(396כ2-1ן(;5)_ Qumran manuscripts, e . gחןSimilar corrections are faund3
Tov , ' Correction."טדיתעם.8"טmldcourse and wroteחןbut changed his mind,לטהרחwrite0)The scribe began
the Dead ~Sea scrolls : Nesv0חInternatiowal (?on
~
erenceסש0זץthe Texts from the Judean Desert ' , rhe]זןProcedures
(1995.Brill.[.8:Ulrich ( Leiden.8Pa
rry
and.ן.על]ed . by,1מ
",TdStSש0הוו7"1 Reformtelated Istues and Technological
5ך3-ך9.
HT
E JUDAEAN DESBRT xxlאוDISCOVERIES136
the0ת,Sabbathאי18מואthe0מ,)the foar[th day (of the week0תthe Feast of Unleavened Bread.3
תוח251מי ]the first) G[rain after the Sabbath; the firs
t
month()0the Feast!]26!"[מthe0מ,Sabbath.4
the,תthe0א1מוח)day([חו! second month) Sabbath([תו1ן)the second (day0ח~days) vac(301נ
"5.תו
])the sixteenth (day0ח,Sabbath
COMMENTS
see below) suggests(3זו1!טThe practically certain restoration of the missing latter part of
least!מ double the number of letters contained!8that the svritten lines originally held
.the preserved text
0!faint traces of
Neveral
letters can be seen which seem1סמו!Aboye the beginning of.1'ל,ברבבאוד.]marker. Wacholder-Abeggפ![טתbe0!the right of them appears10the marginת)dotג.have been erased
andתו presume that ' the manuscnpt chronicles Sabbath~ and festivals((11'ע'ברבrestore the reading
4theת8 six-year cycle of mishmarot . Wise-Abegg -~Cook rollow this interpretation]0'4of year1monthevidently,'...5)the first month of the fourt[h yeat the beginning of the month1ת"1'ת]!translate
records4י,326בtheir V~tWשנה.מנthe fem. nounשreferenceבךבתו
"read0!restonngח the erased letters
the festival$ , presumably ror the fouith year of the84ת,the Sabbaths , the first daya of the solar months
the documentJ preserve the names of]0]cycle ' of priestly courses
,
although they admit that ~ the remains
his translation the restored nannesת)step further and enters00מnone of
the
priestly divisions ' . Maier goes
marks are indeed traces of the first wo%מןthree watchee-Delaiah, Ma'aziah , and Warim . The apparent,0
the fourth year of the cycle0!refer!0תHewever , the numeral does.ברבץע'
~
or possibly the first three letters of
the first month
.
The scribe presumably erased the]0Of priestly watches , but rather designates the fourth day,the day]0the date0!notatlon when he realized that he should have mentioned the month before referring
andל[0שו1:ברביעןיבאדד. then entered the correct text
calendrical and mishmaroe texts , months are identified byתןןעas,4032611בוברביעויבאחך.מ.]CtC. They ate neverשנ,ם,שנ,אחרורפמאדן',accordance with the basic biblical ( Israelite) systemחןnumerals
Kgs1)1-16),קחוDeut;18:34;15:23;4:13by the ancient Canaanite designations 'db
~
b (Exod10referred
norתו by Babylonian month nannes which became current,(2:8.4]6ן)~tantm,36.11:ח)bal.(37,1:6 5
.Israel after the Babylonian Exile
weekdaya and monthly dates by6,(1טתו!)בפחר,months are indicated by cardinal numbers403261ח
.other calendrical documents, e .gמוthe case15The opposite.(1טת]])רביעניןם)י(חו1"3);ברביעןין,ordinalsthe eleventh (day) of the0ת...)the tenth (day) of
I
the seventh (month',עי'בשבעשרבאחד...עי'בשבעשרהthe(!ח0ח!א)'(4(394ב2-1ווו9- fi
~
thח])the second (day0(טא0ש'(140324הל);בחםשיימ)בש,'תseventh
.9:7cf;17:10:באחד Ezra;9xlv11(נ'יז)'the first (day) of the first month010);הראישמןדש)לחשאחד,'מ 7
the'(4(פ324נ.ן3) first Iday) of the tenth month*,דיאשוןלדדש);העשיריבחורשאדד
cf4.ראשון)9Num;5:23Lev:7!:40Exod,ו1;שי)11:7Gen);יי%(ו15Chr2;5:27Chr:ס1);מישי")33Num:י38
.this dayשthe calendar of
I
the Samaritan aennmunityחןused5ןetc. This nonlenclature(נ:!ler
double.חרשלעשחיעשרוארבעהעפרשביום dates' , e . g(תןthe other Shosvs10The tran$ ition from one systemי;(1:7.Cf,7:1the month of Shebat' (Zech5ןthe twenty- fourth day of the eleventh month , which0שכס-חדשההש,'ת
ef;7:3the.13:3;12,9:8;1:9)..6אע month of Nisan ' (Esth4the [irst month whichניסןחךשההשן)ריאשבחרש,'חן0!next(15:6;1:2;1:1Neh;21,19,17,15:9post -tX~ lic biblical wntings (Esthח]Babylonian dates alone are employed
the(ט.17-16,9:10;31:8;9:7Ezra;4:10Dan;1:!Zech;18,10,1:2:15.1:1Hag.8).14See.ל1. anclent numerical system
The_5-561(2000)
~
of Esther' , VT SOl%800the Dating of the Compos ~ tion of theחןNevv clueג'.Friedberg
be fragments of historical0זwhat appearמן~Qumrat!8קטBabylonian month names
~
Shebat
_
and Ma [rhe]shsuan turn
caפ
~
endrical document or8ת)DID xxvIII]) but never[52283;4(פ332ב;DJD xxxvlJ[2240332)works ,mishmdtrot schedt] le
month8but never defines,(5:1ordinal number (Genחפcardinal and885can serve bothאחר,Biblical Hebrew4תו .(
see,ק34וי GKC( .cf!16:0דעשירילדדשאחדבעםוישבו. Ezra7
37!40326
understood%(14xv-9xlvנ111,[י)the 'femple strollתוfragmentary passage1.14לואךכא(%ד1מהצד.ינ
the culmination of rhe seven day85indicate that the '
Feast
of (the priests ' l Investiture ' was observed10
IQP, orתיוexplicatedזסחbut1.9Levחןprescribed85,the eighth day of
I
the first month0חmillu
~
m ritual
the Damascus Document the required daily sacrificeתןstatute80)according]ן,dayחוח(אthe0חelsethe Sabbath except the Sabbathחסthe altar0מone should offer0ת':Sabbathמ0פbe offered!0וזcould
contrast
,
theחז.Sabbath , would thus be eliminatedפ,The fourth of the month.(18-17ו)סםנ)sacnfice
sacrifice , since the summary of the compositions8allow for such10appears11Psalma scroll from cave
theשadditionת]King David expressly states that the special Sabbath sacrifice vvas offered0זascribed
be sung before the altar over the perpetualס!prescribed d~ily sacrif~ ce ; 'And he (David) vv
rote
. . . songs
viz(תו . including the Sabbaths) ; and(364the days of the year1!8for,רחמירלח)ע,offering ror every day 5
(7*xxvll.1105ק)'...songs52additior~) for the Sabbath offerings
signified the closure of the investiture cerernonles . which initially had been connected withשים)המלכועדthe seventh of0!and like them lasted from the first.(40the inauguration rites of the Tabernacle IExodus
8.37'7passim ; Lev29cf. Exodus.36-33.8biblical injunction ( Levבcompliance withחן~the nrst month
must be pointed out that with the exceptlon of the fragmentaryח,However.(27-25:43passim ; and Ezek 5ןthis festival,40326חןand the here proposed restoration of the tcrm4]0המלופשמועדחן11(יב)reference 0ן
.any other calendriical textת)mentioned)0ת
words . Numbersחןare expressedקט10!"חthis document , numbers12בוןש)בדןי(שלי2ם)וי.ת.]inscriptions and weights of the Firstא!.ום[חזסי)symbols which are knovvnח)are expressed1*תexceeding
provenance. lz Units are indicatedח%תיוסת"and some ostraca ofי
~
Temple period, the Elephantine Papyri , l.the last slash ohen being reversed , e . g]0with the direction,
"byפright(%0א1slash(חgroilpsקטfive10א ך
hook4ג~.tags from Masada0חalso found5ןof
:
nine ,
ts
This widespread technique81)0!80!קט
"עט,עט
for)ת tsvtnty .
sl
tsvoי superimposed hooks,0[(תס)stands1טחוshort horisontal8which developed from Zodiologyחו and Brontology) , the larger numerals precede the smaller ones
,
whereas(מו318,4בand,326נ)4
.the case5ןthe opposite sometimes4(320נ
1ofצ,173=01). the Sabbath tgacrifice (DYD8*רשה.cr8 hritiCall
Edi ~ ion tuith Extrnsi~. : e(4,.rhe Temple Scroll,48-44:2;1.(תסזוח1ןSee Yadin , The Temple scroll9
.4--23(1996,IES:581טזם5511פז1"פReeonstructiofu (Beer Sheva
:
Ben-Gurion Universitf of the Negev
Erder , ' Precedencts.יחו.1ב.דobservatian conles from medieval Karaite sources , See5!;The main evidence for10
.
.
)Hebrew(20-552(ן195)ןSabbath ' , Zion0תCited by Anan for the Postponenlent of the Passover that Falls
Oxford,1923)0ח.2!. : Clarendon(.י).ן2Cowley, /iramaic Papyri of the Fifth eAWtary.%1See!יSherd and Papyrus . Atamaic and Hebrew rnscriptions from the Second Temtle Periodחל),Naveh.נSee12
Naveh
,
Aramm'c Ostraca of the Fourth ('entu
ry
(Hebrewנ. . Also ! . Eph(al and(61-60(1992,Oerusalem: Magnes Press
~ Ketef Jericho ' , Miscellanenus Texss frotn thr,.;ט!בEshel.19961;א,ICfrom Idufnaea (lerusalern : Magnes PresslliS1 ?
Sdeir papPromissory. Note.2Yardeni , Wadi Sdeir.2000);ג,
~
adaean Desert, (DID xxxvlll ; Oxford : Clarendon
ar',%ש.9%12.
8חט;!
"horizontal!0יח8י8 oneשThe systern resembles % modern practice Of crossing rour verrical strokes withיי
.of fivc
~Jerusalem : IESIHebreu(1Yadin and ( . Naveh , ' Aramaic and Hebrelv Ostraca and
Inscriptions
', Malada.,וSee14
.74,7-46,21(1992,Univer~ity
4Gandz(1933)53:ץ. , ' Hebrew Numerals ' , PA
AYR
.5by.81.!1תThe~e numerical symbols are discussed1יBible
,
, ed . by ); ~ Rabin (ScrHier?4,אןJudaean Weights and the Date of the Sarnaria Ostraca '
,
Studiesנ(1מטי0ת',Yadin
Hebrelv ) , vvith(85-174,ץ,Enc)rtloptdia Miqra'it,ן.ס.ממפר.Zarfati.1961)25-9;נז.8-ג,Jerusale~n: Magnes Press.8
published,5-262(1990)40Avigad%למלך ,
'
Two Hebrew " Fiscal "
Bullae
', IEY.א.selection of relevant literatureב
double hook and8expressed by5ןwhich the number twenty-six0חstamp of the late seventh or early sixth century
.sbc slanted strokes
xxl08587ת
HT
E IUDAEANאוDISCOV
~
RIES138
the 'Order % keep (theפalso reflected15which16,תחסחbiblical8Following.2[שלישייםמפחש.]
Elephantine, ~ l the Covenanters considered theומרזן)BCE419)'the Feast of Unleavened Bread(86תpassah
as evidenced by,(17:35Chr2]ס)sacrifice of the Paschal tamb and the Feast Of Mazzoth sep
arate
holidaya
1-6xvll11071ו:מנחהלפניונבחוליהוהןפסחהערביםיביןהרשישוןבחורשעשרעה[בארבלעשוa~unלאוהלואישוהלכווהשכימוקודש:והבחצרוהבלילהואכלוןןאוחויעשוומעלהשנהעשריםמכןוכרןכוליובחווהו
of(48ץ)the fourlteenth0תthey shall observe8הוה'לימיםשבעתמצותת...הזהלחורטעשרוכחמשהפס(,'[4תthe evening offenng they10prior;(1ן)YHWH] and they shall sacrifice10wilight Passah81]month51!חthe
consume811"5andא they;1]over shall celebrate80;66תyearsו1תטיו))every male] ( those:1ן]shall sacrifice
andטמס0ז go each(חזסתז~8תtheת])sanctuary; (then) they shall rise earlyוטחthe courtyards [ofתןnight8ז .YHWH ' . (
cf
10the fifteenth (day) of this month . . . Feast of Manoth seven daysמסAnd]יתרן.0סhis4(325ב1ראח1גא0םת10[ת"1).
be'ח0 observed0)5ןmade manifest by explicating that the Feast of Mazzoth18the separatlonתו4(326נtheת0שאו fourth (day of the week) ' . This staternent prompts the implii~tion that Passah was celebrated
81be sacrificedשcompliance with the biblical injunction that the Paschal lamb wasתן,preceding day
cf. the law of;.406צצ6:12;12:16;מטא!5,3:9,זט)month1םחof the fourteenth of
I
the(הערביםבין))
""חפז[
.the third day of
'
the weekמסfalls8י8שיופday calendar-364ת!טא]which,(1616.ע.1ו,'Second Passahסאו
the0תwhich the Covenanters observed(בנעד)season017אfact the only115חThe ritual of the Passah Lamb
the morning of the fiftenth (the fourth day of theתןThe Mazzoth Feast began18.third day of the week
year , the Feast ofשאוwhich the nrat day ofטתוסחקט[5יתן'the Covenantersארשaccord1]תן!ט,)week
,month(ח* andמיעש(אfirst of the"ת0אז'the first month , the
( Day of RemembranceתוUnleavened Bread
.the fourth day of
'
the week0מfall811,month"5ש"זחסעטthe fifteenth ofחסFestival of Booths
מוען;
-
180deaignated5],'Firstפתו3140325 Grainטן)The biblical ' Feast
fo
[.4עורימן;שמיעד.
~pass;4(321ניי94.וקו7;4(513ב; m440320)(עם)העומרהנףnamed5]יוother Qumran sourcesם'שעוך.תו תןand(21-9:23Lev]ס)'Day Of Waving of the Omer',(10xvIII"'1107)ל[101)י0העומדהניפויוםllQY
15:23Lev,התמפהעמראתהביאכםיום.תומ.וסתHai.5,3.4ןnamedונףים.
.summary of the evidence8ז%)Hebrew(5;52י1ץ51*-26,ונט,rwe , EnWclopedk Miqa~t.מת,Licht.1See6י
Nisan4the wonth4~ Now you accordingly count:
fourteen
days:21.סחSee cowley~
rA
amaic Papyri, papyrusדיdayאשששג of
.
Nisan (arel2181theאזרוסיand from the.(.5.'ע,and
~
eep lhe PassoDer (viz . the Passah Lamb sacrifice
.
,
leavened breatfd11ays Of U
aix-yeat cycle , Passah8of888ן?firat five"חןאןwhichח;Of priestly cou
rses
51];fragmentary8provides4032985;
,mishmar' s tour of duty8third day ofחס(טאalways falls
QMishmarot4-328ע
)PLATE vtr(
,r'f lhe Unpublished Dead S'ea scr~lls"4Wacholderי.(Abegg.3,גPreliminar("ישש" and.%.8:Previous discussion (1991.~The Biblical Archaeology societs:.ם.,],
~Washingtor(1.Fout. fascק.שסאThe Hebre~u and /tramaie rexu irom.92
Physical Description
the10small plece of parchment which can be joined confidently8CONSISTS of4(328ן
their contours and considerations of text]0the strength0ת,larger pleceבleft edge ofdark brolyn8of5ו
,
cm6.48.5צJoins. The composite triangular fragment, measuringcontains between two and five words from1ז.colour becoming lighter ar the right edge
0rnm-wideחוו, blank above the uppermost8-724.slx lines!0the nliddle sectlons
0marginח . Sinceקס!evidently part of the15,slightly w~der than the interlinear space
the concluslon that the fragment0זled5וright or left marg ~n are extant , one8traces of
.cotumn8stems from the middle part of
(70"צשמשש
least two discrete8זscroll which comprised8The short stretches of text survived fromwhich are detailed the namesתו,service schedules of the priestly cou
rses
. of the first
the establishedח!the beginning Of each year8זof the courses that served successively
preserved which contains two ms'shmarot names and1518חוthe last0צות,year cycle-81צ
the heads of(8זthese are ( the mishmarot',השנטרשיאלהends with the sumfnary notation
enumeration of the8תby portions of6-2linesתןfollowed8נthe years ' . This roster
15the cycle . This rosterמוeach annual quarter]0the beginning8זduty0תcourses
Therefore , these fragmentary.11,4(319ניand40329מוschedule8such10identical
.texts partly complement each other
Palaeogra
~
hy
Iate Hasmonaean or early Herodian'מובtrained scribe8written by8540328ש
eas[ח8 ) ly legible8וbookhand ' of the second half of the first century BCE . I 'fhe text.good photograph
with the usual exceptions,2צ2חזמזLetters are unibrmly executed . They rneasure
mrn-long upper stroke3.)of the much thinner and indistinguishable zuazu and yod; the
the letter heads ; and theעחformed)1[תOf lamed, which protrudes above the imaginary
,J~c2srossאן ~ The Development of the
~
ewish
scripts'
,
, rhe Bible and the Ancient Near Eart . Essa.ץ.4ח~SeיWright~א.ץ.:chart,38!(1961,Doubledayנ. (Garden city.%.כ,Albright, ed . by.ץו.ןonor of
"
THEווון IUDAEAN DESERTאוDISCOVERIES140
whichתו1" descends perceptibly below the fairly straight bottom,10עdownstroke of apartתו and1מזתןformed by the bases of the other letters . Letters are spaced less than
sonle.גמו[תנמיל,מיandעזתוהן]מיעזי(1[8ת2),andנית1שניה[ב instances now together , e . g.mm3-2word spaces measure consistently-(1[ת"3).זת1"ז
interlinear8תdry rulings , but the lines are nevertheless straight with0תThere are
The apparent curvature of the lines results from the somewhat.7-5תן!תspace Of
.crinkled parchment
Orthography
-7:24Chr1שThe spe [ling Of fully or partly extant narnes Of priestly courses parallels
with:[ה]מועזי(ן[ת"cf;2.40321ן,2)againstשמשיהו)cf.440320וו[6: one exception18
but retalned the rnute,(["ת]ן)םנ!קש[תרשיThe scribe elided the.(מעחיה;4י7:מעזיה
the same time he omitted theהראישנה(]תו"2).נ(זspellingש!"שא-the superתןconsonant 2
"vowel,ן -- letter zuazc after the
Mus.]זת.693)bottom(*339.43,331.42,701.41PAM
)underline(240329:Parallel
השניםרשיאלההפצץבששיתאב[ישב]ן
[ה)מועזיבן]אלישכמולהראישנה[בשנה]2
[חחיריים[שןעובלגהדעיה[י]שנית[בחופה]נ
יה]א6פתחיהפתחיה1)[ין]מ[מיבשלישית]4
יכיי [בחמשיחיהויריבייהםליה[דשכניהברביעית]1
[הפצץשית]ב6מלכיה[אמרחריםישבאב]6
of84,חופא,חופה,מלכיהןמלאכיה
"The,[[ו"יהויריב,ויריב inconsistent spelling of some other mishmarot names1
Qumran scribal'8question the hypothesis of the existence of0י8ם[1;10תseen]s,רישן,שון,רא.several vocables , e . g ,school ' that cultivated one specific scribal tradition
14140328
REAnINGS0א
,
NoT~S
.the spelling of this vocable with the eltslon of
the
mute blep see ORTHOCRAPHYן.1רשי.זסקrestoredחטסתסיק-ב with the1811.בסגה
;
mmal . (Onsiderations of sp
ace
requlre the restoration of[2.14 תן
asבששיח indicated by the partially extant reading(5-4פ329נ)4.rather than with the definite article (cf
6תו61.
various01comparison8see ORTHOGRAPHY . The reading can be ascertained through.ו.2הרשעצה.photographs
iw
der than usual space between8leave10the parchment may have forced the scribeמ]fault)2ע.].the names Eliashib and Mo(aziah
the1חtwice , possibly because of some faultפתחיהappeirs that the scribe wrote the name)ן.4נ.parchment , and subsequently erased the nrst mention
final0ן!.he (cr5ןThe truncated aecond letter.7:24Chr1מןspelled as5ןThe name.1,.5[וויריב,הthe parchrnent hasחןcrack11.two letters , yod and evaeu1סמand,(דליהthe preceding nameמ)letter
theבלכיה([טחו6). nameמןpulled apart the two parallel vertical strokes of he
two"בשש. letters of
I
51Evidentlyזת theמ.%6ב
TRANSLATION
.
these are the leaders (heads) of the years:
"the(קוקקפוו*ם sixth (yearמו;Uesheb]ab.1
]the] Erst [Year] Gamul Eliash[ib] Mo'azia[h1ת].2
];HUPPah; iry] the second [Je] daciah Bilgah Seeo] rim He [zir[.3
the]פ%מו.] third Mija]m[in] Petabiah Ab[iahמו].4
]the fifthחן;the fourth Shekaniah De] laiah Jaqim Jeh [oiaribתו].5
[the si [xth Happi
~RV
Ueshebab;מן Harim Immer] Malkiah.6
COMMENTS
,the preceding column]טת11סthe lastח]cont~ nues the text"1חוThe beginning of this.1שב[וישב.].the fifth year of the cycle0!referenceבחמשיח,פwhich ended with the word
0QMishmarot4329י
)PLATSוע[,
Preliminar
~
f Edttion of ~ he Unpubli,hed Dead Seaע,G _- Abegg.14Wacholder and.2.8:Prelirninary discussion
-'?Biblical Archaeology !iociet:.1(8חוא5בען(ח0,ס.ם.Scrolls . The Hebrew and /eramaic Texts
from
ca~e Four , fasc.%9(1991
Physical Descri
~
tion
consisted originally or three small scraps of40329that"עסזקPAM photographs
the Rockefeller Museum records , tvvoת!en
try
0parcheentיתב . However , according
the0חbased solely5!herefore , the ensulng discussion'ד.were lost and cannot be traced
.
brownish colour turning grey8Of5!extant photographs . '
~
he one remalning fragment
4.2he three scraps are presumably the rema~ns of one colurnn . One plece rneas
ures
ך1
interlinearחבwith5)11תcrn , and holds several words from the beginning of four2צ
hich'1,Of1!טחinsertion between the two lower lines . Above them was possibly another
vide1-crn18only traces of the bottom parts of sonae letters rernaln . These facts , andthe right]0portion of the right margin indicate that this plece stems from the middle
eontains remnants of18.2צ5.2אזם.זside of the column
.
'fhe second scrap measures
traceב ofצתפfifth . The absence ofוחסזב]and possibly traces of letter tops115סחfOIAt
,the thir(I scrapמ().the column,0the middle partחזסז]cornes)וnlarg~n suggests that
the middle of three lines are preservedמזסז]few words8,2.3צ1.2(מזwhich measures
rnm -wide piece of the upper margin6.)4נ."
fourth8withת11 the tops of letters from
proves that this item stems from the top of the column . The first two scraps can bethe strength of text rernalfis which can be integrated02,מ.constitute Erg0שcombined
and svill be,2,rhe rernalning fragment can be placed before frg'.1105תfive10ית 1
-1.designated frg
ontents',)
least three!בtext prove that the scroll originally cornprised]סThe extant remnants
which included two separate0י4(3218כsimilar2,discrete rosters Of
rp
iestly coutses
even greater nilmber ofחבwhich were assembled14(320נ,תand4(319נand,11575.discrete components
plain catalogue of the names of the twenty ~- fourבpreserves parts of1.Frg
Of JedaSah , Harim , Seforim who ~yere precededתז"תסושחmishmarot , beginning with the
essence , this register resembles the1ח.by Gamul , Delaiah , Ma'oziah , and Joiarib
.the rtverse orderח;Wacholder-Abrgg present the fragmentsו
now5ןbut2and1.between frgsחןwas sandwiched!118are reasons for assuming that another mishnaarot"ז""2ך'
.)below508)entiretyחן15ןost)
THE JUDAEAN DES
~
RT xxlאוDISCOVERIES144
parallel18-7:24.גChr1ח]numbered account of the names of the priestly courses.1.frg%40324the cryptic documentתוpartly extant8]enurneration
the onsets Of each annual quarterיבofficiate0יrecords the courses that are3-12.Frg
opens with the mention115יThe.20-1תו1הן.82:ל'X-year cycle , named 'Ieadersb18ת]
theמ!the beginning of the third quarter!8duty0מThis course was.שעורים,of Se(orim
theי5ח4(328ךגדעיה[וישנית,ב matchingת]second yearJ of the cycle , as explicitly stated
Bilgah,,1"[זו2]'. , Se [(oJrim,6818א["[])the second (year[מ]ר'חהרים[שנעובלנה,י]which were sequentially listed the four (orתןregister8followed by5]This roster
the preserved1מ.every s ~ngle month of the six-.year cycleת]five) courses that served
the first threeמוtext are itemized the narnes of the courses whose spells of duty fell
.(5,months of the first year ( lines
Palaeography
late Hasmonaean or early'81מtrained scribe8vas ev~dently penned by140329the second half of the first centu
ry
0Herodianי book hand '
,
and can thus be dated
with,2ן2!מזמ.)both Fragments letters are uniformly executed and measure0מ'.BCE
.2.frg0תeuaze and the appreciably smaller interlineary lettersאי!מthe exception of the
mrn . Lines run5.)0יmm apart . The interlinear space cornes3.)Words are spaced
the0תdry rulings can be discerned0תalthough,1.frg1תstraight , especially.fragments
Orthogra
~
hy
whereas(21.spelledמו tlene and with hte
~
(frg"חששThe narne of the priestly course
of(מהלקש'the roster of the twenty-~fotir 'contingentsת]only biblical occurrence5" spelled,חפהSimilarly.(13:24Chr1),תו defectively and with he5]!]priests
the nafneשערים([6[6.ץ.8),[ת4(329בthe defective biblical spelling0!contradistinction
TS tsviceO1CCI(10:9.Cf;7:24Chr1)יהויריבThe name.(12.Frg(שעורים,spelled plene5]
interlinearly) appears without42.frg(הרישונןand;(5328נ)4,22;4.frg(יויריב,~vithout he
the[מ4(328נ3. expected Jalep , as
Mus.ותו,.710
*334.43,332.42PAM
.their reconstruction of the textת]implied by Wacholder-Abegg85the first01)1נ
theאו Jewish scripts'
,
The Bible and the Ancient Neat East . Essays,0The Development',ן.4ת.(ייסוSee4
Wright,א.ז.:chart,138(1961,Doubledayג. (Garden City.2.סAlbright , ed . by.א'.ןNonor of
14540329
1.Frg
)underline(1"4032:Parallel
top "wrein
מימיחמלכיהרים]שעותריםידעיה[יויריבמעחיהדליהיגמולן
אמרןבלנהישבאב]ועפאיקיםמלישיבשכניהישועאביההקוץ]2
[ין]יכקאל[יחופתחיההפצץחזיר]נ
מן[4
TRANSLATION
]Gamul Delaiah Maiaziah Joiarib] Jeda' iah k
~
arim Se~o [ rim Malkiah Mijamin[.ו]Haqqo
~
Abah JeshuS~ Shekaniah] Eliashib Jaqim
~
uppah []eshebab Bilgah Immer[.2
~
ezir HapPiVse
~
Petabiah Jebez]qel lak [ in[.3
שזע.6,28
)underline(328()4:Parallel
יכיאביהפתחיהמימיןהשלישיתחזיר]שעורים1
" [ישבאבהחמשית]יויריביקיאדליהשכניה]השלישית2
[ישועיחזקאלץ]הקוהפצץ[הששיתמלכיהאמשןיים[ח]נ
ון.רי [ידעיהלשנייויריב4ה[מעוזדליהגמולדש]בחוהרישי5ה4
[ישועאביהתקוץבשלישימימיןמלכיהסעוריםחרים]!
READINGS0785אאסascertained by the partially extant readingבcorrectness of this restorationנ.פאין
1,.1[שיח"של"יכיחאדהפתחיהמידייןןבשלישיתמן328,4נ4.
the evidently,0[הרביעיהinsteadאספיוהשלישיתglaring [apsw calamt
.
The scribe11.2חשלעית.].)required mention of
the
~
fourth
year' (see COMMENTS
Hereתו begins the monthly register of the courses with the mentlon of
the
first month.4הרישחא.]between[תחו, the1ןand inserted,הרישווו]The scribe erroneously omitted the word.
'(פח,8זח((תפץ)
.definesחwhich
"theתיש left of10the right , instfsd of10somewhat
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES146
TRANSLATION
Se(orimתשפן]; [
~
ezir; the third (year) Mijamin Peta
~
iah Abiah.1
]the third (year) [Shekaniah Delaiah Jaqilm Joiarib: [the fifth (year) Jeshebab.2
].HJarim Immer [Malkiah; the sixth (year)] Happig
~
eg Haqqo[
~ Jehezqel Jeshuta[.3
]the second Jeddiah[מו;the firs [t] mointh Gamul Delaiah Marozilah loiaribחן)The fir] st (year.4
the third Ha[qqo
~Abiah leshu'al[מן;Harirn Se~orim Malkiah Mijamin[.5
(0"י"][5זא
the scribe had ertoneously written22.frgח]notice that0!VVacholder-Abegg failed
מןתו1(1;
'
)the second (year',בשניתTherefore, they restored.הרביעיחinstead ofהשלישיה
,resultפAs.3תו1[6ת')fifth (yearבחמישית,'!נחand;2"מו[מ]
'
)the fourth (year',הרבטקז
room left for inserting the indispensable mention of the sixth year of the0תthere was
-The never.4תו1[8תcycle before the beginning of the different additional registerchanging structure of the priests' service schedule , and remains of practically identical
which most probably reflect the sarne prototype,40328mishmarot registers , foremost
fully restore the master text of four discrete tables wh
ich
0!make " possible,4(329נas
:(3APPENDIX,1אסוזסטס0חזאthe documents (seeת]presumably were contained
specific80!simple enumeration of the names of the courses without relation8.1;(140329)time schedule
the',השניםשי(א)ר beginnings of the years(8יthe narnes of the courses that served.2;year cycle-(140328)מן88[צ
the,12ץ.התקופותשי(א)ר(240329,6-240328ו- beginnings of
the
annual quarters!8.33;((.4(319ב211,1_7);
every week Of eachתוand,חרשים04שיח)שקר(א)ר,the beginnings of the months!8.4year(4(329ב5-4). cycle.-51מ8צ]month
headed by Gamul (see8]instances , the serv~ce schedule811practically1מ
the fourth day of0תduty0מINTRODUCTION) . This course % presented as having been
,'when God fashioned the '
Great
Luminaries140320[5-3;40319ינ11)י.Creation (cf
,(19-14:1signs for festivals and for seasons and years ' (Gen'85which he appointed
יQMishmarot43298א
,PIע[[[, ATE(
Prelimtja~y Edition of the (lnpublished Dead sea4,,Abegg.0.4ןz _ Wacholder and.8:Preliminary publication ,"
?Bibilcal Archaeology Societ:.ן).(],Washington(1_scrolls . The Hebrew and Aramaic Texts
from
e.
a
~e f~ar , fasc,94(1991
hysical Descri
~
tionJ9
CONSISTS of two pleces of dark brown parchment which can easily be4(32921ב8form0!the strength of the dovetailing edges and textual continuitv0תcombined
he top and right edges of the fragment are'-ד
.
cm1.%3.6נfragment measuring
irregularly shaped
.
By contrast the extant parts of the bottom and left edges are
perfect angle, prov~ng that the item stems from the lower left8מ!rectilinear and meet
the narrow bottom105!,זטיsheet . The top and the right margins are totally8corner of
.cm are preserved6.1-1alld the partial left margin of5.0הזםmargin of
.the column]0The fragment shows the ends of five lines from the left bottom part
the left1ת.preserve two or three words5-25"11ת;preserved15only one word1)11ת1ת
one or01fact partsתוmargin two or three words are wr~tten vertically , which are
.)was continued (see COMMENTS5which the text of
line
possiblyתו two lines
8-7dry rulings , lines run straight . Interlinear spaces measu
re
0Althoughה there are
]0are vertically aligned , glvlng the impression3-111הו5פהmm
.
The last letters
"Theתו1[ת difference-.50even more41סהיshorter , and1551סהו'justification ' , although
65lengthזסיי presumably resulted from the varying width of the spaces between the.)see text(
$
on
tent
כ4:
yearהי cycle-%8ןthe custoeary , rotatingתוschedule of mishmarotבcontains403298 the third dalr0פסח,ח,the Passah Lamb,0whose annual tu
rn
Of duty fell the sacrifice
introduced b)r5]each year]0
~
ruesday . The mentionץ[2.ת0ב,of thei
r
week of service
the detailed0זcontrastת],holy seasons '
.
However5"',מעדיהthe comprehensive termannual811other mishmarot documents-the listing ofתןenumeration Of sacred times
thoseת4(3298בצותס]-duty0תfestivals and the names of the respective cou
rses
year scrvice-%51theת]fallsפסחwhose week of serviceת]mishmarot are listed seriatim
the fi
rst
year and ends0!incornplete reference8הcycle . The catalogile begins withVith1the fifth . 'rhe account can be fully restored0*similarly truncated reference8with
the kno~vnתוסז]the help of information elicited from other mishmarot rosters , and
.principles of the priests ' service cycle
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אeISCOVERIES148
Palaeogra
~
hy
early Hasmonaean'88defines07088be of the type which0!he script appears'9
,heמא. het, byin, and0)tegard1מforemost1'.).8125-175.semiformal script of ca
his chart. This featureת!equal0חHowever, tasu with the looped left downstroke has
ofתוthe!ומו the letter00ק]the even rnore pronouncedת!definite parallel8has
mind the tagu0!further brings!1.ת4(319נ]and occasionally4(ח324ןpapyrus slivers Of
,the Nash Papyrusת]and2,(1747-1063)small parchment fragment from Masada81ת
and resembles the3,the second half of the second century BCE0!mostly dated18which
the Herodian0)ossuary inscriptions , which are ' generally dated0תform of the letter4
.period
5mmצ , with sonne measuring44צThe letters are quite large, mostly measuring
mm[מה'מעד , e . g . he75צlarge as88Some are.(5and45"11ת)תמעריה]mm , e . g . me~n5
the whole0תmm . Recurring letters are22ןHowever , byin measures only.(4"1[ת)
theתצ.)he and ta~a.8.")identically executed , svith only very slight fluctuations
mm, except for lamed33צthe left margin, letters measure1תvertically wr~tten words
.highח? Letters are clearly separated7מז1מ,ve
ry
long top stroke making8which has
with the exception of the vertical,5-2ת1!תspace of8עחrnm and words1less than
.which they now togetherח!,insertion
Orthogra
~
hy
theשלשה(תוand(5and41[88ת)תמעדיה]defective spelling, as0!The scribe adheredthese partially preserved words are restored here3and2ת1[18ת],margin) . 'Yherefore
]0the restorationח]without ~easu , and defective spelling should be equally employed
.altogether lost parts of text
Mus.יתנ.710
*334.43,333.42,774.41PAM601848IAA
the margin are transferredת]the proposed restoratlon , the words wr~tten vertically1מ
theirמ11"5!0(נתזsixth80מו1*. proper place after0!
"the Jewish scripts' ,, The Bile and the
.
Ancient Nmr Eass , Essuys . Henor,0cross , ~The Development.".ןק
.137(1961,Doubleday:.א.זWnght (Garden cityt.2.סAlbriJrht, ". by,.ש,Uerus~lem: IESIHebrew Univer~ity2943-נ96נThff Yi~aei Yadin Excavations,2יTalmon, Masada.5Seeנ .5-133(1999
56Biblical Fratment from the Maccabaean Age: The Nash Papyrus' , YBLגי.Albright.אן.ע.ע,.עSeeנ .76-145(1937)
.149.fig,165(1982,88.ג.11ה:Naveh , Early History of the ~lphabet (lerusalem : Ma
~
nea Pres~lLeiden.נ'
149403298
שבת[בסגושה]5[מעדיההרסדנההסגה]י
לשה[בש]יה[6ועדת[השניהפסחמעזיה]2
נ
"נ6לשהמכייההשלשיאהפסחשערים
סכדיהברבעיתה[הפסבאביה]4
הפביקיםבשלשה]ו
"מעדיההח6שיתח
bottom margin
left marginתוritten vertically'אן
[...מעדיההסשיתהפסחי]באמבשלשה6
READINGS0אNoT~ S
cycle " often introduced by the full phrase8תוmishmarot documents , the first year1וחשנהן.תנ.]whereas ensuing years are identified by ordinal numbers,(2328נ)140320ו4-5-4.cf. e.g(שנה(י)הראהשנה
of5~the present instance also , consideration14(320נן855ק!ח).ח;passim4(329כ319,4:22נ.only (cf. e . gspaceהשנהbeforeשונה(')הרא. require the insertion of
orמעחיהemployed here rather than the plene versions5ןThis spelling of the name.2ומעזהן.]mishmarot documents , because of the scribe 's preference for defectiveחןwhich also appear,בעעזק
.spellings
appreciably shorter than the equally restored surroundingטחוו8ןThe restored.(ח.4ח[דפסבאביהthereforeפסח,דאביהבטבחבשלשה)cf.!חו"1). possible that the text originally read18!1.lines
may be assumed1וSince.באמare1מחוIY writtent31he vert ~cתןlegible letters1881Yhe'.בא"[.6רן
0)stands)ןthe sixth year of the cycle!0mention8that the acribe completed this part of the text with רגעשון
heבשלשהה'מעד addedדחסחב4בורשה,בסהthe left margin ofמןreason that after the vertical insertion
הפ0חל*בעאק.
TRANSLATION
the service)] week(תו)the third (day0[מ[,festivals8!!,The first year[.1
)the th] ird (day0ת],fest [iva]ls15!,)the Passah; the seco]nd (year(5%וו)of MaSaiiah[.2
)the third ( day0ח,festivals5!ן,)the Passah ; the thi ] rd (year(5]]%)Serorim00the serv~ ce week(3.[מו
,festivalsחו,)the fourth (yearחן;the Passlah(115%)Abiah00the service week(4.[תו
festivals5ז],)the Pas]sah ; the fifth (year(18!ח)service week ofi Jaqim%!)1מ)the third (day05.[ת
]festivals5!ן,)the Passah ; the sixth (year(15[8!)the service sveek of Imm[er(תו)the third (day06.ח
COMMENTS
the sernce week ofחוof the third day6and,3.2linesחו0פק5(מס86תוYhe recurrent'.w31Me2.]the0!proves that the roster pertains solely(5and1$"תו[!חevery s~ngle mishmar (accordingly restored
the,בין late a [ternoonח!observed5וcompilance with biblical law1חPassah Lamb ceremony
,
which
the0חthe Mazzoth Festivat
,
which begins0!01חof the first month, and14איOf Tuesday, the,הערבטludaism , thee1v~ nces that
,
unlike malnstrean403298The text of5.15!אWednesday the!0morning
This.(3-240326.Covenanters considered Pa~aah and the Mazzoth Festival discrete 'holy seasons ' (cf
the Biblical and the Early Post-Biblical Periods : From Morning"ו8סTalmon , 'The Reckoning of the.8See5
Japhet.5ehe Light ef ies Interpreters . Sarah Xamin Memorial Volume, Ed . by1'אfrom Evening?' , The Bibleזס .)Hebrew(108-73(1994,Magnes Press:וח
(88טזטג["
THE JUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIES150
the0!the visible separation of the statutes pertainingת!,the Temple scroll1מbecomes clearly evident
xvll11(14נ)wacat8the Mazzoth Festival by means ofשthe prescriptions relatingתוס!]Passah Lamb
.3-2lines0!COMMENTS,4(326נand,10[סמו!COMME~TS,40325See also.(12-6
the bottorn of the815סת!!The scribe had evldently mlsJudged the available space after.ן.6בשלשהhis text]0be accommodated .
~'herefore he entered the rest01תcollld11טתwhich anotherתן,sheet
QIsa~ xxvIII1.e . gתסו1זט5תןוסthe left margin . For this scribal techni
~
ue Of verticalתןvertically
stemsפ from the last sheet of4(פ329כxxxIII . The irregularly added text prompts the concluslon that
.sheetט01ס!!תו-oneפfrom!0scroll
-1Mishmarot.330
)1PI.ATIש[1
.
,
C.T~tpuhlished Dead sea scrf/ lls",4Prelimirrar)~ Edition4.,Abegg.;).4תINacholder and.2.8;Previo~ls publication
.95;1991,Biblical Archaeology Society:.ס.ס,Washington(1.fase
~
'hysical Descri
~
tion
.brownish parchnlent]0CONSISTS of three sn]all fragments(1]olim Mishmarot(40330
fact composed of one large and csvo small pieces , as15,1מן.The largest fragment, frg
"stith.334.43and333.42vomparison(א of the later photographs , PAMפroven byק
somewhat darker hue than8of5וcm and2.4%5.4measures!1.703.41earlier PAM
respectively . The rernnan
c
of2,2%5.2וחםcm and2%7.1which rneasure,3and2
.
frgs
1
.
evldence that frg2and1single letter opposite lines8intercolumnal marg~n and8ח
contains remalns of two adjacent columns . Minute traces of letter bases above the
written8stem from the middle of3and2.partially preserved top lines indicate that frgs
.colurnn
Contents
partly(23and11[ו.frgsח]'The repeated mention of the ~ first of the first month
priestly("5א. course , Mijamin8]0together with the name,(4and22.frg1חextant also
schedule8מזס]!suggests that the fragments stern,(3111.and Jeshebab (frg(3211נ1ן
serles of consecutive years . This day also0[פthe first day0מof mishmarot that served
and,השניםישי of the year,ירחיםיאשיתorחודשראש,signifies the beginning of the month
festive8was evidently considered18-7;4(328כו).זQPsa XXVII11;6-5)נQS1(singled(11(ינ[פר(זון9).י out by cultic songs and special sacrifices,סועד,occaslon
,40321and40320ת]the comprehensive festival calendars presented10contrast1מ
al'o1ne specific festi0חsome scrolls record only the names of mishmarot that serve
the,0of the first dayתו4(330נthroughout the six-year cycle . The seriatim enumerationgiven number of years , together with the names of the pricstlyפfirst month over
theseח1 days , parallels the service schedule of mishmarot0מduty0חcourses that are
then details theהשניםרשיאלה.4(328בthe summary notationמ]which culminates4(328כthe2וע.חס,the beginning of the annual quarters)8d~lty0מpriestly courses that are
first day of the first ~ fourth , seventh , and tenth months , revolving similarly around one
the mis/Imarot5,115
~
he latter document'.4(3298בand4(329בspecific holy season , likethe0ע[3,מ,the day of the sacrifice of the Passah lamb0חthat officlate annually
.fourteenth of the first month
Qinlron , T/, e Tetnple.%800,1983);שhe Temple scrofl (lerusalem: IES and the Shrine of the'7,Yadin.'יSeeי.10:10ad loc . cf. Num(1996,Sheva : Ben-.
Gurion
University of the Negev ; Jerusalem: IES8""י)stroll
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES152
the,ששהז0 mention of the seven-year cycle1540330Another unique characteristic ofcalendricalו!01doesמ(תס[הזז0 scrolls ~ since10[מcommonly referred)015תwhich,שבוע
40319However , iry.(2]]1.frg0ת
year
mishmarot schedule (see COMMENTS.-5[צthe10
the beginning of the8יthe mishmarot that serve]0both cycles are recorded. The names
1the[88ת sevenתןfirst seven years (probably the first jubilee) are possibly also detailed
and may shed sorne light,40330listing resembles that of]0The method.1140319ץof
.the nature of this composition0מ
based cannot be unequivocally5]which the document0תThe calendrical systern
and the combination of typical40330identified because of the fragmentary state of
seven-~ year periods0יmishmarot terrninology with chronometrical vocables . References
monthsמ1(.81. and festivals , are00and jubilees , along with those of (the beginnings
but:...קודששבועי without any mention of mishmarot,10-9]]140286ת]also present
Theק"ז- sarne.ר,דרועדי[ומו]...הארץושבתות...כבודומועדי...נים[שראשי]...חדשיםודגליthe 'Psalm of Appointed Prayerת]of festive dates)1חthe even niore detailed1018[5ת
Qs1('Timesל1(26-ל(8):ראשי,..קודשלימימועדיםבמבוא ' or '
Song
of the Seasons
לשבועיהםשניםמועדי...מועדיהםתקופות(ב)ושניםראשי...למועדיהםירחיםראשית...מועדיםcontradistinction, mishmarot rosters invariably encornpass the1דרורלרועדשבועיהםוברוש.מ
.year cycle-5מ8צו]service order of the priestly courses
Palaeography
late Hasmonaean semi -~cursive script which8מ]tralned scribe8was penned by4(330ב 2
32.frgן",מןQpapMMTe) . See especially the form of4(40398resembles the script of
mrn
.
'rhey are22צ.)Recurring letters are identically executed and measure uniformly
mm:מיתומימין
,
except for several instances of ligatures1space of8clearly separated by
,(3]]1.frg(1ח2-1),נהתושנה,ניתושניה,באבת1ישבאב.frg(בד[מבחודש,בו[מבשבוע
,
)( twice
dry0תThere are.2מזתזspace of8Words are separated by.(22.frg(בח[תש[בחוד
5straight , with interlinear spaces regularly measuringתטזrulings , but lines nevertheless
.wide9151תעח.frgתוThe partly extant intercolumnal margin.תזתן
Mus.]עת.710
*334.43,333.42,703.41PAM
11.Frg
י,1יה,2
,Oxford : Clarendon;טנסצ)Strugnell.ןQimron and.8MigFat Macaie Ha-.
Torah
, ed . byמן,'Yardeni , ' Script.נג
,tross , ~ The Development of
the
Jewish Scripts' , The Bible Qnd the Jencient Near East.4%.ץcf. also.31-28(1994
fig.14919611,Wright.4,[[ת"4. (New York : Doubleday.8.3)Albnight , ed . by.א,.ןHonor ofמןEssays
&Is40330
READI
NGS
5עדסאא0
~3Dשמ,as[תfrg.1ן[נ.
"
heae arr possibly the last two letters of
the
phrase'".1,.2אה
]11.Frg
ההאשוןבחודשבאחדמימיןי
שנהןששיבשבוע2"בשןהד
..ן[(פש,בנישבאבשניהשנהנ
שי 414
READINCS0שזסאא
fault8and the preceding dalet was possibly caased byאאlalger than usual space bet~veen4.1במיש.],the parchmentתן
15,)as proposed by Wacholder ar~d Abegg(0ת!,שםhe and15That the last letter of the word.3.14[שנק
letterמנה. of the preceding word81תחwith the88קחוסס[חסמproven by
beforeשניהטלהcorrection of the erroneous reading88!This interlineary insertion.אשב6מ"ו3[
~out"1טwhich bes was possibly
RT
ANSIATION
[the first
~
day) of the f,[rst] month0ח)Mijami~y (serves.1
[year(תן)week six2.תו
theת0[ fi[~h] year Jeshebabרםthe second year.3
Co""
eNTS
headingתן the third year
,
and Jeshebab the fifth (as85319נ)תו4listedחthe cou
rse
Mijamin'1.]presumably of the nrst seven -.year period of the nrst jubilee. These mithmarot names are,(3;330ב1ן)4
accordingly!ח328ב4and41(329ב. reconstructed
,Therefore.32.frgשמטה[תseven-year period, like the restored vocable80!his term refers'
-
[.2בשכה.דseven]0schedule constituted11.the mishntaros rosters!0the fixed six-year cycle0!confonn!0תdoes%403
years , underlies77צ
~
hbilees where one jubilee equalsת]year units , which reflects the system that prevails
also known from the Apocalypse of15sm~lar chronology1!8!(%4031.ועQumrasl documents like the osot.40390and from(93Enochצ)Weeks
2.Frg
loaו
הראשוןבחור1שאחד[ב2
HT
E IUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIES154
טהן[שןמיין[מימנ
הרא16ןבוודא*
ReADINGS05שזסאא
6suggested[0חיfrg4.1אי1 by the same phraseבושש
"T1he restoration of
IWW
[.2דיאיןסומש..23.and frg
buttress the3,4(398ל.which crזסו
"508lh!מו-cursive~שן
~l'ole
.
The unmisistakable traces of3.]חfrg0.1ם2שבנע).
'
see above COMMENTS(תנזםשכוטה)the)0restoration
RT
ANSLATION
][.1
[the [nrst mlonthמןthe first[02.ח
[Mijam] in i[my] lh.3
~
the] fir[st mon]th4.[ת
3.Frg
*
]0[ן
הראשונןחודש[ב2
TRANSLATION
the] nr[st] month2.תן
.2
.
col28ןcf. Yardeni , 'Palaeographic Comparative Chert '
t
DYD(
?QCalendrical Document4E.337
וווץ)
'
PLATE(
lrigchelaar_ש.נ.םGarcia Martinez and.ץed . by,2.Previous pub~ication : The Dead Sea Sciullt Stady Edition , VOI.706(1998,Brill.)Leiden:ש.נ
calendrical8stems from40337probable that!1makesבשבתTHE recurrence of.al
low
for further conclusions!0חHowever , the scanty text remalns do.ו08קהזסס!ח0י
i'hysical Descri
~
tion
comprised of two pieces Of unequal size which together4
~
he wrinkled , brown fragment1
8cm . The combined fragment contains the remains of four lines of3.5%2.4measure!8framed5ןThe column.1[םתword per"חסvery narrow column , apparently with only
linesתןleft , whichז8טןcm-~wide margin . The blank1.2partly preserved8the right by
vlde1exceptionally8חremnant of either the left margin or of818,mrn wide8.)4נוcan be!4וand111הן05חfillly extant and8]שבתthe word,2)1ח1תו
.
inter-word space
.of the preserved first letters5]688the0תrestored with confidence
Palaeogra
~
hy
and theטפ)the looped left perpendicular of,311חםת!curslve. Rei.-8115תזםThe script 1
.the late Hasmonaean period0!suggest the dating of the text,2חוצתו0תווtruncated
3
"mmחו1[ה , with the exception of the appreciably smaller rei3%3Letters measure
mm
.
Interlinear spaces meas
ure
1.)space of8עחthey are separated;41תו8תוd eoa~a1oI
cm . The identical execution of recurring letters and the uniform layout evince the2.1-1.trained scribe8hand of
Mus.דת710.1י
*334.43,335.42,774.41PAM
"eevelopment of the lewish scriptst ~ The Bible and the Ancient Near Ealt
.
Essal ~i"ך'ח.~cross.14.?SeeיWright,א.ד.:Doubleday,1961)149,יחוו4. (Garden City.ש.;)Honor of
vr
-
?. Alb
*ht. ed . by
HT
E IU
DAEAN
DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES156
בשבנתי]בשבת2
]אחרןנ
ובשחת4
ןיד4י5ש;א0
the) Sabba[th(0ת.!
[the) Sabbath(02.מ
the) Sab [bath(0תand.4
ENTSC1Ohlh
roster of the Sabbaths8contained4(337לprobable that1ןmakes01בשבתThe triple occurrence4-1.1]
similar catalogue ofינ.service0מwithout the mention of the mishmaroe!0throughout the year , with 2
.also known from other ancient ~ources5ןand,מ4(3246ל]presumably preserved5ןSabbaths
For.(32111,12,7,211,1;י
QpHab
1;17,11usually spelled prene (cf. e . g . IQS5ןThe word.1,.3אתרן
and,(715נ1ה)אחרנאתרעאעד(5,Aramaic4(273ל1!ןמן-cf1ט%י)Hebrewאתרןתןפ
'
the defective spelling
especiallyאתרןשבון[ר(4(209ל25נ).*
:Quhnran Latu (Leiden11)Sdudies
"Countingמן008Ancientזט50 oe the Sabbathד'"ט',Baurngarten.1%.נSee2 .Brill,1977)115-נ2.
"נ
)QCalendrical Document ]( (Re-edition4.2-1394
)~IPLAT~ vrl
tlnpuhlithedמ5 Dead?4או)Preliminary Editionג,Abegg'4).גלWacholder and.2.8:Previous publications
as
t
"
S1trugnell , if.נQ~ mron and.ן199)89-י9:ש,Biblical Archaeology Society..ום.ם,Washington(1.scrolls, fasc 203
Oxhrd,1994)0-109,5-44,7ן. ; Clarendon.)((מני))Ha- To~ah3,שם!ז
separate documentבfirst correctly registered as!בTHE ltem under rev
lew
was
was also incorrectly identified as1ז,However.41111%.]'.ןpresumably by,(327()4)
nes~ er!ןMish Eb and thereby associated with the category of mishmarot texts, although
the cycle of the priestly courses . ~ Qimron -Strugnell designated the item0)refers
the!8calendricalק0ז roster preservedבpiece of1]בזand placed ]! before the2-14(394כThis arrangement does1.QM
MT
4as part ofיוevidently presenting,4(394נ7-3וofdetailed sumnaary of factors8תוStrugnell later pointed out85,scrutiny0*stand upיסח 3
.which undermine this proposition
~'hysicaI Descri
~
tion
the edges , sve
re
identified as,בl
~
hree dark brown parchment fragments , grey
ing
Tso fragments could be conjoined.33542.ןand703.41PAM(2-1394כ)0י4belonging
339.43the strength of their dovetailing edges and considerations of content ( PA
~
I0ח0canז be adjoined2.sirnilar reasons frg1.זסק.form the composite frg521.43)0יand
.1.the left Of frg
three.ן-וו[) columns ( cols]0cm and contains parts2.52.10$צmeasu
re
1.Frg
cm5.1-8.0511ןand].015)mm-wide margins . 'Yhe margin between9separated by
.
cm3.2-7.1,עןand]]ן.cm ; and between COIS2-6.1,ווןand]018.ן)wide; between
cm.עוandר',עו[ז"תב and contains parts of COls6.47.5צmeasures2.~
rg
mm8-58there remains'י.col,0the left0יך~.cm8.1-1intercolumnar margin offractionת0". of the rnargin between this column and the lost next
lo~' er2411.halves of the columnsקקט"ו
~
'he preserved lines of text stem from the
linesבז[ית , plusח)!,text,0holds the largest remains111.halves are mlsslng . colpreserves eight rnostly completeע.Col.1[םמeleventh8תletter top fromשparticle of
ses~ en,]1
.
col11[םת.חfaint rernnants of anotherםתווlines , and above the uppermost
Although the original number of.זטס],].colח]practically intact lines are extant , and
column cannot be established with certainty because of the lost bottom parts81חlines
~Garcia hlartinez , The Dead sea srrr~ lls Tratls/afe.זתן.ע.ץfollowed by most translators , See5ןpractice5]ד'ן1
,,Maier, Die e~aran Estnter
:
: Dif Texte rom Tote)t ~llFer.14551(1994,Brill ; Grand Rapids ; Eerdmarts.3.ש:(Leiden
.301-300(1995,Munich and Basel : Reinhardt(צ!Band
.5-44,9-6,)(Strugnell , DYD.1and82.הסזוהוכו
.203,'QMMT40חAddition~ l Observations:3Ibid . , 'Appendix3
.1.wrongly placed this fragment before the composite f'g.90-89,Preliminary Edition4ש,Wacholder-Abegg4
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES158
comparison with calendrical80תpartial reconstruction of the text based8,of the text
.offered belowחtype88[זשחוחdocuments of
ontents?(
which wereתוself-contained rosteri8component of8discussed here as152-140394day solar year ; the-364the1תsequentially registered the fifty-tsvo Sabbaths
proven(ו(*7ל) by the mention of the 'Feast of the88,ovenanters ' special holy seasons3(
summary statements pertaining;(9-501.י))'Sacrificeי,6סס)and the ' (Feast of the0יט
with the first,(20-10:82."1שנ.cf(חקופותthe four subdivisions of the year, the0!
listed , but!סמBiblical festivals are.(8-6]].01ס)sumeary partly preserved
0!give cause40326comparlson with8considerations of content and space and
the document . The conjunction of theת]conclude that they were initially recordedof the calendrical"זסםconsecutive enumeration of the Sabbaths , which const~tutes the
reflectתנ their order0יappears,עדים)מschema , interspersed with mentions of theincluded18(3:23Sabbathת1פ statute (Lev8,that per~cope1ת.reverse123תLeviticus
which opens and closes svith the(44-4,2-1:23)detailed schedule Of festival laws
The.(44and37,cf. vv,4,2.זץ)'formula ' these are the appointed seasons of the Lord
aye',קדשמקראי(4,2:23, recurrently defined sacred assemblies,הוה'מועדי,annual festivalsthis81תן8שViewed(3:23).שthe Sabbath0!applied18Yhe same designation',(44
background , the Covenanters ' fully reconstituted calendrical schedule (partly reflected
elaborately8תreads like(403246-חand3תו7-340394,2-140394,40326ן1-יthe0!Yhe original biblical sun~mary reference'.3:23paraphrased version of Lev
Sabbaths811systematic[חפ enumeration Of8תו2-140394[0ותdeveloped5]Sabbath
.the biblical sourceת]the inventory of the annual festivals0!year , similarminimal remalns of]0the conjectural restoration0!This supposition lends support
which presumably concludes,340325fragment7חחthe0תfour lines of text preserved
the service cycle of the0יreference1מpreceding catalogue of Sabbaths and festivalsב
have been worded like the resumptive0!appears!3-1).צ
.
priestly watches (frgs
opening':[החוהשרוש...טלנהששה statement of the biblical 'calendar Of holy seasons
"שר[אקדשמקראיקווהמונעדיאלה...)cf;4:23Lev.ע2).במועדמןאוחםקראו
,note that the biblical sunimary of the ,priestly calendar of festivals0יof interest5]11
partly8by3723תו4(365נfollowed18,(44:23Lev(שראל''בנאלהוה'מועדיאהמשהלידברpreserved description of the Wood Offering' ceremonies , after the mention of the
מחר(תו1"9).
~
מגטהעצטאתיקריבוהיצדריחצד
"'(?(7ים)ה0
~
estival of the
the type of almanac exemplified by the fragments of this docurnent, the1מ
-403246and the cryptic fragments,40326,1QMMT4]0the top!8calendrical torso
1,However.5-29319931)16QMMT' . RewQ4notaa sobre05מ',Garcia Martinez.קAs also maintained byו
different types Of calendrical7-340394ן0זand the top linea of4(327בdisagree ~vith h ~ s tentative ascription Of
and4(327נ,VanderKam, ~Tht Calendar.ן.םrejected by3150QMhIT was4401(394נ2-1!סascriptionםאקד.works
~Bernstein , ?. Garci.4תby.6*,~artenB8au.1.7ג.Honor OfיPwblished.)אLegal Texts and Legal Isrves"1394
)4
Kampen:8.ג.Brill,ך199)94-179. (
Leiden
,Martinezן. and
.8:Q~nwan Law (Ieiden1פStwdits
"Baumgartenחן5Ancitntטמיט50 , 'The Counting of the Sabbath.4.1תSee6
).Brill,1977)115-ג2.
Whiteנ(ווו,318-255. , ' Reworked Pentateuch ' , DYD.5Tov ana.7ש
159)Re - edition(2-140394
which the festivals0ח% , the monthly dates of the Sabbaths and the days of the weekimmutablyחן applicable5ןare fixed forever
.
Therefore , this calendrical schedule,811!
ay g~ven year, differing fundamentally from mishmarot rosters , The lveekly rotation of
theחן0עא
~
'enlpleחןthat o[ficiate(18-7:24Chr1)priestly watehes24the traditional
units necessarily have additionalזטס!weeks requlres that26seml-annual circults of
the8ז,twro half-week sessions0ז!tours Of auty : three for another full week , and one
staggered sers ' lceבthe end of the year . " This brings about!פbeginning and
larying Sabbaths and0חof[lclateןןועוwhich different mishmarot1חarrangement4successive(320נ,4(321נ,4(פ321ל,4and(325ל.()ח[ע years , as illustrated byת]festivals
adjustment achieve(i , and the serl~ ice85ןחyear cycle"-פ5[צthe cornpletion of!8
the next cycle , beginning svith theחןexactly repeat itself111ועschedule of the watches
.that opened the preceding one1]חטsame
under review here contain the partly preserved catalogues!5]1The fragments of the
the sixth month . ~fhe0זthe secondחז0ז,
,
the first two annual quartersתוof holidays
vith the help of1suhstantial lacunae110חחן!possible)ןsystematic account makes485calendrical(394נ117-3- particulars culled from fragments of similar reg~sters , such
0!and from references,40325and4(324נfrom mishmarot ros
ters
like,4(326נand3
,specifically calendrical character8ofז0חworks which areת]Sabbaths and festivals
the schedule of the second half111(ג5קנ.חQTH , and11,CD,108,QpHab1such asSabbaths : the ' Davזצ0ת0זthe seventh month would festivals be recordedחוyear, only
the',יום first of the month ; the ' Day of Atonement0ח
"of',הזכרוןים Remembrance
the.ח1 fifteenthרסכותחנ,מס,'Booths,0the tenth ; and the ~
Feast
הכפוריםorדיזעניהיימ,ת0since,6"1151beסזthe account of the Iast five months of the year, only Sabbaths need
.
themמןfestivals fall0מ
Palaeogra
~
hy
linesח8 . possibly executed by!0The irregular lettering and the une~en spac ~ng
the'5טז(;(' ' early Herodian semiformal ' or,0be0זthe script5יוסא,unskilled scribe
theחןare smaller than those]וןand]].015)the lower lines ofתןcategory . ~ Letters
the0זcontrastת],Equall)t.ץcols. ] andחוupper ones , and are appreciably larger
vhichז8 lines are spaced bv,ת]
"[[,ן[[and[ר
.
the lower parts of colsת]crowded writing
and lvords are clearly separated , and the interlinear5זסז)
"and1ץ1
.
COISת],f1fin1most,mm.וווששחןעד)מ(001. e . g4%4Some letters measu
re
almost.0ן(.2תזמזspace amounts
'bet , and tazv,5השמן(01ם.יון6אוand,(301ם.י)(01ם.[6),בעסרימU'ell~dll1מmemץ5).81תח
eתואחר(01ם. . g . blep , het, and rei,2צ2חזחז.)others rneasure only;(201ס.211,ע)תשבת]14theל![מעליו((01.ן[ small8]Especialty noticeable.(701.י))משבה]bet and taeu,(611
!0the executionתן
l
~
hereas.)6]בעשרים(01ם.וןand,(51]1,01ס)6),בענשתין(01ם.[1[2),עשר
the,[תושלושא middleתןthe right stroke joins the diagonal(7611,י.cols(קשןלתואחרthe very bottom . The looped lo~er PHTC of8זconnects svith the diagonal!(01ם.[ע6)ן
trlangular[מעליו((01.ן[6). shape5!ןdiffers perceptibly from(41.01ס)תןושלושהlamed
.3see INTRODUCrION , APPINDIX8
the,חן394syhichט14- script,0letter analysis"-?6-detailed letter8provide(4-3,)נand Strugnell (DYDנ[חסוחו)9 .document
מ0"
,0are discussed as parts7-3יand2
THE JUDAEAN DE
~
ERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES160
pointed out by,2-140394andינQMMT4The apparent similarity of the scripts ofthe sanieוחQ~mron-Strugnell , possibly suggests that both manuscripts were penned
copy of the 'annual roster Of holy seasons' written by him, for8scribe, who used
exemplar of MiqFat Mabie Ha-Torah, whichתו!0תפsubsequently transcribing the text
~the execution of several letter1תdiscernible differenceפ,he produced . ~o However
consistentlyתןפ endsאחthe diagonal of,2-1403941ת.cannot be overlooked
severalת]foot . This prominent feature can also be observed80!5ב
חטסחסזק(6ם801"
"1),שלמה(0תו21),נהכשר(!ת1*14),e.תושבה([מו .g,]7-3ת4(394ב]exemplars of the letter
,(10oineתושהם(ת11*9),בשר.many others , e .gתוlacking15but,(15"מו])שלואבשלandthe[ת394נ41 relative smallness of byin0!contrast1בשל(1[ח"19).תand,(14"1[ת)שדבונחהן
(חו1*5),
"of.תואעשט byin equals that of other letters , e . g"2]5the21QMMT42-1,[מ
Moreover, the characteristic inward curvature.(16oineעל...עווןהעסand,(11"ח]])ועל
their completely straight formתןequal0מhasגQMMT4אועש[תof the top strokes of
.this documentמ]exemplars of this letter811מ]
guide the0!8"11תhas horizontal and vertical dry7-34(394נFurthermore , whereas
More.(521.43PAM(2-1394ב)ת40such rulings can be discerned0ת,scribe
with other Qumran85well88,21QMMT4comparison withמ],significantly
hold8"11מare unusually narrow
,
The written2-140394manuscripts , the colurnns ofmore than two inter0חeight lettets plus10(7!1.01ם)only one co three words , ] . " . four
.longC1ft2most!פare5"11איך"מ.spacesת"!maxirnum of(01ם.5111),ע[2.פword spaces
10780theיפ calendrienlםמ11תו)reconstructed(ק"ןBy contrast , the number of WOtds
between eight and0!whole, amountsפasו/QMMT41מas,]7-34(394בthe top ofbetween thirty-five10spaces comes6[8ת61וע-eleven
.
The number of letters and WOtd
eullyתattain5"11פ preserved or fully restorable.(170מו])"ת[מ-and arty(19,10( lines
mrn. The5-*space ofפcm , and are consistently separated by1110length of up
cm as2,7-340394and2-140394length between"1הןתוconspicuous difference
undermines the Qimron-Strugnell hypothesis that the two items are11ס!ווחagainst
QMMT, and strongly suggests that they are Eragments of4consecutive parts Of 12
.different manuscripts
8the wr~tten columns contain,2-140394Strugnell reconstruction of-0מ0זחזוthe1ח
has eighteenן.~ col1:result are of different heights888varying number of lines , and
against!ס1twenty[08ח nineteen88fifteent,]ן].seventeen, and col,עןlines , COIS . ] ] and
any other Qumranת]this
ro
exceedinglyתן unlikely thatג.י51ןQMMT4תן
marked.ת1 degree8such0,column would vary1[85תק"וmanuscr ~pt the number of
the partial reconstruction proposed here, each column holdsתו,contradistinction
Stegemann thaE the fragrnents of.אby?)8ס(יTl] is supposition gains support from inbrmation provided1)י.of
~QMMT
theק0ן;"5 several fragmentaryקטחןwere found rolled2-14(394נ
GanUSCr ~ pt , albeit much less acute , can be observed0(רthe length of lines betw~ en columnsחןfluctuation11ג
QApocryphalנ(25-403.1. Psalrn and Prayer' , DYD4.448',Yardeni.ג,Eshel.א
,
Eshel.8חן
,VanderKam , Calendars " ske Drad Sea Scr*ls ; Mmmti
~
g Time (bondonlNew York: Rot~tledge.).נ.cfני.5noteח]and the pertinent publications adduced75,1998
70מם5יי,7,א.
of
the
co
~
umn . Therefore , theק,חthe lowerהןtext!יסוreconstitute the0)attempt!0חQim
ron
-Strugnell did4י.eight lines are preserved , cannot be ascertainedקקט(זwhich theחו001,ע,חוnumber of lines
161)Re .- edition(2-14394בי
the outset that the th
ree
Theseז8 data buttress the claim madeתנו"5.5יsixteen
independent calendrical document svhich8חsurvived from2-14(394כfragments Of.QMMT4be combined with16טסא8ש0ח
Orthography
super -ple~ le spellings86חexhibit the p/ene01חdoes2-1חן4(394כYhe text preserved':which characterize other Qumran manuscripts
QPsa11חןlvhereas,(901.י))ם'העצן,קרב:spelled defectively5ןfor sacrificeתזז")The13QTaקורבנכמה. xx1150תןand equally,ולקורבןtwice spelled plene18)]7XXVI
I
alwaysח8פ/קש.neverבוא,asזי5ן spelled ,vithout5]תטסחסזקבוthe,חו4(325לLike
the4032614(3218ל.חand41ח321ל].other calendrical documents , e . gמ]consistently
two:1[ח(4בו,1[ת"5בוא. spellings are used alternatively
asעשריםתו against(501.[ע)),without yod indicatingעשרםThe single occurrence of
.scribal mistake8חזסז!probably resulted(3ן3;ן[3,ן[[6;י.other instances (cols811
cf.[ן[5-4 . col(עשרבששהinstead of(301.[ע))אשרשש,בSimilarly , the scribe wroteagainstושלושה((01.[4),ושמונה the prevailing spellings(601ם.[ע)ושלושאand,(עשרבשמונה
three((01.[ע linesת0ם(ז8"זשת[תסחוThe.(71]].01ם)רחמשהand,(4]]].01ם)(01ם.411),בשמונה
this Juncture the81suggest that10of what are presumably lapas calami appears(6-3
scribe erred or becarne inattentive , rather than that the inconsistertt spellings gnte
suggested-5!חשטז"7.11י by Qimron88,histor~ cal orthography-חסמhis10witness
Mus.ימצ.693,472.43,450.43,*339.43,190.43,335.42,760.41,703.41,208.41,780.40,618.40PAM
521.43,492.43
thirteen colurnns which the original document presurnably contained , unless an~ther1]80)would pertain8]5יווד.Lntroduction preceding the present roste
r
requlred additional lvriting space8י0חcalendrical register
hlasada.5נ and Qumranוחסז!manuscriptsח,eedi*eyal biblical codices , andמ!Such scr~bal mistakes abound6י ,6ויוםום'לכול,but,חו(5דכפוריםולש;andשחון9כאוהוארבעואבעיםששד.0ץ!תש,5ט11(נן(חסו0
QY
Ps' xxvil1חן
.
e . g
~QDan'
and1חUlrich, ' Orthographi' and Text.ןalia"זחןQum[an manuscripts , seeן'מן
orthographic'6יטת" 1םן
the,1,1!(,!?ו(הם(" Hebresv BibieחזScribes a) ~ d SrrollS
:
Studiesו(),'the Received Masoretic Textח,QDanh and4
A~ tridgc.י6אעי.Birthday . ed6014"*"~he Occasion0חstrugnell.7סןesented*1,$hristk origin?(6אפy~daism
fLRnharn,1990)9ן-42. , Md . : University Press of Anlerica.!פ!פ
.6.%DYDיי
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES162
2-1.Frgs
1.colוא001.ח.colcol.ץוסם."
[ו][עשר]ן
ף[ואח][בתשעה]]n]Sel[ד]ה*
שבתבושבחןנבו[עשרשתי]בעלבתבו]שברחנכו2
בעשריםאשרשש[גשבתבולגשריםבעשריםנ
ומגיםשבתבובשמונהושמונהושלושה*מועדבובעשרםשבתבועשרשבת[ו]בשבתבונ
השמןושלושאבעשריםאחרעליוישי4ם]6ל[הב6
א6בתמוחמשההשבת[שבתבו]ז
"השבתר
[ייו]ה*גלל6461שבתבוהשעי6[תיי[לשבעה8
[העציםקרען[שבתבו]בשנים[נוסףויום][והשלישי9
[בעשרים][בשבעה]י]בח66[לשלמה[תשבת10
[ושמונה][גששי]nISmlהתקופך][עשרבארבעה]11
nael[תשעים][שבתגו12 [nelhm~
l[שבתגו]
[בארבעה][מועדבו][ואחד][עשרולחמשהנו
[מנשר[היין][מום[חגהבו!4
[שבתבו][אחר][ומארבעה]D'elmnI!נ
[בעשרים][השבח][מברביעי[הבעשרים6י
READINGSאסNo' rF.s
(01.ן;
the otherwise lost1מalep and het can be discemed'!0the downstrokes!0Tiny traces.ן.ן[1וגהי0the([י4אר. restitution0זleading,"ת10[ח!
cannotחןושמונה,likeמןבשמתה(01ס.חן4)andיחמשה(01ס.111 be decided whether mem11.4ושמונה.]final1510ןcomes closer0תמועד(001.ז5)י]of
the
letterמוזי]approximates the ( incomplete) medial,(7
.(10]".col(בחם
~
theתוין broken memחןהשמן(01ס.ע6)6חבmedial position , as8מןform
col.ם[
trace of8evidently be ~ , possibly preceded by15טחךtheתוletterס5טוק[4טיThe first.41[ת1%ש.]However , the.(51.בו,01םsee below, CO~IMENTS ad("י0אanother letter , presumably the bottom spike
.should also be weighedב
~
readingטבחן
certainly(!6שof10קparticle of theפrnost probably,18מ]theת]speckצחייBefore the.(1,.1]שששroomשאת. for one more letter , suegesting the restitution of the word15tuaw)
,
there!סח
163)Re .-edition(2-1394נ)4
coI.ינ
Thia reading
am
y be considered certain . For the unusual.6-3.1ושלוש8בעשרם.,.אשרוב4שש]
.ee ORTHOGR~PHY8,spelling
TRANSLATION
the0ת,Sabbathחןזןthe twenty -. third0ת,]the second month) Sabbath(111תthe eixteenth0ו.[ח ן(
the;ח fourteenth0מ,the third ( month) Sabbathמןthe seventhמל).Sabbath)1מן]thir [tie]th
-the twenty0ח..the Festival Of Week!1מנthe fifteenth0ח,Sabbath
add) the day after the Sabbath(1זSabbath . Onto[)ו]מ1the twenty-eighth[0ח],Sabbath11[1תfir[st.11
additional (epagomenal ) day , and the8חSunday) , and the secon [d day (of the week) . and.*.1)
the
~
ourthתןthe fourthח,).complete , ninety-~ one days18)season ) ] . * . the first quarter of the year
(ח0ות!תא
theחן twentv -fifth0ח,Sabbath1חןזthe eighteenth0ח,Sabbath!1חוthe ele[venthlתס,]Sa]bba[th[.111
the,0the Festival)1ח:the third0ת,the fif[th (month) Sa] bba [th1מthe secondתל).Sabbath" ,]the day) after Sabbath0ת)VVine(א*ש)theחןן(Sabbath,[ח0 twenty-"thi
rd
[the[מאSabbath,ח0 sixteenth0ח,Sabbathת1מ!אחנזןtheח
"[ץ.
rhe(ת(1 fourteenth0ת,the sixth (month ) Sabbathחןthe seventhח().Sabbath!ח1ו]the thlirtieth
[-the twenty0ת,Sabbath
the day) aft [er0(4מ"יי)(1ול,(חthe]0the Festivalח1ן]the twenty-second0מ,Sabbath!]ת]]first.ץ].Sabbathת1ן)the twenty-eighth0ת,the WoodJ Offeri [ngאthe Sa]bbath, aft [er
CO""ENTS
1.col
.)))Sabbath8which fallsח)previously recorded month0פ!This pronoun~
S
refera back.5בו.]the0)re [erenceמןseemingly omitted5ןThe terrn.(5001.ז)festival11י52;[וןי83;ען7.4:י2)0[פ.cols
theחןfirst Sabbath listed immediately after the explicit mention or the month . This practice
" follolved
thisחןreta ~ned also%!חן4(325נ41ן,However.(11.1ו10;אןagainst14,12,71.cols.8.")resto
red
text
vith the sixth scrs~ice1'position, possibly because of the synchronisation of the 'beginning of the month ,0and the date(3"ן;ח)day of the course Jeda
~
ah , which intervenes between the mention of the month
theת111(שת411). first Sabbath
the ' Festival of]0The restored reading m ~rrors the designation.[15-13.1השב1עטןחנבדעשרבחמשה]several(440320י;ו5,ע11;י13-4;"9;40321ז5,1;1ץ1;403246 calendrical documentsתו'Weeks
frg[1.Liturgical.1]4-3:חר;אביוםןם'ןוןהבןכיוזןרןש(עי)השבנ)חבועשרבחמשה(1ם Calendar* ] col)נ[crypt
The perpetually fixed celebration.9xlx"1107מוcould be read , asשבושתן(ה)יצHowever , also81.).א חן
the third month can be deduced from mishmarot rosters,0Sunday the fifteenth0מof this festival
The date ' fifteenth.(.640320ו6ן)priestly watch8service ofיסthe first dayס)always dated1ן5ןwhich
.(13xxl;1נQT* xlx11see also(5-1:44:16:1:15:ונ.yubחןexplicitly indicated15'of the third month
001.וו
Sabbath!י1.חם"- the0יrefers backזוHere.,(846))חס(סו'This technical te
rm
signifies.6עליו.]0)Tuesday) ,
ra
e.12'י)"
(68which Sunday , Monday , and the epagomenal0!20,א1ת0תוeighth of
the
third
that the third month numbers thirty-one days , and the ( first) quarter altogether ninetv-one0$,be addedsee.א9). col(
the,0the standard designationןסשבת)אחר5ן,the Covenanters ' calendrical terminology17-6.1ת]7-6ibid . lines:חן3140325:שבתאחרטוששהם'בעשרט'ששרד:מקday after Saturday (viz . Sunday) , as
ב."
418(324נreads5.31בה,restoredתותוו"4,
.Pfann.5final ) qlotcd court~sy of!0ח)T~xt9יandחןתב suggest,(45,)לthe Sabbath) (DYD.ן.פ)'!ןand Strugnell translate the term 'after20(נ(חסזימ
may also beעל'and that
"theחסום(א specific0!)MMTחןle~st1פ)can . . . referעלע'explanatory con~ment that
,(9;.or col(10ן
,
colחןthe third month mentioned10referenceפ,However.(44,)לDYD('ב~ubstitute forפtaken as
.interval of twelve lines , seems untikelyמפvia. after
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES164
the0חfallsו)אחר
"the,שבח present instanceץ)הקשבתבושים)בשל.]תwacהחודשש)רbaca
t
שבחאהרהשלישי the first8calendricalןtermedבשבהאחד,' documents , this day.-ת1מסת.of the third monthת[א1ח-twenty
(dayןweek"1'("4.8(252כ1ו13,4). of(
the second day (of the week) ' , viz . Monday the',ן'השלם(1'יןfollowed by5ןThis.ו.ל-7השבחאחר]the]0the thirty-. first day,מסףיוםthirtieth , and the epagomenal day , designated by the technical term
and.7-340394ו2-1). twelfth (cfא1שח,third month , and likewise of the sixth
This!ח formula summarizes the sche(~ dule of ninety-one days.1.1י-14פן)יואחדחשעיםפה)דחק11שלמה]
nowפwhich concludes,1QMMT4]010קfunctions like the statement at
the
11.the first annual quarter
the(תן) year " complete',עםוארבעהןתששיםמאתשלושהשהדשלמה:lost calendrical exposi of the entire year21
.'daysןץט-ixty5three hundred and
the fourthתןthe first Sabbath10The restoratlon of
this
reference.[שעןת'ע'ברבבארבעה]15.1-ין;1]
the third month which fallsתןabsolutely required by the preceding listing of the last Sabbath3ןmonth
the!חזתסח fourthחןthe second Sabbath]0and the ensuing mentlon,(5-3]001.ן)the twenty-eighthתס
The!טתו4of(326כבאחד reading % supported by the opening.(3-201ם.ן[ו)the eleventh08115ת]which
that51ת4(324כ]the four[th (day) Sabbath] ' , and by the staternent0ת)the first (monthשבתברביעןי,'חן
ofביאחבהעה[באר1ב the seventh month, llחחטס]Sabbath) the(0תmishmar liezir entered the Temple
contrast , the restorat~ on proposed byתו.four annual quarters are identically structured11פsince,חהילthe(5ן8 first of the fourth (month',
"Qimronכ(,5-44),כרו1ן!יוםברביעיאחד and Strugnell (DyD
and the ensulng mentlon of
the
firstתקשהthe first]0the end0!Memorial Day ' , between the reference
cf(23:6.presumably.1אן.13:72). derives from yub)1.altogether unwarranted5ן,,the secondתןSabb ~~ ath
known by the3]the Covenanters ' calendrical vocabulary , only the first day of the seventh monthת] וץ
accordinglyחן4(320כ4[ין11י14; restored;91,1;6,2,ן)הוכרם)'(4(320כ4וון6;4(321כיappellations
whichכרון!שבחון echo the designation,(נQTi xxv11(1'(תרועהרון[וכםand(4![,1;321כ1,1ו)יס41the tradition of malnstream Judaisrn the124:23).חthe biblical ' calendar Of holy seasons ' ( Levעה)מרתן
.also usedן)הוכרם)י5ןprevails , butה)השראשterm
col.ן;ו
signify0!עשרהandעשרconJunctlon withתןBiblical Hebrew onlyחןused3;1,.2עשרןשמי]בע.'עשה;3:1months (Deut,(72:7days (Num10referenceתן,ordinal numberתפcafdinal and5פפeleven ' , both חן
likewise employed regularly5]11.(1:26Ezek;2:39Jer;2:25Kgs2)and years(14:27Chr1;7:1Zech
lQM.8.0)and other Qurnran documents(6,21,1;7,3321נ41:!71;6111;זי)4)calendrical schedules
.Mishnaic Hebrewע1:16(22נ11;4(252כ141),ט6(01ת!ת]
the fourth(חןנthe twenty -~ fifth0שבהמחפשה)ם'בעשר,'חThe immediate sequence of11-1,1.י
']Sa] bba[th(אותסמ!)the fif[thח!the secondבש,'חס('שובסןת'בחםןשםand,(5-65)11ת)'month) Sabbath
this calendaric1תregistered01תwere,ם'חדש'ראש,'proves that the ' beginnings of the months,(11-9lines(
schedule,חן0contrastיlQSן40325,40324,6א81.
.Months are indicated here by ordinal numbers , days by cardinal numbers.[ן.10-9יו]בחסשים)בשTheתן40326. reverse " the case
was one of the,החירושעד)מThe ' Festival of the ( First ) Wine ' , also named.14-13.1היי1ןער)ןמ]
was celebrated seven weeks after the '
Festival
of the Grain)1.Covenanters ' particular harvest feasts
other narnes of,(6,3
QTt
XLIII11)ם'החט(ן)ד)מיעד0!ם'החטן)לדרים)הבכ)חHarvest ' , called either
indicated by the [ully extant mention5ןthe Festival of Weeks . The restoration suggested here"4""א(0
" ,(9xxIII-6XXI"'דב)11.their other harvest feast (cf"the(()ןן ' Festival of the ( First,השמןעד)םof
.cf;9-501ם.י)'the Festival of!) the ~ Wood Sacrifice(10followed bv the partly preserved reference '..(4
-3XLIII"11(דנ
cols-ע31-ע12
the twenty-eighth of the sixth month10Sabbaths f[om the tw(inty-third of the fifthטן!The dates of
and the1!())albeit without the mention of the Festival of the ( First,1-11ת4(324כ;are partly recorded
this.ע9-3). document (col5פמן,the Wood Offerings0זrestored reference
.403244his decipherment of0מformula , basedתקופהdifferentפPfann reconstructs.5וו
2-140394(שא_"ש;ח0י1)165
י
.
col
-62403251]1onT1he Oroposed restoration of this partly preserved text parallels the restorat9-3.141
7:חע4הםקרבןבנעדפחרי...חשמןבועדען41צשבעמיים.
Theהיצהרשעד(11(דל"%[12)י0 Covenanters ' second harvest festival
,
also named.6-5.1השמןער%מ]xx
I
חדששמןהקרביוםשעד(יז110צ[10-9111),described6חןdetailתןtheד'קתזש[םscroll(ד0וו" .)xxII
Sunday , the tsve ~lty-second of the10'](א"יי)(ונhe term dates the ' Festival of the'1.ח.7הש4חאתר ין5ןthe prescription th
at
*14-12QT)תן xxlt1he Temple scroll ( lחוimplied6sixth month. This date
"[(טח~
Sunday , the thir0תwhich ralls.'(,ט%4ע)%סחוויbe celebrated fifty days after the ' Festival of the0!
.(14--108,1.fifth month (see Yadin. Temple Scroll
"ת0
,
VO Ictters havv remainedt1,0dots of the lo~- er parts%חןfew8only0ח;(thisק.8תריה*.]ח[ 5]
proposed bv Qimron and Strugnrilאחןריוprobably of atep and bes . The conjectural restoration of )(
rd.שחריו(ם.א.(טי,!ו[י17ןן(נ.לו[.! sing3suff~ xed8logical . ! ! must , however , be pointed out that
or(21ק[.חט0חסזקאחריהם)CDן,1IQS:32,30xlx:17111ה24.2;[1:21,151(נגכ1[4:3(504ל[י[:Qumran pertains81.'connoting ' after.,172-1QFlor4;6xxl:1xvl*]'[)11)*דמה'חרand,(212440506 the1אחרח
calendrical ~ exts . Forתןmonth8]0day810human beings , and never0)almost exclusively
temporal.חשעןחאחרהראישוןהיובל(וIQhlulchוו7);בוא'אחרהשמשכאה(1יר10 sense of ' afterllater ' , cf
.(14LXIII.001.6;6,)שליההבואאחרימיםחורש,(ו5].col.6ן6ן)9);ימהראחרהשמשובאהXLV
)buttressed by the preceding listing of the '
Festival
of the ( First5ןThe reading.9העצימןקרנ1ן.]further suggested bv the511.41ן!XLII;11-10xxIII;13-12ו)('
QI
Tמןוconjoined8]"with which'0ח
~
here the'.9,52340365and7240325חי'of the SVood Offeringתסי1חטחוpartially preserved2.f[gs(]18150*(3246נ.eminently pla~sible . cf10צהר'וה)ריממכלעד5ןpreceding referenceפrestoration of
11.ן5[)נ.
lYithן;ח (, ur)6(13,35:10!31),טNehemiah,0the bookחוtwice mentioned18'The ' Wood Offeringreports that the prlests . the Levites , and the people drew' lots for bringing the35:10explicit date . Neh
81(5.3;17.11,8:1-,the house or
~
od ILe0ז(.]זט8,p~ssim18Kings1)wood required for sacrifices fixed:אבחימלביתאלהימלביחלהביאוהעםהלויםיס)הכההעציםקרבןעלו)הפלורלח)ה. times, year after year ג2
בחורהככוצבשלהטה%ירשבחעללבערבשנהה:שנגים,מם.לעחenumeration of the gifts of firstfruits and firstborn8חThe mention of the Wood Offering ' precedes
36:10the-ו36, Lalv ( Nehתןthe house Of God , as prescribed10bringאetc . which the people undertake
agaln,(38:10Neh(ויצהרחירושעץכלפרי...יאשית:grapes and olives(51יח)0!explicit reference8תwith
be remembered0)Nehemiah asks,600אthe0)succinct postscript81ח.Without detailing speci[ic dates
ood't1he ~ l10pertaining5"81]ETISUte the proper observance of
ht
e19by God for the actions he teok
These concise rc [crrnces.(1:13נNeh(ולבכוריםומ)מומבעחיםם'העצלקרבן~Offering ' and the firstfrilits
their fixed annual commemoration0[שחויט1י51תן!biblical prooftexts85probably served the Covenanters
.]"of the WOOd offenng, and the [estivals of the nevv svine and the newthe tllel ~ ' e tril, es0חthe heads(]0hich tih 'O-"81,detailed description of the slX-day celebration1/
the(11(נ'[4כ(xxIII;13-121[וו-[2. Temple Scrollת]g ~ ven8ן,succession1ח'bring the ~ Wood Offering
0vhichזsecond8(יק0 some scholars ascribe,,178.42
~
PAhחןpartly reflected5ןThe account.(4XLIII
expanded ~' efslofi of8חcomponent of8whereas others identify ] ) as,ד110'ל)or the Temple Scroll
containsרה%ויד(4(365ב12-423).4(365כ'Q"b..,724-23ןישלה4עציםומשקלי[מפשכרהרביעיגייםLeviticusVSf1out days of the Wood Offering by the tribes , %
hich
follo)5]1]the0זanother truncated referencemention((1[[':שניםהעציםאתקריבו'היצהרועד[מ of the ' Festival of the ( Nevv8immediately upon 24
(11_9llinesהרנויעייום[יכחממעותראהכן]...לוין[הרישוביוםרמקריבט
ear , ss' ith Spec
l
; )l'5he1days duringח0סחיחthe Temple0יthe wood was brought5:4
.
Tabn.0ןשAccording23 0נtheו,אזAbl,0.[ח
0theןJosephus,נ.וו'ל2_429- lSth Of Ab, ehe fifth monsh (according0!importance attaching .
woods which are suitable for the purpose are enumerated)0the kinds,6אינ.3-12:21ו.'Resvorked Pentateuch',5.יי,ן;[טdiscussed by5ןhandחיthe matter10The pertinence of these fragments24
eritital Edilion uit
th
Extett ~ ire Re~onstrucfions ( Beer4).The Temple scroIIחןQimron integrated them.8,95-
*29 hlilgrom , ' Qumran ' s.נ,col . xxill . See further:5-4(1996,Sheva : Ben- Gurion University Presa; Jerusalem: IES
.56-441(95-1993)16he Case of the VYood Of
~ering ' ,
RevQ'1:Biblical Hermeneutics
DISCOVERIES !" THE IUDAEAN DESERT XXI166
,of the sixth monthת!א1ת-the twenty10
~
he ~ Wood Offering ' ceremonles lasted from the twenty-~third'
resultאחר , the last day WOUId fall8As25.א1אשןט-Sabbath the twenty]0probably with the exclusion
This invites the supposition that like the harvest festivals ofח80ץ48תט6.5י.viz,"1תות-the ty~entyשבח.cf,הנ the graln festival(ח(orמעדand are termedשבת(ה)אחרwhich always fall,0וןwine and
also the closing d &
-
of the Wood Offerings was marked by special celebrations and vvas,(שת,ם'השטעbuttressed by Josephus ' statement that ' the eighth5!This proposition.העציםרבן(1)קמועדdesignated
kopT.425.2).ז1
~
g U~ W"ק040גט(ש
"feast of WOOd-carrying
'rav0ן!sixth ' ) day was'01ת,bene110!ם) תן
that,27שיר David wrote thirty songs8-7QPsa xxvll11תןderives further support from the statement
mentioned before , (as accompaniments) fOI the sacrifices of the beginnings of500,30חהלים)addition
holy',ערות)רממי'לטלהחורשיםראשילקורבן(ו) seasons and for the Day of Atonement811the months and for
'the biblical and the Covenanters10adds0ן[0תrhe surn total Of ' thirty' can be squared'.(הכפוריםליםandהעציםרבן(ו)קמועד
,
two more 'holy seasons
"1]0special festivals of )" ~ New Wine ' and the ' New
Accordinglyאחרם'העצקרבןשועד , the phrase.(40326for which see the discussion Of('02(7אים)המלע4the(394בafter2-1שמזןבוושמונה1כעשרים)col.י11- reconstructed text ofתןbe insertedס)needsהשבחןslightly,ושלמהנוסףויוםהשניום'עליו! revised wording of the ensuing summary formulaפfollolved bv,(13 יומןואחדתשעיםהחקופה.
(8the Tabernacle (Leviticus,0similar exclusion of the Sabbath from the seven days of consecratlon8For,1
Light of the KaraiteחןMegillath TacanitחןErder , ' The First Date.ץKaraite halakha , see inter alia0יaccording
.83-263(1992)4-3,the -rabernacle Dedication ' , ypR LXXXII0חCommentary
.123,!,See Yadin , Tem
~
le scroll"2
.4:110Ps1סmanifest reference8,י-!0,אמראשררודרי'בש1'עלכחובכאשר!!
QMelch
11.Cf27
the PsalmsחןDavid ' s Conlpositions!0the List0זTalmon , ( The Convenanters ' Annuarium According.5See25
Nitzan.8Brin and.0Dead Sea ScrGlls Research , " . by,0!ץ(זםxxvlll ~ ), fifty.3,11(11(נscroll [ rom Cave
.1Jerusalem : Yad Yizhaq Ben zvi ~ fortheoming) ( Hebrew) . cf. INTRODUC-rION , APPENDIX(
QOrdo4.334
)PLATEמי
.the [Jnpubli~hrd Dead sea .Srvo
lls
,(Prttimi'narי" Editionג,Abegg.54Wacholder and,%.15:Preyious di~cussifon 19951,
--)Washington , D . C _ : Biblical Archaeological socict(111.rhe Hebreau and Aramaic Text~ from cne foar , fasc .Harper_וי:New Transla
~ ion (San Franciscoג,C1ook. The Dead Sea .vcroll.שAbegg, and.4י,Wise.0.4%;5-124 z.~
H
4hlez5uח0ץQumran'.,ח ttnveroffentlichen Handschriften aus H:.11Nebe, 'Qumranica.1996)3-322;ס.ש .8
"1319971
-
stuttgart: Kohlhamrng(10
PhysieaI Descri
~
tion
8small fragments . The leather , svhich has*ת[חcomprised of18THIS composition
,surface5!1some places1ח.and nearly transparent1ת1חvery15,slightly yellow colour
searn8]0direct traces140.(8.frgחוOff (mostly!5ווקhas,%תוtogether with remains Ofthe,0any horizontal or vertlcal rulings . Noneץ0ח,the fragments0תare preserved
t~vo or the0חsq cm . The extan
t
text20surface are
a
greater than8fragments has
largest fragments preserves the remalns of five lines . The rfiaxleun] number of
.three , wh
ich
occlars twice8]preserved contiguous words
are grouped together with other40334the rernalns of710.יתצ.Mus4תל
the right bottom theח]and(443298.40330-40329ב)halfעקט"זtheת]:manuscripts
the latestח]similar arrangement8חוMost of the fragments appear.4(337בfragmentthe lower half of the334.43.חצthe PAM series , PAMתוphotograph of the text
the)ח60ןשח corresp0תare shown , while4(334לfragments ofתות"
,photograph ,, howeverthe left09ת.missing ( frg5]fragments"ח[תone of these(601848rnuseum plate ( IAA
.place5!תוןfound15,9.frg88fragment, now numberedותו!bottom)
.
Another
5theןbasedח80 concordanceחוThe numbering of the fragments used
together4and,3,2.which groups frgs,334.43PAM0חreconstruction already visible
the ]Dretiminar)~ Editionחוalso presupposed8]This grouping.2.and counts them as frgbyן Wacholder and Abegg . The arrangement probably resulted from the discovery of
~ihich,1
חו"]2.new portion contalnlng the upper margin and additional parts Of frg
l~hich,4and,32י
.
This suggested that the three frgs.333.42PAM0חpresent!0תwas
.the sarne colurnn0!mrn , rnay belong10well -preserved upper margin of8share
far from certain that the fragments should18",Although this reconstruction
" possible0!that sequence . The placement of the fragments accordingתוnecessarily be arranged
theב absence ofתנ.alternative reconstruction8תcontent allows for88well88shape
.conclusive reconstrucuon, both alternatives are presented here
Columns and fifeasurenaents
calculations of column11פ,this manuscriptתוpreserved15of text11טת11"
0Sinceת[
allows the40334measurement are hypothetical . Nevertheless , the regular structure of
andגsuggested for both options5]mm95be estimated . The length of10widthת11"
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES168
for ~words of72,71for songs ' and1צ,2צcreated by the numbers18Ambiguity.8
clear system of the chosen quantities can be discerned (see0מpraises' , for which
8]mm, while the letter height6about155"11חbelow) . The distance between the
.mm3but sometimes12שמnormally
clearly preserved18which the bottom marginחוthe lack of fragments0!Due
place the textual8andגand because both reconstructing options,(7.frgמו(perhaps
estimated0מbased818018the five upper lines only , the column heightת]remains
the size of the bottom margin corresponds with that of the top one, ]! would]1.valuescan be calculated as21קס!מסוheight for81!0!this basis , theמ().rnm high10be
10marginsמ1מז(= each of170!mm) plus84-78=)mrn6lines each of14or13:follows54-48=)ifim6each of8"119מor8:8optionזסע.mm100totals approximately,(20
70totalsוממז.40334" approximately,(20=)mm10mm) plus two margins each of
4111smallח% anuscripts among the Qumran scrolls ~ whichץ"וזtherefore one of the
de
~
oche de083אששיar and termed6-QptEstha4connectlon withתוexamined.(365[1991]15l 'antiquiti ' (RenQ
ConteNts
the reconstruction of the scroll , butתןThe outer shapes play the most important role
additional hctor , the Formulaic structure , rnust also be considered . Even tiugh the8מ
very limited degree, ] ! seems clear that the80,consecutive unitsח]preserved5]text
deals'(שירוח) with numbers of 'songs11.of repeated elements!8]18content consists of
.sequential listing8תוwhich are given for each day,(תשבוחותדברי)'and 'words of praises
the sixteenth day have been0!day-.count. Dates from the eighth8Days are marked by
which reference
" made by the0י,month8probably8]preserved . Their basispreposition'[ת"'(בי).
QCalendricalנו(40325) Document
~
Mishmarot4מוalso employed18This method
QMM(40394).ת1
~
4sofגpartתוas well as(326ן)ם(4QCalendrical Document4and
also the15day years , Whether this-364מוschematic months0!refers'תיו]',these texts
suggested by some88)lunar months15תןor whether the counting,חו4(334נcase
.certainמ4(503נ),5ןי0מ]'scholars for the ~ Daily Prayers
night and one day8מסof!ת8ומט]Information regarding the liturgical performance
theהו[מ)
;
the monthJ["צמו)ordinal(0(ו)מ
:
three partsת,formulated")-מט"') ' day
the day : songsמ]and(]1]);וץ)and words of praises (ordinal1צ)ordinal(5
"night:ת50
.2?)and words of praises (ordinal2צ)ordinal(
this structure emerges as,ייומט-complete * day85תובימססfragment0תThough
which comprlse more than two(7and,4,3
.
those larger fragments (frgsתז0יprobable
1linesטיי of legible text . This structure fits with both possible reconstructions, ~vhichThe possible meaning of the numbers and.8andגbe discussed below a$ options
their distribution over nights and days , as well as the keywords 'songs' and 'words of
the context of available materials from other1תbe interpreted1]17ו,'praises
.manuscripts
16949134
Palaeogra
~
hy
very regular and the letter forms var)r . Only fourteen)4(334ב8ו0חThe script Of
,characters as well as final mem are extant . The letters gimel , zayin ~ ?et . kap . samek , pe
,the script,0identifying the stage of development858151חוwhich would,9קסpade , and
Jross , ' The(2חן.that Of fig10closest8וpreserved . Nevertheless , the script01תare
the6ת8חן"the formal]0Development of Jewish Scripts ' , l showing ~ the evolutlon
exaniple1חsimilaritles ma~
r be found0[חןHasmonaean and Herodian periods ' . Most
,5and example
"5early(זקוז((.1-30ש8) Herodian formalתו'תשQM1the script Of,4
early([.30ח[=חג20)'. Herodian Rouncl seml [orrnal hand8חנ'תQNumb4!0script0חז
some Instances tend tolvardsחו
,
several examples Of which are extant,אשand,מועש,aerounded shapes
.
Because few complete letters are preserved within the small fragments
seml.ח0 - formal writing0)transition8indications of0זand due,4(334בofllL-
~
C()3,0palaeographic criteria the date can be estimated only within the broad band
.CE200)
Mus.%יח.710
334.43,333.42,702.41,962.40PAM
*601848IAA
1.Frg
[בל1ילהבוה[]י
[תשנוחונתברי[וד]2
READINGS00785אא
ot-f from51י1קhasחחוclearly he , though some of the4)1.ordinal are visible8חThe remnants of1.].horizontal stroke18
.section]מם[צחןן(5טקקטpreserved5]fhe tuasu'.2[תשניא.]
TRANSLATION
]the ni[ghtןח111,מו].1
]and wo]
rds
of praise[a[.2
Hotl () rי"
הו1,;
"
:
fhe Developrnent of the Jewish scripts ' ,, The Bib
fe
and ~ he .~
nrieur
Near Eatt",07085.54.1ץ
.9-138.esp,202-131(1961.Dou~leday:.א.ץ~VVright (Garden city.ש.סOf r.
F
.'.
Albriilht
. ed . by
TH
~JUDAEAN DESERT XXI1אDISCOV
~
RIES170
2.Frg
"top :nwrgi
[]רות[שי]י
[תשבוחותרץ[ודב]2
READIN~ S"0NOTES
of
the
following lewer0ק)probable because of the characteristic upper bar . The8ןRei.,2ית[ודב.]the concord ~lance and theת!waw rather than yot l
~
herefore the reconstr: ructions0!may belong
possibleאח alternative reading may beג
.
Preliminary Edition should be used with care
TRANSLATION
[]
~
so ] ngs.1
[5]
"wor]ds:[50]ח of [praises] or82.[4ת
.3.Erg
top
:
margin
[חות]תשב5ד1כף4]61ונה[ש]י
2[nea6רן%ע
[ים]וארבכימ[שנ]נ
5געשרה]1
" [חשבדחד1ןרי]דדבoo]ןנ
READING.S"א()5שז(ן
.
written touching the remalns of
~
the preceding mem15Ifaw.ש~[.ין
dot fromחחןvery amall85ט1ק,are preservedארחOnly the upper parts of the letters..,1(דגר.].the left of the gap0זthe yod
9orן the left part of the yod1ז11!טmainly reconstructed and only very5ןfirst letter3.14מ,שם.ד'טא
.
mem81תאthe following)0the right downstroke)8preserved
18the right hatyd of the preserved text
,
which81read15the Prelimi~ary Edition , waru14[15ו.ח.]holeפproduced by5ןimpreseion8]ן)concordance . However , the photograph shows thatחן!סןrecorded
.shadow115and
8they!1ת10ט6
.
two letters are visible preceding the extant text0זoneן[מוסstrokes"111]1Three5.]of0ק)the81ט.the left0?the direction of the mlddle stroke goes down85,8נ!שma
~
r be1],letter00טח!
.(21.frgז!8תוBut cf. the(.ז!אnormalפlook like01תand doesחתוthe left stroke haa too much
17140334
TRANSLATION
]elight and [w]ords Of prai [ses[.1
Jsixtee[n].2נ
]and for[tyסניי].3
4.(]()מ)day(ז"ח[ח["נ
andן wor[ds of
praises
5.[ן
4.Frg
top margin
וארבעיםןה]ן
בלילהבוה[ןנ
ש4רותוביים]ג
שמונהשייותצלילה]4
"עשהיות'שבוח[תודברי]יREADINGS0א
'
NOTES
vertical ruling8traces of1חח0ח,column8This fragment contalns the left margin of.are visible
part of])קקטthe high0זdamaged the letters are legible due5יThough the surface.4צלילהנ.].iansed
5preservedן8 ; follolving the gap5ןvery small dot from the right stroke or rei8Only.5*עשץ.]the[תtheח11". last word15!188mem10(!81מbelonging88remnant of irbk , which rnay be interpreted
TRANSLATION
and forty[].1
:the nightי(מ
2.[]מו"
the d]ay: songsמ]and3.ן
the night : songs eight4.[]חן
and words of piraises twen[tly[.5
5.Frg
[ום]בי4נשר1י
ןים]ועשיןסה]2
THE JUDAEAN
ED
SE
RT
xxlאנDISCOVERIES172
READINGS0אNOTES
horizontal and119the rounded combination of10clearly discernible , due4hU . The rei
-
ן1 higher than the
0verticalיvisible15right119.זנ11%184* parts . Only the lower left edge or the letter writing)0theמאvisibleפUsing.43.frgעשרמ1 mode0)baseline of the other letters . This corresponds
exactly theת]the left lower part of the cayi" would be expected15.frgתוmodel , here88543
.
frg
visible . Therefore the reconstruction of the4%תןextremely small remnant Of8תposition where
theשreadשרבע4ם. Prelimina~y Editionשbe justified, against the suggestion10concordance seems
upper left part, which mayפ]cannot be discemed, because only"11מtheתוThe first letter.]1,.02ה.preaerved18,0זפמעbelong
the basis of the prefixedמל).pleserved5ןsegment from the right stroke of reF8Only.(2עשיניפן.]5tuatuן88reconstructed'(יי(ו1ת'. ~ the word
TRANSLATION
the da[y0מren1.1
and twen [ty2.ן
6.Frg
sop
:
Nrgiw
[בוכנשרבששהי
[שנירות"וביו2
READINGS0מזסאא
preservedפן only with4,6שThe characteristic , long lower vertical stroke from the rirst letter1.]theפתן1, end of the!]נ.surfaceי0אןlost some85חwhich,מ%leh edge leading below the following lewer
.preserved15the upper right part of S~yin
.
the pattern of the text10due mainly15מונas1מתוthe1חThe reconstruction of the last letter2.4]
upper part of the reconatructed letter , which rnay11פטחare visibleחח]Only two very srnall remnants of
~ayi'0)also belortg
TRANSLATION
theמ41] (day) sixte[en1.[](חו
theן day : so [ngsתןland].2
7.Frg
ס[ן
בוע1שר2
17340334
שירימרבייםנ
4י.4(שירו%4
ReADINGs00785אא
vertical ruling8traces of0חcolumn , but8This fragment preserves the left margin oftheח8 left oe the column might be0!are visible . The preserved uninscribed leather
area of t~ afats . Only8מwritten column, or8the end of,20תזותintercolumnar space of
.
illegible letter can be seen8מthe lower part ofpossible . Only the5וthe text ' s formulaic structure, the reconstruction of waso0!Due.3מ%יבי.]
.yod0!could also belongאshapeת50אvisible , and based8]upper part
preserved , and has the characteristic . rounded right8]The upper part or the last letter.5פיריא.]left shaft are5)ןtraces ofאחןbe more probable since very small10edge of ret or taiu
.
~
'he latter seems.visible
TRANSLATION
1.ן
"2.[1]חפמן
the da]y : songs0חand].3
4.(ן[תא
5.[?8מ50]8
]]-18
.
Erg
].col1]
-
col
]0[
שסןן2
סן34
ן]שירויז4
READINGS0א"(88אthe only fragment preserving the remains of two columns and the margin"8.Frg
between them. However, parts of the surface of the fragment have split ~ff, and thedetermine even the original horizontal0!difficultחfew preserved letters make
has been turned334.43[זPAM8180תוthe museurn plate and0ח.orientation of lines
.the right0ןdegrees10approxirnately
THE IUDAEAN DeSERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES174
col.ו
.visibleשOnly the lower left part of mem.ן
"ן.3
the finalמוthe basis of the letter taw0תmade hypothetically8!he reconstructlon'1.4שירלתן.].61"1asתותשבוחהקbut this occurs,מסויו05ק
11.col,third letterפtraces of the next letter' s lower sectlon , and perhaps even of,מווFollowing.2שסו.]
be0!seems!ןlamed, but8the lower part of!1ןpreserved , which could5ןround curveג.are visible
lameds10theתןfrg,2.4,24(מא8ו preceding letter and0!when compared18מוtheתןrelatively low
could"!!11the1מupper part . This and the low position5!10מthe left0!bow810unlikely owing
.the leh10"ז0וםbe drawn0!mem , but one would expect the lower stroke810correspond
are"11תthisתוthe poor condition of the leather's surface , the rernalns of the first letter0)Due3.,1
.obscured
TRAN.SLATION
col.ן
prais]esן]:song] s or4.[ן
)traces of letters9(0ת.Frg
*Physical Reconstruction
wellת8 as physical criteria play88the formulaic structure of the text , content0!Owingthe reconstruction of the manuscript . The following factors shouldח]important part
:be considered
The.יי1תט-day'פtop margin and the beginning ofפThe fragment contains:1.Frg
9and3day-count betweenפand therefore[]88הvisible5נfinal letter of the ordinal.(3.Cf. frg,10can be assumed (for
indication of numbers0תtop marg~n , but8The fragment contains:2.Frg
.particular day80!11connecting
4Line.'8!ומט-least two 'day810!contain data which belong5"11עח"חThe:3.Frg
be reconstructed as day018זthe preceding day50
"saysי()ח)day(1"ממ1[11 explicitly
ת1ת".
4.frgותט(8'.תנ-least ~vo 'day!80!contain data which belong185תוThe five:4.Frg
and,1.frg88חו,preserved18'!11י]תof[]הonly the final letter of the ordinal2
.(3.Cf. frg,10can be assumed (for9and3day-"count betweenפtherefore
which
rp
ese
rve
theת11"8 first of the twoתוmentioned18!ומט-day8Of]11Part:5.Frg
18which,2"ת1מ1וprobable that the numbet!1This makes.(וביוום)'the word ' day
the'88?-יומט" day-.count of the next0!related5],(]הaflietl(20greater than
the'צו8!"[חס]';componentחו)seeק, day-count of day181"1ת1מוThe ordinal:6.
~
FrS
.!10!also belongs,"תווthe following1מoccurnng,(168
have'תו!!בappears(0תו been preserved; the word1188תThe rernalns of five:7.Frgare-ותע[ sufficiently long for the dat
~ of one 'daytwo(88תו4and21).8Theית11 places
ate(שר[ע)'מ*[!]'the letters of,2*11מותtwo lines . of the ordinalתוbe contained10
17540334
date8nlissing . This allows8]preceding part of the otdinal8visible , which show that
.be reconstructed019ןand11between
ra
e clearly legible ; the8"1חוthe beginnings or ends of!8Only single letters:8,Ftg
.margin between two columnsפfragment mainly preserves
.contain any legible letter)סמDoes:9.Frg
the0חופתז[עחThe difficulties of positioning the fragments conclusively depend
:following factors.(16,day sixteen ( frg843)6ח,frg(8ח!Only two dates are clearly legible : day
with dates probably smaller,4and1
.
FrgsתןBeginnings Of day-.unlts are also visible
date possiblyז"ח.יגdate probably greater than8with,4,27frg0מand,חם!than
.25.greater than twenty " implied by frg
0)belong0)possess outer shapes of damage , ,vhich seem8and,7,4,3.Frgs
.different but subsequent layers of the former scroll
letters of the next column0חpreserved , but8ןwide left column-margin7פ.frg1ח
be expected judging by the available space ( compared0!are visible , although they are
cause6וט0עוseam wh
ich
8]0indication05ח]mm) , Since there10which has,8.frg0*
.
the possibility of ~acats5ןwider marglns , there
the plate0חWhile.4and3.the outer shape of frgs1מThe nearest similarity exists
reve
rse
order""1,()74(וק0[חס_frg)0the right hand!8153.frg(334.43PAMת](andare,חand24,both options]0The merits.(8Jld be possible as well (optionw1o
:discussed belovv
oשע~
tion
based5ןwh
ich
the concordance0ח)'Yhe suggested sequence of Milik ' s understanding
,lvitnesses854and,3,2
.
the Preliminary Edition) takes frgsת]reproduced8]and which
which allow the reconstruction of the upper part of one column
.
The five lines containthe*0!מם: information concerning the three ' day-~units ' of days eight
(2
.
the concordance as frgמוQjoined4,3,2.Frgs
[שיבלילהבשמונה]י
-
ש]ות
"15דונה
"וארבכיםןהתשבי1חותיו
בחשער]עשששהתשבוחותןי4ן[ודבשירוחוביום]:
"בלילהבו
ירותוביףםוארבכהםים[שנתשבוחותודברישירדה]שמונהשייחציייהב1וצעשרהתשבוחותודברין4
י~
יא]עשיתןשבותיתרי]דדב0ס[שירותוביוםתשבוחוהדברי
lines writh the ' day"ח[תfurther eight orפPresupposing that this column continued for
dayפ sixteen) ~rith(6.the following column could contain frg,150!11units ' of days.230!16days:7.top rnargin and possibly the data of frg
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOYERIES176
7,6.Frgs
5ששה
~elbחשבוחותודברישירותבלילהבו]
בושר,עבשבעהתשבוחותודבריירות]*5ביו6
שירות4ם[וביתשבוחותודברישירותבלילה]
בו[עשרבשמונהתשבוחותודברי]
שירואוביוםתשבוחותודברישירותכלילה]
בלילהבועשרבתשעהתשבוחותודברי]
3
.
which has similarities with frgs,7.double advantage : frg8This reconstruction has
of the fragments are btought togethet"8,the next column; secondlyת]follows,4and184and3.the text of Frgs]וof four) . But81!0?8only t~vo columns (out of1ח
direct continuation of the nearly adjoining fragments (which are8be0!understood
apart) , then the problem rernalns that the corresponding points are2!מ!מonly about
,be from the next layer0יthey are assumed]1.each otherוחסז]mm apart401038only
original2"1mm) for13or12)extremely narrow diameterמפthis would presupposethe innermost part , but normally suchתוdiameter could be possible8scroll . Such
suchמ0 traces have been found0מthe leather andמוtight rolling causes vertical cracks
fragment was preserved0תmust be assumed that!1,any of the fragments . Additionally
.7and4.from any of the layers between frgs
Optionונ
two different columns, would13,מ.frg]0the right0!,4.The reverse placement Of frg
8mm between corresponding points . This would allow for74distance of8produce
the scroll , which seerns moreתוmm for these layers24023זdiameter of about
spread15this arrangement, whichתו.the absence of vertical cracksמוappropriatethe fragments are distributed ove
r
slx columns , representing11פ,wider horizontally
that the vertical18,the scroll . The disadvantage of this option , howeverיסeight layers
areמ1 contained185מוway that only eight8such1תexpanslon must be reconstructed
widthמ8 , which WOUId imply1טless than15each column . Thus the column height
that before day sixteen, one or18additional problemת1ע.unusual manuscript format
.be filled completely by the brrnulaic text!0תof the preceding column would5"11ל"0תspecial liturgical event8,presupposed15unknown which calendrical systeni15!1Since
..lunar dayr
(
: countings188תwell88schematic monthsתוmay make sen
se
15around day
.the middle of the month1תmeans of orientation8vacat was only used as8Perhaps
are!1and)עboth options0!The varlous arrangements of fragments corresponding.given below
17740334
Meaningשמםi)urpose
0!difficult8]the convenient format0זWhether the purpose and meantng correspond
continuous translation of the best preserved8,determine . Before further interpretation
startingז: poinl8may serve as(גreconstruction optlon0!column (corresponding
(2.the concordance as frgתו
~
oined4,3,2.Frgs
~)and fo[ t(יו=)ףelight and [w]ords of prai [ses(=י%)]the night ; so]ngsת111,,תday) eight(חל)].1:the nightסנח1חח1זן,חן)day(ח().sixtee[n[(=2?)and worlds of [praises2%the day : songsח]and[.2
the d]ay : songsתןand eor[ty , and0[1(?ו=)שand words of praisesוצsongs[.3
eight(=1%)the night ; songs1"חחן[1ן,]חן)day(3ח).[2?and words or praises2%].4
and(2ץ=)[חטעי[י]?. wor[ds of p] raises[2%the day : songsח]and,1?and words of praises[.5
nevertheless)1,8optionתוthe reconstructionוחסזThough this section differs frlengths are-1[סתactivities . Because the1בחן
"representsע the distribution of quantitles of
ordination'5ן of songs
'
and ' words of praises-0)the,מandינoptionsמ]the same
quite similar. However, the options are differentiated by their dates , which ma
~
, be
The Dead Sea Scrolisתוs ~gnificant . The translation given by Wise , Abegg , and Cook
methodical work , but only8clearly5ןinforrns the reader that
'
The Liturgical Calendar
of 'words of praises ' that areחחזטת"זapparent: the11]8118one aspect of the method
This knowledge " based.(323.ק)'double the date of the month15sung during the day
tabulated below recording the s ~xteen and8]which,יולoption'0!the data according0ת
the!"ת: dates of days eight and0מ'twen
ty
daily '
words
of praises
omponenssע of opeion?(:1TABLE
Day!
*וא
Praises0ןPraises Songs Words)0Date Songs Words
(8)8י24ו61
??2*,(9)
810ןו20
(24)ן)10?
THE IUDA
~
AN DBSERT xxlאוDISCOVERI~
S178
varies slightly, especially bec~use the quantities8option0!The distribution accordingsixteen * words of8!1חthe eighth day there are0חpreserved, but!0תareמ
"!forday
.'praises
8Componettts oflopsion:2TABLE
Night Day
Date Songs Words of Praises Songs Words of Praises
(3)ן42יו?
(5)8?ז20
(8)8,ן16
(9),42ין
(22)ןי01,?
dailyג8! 'words of praises' inaeption]0The question of whether the double quantity
other values0תsignificant remalns unanswerable; because5]the eighth and tenth days
0areמ! preserved , this impression may be accldental . Clear arithmetic relationships are
evident'ב!nightת1תס!תסוחonly18ב . Even the decreasing number of 'words of praises
0specificת evaluation , since"
veryזסמו slight indication , without any possibility of
,preserved. To assurne sornething similar18information about the implied weekdays
of[ת darkness' , which are mentionedא10יOf light' and1018,such as the distribution of
without foundation . Perhaps Wise, Abegg , and Cook5],(40503)'the ' Daily Prayers
0!instead Of ' night' and seem'שמ1תmind'עם" when they translate
haveמן this
,The text.ת41(503נthe liturgical context, as8]presuppose that evening prayer
18more comprehensive mean
Ing
8choice of words that8!1however , shows with
of night and day . The verbal activitiesתע[יintended , probably comprlsing the whole
well as the day . For the night the highest preserved88occur during the night0יseenl
.frgs0חreconstruction based8menuoned . With18'praises]0s~ords'!0(42י)number
maximalisticבNebe has g~ven.0,4.עוoption0!corresponding(8and,4,3,2
interpretation . For him , the schematic counting of the 'words of praises ' during the
,intended1560constant surn ofג.clear formulaic pattern8night and day follows
increment of two 'words of8ח?תthe daysתוthe nights , but growing1מdecreasing
table01108מויי]the double oe the d~y-.count. The0יpraises '
.
Thus , corresponds
:thirty) shows this ideaתס*0יexpanded from day(
1790334*
'
Sehematic counsiw of ~the ~ Words of Praites:3TABLE
Nightי8ם
Praises Songs Words of Praises]0Date Songs Words
(2)(58)(1)
(4)(56)(2)
20(8)(40)810
(30)(30)(15)
(48)(2)1(24)
(58)(2)(29)
(60)(0)(30)
organize the calendrical0ןthis reconstructlon were correct, the procedure COUId help]1
80!related18dubious that the counting8]י],community . However8orientation of
other calendrical documents fromחןmaintained by Nebe. Lunations85
,
new moon
be created asשconsidered5ןparticular stage of the moon
,
which8Qumran start with
0!the Wednesday of the creatlon week (similar theological motifs seem0מססתזתfull8
supposing thatחןthe background of the Ezra chronology) .
I
Nebe rylay be correctחוbethe ' raritv ' or0!intended, but due5]liturgical correspondence with day-counting8
be overestimated , since!0ת'circularity ' of arguments from reconstructlon this should
8evident from the text . The hypothesis that the nueber,05ת]Of counting68818the
for the"חסadditionalתשfor the ' songs ' rneans the seven psalms for each day plus
'this case the distinctive feature of each dal1ח.put forward by Nebe8]Babbath offering
the LXX andת]presupposed8]particular psalm , which8indicated by the use of
.!105Mishna arrangement Of daily psalms, would be
Qumran documentsחן
~
or the institutionalized prayer , the background apparent
theחנ105 nearest parallel . '
~
he hymn of the appointed times85should be considered
tlmes OF prayer: three during the day and three during"80!might be referring4-1)נthe th
ree
day- and three night-~ ls'atches0!This system could correspond3.שא18מthe
Glessmer , ~ Neumonds-Neujahr oder Vollmonds-~ NeuJahr ? zu spitisraelitischen Kalender.טKoch and.ש.cf2
#Gebuftsta.65tumי5(ש?חהפיהAntikes yudentum und ~rrUhes t?hristentum , Fetf,chrt/t f~r Haremutיזן,'Theologien.36-114(1999,Berlin : de Gruyter(
Theי,'the Light of Queran LiteratureחןIsraelחןTalmon ,
"
rhe Emergence of Institutionalized Prayer.8.cf3
.215.esp,43-201989)ל,World of Qwmra"
.
Irom Withi" (Jerusalem : Magnes Press
THE IUDAEAN DESERT XXIאוDISCOVERIES180
nightבreflectedתן and day]0The segmentation4.88מל!Roman.-תזק"
]that were usual
",third part of every night8unity withinתוwhere studying and blessing,8-71105יbehalf of the community0תordered for the many . But the one man who studies Torah
,only reading but alSo pronouncing blessingsיסתprobably15(601ם.1ע)day and night
To perform this ideal task.4-1)[IQS1מוthe appointed times mentioned1פleast!8
deputy for the group88פact10the specially selected person seems,(ד'חם)continuously
.this function by his fellowsתוand % relieved
18His Torah day and night0(יהגה)תmeditate1]]7לman who8This ideal of
ar verbal40334given by18מ6חand may have influenced the,2:1Psתוformulatedplays8180'actionsתב during 'day and night'
,
because the process of meditation
15which,(י/ההגוספר)'other documents , Probably the 'book of Hagi
~
oתוimportant role
be understood along the71),ח!סQSa1.8XIV,6%.cols(2111%CDמוmentioned
,special use of His Torah8emphasizesדגהHere the root.8:1and Josh2:1lines of Ps
self-evident, but that demands continuous efforts day and0115חas something that
grasp the0!seeking]0be understood . The spiritual endeavour0יorderת]night
revelation , which some Dead Sea scrolls10the key8]eschatological meaning Of Torah
.claim as the special quality of their knowledge about secrets or mysteries
theחג'.'distinguish 'spirit of flesh0!usedדבין(סלוש)-8ו)absence8!ו'Meditation '--or
night meditate the secrets of!8':emphasized5]Saptiential Work such knowledge
person considering God's8;(44340418;61240417)'being, and study continuously,prieNt or Levite8for,2111)[CD1(251240417).תdesignated here as maskil18secrets
of815זו6מסס[תס'the ' Book of Meditationתןthis special qualification Of being trained
.person commun~ty like the rabbinic mgnyan-ת*!functionary for the basic8serving as
man8of.*.1ן7-63.וQS1that of0!context similar8מוbe interpretedיושThis allows.studying day and night
the Torah day and night, presupposed by the author of0מThe ideal Of nleditating
bridge between the practice and8builds,8:1Josh0!מןand incorporated also2:1Ps
piety of people already responsible for transmission Of biblical texts, and those who
continued sirnilar customs as attested by the Qumran scrolls . Especially notable are the
.work day and night8זwho are described as being,33:9Chr11תsingers
Keyzuords
confirms(תשבוועתדברי)'and * words of praises(שירות)'The terminology used for 'songs
well known from8]'the continuum Of liturgical practice . The phrase (words of praises
Without direct%'808שת'conjunction withתוoccurrence8!1other Qumran scrollst but
be analysed here: their biblical usage; the11]יעaspects of the keywords""זחיך.analogy
combinatiojוחשבחותשירותדברי of the phrases ; and later attestations of the similar phrase
.
synagogal and rabbinic textsתו
.cf',219,מ.48. Talmon, 'The Emereence Of Institutionalized Prayer4
The contmwnity of theמן,'Qumran1בHarrington , 'Wisdom.1.(1afsd the discussions by174(417נ2ן.Cfו
(1994,~VanderKam (Notre Dame : Univeraity of Notte Dame Prea.נ.םUlrich and.שed . by,1"ש0ם"פRenetued
Sapiential0!EIVin, tEarly Essene Eachatology: ludgment and Salvation according.זff. and by144.52-137,קש
8Parry.ס. and.םResearch dfid Technological Developmentt % the Dwd Sea Srroll,, ed. byג',חן("יפמWork .133.esp,65Ricks:8.ן.ווהח,1996;126- (Leiden
18140334
more'ן frequent masculine counterpart as ' song8!ןtranslated like,שירה,the BibleחצExod('58םof the8מ50יpoetic tex
ts
: the1חמתותזסזקdesignate some very0!employed18
of Moses ' ( Deut508ת'the;(17:21the 'Song of the Well ' (Num0!the reference;(1:15
Though.(51-1:18Ps;51-1:22Sam2)andו(15 David 's Psalm;(44:32;30)!18:3111,used for these songs0115חmascul
ine
Formח0תזחזסםremarkable that the far more
be reserved only for highly esteemed rel
igious
0seemsח! that the ferninine word need
..songs lvhich have other connotations0!15:23and1:5both Isaתוapplied151י.poetry
masculine5,]usage , compared u~ ith8!11מclear semantic difference8ו0תThere
.
)the Mehiltaחןcounterpart (see below for the later discussion
,the Hebre~v Bibleח]are usedתשבוחוחplural5!תשבוחהזסתןneither,0ישירהcontrastחצdiverse contexts asתוocc
urs
!1.timesח"!attested approximately15שבחthough the verb
VO different roots . Thes1oothe' , possibl )~ reflecting t(11)'!0נאי0,5יpraise' and0?'(צ)
the end of the fourth!8-the Psalmsתוfound15majority of occurrences of both forms
the fifth and last sectlon ( Psחוand,(35:16Chr1;47:106Ps(וסס6,תנוםsection of the
)'d5oxolog(ז"תזזalnlost technical888תpraise ' occurs0!'where(12:147;4:145;1:117
.for liturgical acclamation
the fact that0)the later biblical language correspondsתוי"ץ08וסתומזזמוThis trend
Biblical and later Aramaic . The specific connotation ofמוattested often18this word
')characteristic of Daniel
'
s plet15expresslon of religious devotion88חש
'
' giving praisehaving recognized God ' s heavenly kingdom , performs this,18%תheathen8Even.(23:2)
idols and0!Conversely , the false service.(3431:4י)verbal demonstration of devotion
are23,4:5Danחןacknowledge the living God by the Babylonian king0!the failure.expressed by this verb8180
theחןdoxological contextsתןattested818015השבחה
,
this verbהזסז]derived8חטסתAs
15similar liturgical usage8Targumic Aramaic6.10:91תצand1:5.1הןנAramaic ofpresupposed . Ttargwm Onqelos translates the above-~ rnentioned instances of the feminine
withתו this noun44:32and;30,22,21,19:31Deut;17:21Num;1:15Exodתו'' song
theתשבחה Prophets ]! becomes clear that0תFrom Targam lo~athan.ודטבחהthe by-fornl 7
.eschatological doxology]0the contextתןused especially8!
the1ח.sonle deutero-canonical Hebrew Bible textsתוpresupposed815018This usagedoxological8Vith1Of -Tobit , God 's wondrous and glorious acts are rnetחסו5ץסץHebrew
0psalm8responseז . Having encountered God ' s wonders personally , Tobit writeswork-8ת50חן which recelves the special designation ' psalm8,pralse the heavenly king
psalm ,vhich expresses8,the Hebrew of Ben Sira(בתשבודתתהלה)8.4640200מנ'praises5theן confessed eschatological hope0!the promised human response Of doxology
"111)of the collective psalm1יתוtext. ~ The second-יוthe12:51חוinserted following
'inserted here
su
es the designation ' God of praises15which(136and118Psalms
1*198,Beyer, Die aramaischa Texte votn Toten Meer (Gbttingen : Vandenhoeck.)1;qllestionable184:9.16משו
.711(1976,Enoch (Oxford : Clarendon Press,ףThe Books,54111ן.ד'.יdifferently from,ע(ץנthisחוreconstructs,237
~
dinburgh : T &T(11The Isaiah Targuni ' , ArBib',1110ח"2,.8by6-2:40מand the comnlents2:4Isaש.cf. e . g7
.11(1987,Clark
theח]Artificc , and Exile.5ע11י,תס,',Weitzman.8.cf;70(1995,8ם[ח80מפז:cf. [ . Fitzmyer , DYD XIX (Osford8 .55_esp,61--49(1996)115Hymn of
,
Tobit' , Yeb
vieחטן,vie"!"[ח"ם11?!!($(0;ז" future : immortaliti , risurrecti18ח"croyance des Essiniensפ
,1',Puech.ש-cf9
.22119931,Pari~ : Gabalda(21EBib"'dפjudaisme1חין0ת8 une croyance dans
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES182
abstract8מותshowing that this fixed terminology was already being used,(השבחותאל)presupposed18slmllarתוtheש understandingג.attribute of Godמפsen
se
and as.4:22translation of Ps
theחוQhl1וו,8ח1 sulgularחןused18(אלהשםלה)'God01Similarly the term 'praise
the banners of0תsequence of doxological designations Of God, which are written8
several doxologicalמ]also occursתשבוחוחthose who retreat from battle . The plural
'the Qumran scrolls : the '
Song
of the SagelMaskilמ]three similar groupsת]contexts
;)MasShirShabb,11,407-40400(17נ)'Sabbath Sacrifice]0the ' Songs;(11$-40510).and some other hymnic passages,(5]286ב1ן)4)'the 'Berakhot
the(216,11עDYD;11140510)
'
the Song of the Sage']0the first section1(ו)חverbal activities , which describe the]0!1158תוthe first88preserved5]plural term
by(וXIX;811)נQM1;10-7:24the heavenly ' King of Glory' (cf. Ps0,praise given
0!Jpraises , ble [ssings]',בההליהודוה'דברהכבודלך[למבייוהתשבוחוה[ן[]:the sage
~
mashil
the secondתו,~
Similaril.ינ]psalms ofתוthe kiJng of glory , words Of thanksgiving
which the idea behindי,221,11),תוDyD(812511נ)תו4preserved18passage8וקסם
made explicit . Here the context makes clear that pralse5]the doxological performance
:implied18,together with angels , and thus the heavenly-earthly liturgical union
יעש.בשםכ1לומאורות['כ]פל4עםאלוהים4ורל]"
וחת
"בלףחהלדניחדשלה(נומ4שנהלמועדיהכ1הם[כ[ןפלוהיםורל
]His nanle p[railse ofתן,the luminaries of His elory0הof Elohim together with ang[els!0][
whichב he prepared for the appointed times of the year , [and the do]minion of,[
-
.
of [Elohiml0י]ןtheת][walk0!orderתןunionicommunity
behalf of the righteous0מperson who utters pralses8This role of the maskil , as
18,struggle against the demonic powers81מtogether with the heavenly beings
the magical practices0!contrastתוNi
tzan
has explained this as being.ח.important
0!very similar way81מ.antiquityחוסזוJewish sources-חסתJewish and1תreported
.the incantations make use Of and recite doxological terminology,1.51-4(510נthat Of
effect the '
Power
of the Word ~ . Io '
~
he preserved beginning of the0יתוThey bring
8180were808שתsuggests that the rest of the48(שנייר[ש)תן4(511נ'' second songmay even be conjectured from the!1.ordered structure8ת1מconnected with numbers
beת1 recited0!that the songs were intended(3164-6340311י)'!amen , amen'81תח
another level of0יpublic ' . lI Perhaps even the number of songs should be related
new sect~onפstarts44240511.017תone fragmentמוpreserved18counting, which
Baillet.(פסאפצהבשמעי']open [my mouth1:the eighthמ0י:uncertain reference8תwith
8~rhaps of"ז0..ק,~ osed that the eighth day (iemini) of the Festival of Tabernaclesקק0ן
,Nitzan8180.cf;241.11ע,קmind (DyD1תpurification ritual lasting eight days , was,(255,'Qurnran Prayer'
QM1מ]Puech has discussed the question of the Hebrew attestations of this word.חconnectlonהשבוחשסו8הז8זגת1404521[11. with the4(511נ812[חandע1י48(510נ[יו
Dimant and.7ס".Nitzan , ' Hymns from Qumran' , The Dead sen SGtOll*. Forty Yeats
"Re~earch , ed.8.cf10
.62.esp,63-53(1992,8611.[.ש:Leiden;105נסז)Rappaport.ט"ו,1994)239.
NitzanיLeiden12:8.ו.פ , 'Qumran Prayer and Religious Poetry ' (STDJ.8.cfיי
18340334
'dEcalque ararnaisi de l ' hibreu TSBWHHט]that 'TSB
~
estחוקס[חסof the8]He1:13Tob0)the converse of the explanation given8!This.([1991]33(Puech , RenO
seems that the interrelated usage of Hebrew and1ק.72.ז,Fitzmyer,נ( see above) bythe10song of pralse'8withח50וז8עוחסם
"demonstrated by88,stake!88ןAramaicthe10Aramaic amulet8ת0תfound(עלמלמלךתשבחותשיר
~
King(ה of the VVorldst
used . ) l The5]תשבחותשירbeginnings of other intantations where the sanle phrase
5interchangeableן Hebrew counterpart115this sort of Aramaic and!0widespread use
~
gypt and publishe(lמןshown by another s ~lver amulet of the fifth century CE, found
,Greek]0mixture8containsיוShaked . ~ l.5Naveh and.ןKotansky with.אby
asי0ח,special arrangernent8חןoccur hereחשבחותשירHebrew, and Aramaic , The words
the0זreferringחם[ז-sub885of the whole composition , but within the text*8(נא
These are the "'ords of Davi (i , the...ייי:song8performance and wording Of such
Lord) andנ))the King : "
Save
22]Saul...]0תsay0!that sing ) ?( , that he used808אח
...the evil spirits that811from the ev~l things , the affilctlons , and from"מזrescue
and(נ...the honoured king0!song of praise8Say.(ו)before the Merciful One
vho,,0ט'(mighty , the god that created the spirits . . . Hallelujah , the Lord rebuke
,His holiness . ' " . HereחןJerusalemחןwho dwells...24...,]81rebukes Satan , ruler of'
song
of praise'8the form ofח]doxology towards the creatorבthe recitation of15!]
the spirits , ,yhich are created bv0חbring about the desired effect0)meant5]which
א[וח.applications , as5)ןpraise( s ) ' and,0doxological ' song8The terminology used for
similar0ב!these Iater Aramaic and Hebrew incantations . pointsתוthey are attested
uttering'5עח11 'praises!0The verbal activity.40511-40510ח]practice already implied
the:ב presentן![חexperience0!the maskil with the divine sphere and allows him
this8י.human being thus encounters the reality of the 'eternal ternpte ' arnong men 4;
frightenייסק"5ז the evil10orderח!,performance he acts as priest and angel alike
demonstrated by the thi
rteen
'
Songs
of the15'Similarly the 'Power Of the
Word
(11)
and the,(11017)QShirSabb11,(407-40400)א-QShirShabba4,'Sabbath Sacrifice
maskilחו , as indicatedבbe used by0!Masada fragment MasShirShabb , which are
the heavenly llturgy ' performed5יוחם;חסוthese texts , which1(למשכיל).תtheir headings
.plural form are used very specifically of angels giving praise118andתשבוחה,by angels
alsoתןב attestedמן4(334כ,5ןused many times8]which,תשבוחנותןדבריThe phrase.prominent position
special counting of angelic8connected with5]QShirShabb , this phrase4תצ,the case of the sixth sabbath song0ז4(334כ.תוutterances , which may be comparable
dominated by the number seven
:
around the heavenly king are8]the whole structure
seven angelic princes, who do actlons sevenfold , e .g . seven times with seve [n] ~vords of
the forrnulaic,0Newsom ' s tabulation.2)(403ב31144).[נחצ'wondrous] prais [e[
Late AntiquitJ' ( lerusalem : hlagnes07Shaked ,~
mulets and Mqgic Bowls . Aramaic Incantati~ ns.11Naveh and.2ינ
.
N~veh and Shaked10%מ;;Puech vvho pointed out this important.1was)1.51-50(1985,Press
.(12)25-5(1992)105Ashmolean Muaeum' , M~s)1מויGreek-Aramaic Silver Amulet from Egypt4ן'.Cf3יwith important ideological paralle
~
s from262,'Qumran Prayer',88א;(מcf. also:3435;8-11040511.cf14 .26:69
נפן.7:40;2-1:47;
Critical4-:~he Sabbath Sacrtytie,0and previou~ ly : songs"25(1998,~Oxford : Clarendon1)1Newsom , DYD.ם"
.QShirShabb fol
low
that edition40!References.193(1985Scholars Press: Atlanta,27edition (HSS
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVBRIES184
the,(80-178.pattern , which she reconstructed from the various manuscripts (pp18series of seven8the middle ofת]prominent position of the Fourth (Jhief Prince
label for the8each angel 's utterance starts with]0immediately evident. The pattern
of...,(1)special theme-word: 'psalm Of blessing8verbal activity, which gives
OF...,(5)Of praising )% , . . . Of thanksgiwing...,(3)of exalting...,(2)magnifying
eachח]This primary theme-word occurs repeatedly.'(7)singing
"...,(6)rejoicing
The plural.1the last and cilmactic element0!קט,[)and,4,עelementsתו,psalm
the stereotypicalתוused twice18the begiAing , which!81וחזסthe0!noun corresponds
seven'=1the seven wondrous blessings ' and'=ע.e .gיצandןformulae of elements
-1words of wondrous blessings ' . This structure within the slx uWerances of the princesvariation employed for the fourth and middle8consistent , but shows157-5and3
the[ת secondary theme-wor
d
85g~ven18God)0attribute8תprince . While normalllr
18as melek and
~
lohim-~here for the fourth prince even thisאandתוע-the pattern
.different...(ןשבח Instead of the expected 'occurrence OE the primary theme-.word
direct reflection oe the secondary theme word, which8we find(182,Newsom(,(תשבותת
-8-*narne Of God, known from8,'gibbott : ~ the Warrior' or ' the Mighty*8]this caseת] me
~
ek or ilohim occurs by the other88designation such8Where.5:9or Isa8:24Ps
811striking. 'Gibbor over18angelic princes , this double deviation from the pattern
matched by the feminine abstract plural8]Elohim' denotes absolute supremacy , and
Job0!refers182,
Dg
WrOZ designating the comprehensive divine ' power ' (Newsom
the action of0!God of power ' ) . The confession of this power corresponds':4:41
88praiseמפ , indicated by the plural ' tiibohot ', which should perhaps be understood
can be!1,QShirShabb4ת]usage8"IS
,
by comparison witha1bstract plural . Ththe quintessence of liturgical0!extrapolated that the phrase 'words of praises ' refers
exaltation[אuseתו40334. . This may be the context formeant by the seven -times -"
seven
twotds of praises ' actually18concrete idea of what4
her discussion of the schematicתנ.clear!0ת,however,חused by the angelic prince
later Jewishת]the numbers preserved0!(seven-times -seven' formula , Nesvsomle referstheתן bmidah, butת]only the eighteen benedictions are used01מtraditions , when
number Of additional8special situatlons this and other prayers are complemented by7
~.blessings characteristic8]formula with the address of the second person , whichאתהברוךrfhe
only18,sorne Qumran scrollsמ]synagogues as well asמ]of the later blessings
Davidמו1 ' s prayerתוand,2:119the alphabetical Psalmת]biblical tex
cs
preserved[ח
,88instructiveת8 because the words, which are placedח~rhe latter passage.10:29Chr
this community-.related prayer, illustrate best what may be meant by0!opening part
this wayמ]the term~nology 'words of praises' . Though the words are neither labelled
visible by15
~
QShirShab40!nor counted, their similar doxological emphasis compared
ofת1 attributes!118by the contents of the88well88,נלרהthe repetition of the keyword
:12-10:29Chr1
.202MaaShirShabb".cfששממןwsn,שש also the attestatlon of
I
1"קע.8-177;
communal prayet and the b.ckground of!0overvlew of
-
the preserved data concern~ng the development8מFor7יReif,
.
yudailw and Heb~ew Prayer,5.ני.terms of magic' , cfחן'be seen0!prayers by special individuals , which are
.61-59(1993,Carnbridge : University Press(
18540334
the$יthine; thine5;the earth1חthe heaven~ and111פת,greatness , power , glory ~ victory , majesty
come of thee , and thou rulest,טסחסאrichee end;וםhe~d above8פkingdom, thou art exalted
give6יmake great
,
and0!15!]thy handמ]power and might ; and15thy hand1תand;1פover
.name0ז0ןש[5טtherefore , our God, we thank thee , and pralse thy6[.שסאstrength unto
for each night andחן4(334כFor further clarification of the listing of the numbers
David which are mentioned!0songs364the0יhave access0!would be usefulא,day
They should perhaps be seen.(6QPsa XXVII
11
ofתסחו05קמו0ם') ~ David 's!8]1theמו0!the IJairo Geniza
,
which may go backמוFound8088ת
~
rorlage of the Davidic888
mediaeval findings , as suggested by their re .-editors. la Each of the rour preserved
8formula , follolved byפברוךbegin svith0)and seerns(4-1dsted (from Iyyar8]psalms
These are closed by.(20()different number of sti~hoiבdoxological composition with
formulae , which contain one varying element . To these psalmשתהברוךfour fixed
clear that the individual!1which makes
"the'%ית8תו people' respond with1]פיpraises
.audience8חbe recited before0ז"psalm
theתשמדךת[8 terminology of the plural(286נ)4)QBerakhota4Within the text of0]1)long rovv Of doxological terms describing the celestial sphere or theפattested ify8180
,publicח]This composition " also intended for use.(5-2]]140286)''chariots of glory
as evinced by the repeated '
amen
, amen
'
. How the biblical tradition of blessings and
different0!covenantal ceremonles should be attributedחוcurs ~ngs uttered
.completely clear!5ן8![[01תdevelopmental stages of rituals within the Qumran scrolls
rnentioned8]yearly[תQBerb4(4(287ב)4 act5(13ב44)בand(1911105תו,Similarly
This figurative.(בסרוך])'arrayתתפ]be0!'here connected with the ternlinology,1
verbal8understood as15
,
rnilitary usageוחסז]liturgical act, derived8meaning OF
,')the war scroll ( sת]important element8חstruggle with the evil povvers , and forms
)QCurses4now called(280כ)40!Milik drew attention.4(4חנ.!9ת19721ן.קךIQM andwhere the central,6-4111)לIQMתוmaterlal included0!liturgical parallel8being88
formulated : 'and there shall8]point against the personification of the ungodly power
of intercession ' . J" Evenצפזק"5זmaking870who11פthe mouth Ofטסו[הpeace for0תbe
theחזו"1$ויחט)though the exact development of the connected rituals from Maccabean
the0)un~lear , the structural parallel5]later stages Of covenantal affirmations
apparent . The duality Of cursing and blessing5וwhole group8performances done for
the one hand this confesses God ' s eschatological polver of0מ:fundamental
affirmsזו,the other0מ;effect upon the adversary0!תוjudgement and brings vengeance
reality by those forבthe present asתוexperienced8]God ' s heavenly realm, which
whomמב intercessory prayers are performed . Both sides are interrelated towards
0!important$1!1.expectation of the coGplete revelation of glory and judgement
uttered8]which,(משבוחות)'acknowledge this context for the doxological term ' praises
.Memoriam , ed1מGrintjr.!3:?,'Fragment of the Songa of David and Qumranג',Safrai.5Russer snd.118ל
(1982,Tel -Aviv;1],Uffenheinter (Teftwda
.
The Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies Research Series.8by
publishedג.ג.Harkavi[מ1902). by!8זח))Hebra(8-397.109-83
For(ח8see,40285and014!1=QBert1.חבוזוא, further comrnon elernents including the priestly bleasings9]
.90-77(1992)16~Benedictions', Revp
botiche de18de paix parוימ8;1וטסקי0זqu' il23(144-9519721,ק.128:.יםMilik , 'Milki-sedtq
', yys..נ.ד.cf20
.'cet~x qui font aes pri
~
rea d' intercessio[nt8ou
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERItS186
yearly covenantal8backgr~und for8only as!0ת,behalf of the community0ת
.well85continuous affirmation5!]ceremony , but for
show that the world-"vlew(השבוחוח)'Three further attestations of the keyword 'praises
the hymnic tradition of the Qumran0תconnected with elaborations8]sketched above
8the fragments of0מpreserved15these,0scrolls ~ used within the community . One
side"(40255)מ0תסQpapSa4,'papyrus , which preserves the '
Rule
of the Community
This2255.43.יCf. PAM-(8Text%11ם-Qpap
~
odayot4(4338נ)4ies other side0מand
mentions the important verbal activity: 'and!וof interest , because5]fragment11"!םate3and2.Frgs.(51.frg(,ם[עציבפייתשבוחוהק)'mouth ( as) stren [gthח7וח]praises
0!makes referenceת"
]1The next.(.4461[1996])Wise, Abegg , and Cookת]translated
sltuatlon celebrating the eschatological80!which may be related,(מירלש)'' fresh wine
that this(5=1108ץ.cf(2211QSa1מ]explicitly stated5]!1.22"1111058ת]hopes as
be followed by the small community0!even8]pattern Of community meal and blessing
.persons, the minyanimה"!groups of
editorו!ומס ' Composi5!1manuEIscript entitled by8,826,0(18נThe contextalso very fragmentary . The preserved parts of the8],(133.111,קHymnique ' (DyD
preceding lines deal with the eschatological perspective and the contrast between
the heavenly10the latter , or0!connectionמ]darkness and everlasting life . Probably.are mentioned(ולסים]עתשלחות)'general , ' [everlasti]ng praisesח]realm
0!the 'Apostrophe18th
is
verbal activity0!Yhe third hymnic text , wh
ich
refers'
al
~
habetically2ץ[[[22.8מצ8אQPsf4מוand14QPsa XXII11מ]Zion ' contained,pralse5)זטסץ]the nose (of God0!byin formulates : pleasing14"1[ת,structured stichoi
Mal0!Here sacrificial terminology (perhaps alluding.(ציוןתשבחהךבאףערבה)')( Zion
praise-offering.8ץ23,14:50), (cf888depict the verbal act performed0,used5](4:3
.the text continues88,'the world1םascending through'8]which
praises ' and the verbal act of0!This final passage indicates that the emphasis givenalready8]totally new phenomenon of the Qumran scrolls , but80115מdoxology
parts of the prophetic literature, which clalm ethicalת]sonle Psalms andמ]prefigured
0thisח vlew , sacrificial action has0!prernise for sacrifice . According8behaviour as
Chronicles.8טחז.mere symbol Of aoxology8understood as18itself, butת]worth
reports that psalms are always performed alongside sacnf~ces, implying that their texts
doxology.ג expressed are also necessary components]0and the mental attitude
the8זSolomon ' s prayerמ]already presupposed5]similarly high estimation of prayerThis verbal and ethical approach.8Kings1מוdedication of the Temple , included
plety of prayer became increasingly important (cf. the attestations8connected s~ ith
the text of Tobit mentioned above , where even during theמזסז]frorn Daniel and
)the praise-songת]expected18new and eternal one8existence of the Second Temple
8the diaspora. This shift towardsמוespecially for adherents of the Jerusalem Templesubstitute for8with the heavenly realm suggests that 'praises ' became1[חמverbal
,ed. , Mierofiche Edition,37519941=ע.'יסן~$$Reed , Catalegue (Atlanta; Scholars Pn.0ז8.גAccording21
254.43PAM,0theז0ן!8סוזוש rectoן!,רremalns unclear whether!ןbut;77(1993,Brill.(.8:fnwentory Li~ e ( Leiden
,Brill.ח.נ:beiden;21he
~
umtan Community Rale (STDJ*,4Metso, The Tex~ual Deuelo$"nent.5suggeated by85
.who studied the originals,19-18(1997
,6-165(1997,Brill.1.8:Leiden;17Psat~e (STDJ,9The Dead Sea Psalm Scrolls und the Beok,11עו?.?.cf22 and249ק;.ו,.
18740334
wrong8or,(0תtimes OE conflict (from the Maccabean periodח]sacrifices , especially
priest~ . However , ! ! remalns uncertain which stage of(!81mental attitude of some (or5developmentן Of institutionalized prayer and which attitude towards Temple practices
piety concerned8that15clear5!What.4(334נthe context For88be presupposed0?
5duringזן day and night, and which may have808את-with the verbal activities of pralse
.the backgroundת]should be seen,1Psalmח]counterpart
the Keywords suith Rabbinic Literature,0om
~
arison?(
the Hebresvח]usage5!1the light ofחןexplained above15שירוחמו4(334ל'
~
he use of
,Bible , which calls sorne of the most important son
gs
by the feminine form slltrd/I
15)1.be discernedח8םclear semantic difference from the masculine formסתthough
masculine one was0ס!חסוחחlikely that the choice of the feminine forn] over the more
apart those songs for wh
ich
the feminine form ss'as used , as being of511118יפ,intentional]0the contextח,,the fifekilta ~vhereח]formulated8]vlew8greater significance . Such
preserved . Perhaps even here15songsח"!of51]11:15,בExodח]the well -known ~hirah
the10urhich may correspond,!5]!older8!וpresupposed as15number Of eight shirot8
eightתן4(334ן. songs mentioned for two days
edן.Lauterbach.2[1949],ק.the,(2!"ת .- by;2.Ishmael ( vol.1נ-the Jkfekilta deה]
;29:30Isa(ן):one blockחןare listed%01ז~
wo segments. Songsתוsongs are presented
1:15Exod(11);(ח[)17:21Num;(ען)30-24:31Deut;(ע)12:10Josh;(ע[)1:5Judg;(ו[,)2
long discussion of the rneaning of the eighthבOnly after.1:30Ps(]]]ע);מז1:2288relationship18]and,(1:30the Dedication of the House or David ' (Ps!8Songגי,song
.cf(010:42!01[יןIsa(צ)and21:20Jhr(2(צן)the Temple of Solomon , do the songs10
nlade explicit bv5ןthese songs11בThe eschatological understanding of.(6-5,6נ[6.,קקof the songsטחסdiscussing the gender-form as intentional : fThe designation for each
the deliverances of1150ב,female gives birth8For, just as.תטסחfemale815י85קof the
beער[11ז0תbe5ן0זsubjugations . But the salvatlon ,vhichז"תזםthe past had aftermascullne8designatedחטסח'(חן[6.,ק. by%111followed by subjugation . For this reason
rnarked15giveחו birth and the inability of the male10The potential of the female.(6
8Ask Ye now, and see lvhether':(7.16.,ק"])6:30the scriptural passage cited from Jer
thus5]doth travail with child ' . The repeated conclusion of the Mekilta-exegetesת18ם
which,17:45accordance with the concluding passage , cited from Isaואconfirnled and 23
.'everlasting salvsration1צב.announces
shouldב be seen as4(334נThough ]! cannot be proven that the eight songs Of
the special attention,!5!1the Mekilta111the first block of songs0!slmllar collection
of selected11575least that the corresponding!8these ' feminine songs ' attests0שgiven
Yannaitic.ק[ז11בת,8 times'ח501טתוwith similar quantities) were(808[8שת)1611%mentioning'(שירוהדברי ' words of songs and praises0י4(334ןterminology very similar
the'(במקהלות) Comnlunitiesת]the liturgical composition 'Andת]which " used,(ותשבדרת
the Sabbath morning praye
rs
, must beח]the Pesach-. Haggada andתוrec~ted today8611 Tannaitic
0longי prehistory going backבhave0יThis text also seerns.יטסpointed
der Theologie der frUhenחןGr~zinger , ' Musik und Gesang.111.ו.other recensions of this midrath , cf23זסק
.1971(1982,Tabingen: Mohr;3jadischen Literatur ' , Talmud Midras(h Myssih (TSAJ
THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxl1אDISCOVERIES188
designate the verbal04.5זSukkah.תןשalso usedש~he characteristic phrase1~2.hmes
the public during the first night of Sukkot, when0!performance presented8art of)1
of deedהו*תones andששהוששיוטקים8טסוק
front of themמ]were dancingלפנקםמרקדטהיו
their handsת]with torches of fireשבידיהןשורשלבפבקוח
and saying before themלפניהןיאומרין.words of songs and praisesוהשבחותשירותדברי
during this night and the praises!118חOne may speculate that the symbolism of the
functionוש for the communlשת1תפ,some way and express the enlightחו~ rrelated"!תוare
.'by their actors , who are called ~pious ones and 'men of deed
,Vanina ben Dosa.88אpersons such0!applied18Elsewhere the latter designation
of the word ' by his prayers and through them performsיוסק"ז'who exercises theend10sald15'Of deed.מז(ת'Though the period of the2ו.(5.5.Ber.ש)divine miracles
svane after the destructionשleast their importance % said!8or,0058with Hanina ben
remarkable8this kind Of piety must have been,(15.9So
~
ah.תש]of
the
Temple (both
.phenomenon before and after the late Second Temple period
the case of the incantations mentioned above , the terminology of twords ofת]As
continuity8theתו mouths of the ' men Of deed ' may indicateמ]'songs and praises
be that actions are0!piety and practice . One of their characteristics seems]0forms
exorcise the0!orderח],'the handling of the verbal tradition of 'praises0חbased
behalf of his0תpowers of ev~l and darkness, like the praises made by the maskil.'and also by the 'men of deed(511-ש51נ)4)community
Thoughת1 only very few numbers of the counted verbal activities are preserved
This.'508שת'seems clear that the smaller numbers are mentioned for the",40334be used for larger psalm-.song compositions . Perhaps the two0!keyword seems
special selection of810which only number ( eight' " preserved , referת],instances
much higher and18'songs from biblical tradition . The number of 'words of praisesnlay be!1.be uttered0!single doxological attributes which are0!be related0!seen~ s
are guidelines, which indic~te,50and10assumed that the preserved numbers, between
certain dates) should be combined more0תcertaln number of pralses (perhaps8that
wouldת8 then contain40334.or less spontan~leously and without direct textual basis
8new composition (song of praises) from8generate0!abbreviated instruction
vvords,ן! of praises ' . Though this new scheme would exist only orally']9repertoire
8produce0!86117יוdevotional value . The5!]important function besides8ת~ay have
0adequateי companlon815תperson8performance like this would indicate that such .QShirShabb41ת'angels , who similarly utter the seven-times -" seven 'words of praises
;30.selner geschichtlichen EntNiCkNnt (Olms Paperbacks, volמןcf. ] . Elbogen , Der jddische Gotttsdieftst4נ
.5.10.*P5de.יז%מ110שwho,274(196719311],Hi ~ desheirn ; Olms
.64-5119731)24;40-28(1972)23173,'Vernaes , ' Hanina ben Dosa.ס-cfיו
18940334
markedן!5 by5ן'praises8ה80חי-But even the written scheme of Tobit ' s ' psalm
reflectsח(םז the en ~oul61זזסם"חסק5ץ81הwhich,05ק[!חסוdoxological conllפdesiIlgnation as
mayתזז")abstractחז"שח1חפ0[חפtheחנof angelic presence . The usage of the plural
.also be explained against this backgroundThe.חן4(334לwh
ich
calendrical basis was used!0indication0מ,howevet,15'Yhere
lay(-364general framework of one of the8which ] ! was found implies thatת]position
and1זפחטthis environment both1חcalendrical traditions can be presupposed , but even
liturgical0[ק5"(81ןschematical day-countings are possible . Therefore , any period
festivals ) mav beי1טז!-relevance (as the seven
"
-. times-seven day units between the first
narrossrerיסזק'"ח,חס" sense can be81חQumranic ' background'0ח
considered . Since
the duties of singers0!older biblical background . The referenceחפmight surmise
.suggestlon8would favour such,33:9Chr1תןincluded15during day and night, whichtherefore appears.403340!The label 'Ordo (order of divine office ) ' , wh
ich
was given
extends beyond group)ןexpresses the ' ordo ' ; however!וbe adequate because0!
.verbal activitles,0quantitative and calendrical order8expresses!ם.ן.],boundariesthe0זbe restricted0!seemז0חthe darkness and doת]The actors , however , remain
.Qumran grollp
434Reconstru~tionל41 Of
21o~
tion
(8*1.Frgs(1.Col
top maFgtn
"...יילה]בלבו
ח]תשבוח4ברי[וד2
]0
ם[
אי
(8+,4,3,2.Frgs(11.וסם
op margin*
וארבפיםמ[...השבתחותתדציישאינה]יוח[שיבלילהבובשמונה]י
עמ1ששהתשבוחותף4ן[ודב...שירותביום]ס2
~
בלילהבובתשעאר
nlנ
~loe...רות,שוביצםים]וארבפשנ5םחשבוחותודברי
TH
E
JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES190
שמונהשילתביילהבוושעשרה...תשבוחותודברי...1*עשיןיאשבוחיח[תודבלי.,[..,שירותוביוםתשבוחותלדברינ[שירותוביום...תשבוחותורבדי...שירותבלילהבועשרתעשתי6
ןשירותבלילהבועשרבשתים...תשבוחותודברי...ן7
[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...]8
ןוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבועשרובשלושה9
בלילהבועשרבארבעה...תשבוחותודברי...נשירותי"ן
ודברי,..שירותוביום,..תשבוחותודברי...שירות]ן!
[...שירותבלילהעשרבובחמשה...תשבוחות]!2
ן...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותנדברי3י
(7+6.Frgs(111.001
lop margin
ן
~
elb~
mSIס[...תשבוחוחודברי...שירותבלילהבו
בושר[עבשבעה...תשבוחותודברי.,.שייכותיביו6]2
שירותים[ובי..,תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילה]י
גיעשרבשמונה...תשבוחותודברי...]4ת[שירווביום...תשבוחוהודברי...שירותשלילה5
ןבלילהבועשרבתשעה...תשבוחותודברי,..]6
[תשבוחותודברי...שירותובקם...תשבוחותודברי...שירות]7
[וביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבובעשרים...]8
[בלילהבוועשריםבאחר...תשבוודתודברי...שירות]9
תשבוחוחןודברי...שירות,..וביוםתשבוחותודברי...ישירות0ן
וביומן..תשבוחותודברי..שירותבלילהבוועשריםבשחים..ןי!
[בלילהבוועשרםבשלושה.,.תשבוויתודברי...שירות2י
[תשבוחותודברי,..שירותוביום...תשבחותודברי...משירות!3
19140334
top martiw
[חשבח1תודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשריםבארבעה...ן
[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבינוםעשר[...]
[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשוקיםבחמשה...ן
ןבלילהבוועשריםבששה...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום]
[תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...נשירות
...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשריםבשבעה...ן
ועשריםבשמונה...תשבוחותודברי...שירוחוביום]
...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבו]
שירותבלילהבוועשריםבתשעה...תשבוחותןודברי
תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביוםתשבוחותודברי...ן
וביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבובשלושים...ן
בלילהבוושלושיםבאחד...תשבוחותודברי...שירות]
..תשבוחותודברי..שירותוביום..תשבוחותודברי..שירות]
14ע0"8
(8+1.Frgs(1.Col
"t1op wa ~i
.
"בלנילהבו
5nlimienרי[וד
]0
שירו
"
THE JUDAEAN DESERT XXI1אDISCOVERIES192
(8+4.Frgs(11.col
וארבעיםה[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבובשלושה]
בלילהבובארבעה...תשבוחותודברי...שירותביום]0
קרותוביים...תשבוחותודברי...שסירות
בובחמשה...תשבוחותודברי]0
"שמונהשימותלילה
6b[']jtDבוחדת[תודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי]
[שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבובששה]
ןשירותבלילהבובשבעה...תשבוחוחודברי...]
[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...]
Col.111(אוץ.נ)
margin0ע)
ן...חות]תשבוביז[ד]5שלונהשירותבלילהבוובשמונה
al~allןבלילהבובתשעהעשר6שה[תשבוחותודברי...שירות
ןשירותוביוםוארבעיםשנוםתשבוחותודברי...שירות]
[...שירותבלילהו]5בעשרה[...תשבוחותודברי...]
[...תשבוחותודבירי..ן..שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי]
ןשירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבועשרבעשתי]
ןשירותבלילהבדעשרבשחים...תשבוחותודברי...]
[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...]
19340334
(2+7.Frgs(1י.Col
rop marein
ס[...תשבוחותודברי...]יות[שיבלילהבועשרבשלושה]י
בועארבארבעה...תשבוחותן;ף[ודב...תירוחןוביום
שירות5ם[ובי...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילה]
גועשרבחמשה...תשבוחותודברי...]
שירוהוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילה]
[...תשבוחותודברי...ן
+6.Frgs(001.ע
"top margi
ודברי...שירותבלילהבופשרגששה]
"...שבוחות
~
ביוץ
~
...תשבוחותודברי...ירות
...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבועשרבשבעה]
hjiשירותוביום]
~
[e[בועשרבשמונה...תשבוחותודברי
שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילה]
בלילהבועשרבתשעה...תשבוחותודברי...ן
[תשבוחותודברי...שירוחוביום...תשבוחותודברי...ישירות
[וביום...תשבוחותודברי...סירותבלילהבובעשרים...]
THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא]DISCOVERIES194
(5.Frg(נע.Col
top margin
[תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשריםבאחד...]
[בשנים...תשבוחותודברי...שירותוביוםעשר...]
[ום]וביעשר[...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשרים]
[ועשביםבשלושה...חשבוחותודברי...שירות]
[...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבו]
[שירותבלילהבוועשריםבארבעה...תשבוחוחודברי]
[חשבוחותודברי...שירותוביום...תשבוחותודברי...]
ןתשבוחותודברי...שירותבלילהבוועשריםבחמשה...]
QOtot4.319
5שץצ-צ;[,,([ד."
~Oumr;(וייון(נח,,ה, n ('ar " , ( Oxeordואו,(Previous discussion : [ . '] . Milik , The B() oks gf Enoch .
rA
aenui'e. Fra
~ments hrer Bedeutun~ f~ r,חןage-Kalender und dle Sabbatstruktur sc ~ ner Schaltungen'1-364Olessrner. ' Der.1976)9-61;ט איזו(ח-
.!165(1(ל((ט"
.
Jlessmer , and ha(.י),ן.%.[)וחב(15]K()ch
,
, ed . by.ש!'7נ?!י!(*לשזא!man!פש,den Kult' , Ernten ,ח
1Tage.י - ~estkalendar-364ש,lunaren Zyklenםיט'.Albani.1991)4:98-379י,Vluyn : Neukirchener Verlag נ"4QS(ו43-281992:.411,"א,,1מו,.א" , Kirchliche Hachschule LeipziR - Mitteilwngen und Neitra~Q4eMiwhmerotl4 scukirchcncr?(ין"חר-Neukir~. hrn:%6אגרידג'ז.rumischen Hrn(,chbuch7)gtrt zam astrr"4,laube. UNtErSUChc9hapfuttfst7
1andג(1,י,י4,6ס1?'. Qurst ) ons about(9ר3נ)14Text.-00,סי01(זGlessmer, ' Invcstigation.994)96-283;ט!,Verlag ),)ork AcaQc
~l'111,(יפא,)Annals(?)5ןMethodt of Imhestitation of the Dead Sea scrofl~ and the HTAirbet , oumran IVlseחטרוק6חב , SL' L- ond .rhou
~
th
s1994)9ן1:40-4ין,(לל,Sciences01New York : New York Academy:722Sciences 'L.י6ן.(.. d.the,מח0א"ז2Brn4;""1ן'ם(40"1" Qumran Synchronistic Calendars ' . Purs~ing ihr rext
:
Sr,tdiry LT,!)(זוישן(
.
Glrss~cr,1)5חזק,1994)%9-2רSheffield : Academic:184Reeves and [ . K~mpen (ISOTSup
ka/endurtslי,י1גי,ם"י,"1ט(יי ile ?I C)umra ~ trxte" tdtl (fהונ,den ( 'hro" ihhli ( 'hernיי,Priesterardnungen24;Kwltordnung 'and thL4ו319כי)
~
exts1-01)ל)mer . 'ThcG5~ es.9951!237-69:ט!,/nrchrifte" (Habilitation; Hamburg University Beirr
~kre dt-
r
,ו[נח"
day'.וו10מןוט;חן1נא1.ל1,ז(6ז tJalendar-364the Context of theחןProblem of Intercalations ;,]
Bihlical,1611ג!1(ז.ל2-ח2ו7 Lirtrarutt50(י,י)'4יaFrאש6מן(?וםז01101חז(תןיי]](חa1u!חםזחזאל,זסח14ת)Teihrehmer det Garcia hlartinez . . Calendarlos_:1:64-
1Fabry.[.1!edס8[.(6ל1!(,חם8ח:VandenhoeckשRuprecht,1996)25י . by,1993 ז(1,,""ון,,,יןן,,,
".)yeu- ish a ~ld.,(ז"ח"יי,א
"')and1םק?,נ1"ז,Beck)' ith.199654י)%33-%4:1(.'ץEB
"חפQumran(ל1 0
ltanderKamמו("י'D.udצ(' , ealet~dars_;).1.25-1996)5רן,Brill.(.ש:Intertessamental and Patrirtic Srudies (Leiden
theה.(1" Qumran Scrolls ' . '~heח]Glessmer, ~ Calundars.ף%19)%מ-4%:ט,Routledge:011_תס6תscrolls : Measutit
~
Time -א.VandrrKam:%.ן.Brill,[2,999(2י ( Leiden.ם.[and;ק_עי.ץ;;תed . by,11.sea Scrolls af~ tt fil(y Years , VOI
discovers' arnong the115h~ilik after.'3.'זof!0]the0זqOTOT svas originally assigned4
tentatil'e8fragments . Milik first gave this designation and suppl
ied
4large heap of cave1יח1[81
.
volume , The Books of E, ,och1976hisע[)[ח-olim col(,ו~col]0restotation
studies ( sec]0serles8חוQOtot was performed by )( . Glessmer4יזםeditorialזסיו"
Alilik and.יד.[l
~
hile recognizing the important contributions or8!0סון%8זאקג).י
the identification of
individual
fragmen
ts
. theמ]Glessmer, the present edition differs.3ן.readingsחן~ erall interpretation , ando1f the texts , their oזט0צפ!understanding of the
!0-tisllwar"6תבof calendrical5טקזסםQOtot belongs ~rith the4,and contentת2!מזזסparallel , and5]contaln material sthich)111זו-ל.Cols.(330-320כ)4(4texts from cave
the]0The core.330-4(320כthe subject nlatter of0י,sometimes virtually identical,the calendrical corpusמןparalleledר0חthough,י1,-נע.of cols?8]1document, the otot
the sarne0חThe otor calculations are based.0[ז!bears significant similarities
05]0.01
OV
sucht1rlennlal cycles , ~rith tתןday l'ears arranged-364:fundamental systemotof are0זfact , fragmentarit references1ח.of mishmarot rotationתט[יforming the basic
hat110)probably belonging,(גQCalendrical Document/Mishmarot4(40320תןextant
Therefore.5071extensive,)ר.א(ת section of calculations of this8תwas originally
substantiallv5זסמ]time-reckoning system8ז]assumed that5]!],4(319בinterpreting.different from that of the remainder of the calendrical corpus
%the present author . Thrv ser~' edאזוזGlessmer for sharing his marerial reconstruct~ons.סזטThanks are due1
theיה. mean~ ng of
I
theח0 section0מher co~
rmI
enrs1זס
:
C]hazon.;1also thank!.5חםןructi:!5יס"מחסספזcatatysts for my
40319196
Physical Descri
~
tion
his terminology) , Milik established his1402608מ)QOtot4"1111When introducing the
opinion that the document should be considered separately from the other composition
,this distinction0)Owing.(40260Milik ' s terminology405"(40259,תו,the scroll0ת
the volume of the caveתוthe present volume rather thanתוpublished5]the otot section
copies Of Serekh ha- Yahad.
I
Indeed , the variance of subject-matter between the4
~
erehh ha- Yahad and the technical otot schedule seems2organizational -legal material Of
the thematic varlance may be , the physical88conclusive . However , convincing
"408;parchment, script , scribal customs , and state of preservation prevail1תsimilarities ,the same scroll (Gtessmer , Die ideate K
~ttordnwngמזסז]clearly originate)0)400and
.QSe4acknowledged by the editors of15This.(73-170
about ninety more fragments vvere,ן1,-11י.the reconstructed cols0)addition1ת
longer be located and are preserved0תthe rnuseuni plates . Some of these can0תextant
deteriorate since the0ןolder photographs . The extant fragments have continuedתןonly
pieces . Therefore , several groups of fragments?1[חnumerousסזתןdisintegrating,19505
:40319should be distinguished when discussing
and sorne isolated fragments , reveal the11,י1-ו.comprising COls,23,15-1.Frgs.1
this scroll . The10QSt and definitely belong4]0materlal and contextual characteristics
.based upon these fragments5]material reconstruction
generally display the sarne material tralta though47-36and,31-26,20-16.Frgs.2be0)the composite text .
~
'hey are considered10תןbe integrated0יsmall100they are
0part[4(319ל.
4lighter(319נ brown colour than the maln body ofפare of33and25-24.Frgs.3differentמזסזב]fragments and contain cursive script , suggesting that they originate
.scroll
colourמו1"- an
d
contain smaller script and narrowerתןare light brown35-34.Frgs.4
.spacings than are usual for this manuscript
both material form1מwhich have now mostly disintegrated , differ,110-45.Frgs.5
and863.42PAMמוand content from the rnaln body of fragments . They can be seenvertical rather than8and haveתוומזסן
ra
e rectilinear59-85and64-59.Frgs.256.43
They are.ת41(319נthan usual5"11הhorizontal orientation , preserving shorter sections of
smallerמ0 script and the contents differ . J The rest of the fragments shownתןבinscribed
none of them has;4(319בresemble the style and subject matter Of01תalso doןק.111צ
Milik assigned these.319-40259characteristic of50the pronounced dry rulings
thus revealing his,286.43and231.43PAM0תdifferent plates, represented0זfragments
QOtot and are4considered part of01מown doubts about them . Accordingly , they are
.under CONTENTS)1ו,11-ל.
.
discussed separately . * See below , CONTENTS OF COLS
are5"7,1.3ם!מ)Alexander and.קdescribed by'405The physic-al characteristics of
mm) , whose colour8.0)very thick skinה0פwritten5]QOtot4.403190י]also valid
sometimes even black, with sonle fragments15dark brown and10-now varles from mid
;Related Texts (DJD XXVI9שזYahad and-11שXIX. Serekh4Vermes , pumran Ca~e.ל)A~ exander and.5.נק .(1995.Oxford
:
Clarendon
.
this group10belong10also appear22-1?.Frgs
..see COMhIENTS;01)400
,
the discussion of0)fragment possibly substantial(]0חthe1577.Frg
THEו% IUDAEAN DESERT xxlא]DISCOVERIES
Both.1111.0015ע-צpossibly represent15.and frg14.The exceptionally long frgcrn6.1-6.0fragments include text from two columns, with the intervening margin of
.15.frg0תclearly visible
fifateriat ReconstructionפTosuards
which heתן,reflect Milik 's reconstruction1960חוThe last PAM photographs taken
This.0[זס~ח015ם.ע11-1ע!combined some twenty ~-. five pieces of parchment.5.few variations8of the present edition
,
with only68818the88reconstruction se
rves
which pertains,"405the material reconstruction of0מdetailed study8Metso produced
further exemplified by Glessmer (Die88
,
subsequent columns of the sarne scroll0!also
unusual8תוחThe deterioration of this scroll resulted84-173).ש,ideate Kaltordn~ng
nearly un ~ form blocks with]0which the extant fragments bear the forrnמו,phenomenon
the left and right edges . This unique state OF preservation!ח11"5ב-similar breakage
for the material reconstructlon methods employed by Metso and850)ideaiתבforms
.Glessmer
additional8חimpossible for1]Metso concludes that the reconstruction renders
This.ב44(נ!יסof1108תand the firstענQSt4have appeared between0!column
withוthat7!11!א5ו Milik' s recolInstruction and negates the possibi"015ת!תוו~תconclusion
column of theת8תן[!1בןadditional column contalned either Serekh ha- Yahad material or
the materlal ev ~ dence presented by Metso and Glessmer , the0תotot roster , Based
.listing of otot appeared before col0מpresent author accepts their vlew contending that
ך9,1.
Columns are demarcated by clear vertical and horizontal ary rulings . Such rulings
also mark the lines of every column , with the letters suspending from them . The scribe
.increased deterioration along the rulingsח]this task , resultingתוexerted much force
0theח!. scroll and which do0!These rulings clearly indicate which fragments belong
,contained nineteen lines111"405.entirety8!תווpreserved18of the columns"תסא
top margins are preserved , since the0א.which " probably the norrn for the ent~re scroll
18rfiyn8.)bottom margin of1.upper part of the scroll was more severely damaged
mrnתו1"- w~der than the average1only8]and Sd , which,3סנ,א.frgsחוpreserved
the parchment, since very0תpossible that the scribe was conserving space8]1י.spacing
the fragments . Alexander and Vermes calculated the height of0חfew tacats are extant
.crn6.12be0!the scroll
preserved are the bottom lines of857ם.their entiretyמוhave survived8"11תVery few
the!בcm long . Two centimetres of inscription are missing91819"11תof
which
col.זי1,
ength of1-18חוtotal8the m~ddle, renderingתזסז]cm5.0along with,"1תוbeginning of the.cm7.12.)column wi
dth
of8cm , yielding2.1.)15cm
.
The average column-rnargin12
theחו sequential joins0חcertaln based5]whose width,5ע.col0י
iS
nlilar data pertaincmת7and7.frg0ת1ם are extant7.5:also well preserved541,1ו
.
that column . Colthe figu
re
used by Alexander and15crn . This7.12together totalling,6ב.frg0תappear
calculate the0יVermes following Metso .~'here " insufficient information available
.17111.but similar measurements may be assumed for col,12,1.0018width of
See also eadem , The.5-303(1993)44yys.405Metso , 'The Prinlary Results of the Reconstruction of.5'.51-48(1997,Brill.נ.":Textual Developme~t of the Qumran (?ommunity Rule ( STDJ xxl ; Leiden
40319%1
Height (cm) Lines of colour(תם)Frg. Width
Extallt Text
0darkש[6 brown with grey26.146+8ם
dark brown29.16.2,8
dark brown46.37.39
dark brown64.48.410
dark
brown
31.35.311
dark brown437.312
dark brown56.33.213
medium brown with grey mold28.23.614
dark brown49.25.415
crumpled and181פ.frg]0The top right.1ע.preserves most of the width Of col1.Frg
8!1well as88,1ס.frg]0the right!8"תווturns upwards . Note the curved breakage
narrow bottom marginג.the scrollחוattested elsewhere!0חunusual width, features
canמfrg0.סנ. be discerned
18The latter,38and2.frgs0חare extant,11.Of col1185חThe ends of the bottom five
eg0!Two.2ת0 rnore pleces are misjoined.3.frgתוtwice as wide as the usual width.READINGS0אNOTES,33-32.see frgs;283.43PAM
1consists of narrow strips sometimes less than1וססי.יholds the right side of3.Frg.this areaתוwas rnore forceful8"חווcrn high , perhaps suggesting that the ruling of the
wide marg~n-ג6.1ת1ס.noticeably straight18",
of.פ3-[ frgsמ"
Theו[ right breakage
For the.3א.frg1תbottom marginבand,38.frgחוpreserved18זיand,1י.between cols
.READINGS0אsee NOTES,3א.frg]030תו
the skin,46.frg14.מfrg0חpreserved"lines.י, from colקקט"זThe middle of some 48.should be positioned between frgs23.large extent peeled off. Frg0זבsurface has
.58and
and the,י.half of colקקט"זcm-wide margin between the5.1-9.0פpreserves5.Frg
.frg0תthat found0!vertical crack, similarוסם.וי.גopening words of eleven lines from
263.43PAM;131,DyD),,[ח1ז0!8ח8 XXVI(6-frg . Sa0חclearly seen15,405ןof28.valuable clue for the material reconstructlon of the scroll
that of0!vertical crack similarבalong!511קactually consists of two
lp
eces68.Frg
18smooth upper edge8!1.(422.42PAMמוcf. the separate pleces(7and5.frgs
the same0תlocated11,10פand7.frgsתוunique pattern that reappearsבinterrupted by
this., form and0יaddition1ת.COMMENTS,11.01ץ)left; see0יfrom rightםחווhorizontal
crn-wide marg~n2.1-7.0בpreserves7.the familiar vertical crack , the serrated frg
18The same marg~n.711.and the open~ng words of seven lines from col1,1.between COI
the base of!
".01frgם.1ץקקפ"8זפ Sf, while the bottom margin of0תalso represented
.86.Frg
are the last pleces that can be placed with13-11and9.The Oddly shaped ftgs
vague layout of
the
structure ofוותסבthough they provide,111,י1/-י.colsתוconfidence
.see MATERIAL RECONSTRUCTION,10.frg]0the placement0ן'111-11ע.ח,cols
THEו% IUDAEAN DESERT xxlא]DISCOVERIES
Both.1111.0015ע-צpossibly represent15.and frg14.The exceptionally long frgcrn6.1-6.0fragments include text from two columns, with the intervening margin of
.15.frg0תclearly visible
fifateriat ReconstructionפTosuards
which heתן,reflect Milik 's reconstruction1960חוThe last PAM photographs taken
This.0[זס~ח015ם.ע11-1ע!combined some twenty ~-. five pieces of parchment.5.few variations8of the present edition
,
with only68818the88reconstruction se
rves
which pertains,"405the material reconstruction of0מdetailed study8Metso produced
further exemplified by Glessmer (Die88
,
subsequent columns of the sarne scroll0!also
unusual8תוחThe deterioration of this scroll resulted84-173).ש,ideate Kaltordn~ng
nearly un ~ form blocks with]0which the extant fragments bear the forrnמו,phenomenon
the left and right edges . This unique state OF preservation!ח11"5ב-similar breakage
for the material reconstructlon methods employed by Metso and850)ideaiתבforms
.Glessmer
additional8חimpossible for1]Metso concludes that the reconstruction renders
This.ב44(נ!יסof1108תand the firstענQSt4have appeared between0!column
withוthat7!11!א5ו Milik' s recolInstruction and negates the possibi"015ת!תוו~תconclusion
column of theת8תן[!1בןadditional column contalned either Serekh ha- Yahad material or
the materlal ev ~ dence presented by Metso and Glessmer , the0תotot roster , Based
.listing of otot appeared before col0מpresent author accepts their vlew contending that
ך9,1.
Columns are demarcated by clear vertical and horizontal ary rulings . Such rulings
also mark the lines of every column , with the letters suspending from them . The scribe
.increased deterioration along the rulingsח]this task , resultingתוexerted much force
0theח!. scroll and which do0!These rulings clearly indicate which fragments belong
,contained nineteen lines111"405.entirety8!תווpreserved18of the columns"תסא
top margins are preserved , since the0א.which " probably the norrn for the ent~re scroll
18rfiyn8.)bottom margin of1.upper part of the scroll was more severely damaged
mrnתו1"- w~der than the average1only8]and Sd , which,3סנ,א.frgsחוpreserved
the parchment, since very0תpossible that the scribe was conserving space8]1י.spacing
the fragments . Alexander and Vermes calculated the height of0חfew tacats are extant
.crn6.12be0!the scroll
preserved are the bottom lines of857ם.their entiretyמוhave survived8"11תVery few
the!בcm long . Two centimetres of inscription are missing91819"11תof
which
col.זי1,
ength of1-18חוtotal8the m~ddle, renderingתזסז]cm5.0along with,"1תוbeginning of the.cm7.12.)column wi
dth
of8cm , yielding2.1.)15cm
.
The average column-rnargin12
theחו sequential joins0חcertaln based5]whose width,5ע.col0י
iS
nlilar data pertaincmת7and7.frg0ת1ם are extant7.5:also well preserved541,1ו
.
that column . Colthe figu
re
used by Alexander and15crn . This7.12together totalling,6ב.frg0תappear
calculate the0יVermes following Metso .~'here " insufficient information available
.17111.but similar measurements may be assumed for col,12,1.0018width of
See also eadem , The.5-303(1993)44yys.405Metso , 'The Prinlary Results of the Reconstruction of.5'.51-48(1997,Brill.נ.":Textual Developme~t of the Qumran (?ommunity Rule ( STDJ xxl ; Leiden
40319%
with any40319ית11תןcalculate the number of letter-spaces per0!difficult15!1
accuracy, since the seml-formal nature of the script leads % inconsistency. There are08reconstructה0does11ה! damaged0!text required]0which the amountתוsome cases
40.)the average of,יצ.colת11*.תצthe average number OF letter-~ SpEICeS per0!add up
consistentת11"21.11-98 except for the problematic8]*1הוcorrected letter-spaces per
notwithstanding the problernatic reconstruction of lines,י.similar figure pertains "col
accurate number can be g~ven due0מhave been narrower but0!appears1ע.Col.13-7,4
wide lacuna8,the transcriptions18-16.?הand,14-13,9-48"11תthe fragmentary state of0ן
theי0ח11חmarks those places where the reconstructed text does*1[מthe middle of theתוNOTES10referred15TheאRBADINGS0הcols0.זי-1זו reader."1[הthe]0assumed width
.further discussionזסו
the outside . The0חbeginning1טAs proven by Metso , the scroll was rolled with
probably corne from the middle of the scroll . As Metso (
Text
~aI11,1-ן.surviving cols
calculates , ' the total number of columns would have been fifteen plus(51,Dewelopment
half8~half columns for Serehh ha- Yahad, five and-8-ח1ח"-6תב)the handle-~sheet
would have1ז
"the.י1 first half of col1מthe otot section began]1.columns for otot) t
"handle-~ sheet . As noted above, the textual findבfollowed by)[1.col1תended
.evaluate this analysis0!insufficient
111.stitching could have appeared only between cols405תי]Metso concludes that111andץ possibly,ע1,ע,1ע.preserved after each of cols15stitching0הand rv . Since
could have appeared aftdf either!1,(14.the doubtful placernent Of frgת0קט(depending
,unfortunately;10.the left margin Of frgאStitching remalns can be seen.1צor11ץ.col
appeared10.frg]1.suggestב! any obvious placement0!too poorly preserved5]the text
exceptional18six-column sheet which8would have concluded,ל(,ו?.col]0the left side
therefore surmised15!1.average of four columnsתבQumran , where sheets contain!ב
four-.column sheet . Theבcompleting,11,1.COI]0hrms the left edge10.that frg
.uninscribed area8חand)1ו,111-ל.following sheet svould have contained COIS
significant"11טוproduce1?ע1-י.assoclated with cols!0הThe remaining fragments
the following columns. Some of them areתוnlaterial data , and mostly cannot be placed
.)the basis of
their
tentative contents (see below0ח.ff11,ן.COlsחוpositioned
Oontents
the last trace Of Serekh ha,(150,QSe (DyD XXVI4the final edition of0!According
butה11"8 " probably continued several,*2)1108נparallels51ע.colח]Yahad text
108The editors believe that.(25101ם.צ)the end of the Maskit' s ordinance0!further
thatהזסז]constructed from phrases taken,)ל.the hymn of col0!preambleל1(526ןב
'0QSח! suggests that the preamble was4ה]hyen , hence the absence of the hymn
presenשרוחל0!4(319נ
t
as well . _ A scrutiny of the photographs yields traces of the word
word may resemble8יזסאREADINGS . This%0before the otot text begins ; see NOTES9,11
that case
,
the Serekh haהנ.preceding the hymn26)1נQS1the last word of,יברכנוthe editors believe, but88יזוו.eight lines Of colנהו!1שonly the!0תYahad text covered
poeticסן introduction8Alternatively, the blessing nlay be.9
ח1"
]]0also the beginning
8,doxological character . Indeedבthe otot roster , thus lending the entire composition
201THE
UJAD
EA
N
DESERT
xx
Iא[DISCOVERIES
Qurnranחןas elsewhere(11-101.ר1,י))creation contextחב]doxology appears here 6
QPsaנו.2-140504ץע) XXVI11.8.ם)literature
contains1ןthe otot roster , since0זconfined4(319ב5ו01חThe calendrical material of8should therefore be classified asי!.least three more types81of5)15וvarlous mishmarot
11515theמו4(320נ. collection of10compendium of calendrical information , similarintegrated4(319נ5ו,independent document8תbe10appears4(320כHowever , while
calendrical composition withir) Serekh"תסSerekh ha- Yahad. While the placement of10חו
collection of8]0the presence,('1"5%ז-ha ~- Yahad seems acceptable ( see Glessmer , ( otot
.texts ~aises some questions regarding the coherence of the cornposition
vhich,ע1-10ע15תן[~COIS(1:Two sections0זחןcan be divided4(319כThe material of
.ffר,1,ל.col(2;special kind of computation10בprominent word , attesting15בotot
10very similar and sometin] es parallel character8which contalns calendrical ros
ters
of
4those(ן320כ-330. Of
Structure and Meaning of the otot sectionunique correlation of three discrete tirne80חThe calculations of this section
ra
e based
year mishmarot cycle , the seven
.
- year-%51reckoning devices : the standard Qumran
full integration8achieve0יorderמ[.year jubilee cycle-)תוח-iemitah cycle , and the forty
after which the,(294=649ן)required5ןjubilees5צוtime span ofב,of these cycles
year]0the beginning1בrestored , ! . ) . the priestly course Ganlul serves15situationזרתו)1בr of thet14he world vleת[.the beginning of the first cycleחןdid11of the first jubilee , as1
15
,
years"חוח-whether six ~ seven
,
or forty,וז[ת"-11חטcalendrical scrolls , the first]0the fourth day0תconsidered the very beginning of time . The march of time began
this uncture the afforementioned1פluminaries were created , and)"1(Jreation , whenthe beginning1בexpressed15This theological conception.10תו[תסחסתtirne devices came
light(ת0 (came forth15[י,
"ofתז"ת0וזת0[בשבנתבארבעהורה the otot enumeratlon with the
only clid20נ140ן45-1ון).01א.creation ' ( cf',עייאהthe fourth day of the week ' and of
accepted counting devices , first and foremost the1טthat point , but also1בtime begin
theפ very day of Creation renders this cycleזפmishmarot cycle . The placing Of Gaeul
weeks , months
,
and10תוpart of the inherent world-order just like the division of time
.
years
theח]the longest span of time discussed5]years"מות-Two hundred and forty
the rotating six -vear10calendrical documents from Qumran , which are mostly restricted
historical8date0זthose documents that use the mishmarot systernץח"ת.cycle
year cycle for the-5צוexceed the limits of theז0תconcrete historical time doחוoccurrence
Only one
rt
ace of the jubilee7.jubilees cycle)-5צו)sake of the seenlingly rno
re
convenient
ad5'0דא12וא).cf(40330the badly preserved roster ofתוextant15counting method
Longer.4(319כframework of",101את
"11shed any0ןtoo fragmentary15,ןloc . ) , but
sorne pivotal loci of Second Temple literature , first and1מare ernployed"1[מזspans of
ENOch . R However , these2the ' Apocalypse of Weeks ' ofתןlubilees andחוforemost
Leiden,1994)72-ס5. : E _- ( _ Brill,11%STDJ((ק"זאra)rer and Rellgiour)1"See B _
iN
tzan, Oumra"vere initlally conslde
rcd
1hese documents'
DYD,0סס2)5ןן-9י." xxxvl ( Oxford : Clarendon,333-4331כןSee7
group . However , examinat ~onםthe annalistic hdishmarot0זMil ,k , who assigned them67standard m ~shmarot rosters
certaln81בduty0חthe priestly course,0mentlonבonly)6ט,full reco
rd
of the cycleבcontaln01חproved that they do
pointתן1[וח".
.109-91(1998,Routledge:ח60ח0ן)the Dead diea Scrolls
:
Measuri)rg Tim
e
.cfחן [ . ): . VanderKam , (nalendarsש
40319202
should therefore!1.time-reckoning device885priestly courses10reEer01תdocuments do
basis for the otot schedule was8be assumed that the correlatlon which serves asyear priestly cycle with the typical septad-5[צharmonize the0יorderת]engendered
well known that the standard19!8נ.Enochic calendrical thoughtפscheme, prominent
8Qumran seeks!8Astronomica[ Enoch and accepted1תdays presented364year of
eve~-repeating structureתבby positioningז1תטperfect extrapolation of the basic septad
days"0מ-ninety.0.1,days = four quarters of thirteen weeks364:with exact subdivisiHons
the same dayתסconstantly181118תrespectively, with every appointed season and festival
solve the problem%$101!400of the week. The objective behind the intricate edifice of
comply with the septimal pattern, by!0מcaused by the slx-year priestly cycle , that does
The grand."
,seven-תנמ and forty,5צוlarge-scale multiplication of81!ס1תוintegrating
structure, whose intrinsic numerical-זchronological8therefore18years294cycleקט8" of 2TABLE800;relationsס1 rnay yield significant affinities of mishmarot and dates
The first records the occurrence of.5!תסקמזסס"חmade up of tsvo15The otot roster
chronological order for each jubilee, ending with the proclamation of ' theמב]signs
summary formula of the nun~ber8concluding sign of the jubilee ' , while the second g ~ ves
specificationמ1 of the number of signs that occurredבjubilee together withמןפof signs
:survey of these components followsג.'release year',8שמטה
1the beginning of years81sign OCCUTS every three years , hence alsvays falling)1.עthe lunar concordances ofומסז]of the slx-. year msshmarot cycle . As can be seen4and
theו1תס cycle are astronomically equivalent , and dNfferת]these two points,3218-~4(320בyear cycle consists of two astronomically identical-5צןauty . The0תthe priestly courseח]
the mishmarotחןachieving full harmony,0triennial cycles , combined only for the sake
the completion of six years . The priestly1]!תטrotatlon , ,vhich cannot be achieved
are always Gamul and Shekaniah4and1the beginnings of years!בcourses that se
rve
,the sign that occurs during their dutyחסקטrespectively , hence their names are called
are!115theסת! ototתןHowever, the year-numbers employed.שכניהשהק0[נמולאוהeitherthe standard slx-year numbering, but rather follow the seven-year cycle of0!identical
,years one8יsigns vyere recorded!1אthe beginning of the!ב,the release years . "'herefore
years three and six of the second!ב,four , and seven of the first seven -. year period
the fourth seven1מ.years two and five of the third periodזבseven -year period , and!115years one, four, and seven , etc . Theחוyear period , this cycle repeats itsetf with signs
,for the rest of the jubilee as well as for those followingץ"תןthe sarneחןproceeds
enumetated by!0מare!14theמןjubilees presented5צוunknown reasoll , the8ח
~
or
discussedתו below8ןThis phenomenon.7-2but rather with6-1the ordinal numhers.italics) , and jubileesח])full enumeration of mishmarot , ototבdisplays2detail
.
'fABLE
the time-period of Enoch' s sojourn4,21:4(227נ22)5ב.yubתןsix jubilees or
,
'
yea
~ s' are mcntioned*,7ם'ש'יבלה(שנ theן%5,ן!5ןיסח number,0Enoch nor
~
ubileel knows the calendrical significance1Hearen . However , s ~ nce neitherח)
.18:4.cf. ' weeks of
i
~
jubilees
' in
yub
5bearבמן4()(,!0!. the same meaning0ןlikelv
QS", Kirchliche "ochsch~leQ4Mischmetotl4ח0ץTagc-Fes~kalendar-364מוי~ Albani . tDie lunaren Zyklen1חSeeייי .34-29(1992)4Beitt
~
geא"שI.eipzi
". Afitteil ~tuktetI
3%THE IU
DAEAN
DESERT xxlא!DISCOVERIES
Enumerasio# of .' M
~
hmarot , Otot , and
.
! yubileer:2TA
~
bE
7Jubilec!6)סיי6ט
"!6Jubileא%Jubilcc41חJubilce3שזlubiln2םח
Ga~ml!6ר6אסן1יקקרא,ה ! Jeda
tiah
! Mijamin ! Shekaniah! ה2ייי09,
2Jahebab2Shehaniah2וקקרא"
Mijamin2Jeda ' iah2
leaaciah3Oami~ l34)3יקקטא,ו
~
eshebab
3Shekaniah3MUarnin3 ,ת4Jcdaיגט4י ' iah4Gamul4HappiwvV4Jeshebab4Shekaniah4
"מימם"5Mijamin5ledaאצ? ' iah5Gd~mul5~Happivve5Jahebab5
Jcshcbab6Shekaniah6Mijamin6Jtda 'iah6~aawitd6HappiNm6 7היקק8א
lcshcbab7"40ע7*םשMijarnin7Jed.'iah707-ש
222222 Omt
~ul!..1,1א.יקקJeda ' i~h ! Mijsmin ! She*t?niah ! Jeihebah1 Jc
~afiah2Gmwl ( l2Happi~vm2leshcbab2Shekaniah2Mijamin2 Je)ל,!,)חוקר
~ eciah3tJamt~ l3143יי11ן99ר
Jeshebab
1Shekaniah3 S/, Fh
",li
ah
4~lijarnin4Jtda ' iah4Gaml~l44איקק8ח,הJcshcbab4
cJ
shcbab5
"110
,0
"ז"Mijaminע _S5Jcda ' iah5Gar""l55ההוקק8א
~ iappiFM6l~shgbab6SliekaniaiA6
iM
jamin6Jeda'iah6Gamwl6
Gmnwlךל.99ר,יי(4ךJcshehabךShekaniuh%1[י1"י=ךJeddiah7
333333 Gam
~d ] JL'darlah1~Jahehab ! Happihsc]04-She~anie!%1פ8ס4,ח X-lijamin2Jeda ' iah2,"2רוקקגא,(21,ה0לJeshebvb2dihekawiah2
Hhekania/l3Mijamin3Jedariah3Gamul34),43[רוקקרJeshebab3
Jeshcbah4Shekaniah4hldamin4Gamul ~
JCdariAh
4~HappiN4
5קקרא*ה
~
eshebab
5Shekaniah5Mijamin5Jeda ' ; ah5Gamwl5 Ga
~n,tl66וקקרא,"הןJcshcbab6hekaniahJ76
iM
jamin6Jcdaciah6
~
edariah7Jarmt~l(7HappitSeg7Jahebab7Shekantah7Mijamin7
444444 [יקרן9קבא[1Galnul)(08,,י8!חופ8ט4ג
Jcshebab1dihekaniah1 diheNaniah22תוה8ט4גJedatlah2amul(2442רריקקראJesllebab2
~
LshtbabיShe*auiah343ל[תופשJcda' iah3Gnmul3HappiVVeV3
4Gamul4)(8ם,א8ן4lcshcbab4shek~ninh4Mijamin4,[4יקקר(4 Gtrnttl5
6865Jihekani(th5Mljarnin5Jedaסאסנ5קקרא;,,1י ' i ~ h5 Je
~aclah6"6וקקשא"המושסJ ~shebab6Shekaniah6MUamin6 hlljaminךIcda' iah7Gamul77וקק8א,,וסJeshebab7diheka~ iahך
555555 Shehaniah1
~fUaminוmwul ! Jeda'iah1
Jesitebeb1!וווקקרא(4ו) (6ר6
2Jiftwkantaאסנ
h
2hlijamin2leda "ah2Gamsd2HappiweV2
3J~hebab3Shekaniah3Mijamin3Jcdaciah3Jamul(3ח"וקק,,(" Gwnttl44)4ק89ח;,רJeshebab4Sheherniuh4Mijarnin4Jedatiah4
Jc ~ariah5G4IamI5liappiFvs5JCShc ~)gb5Shekaniah5Mijarnin5 llijamin6Jeda ( iah6Gamul
6Jahcbab6Shekaniah6סאוקק8ח" S~lekawtah7
~lijamin7Jcdfiah7Gamui71)
7!יקקר4,,
~
eshebab
7
66666
JcshcbabןShekan~
ah
1HappiwW ! fJamal ! leda'iah ! hl
ijaein
1 42Jcshebab2dihekanיאוקקרוו
~ah2Mijamin2Jedsciah2Gamul2 Gamt~lנ
~Happivte3Jahebab3Shrhaniah3Mijamin3J8hedd' i3 Jcdariah4Gamul4~HappiFFe4Jeshebab4Jihekaniah4Mijarnin4 מוה8
5Jedaג!" ' iah5Gawul5Happiww5Jashebab5shekani
'ah5
dJ/le*aniah6Mijamin6Jeda ~ iah6Oalmsd6Happi ~Vea6
~
cshebab
6 l
~hchab7Sheka )ti ~h7MUamin7lcda' iah7Jam
ul
7ררוקק8א(74)
777777 וסמ
"יleshebabוקגא
Jeda
'iah ! Mijamin ! Shekaniah1Gatmdl! 2(;אה(
~HappiNc2Jeshcbab2SAeAaniah2M~amin2Jeda
( iah2
ledifiah3~mmul3~HappiVVe3Jeshebab3dihehaniah3Mijamin3 hlijamin4Jcda
' iah4aswstl2(4Happiwel4Jeshtbab4dihan~awiah4 dihekaniah5Mijamin5Jeda ~ iah5mntd(5
~Happiiw5Jeshebab5 Jeshebab6Shekaniah6Mijamin6Jeda ( iah6Gmnal6~HappiNe6 7הלקק8א
leshcbab
7Shehaniah7Mijamin7Jeda' iah7Gamulד
ש40319
the course(2";the word mw(1:thereforeבeach otot itemת]The order of elements 12
"שה)בthe:נ(( iemitah cy
~leת]the ordinal number of the ye
ar
nameמול)OTשכניה;3)
The following example taken from the third and fourth seven-year cycle~ of the fourth0clarify,ת0 the sequence of1(001.ע9-7)ש[וjubilee
שיפש1י6ה'טגצ4צתבשיחגציישיתבששיתושכניהngwlבשל4שטןול(1ג4פחזthe sixthמןthe third (year of the third seven-. year cycle) ; s [ilgn Of [Shekaniahחןsign of [G
~
amul
]the second (year of
~
the fourth seven-year cycle). sign Of
~
Shekaniah % theמ]of Galmul5ת8ן;)Year(
)fiah (year
usually g~ven18)The position within the seven-year cycle (henceforth designated iemitah
ordinal numbers , except for the first and the seventh years which are namedתו8,'after the release,השמטהאחרand the formerשממהdesignated15differently : the latter
calendrical documents of the first1תthe prevailing designation0!designation parallel
עיע8ק4קי1:92theפ1ש( sixth day Ps015:23;[זcf. Lev(השבחאחר,day of the wcek
similarlyשבקקימוצשי designated15Rabbir~ ic Hebrew, the first year1ת.)poaa
~
Ohou"ססי.(9.3.Tacan.!;4.1.Seb.ם.,.מ)'~ post-" sabbatical year
proclamation of the8ends with1ששeach jubilee, theח]After recording the s ~gns.2
thisת]irregularity occurs8ח,However.היובלסוףאות,concluding sign of that jubileesמו ~gn " counted as concluding the fourth jubilee, while8where12-11,י.colת]category
the forty-.seventh year of the0תfallsבחמישיתגמול,אות;belongs with the followingזןfact
concludingאיתפמפה%דר,שפשכניהפרת slgn , while8!]fourth jubilee , therefore ]! should be
the) concluding sign of the5]sign Of Shekaniah after the release , (which',היובלסוףthe!8even counted015ח]of the next jubilee . Note that this sign1year0תjubilee ' falls
the.זו4, fragmentary colתוsimilar example appearsינ.beginning of the fifth jubilee
fact thisת]be mentioned as concluding the third jub
~
lee, while0!appearsשכניהwhere נוthe((01ך,6) second year of the fourth jubilee1]!תטappearזסתcourse ' s sign doescausedמן by the long but fragmentary jubilee-concluding formula5]Further ambiguity
possible that uncertainty existed over the reckoning of ' the concluding1ע811.10-8ן.col
0!the time of the scroll ' s inscription ; the uncertalnty telatesיב'sign of the jubilee
of81תשor with the first!מו]whether the jubilee concludes with the last s ~gn occurring
ambiguity within the ancient scroll itselfתבsuch]0The existence6טנ[1"(.4יthe next
serlousח0זטס restriction8the modern interpretative level Irnposes!8rather than
.interpretative efforts
8,283.43PAM1(001.ע19-18).חthe end of
the
fifth jubilee!בAnother anomaly exists
whichישיבאב the course name0ץ,ת.the end of col!8positioned18small fragment
801theי6טנ;ש.seeי6. flrst aignחןThis element does nor appearיוhie.ץ(.יסמ, preiiminary publication of cot154[%11מThis ordcring of the elements differs from that proposed by12
.
beginning with the year nun~ber follawed by ~he mishmar name85hlil , k consirued the ite~s.(1-,,%-col85knou'n
Gltssmer.(1How~ever , the rull text proves that the order described by the pr~ sent author , first proposed by
and Questions about Methodology' , Methods Of ftwestigaSion of the Dead Sea(141319ךthe otot-Textוסnvestigation1'fNevt York: New York:2מAnnals of the Ne~v York Ac~demy of Sciences[?]31"Kh,
rbel
Qumra14srrolls and
.correct1,(7-433[1994,Academy of Sciences
theחןcol-ע12. ex~mple10both jubilees , contraryהן,counted twice15this case the a ~ gn1ח(;
Beckwith , ealendar and e_ A~onlogy, y~ith and CAvistian . Biblical, htettettamental UNd Patriitic.]'.א.cf4]
.4-12319961,111)8.[%:sNdtes (Leiden
205THE JUDAEAN DES
ERT
xx
I
DISCOVERIESאו
the present context , this cou
rse
name interrupts the smooth sequence ofתוremains . lsthe first yearתוthe course names Gamul and Shekaniah . The course Of Jeshebab se
rves
while the fifth jubilee concludes with the sign of,(2of the sixth jubilee (see TABLE
appears that for some reason the!1.year,1תות-forty5!ןShekaniah which actually formsthoughtב,the sixth jubilee beginsתט!ווbe completed0!considered18י0מfifth jubilee
.the previous paragraphת]as described,12and4י.colח]that implicit0!very sinlilar
the jubilee ' proclamation should be]0of the ' concluding sign8זסמז(חסקמז0"1חOne
nlentionedדיובלסוףאות, . Most translations place the ordinal number of the jubilee a[ter
this reading acceptable ? Once15.השניהיובלסוףאוחthus forming, for example , the phrase
Feסוףאות clearly read161,ן.colן!ו,again the scroll yields contradicting evidence . First
further trace or0חwith,0[השביעיwithout the designation)11חthe end of the)8היובלthe problematic transition point betw~ een theחן,However.)1מוthis1תwriting whatsoever
]0the end1פ)sic(השילשיהירבלVSc1le;)rly Sho55-4,י1[ו"
thirdיcol8.ו, and fourth jubilees
read10whatייובל[סוףואות may be reconstructedמ],of jubilee signs!5]1the
READINGS . Yet another possible case of jubilee numbering occurs0אsee NOTES;נ1לשי)השי
restorationפwhere the yod preceding the mishmay name Jeshebab requires,19זי.colתו
ofי[חמיש.6י the ordinal numberjubilee , thatפthe sumtary formula of5ןThe second component of the otot section.3
,appears between the jubilees . After indicating the concluding sign of the outgoing jubilee
jubilee , and thenחופ-the formula gives the total number of signs-sixteen or seventeen
the followingת]the release ' , asבשמטה,'[תdistinguishes two or three of them as being
ר7-16,1ן:
.
COlמזסי]example/עאתוהןבשממהמזהווע,יקאתוחןי)והשובל[היאתותהיובל16וףח)אבשמטהמול)4ק
the second]0the jubilee . Signs[]0con [cluding] signt1he5ןthe release ( which!ז]Gamul]0sign
the release([11פ)חןsies[נ]signs Of which17)j ] ubilee (are
allo~v contradicting0!the formula seerns]0The poor state of preservation
which jubilee the
to
ot summary refers : the outgoing second jubilee0!interpretations as
fundanlental for the5וthis question0!or the Incoming third jubilee . The answer
determining how many jubilees are0זthe keyן!5ןsince,51]1interpretation of the
.5!and their nurnerical desilignation!תווIrdedססז" Three:היובל examples of jubilee numbers within the surnmary formula are extant
How can theseשביעי,ההיובל(01ם.171,1).7יand,(1201זך))לשי,השיונ(01ס.י,5),הרנ4עןThe question,51]1the frarnework of the entireתוexplicit appellations be construed
0!or seven jubilees arises from the reference%5ןof5תפק-timeפcove
rs
1151whether the
theמוcol.ר,171. seventh jubileeThe,15!0וע"עו most plausible interpretation , supported below with further evidence
cycle ofבimplies171,1.that case, col1ח.of
the
jubilee"1חוthe formula as the concluding
materially , The occurrence of15ן]This positioning , probably executed by Milik , appears correct as the fragrnent1ו
expectedץ(רר'[5(או ( see5יJeshebab]0whe
re
the priestly coL~ rSt,)(1-11,י.colsח]placement5!ןpreventsארמ
.(
:
READINGS
the scroll , we can only aeduce the occurrence Of such numbering ffom the surn of letter - spacesחןothe
r
places116ח the7]עand161ע.colsחןjubilee nueber , whileבbe insufficlent space for0!there seenis
חןlacunae:חןcol.ר,12 th , sחןconsistent practice prevalled0תeay be concluded therefore that!1
allosv0!lengthן!. of the lacuaa does seern
.question ,
produce any evidence10fragrnentary00!י,91שי'הלמ5ן_Col7י
40319%2
8contain0!!1פpublication, M~ik understood the181!11תhisתו,seven jubilees . Indeed
cycle of seven jubilees , though admitting that the data for the seventh jubilee are
As,ח4111ח already mentloned18.2TABLE)80;those of the first10virtually identical
entire column be reconstructed after the Serekh ha- Yahad text , thatתבproposed that
would have contained the data for the first jubilee. However, this hypothesis was refuted
above and the problem of the missing first jubilee remains . Two solutions have been
for sonle reason,ההךjubilees by the numbers8[צdesignates!115presented : either the
1numbers88regarded-י6 the jubileesאor else9,3יsee TABLE1ןomitting the number
Qמן The readings2.scribal error81ע17ב.colחוthe seventh jubilee0!while the reference
the,זסקקט8! third and the fourth jubilees0!discussed above, which refer12and5,01.י)
19and91ז.colת]proposal . Despite sorne possible contradici
~
ry evidenceחחס"ז]the
%(both fragmentary; see COMMENTS ad loc . ) , this unique method Of numbering
.the present editionחוadopted
stractu~e oiYa
~
ilees aNd Summary Fofmulas:3TABLE
(.001)Conclusion(.001)otoe List.0אlubilee
השיי61הו1ץ11"17
השלישיע151-ע4י44
הרביעיץי-12י12-נ1י
החפישיי18-13י19
הששי1ץ17-1זי4-7
השביעיוע116-10ץ18-17
.64(1976,Oxford : Clarendon(4Books Of ,Enoch
.
Aramaic Frqgmentsfrom e~mrh Caee,4'7,Milik.ן.'ק.cf'1
tuw astranomischew4שא3(*ת0/ן1שאא(6פ8?.(ש1זשו8ן(שש4*מAlbani, Astronomie.1%;32"עיAlbani,'ת10או2
"-Neukirchen,1994)4:289ת.Abegg.0[חא.Wiae.0,א.ס. Vluyn ; Neukirchener Verlag:68WMANT(")46יויע"(א.307(1996,C~k. The Dead Sea scrolt* (San Francisco: Harper.8,Abegg
שץ54(1996)8-345.
"(])Qurnranמ)Garcia Martinez, 'Calendariosחןcr. the translation2ח
HT
E JUDA
EAN
DESERT XXIא]DISCOVERIES
ששפה;ם:שימם=%"=י=ש".
"1(רש
ן!ו,!ןןן!!וןןןןןןןון11ג
,,ןןןןןןןן(ןןןןןןו
,!
=-ןכ
,ן!ווון,ן!!ן!!ןן,ון!ןןק
י-!ןןון
ן,ןן,~
ן!ןו!ןןויב
,ןןוןוו!:ןןן,ןןון[ן!
==
וווןווו!ן,ןון[,ן,[ן
מ40319
of the fourth2year1תfew details are worthy of attention . The s ~gn Of Shekaniahגjubilee serves both as the concluding sign of the third jubilee and as the first sign of the
recorded for the fourth jubilee, but18"of.י,13-12, col81!0יthe sum1ת.fourth jubilee
!8similar example appears1נ.broken18for the third jubilee6=,ו.Of col81!0!the sum
counted with the fourth jubileeהשמטהשחרשעק8וחthe end of the fourth jubilee, with
the head of the fifth jubilee , which begins with s~gn Gamul of the fourth!8but ignored
of80יthe parallelתןrecu
r
yearי0ת . Inexplicably , this method of numbering does
7-5are[ת recorded for jubilees8188תthe reason why sixteen5וThis(2.7-5,jubilees.4-2seventeen fot jubilees0!contrast
the extant jubilee0תthe informationשתוWhen integrating the surnrnary formulas
jubilees of the cycle8צןmust be recognized that theי,171,יןand12,5,י
.
colsחןnumbers
The explicit enumeration.6-1rather than,7-2are designated by the ordinal numbers
certain00,8](171,01.י))דחשבהשיהיובלand,(1201ם.זי)"השלישיהיובל(01ס.י,5),הרבדעיעבלof8scribalנ error . For some veason
,
the first jubilee of creation888be explained away10
50the"8מז0זצוקתזו8 second ' . This',השנ'but ratherהרארוןdesignated!0תseemingly
primordial t~me. Unfortunately, insufficient inforrnation]0conceptחט"תייסחpreviously
account for this surprising feature of time-reckoning and creatlon theology10known15
.Second Ternple Judaismחו
0The,אות meaning
18described, their eternal task5ןwhen the creation of the lurninaries,14:1Gen1.]חdifficult
"!1.
'
and for seasons and for days and for yearsחות)שdefined : ' Let them be for
can be seen from the88,this verseתוdetermine the original meaning of otot10
throughout the centuries , from anclent Jewish!1multiplicity of interpretations given for
modern research . This word undoubtedly serves as the basis for the0זinterpretations
the Qumran1תkey passage81518-14:1since the pericope Genשות[[]4(319נtermThe opening proclamations of those.320and4(319נcalendrical documents , especially
they!115integrate the0ןaiming]88ו,documents clearly paraphrase the creation story
possibly began with4(320נ,this manner1ת.the fabric of the biblical text0!תןintroduceaccount of the first th
ree
days of Creation. Thus, the practice Of rewriting scripture8ח
include the fundamentals of0!was expanded(2.71תו6מGenesis]0the rewriting.8.ם)
denמוPtieste~ordnwngen24:the proposed interpretation , Glessmer ( Die idtale KultordnuPzg0!contrast2)חן
,synagogalen hschri/ta [Habilitation ; Hamburg Univeraityה,ehroni*&dcher" , detl hale~darischen Oumrantexten und
5ofש the incoming jabilees rather than11515headings (or the etot5שsuggesls thar rhe foreulas serve(91-190[1995 that case
~ the SIX jubilees thae comprise the cycle wete designated by the1151?4.)תlously'c1onclusions of those pre.6-1ordinals
Glessrner, by aaaurn~ng that art~ r0יcan be explained , according17)ץ.colחןthe seventh jubilee10The reference
the first.).1,proclarnation of the contents of the next jubilee was introducedב,ear cycle')-294!רון,concluding the
.seven-. based scherne (cf8display10orderתן,detailed enumerationןthe next cyc ' e . rhough withoutחןjubilec
objection may be po~edתש,below) . However, against Glessmer' s propoaal5].and 'rg,122,Beck ~vith , (~ alendar
for the heading fortula"16וthiaתןthat leaves inaufficient space9י],col]0the beginning81בחך
'
regarding the reading
0Glessmer[פחון10. reconstructs , before the extant text85,the first
Jubilee
01
respective jubilees , whenויןthe heading formula for each ofחןsigns counted,0hlorc problematic are the numbers
theח,Gles ~mer' s view raisea difficulties.4I'ABLE',0the rnethod0!com
pared
wirh the actual number of signs, similar
thisחןthe sign
s1three
of.4748חן8חt1he table) . As seef5[מthe heading of his fourth jubilee (Jubilee,0interpretation
only two signaס!allegedly the heading
~
of this jubilee clearly refers5ןthe release year . However, whatחןjubilee occuv
too81151ןrelect Glessmer's proposal , though the1סsufficient evidence85This may serve.(%ווי.the release (colח] discountקס(ח0ן. this interpretative0ןbroken
og2THE JUDA
~
AN DES
ERT
xxlאוDISCOVERIES
0!interpretationחיוסcalendrical thought. The author of the otot roster thus adds his
underscores the18-14:1the polyvalent cosmological term. The prominence of Genthe heavenly luminaries for the interpretation of the otot]0significance of the motion
.roster
recu
rs
theאוחוהחן6this,14:1Genזסיו somewhat obscure meaning of0)addition1ח
the signs of the!8be dismayed...01תastronomical context : ~ DO82:10חותJerמנ10refers,0,תן4(319נHere , as.(ע5א%)
'
them!8heavens ; for the nations are dismayed
the earthly plane . The specific heavenly0חcelestial phenomenon that has significance8
special85marking otot,6,be discussed below . However11],1,0phenomenon defined as
lgnores Jeremiah ' s prohibitive ; indeed the entire school!115occaslons, the author of this
Second '
~
emple Judaism does likewise , but the explicit use ofחנof cosmological thought
highlights the clash between the prophetic proh
ibition
against theפותוחthe word
22-21:3them (cf. Sirחוobservance Of heavenly phenomena and the apocalyptic interest
unique115through40319חן
es
en5,!0different meaning of the Hebrew termגassoclatlonאות with the mishmar nanles Garnul and Shekaniah , yielding the ph
rases
~military context from the War Scrolr8חוfamiliar5!This structure.גמולאיחandשכניה ifyingן!
~
carry standards iden5ה0ו11בIsrael and their chanipi]0where the twelve tribes
similar way
,
the observable heavenly phenomena81ת
.
battleתן!סthem when marching
standards for the priestly cou
rses
Of Gamul and Shekaniah , with each sign88serve
the appearance of the following sign . Theיחט[ןfiguratively ' Ieading ' the next three years
underscored by the presence of5ןthis material0ןrelevance of War Scroll terminology
QM . Some significant ties exist between the mishmarot1מוthe priestly courses
regulations of the calendrical documents and the War ScroII ; see Glessmer, Die ideale
.17-110,KwltordnangExactlyחן what type of observable heavenly phenomena are celebrated as otot.2
which equates the first,בנןנךלבארבעהחו(11.01,ויthe phraseת]The answer lies?4(319בthe0!This refers.5_!1140320תןwith the identically dated phenomenon!
"1sign of the,Jreation , ,vhich
" repeated after th
ree
years(]0the time)מ0סהב!relation of the sun and
the time of81
ey
ar cycle . -The su
n
-rnoon relation-5צןof the4the beginning of year8יthat records the151]4(320ל2-1,חןבthe chain ofאתוותןCreation fornis the first
each olle of the thirty-. seven lunar months parallelתןsimilar lunar phase8of0סחזזט0מס"
sexennial81]!חטthe first solar trlennlal cycle (probably also the second trlennlal cycle0!
theגמ1אנ,ג0 different lunar phase designated0!contradistinction1ת.)conlplete8]cyclethe,5ן ancient scrollsמןthe lunar phase of Creation , n
~ver named,3218and40321חן 5dateן which80חoccurs once every three years!0מג.researchל(תוdesignated
rno
on
highlyתט5- significant for the5ןdate. The triennial cycle-)חפלastronomically-364day and-354days between theתס)the gap of0!owing;4(320נsynchronization of
the lunar ephemeris every0זadded15thirty days]0additional month8מ,day years
threeחוequate0!orderו!equivalent8!1with(3ן364=3צ30+354). yearssun-rnoonמן relationות!81ו]This mathematical equation enables the recurrence of the
the0תthe vernal equlnox
,
agaln falls.".ו,when the beginning of the solar year,4year
theת]However, the identity of this lunar phase.)נsarne day as the lunar phase
1%named.(ל. by50
,
en]erging consensus'חונ.under debate55ן111זQuniran calendars
the full nloon as the beginning of the lunar month and conconlitantly as0!Wise , pointsanalysis of8מ0חbased mainlyת0ותוקס5ןThis.320-ח4(319ב]the lunar phase recorded
40319210
the0תcorrect , the practice Of beginning the month]1.5-1140320נthe short pericopewasתססתזnear-.eastern context, where the new5%תוfull rnoon " highly unusualbeginחודש the mon
~
h, as the prevalent biblical appellation0!generally considered
the10close88)[Talmon and the present author construe.8,40320תו,~ Indeed2.proves
the!תססת18תו night before the visible new crescent , when the.ו.ם,new moon,the moonless night18thus also Wise , Beckwith ) . This(5תטconjunction with the
meticulousמ1 preservation5!1bad omen
,
which perhaps explainsבsometimes considered
.Introduction:2-1394,337,330-3204תוSee APPENDIX.4(320נ
support01אs.The identity of [) , whether full-moon or conjunction, remalns uncertain
since both possibilities are viable. Both the,40319for either view can be deduced from
concurrence with the full8!1concurrence of the vernal equlnox with the conjunctiori and
are celestlal phenomena of great astronomical importance for the synchronizationח0סמז
designated as18phenomenon8of solar and lunar movements . The occurrence Of such
year cycle . One.-294of theם8זטסםtheתוfurther appearances are recorded8"andשות
theתב -
practice
Of adding18viable with both interpretations18nlore element which
maetaln the10order1מthe end of every third year81day lunar month-30additional
manual forפ,technically speaking,15!115moofi coordination . Thus the otot.-5תטoriginal
.Beckwith , (Jalendar;18ץ%2יח',the maintenance of the lunar calendar ; cf. Albani
The explanation given thus far for the purpose of the otot count malnly elucidates the
theחוwhy these data are supplied0!The question rernalns as.!0triennial occu
rrence
of
days1שז%)uniform addition Ofפrecordוותס~ year apparatus ] ] they-2948]0frameworkmoon-8תטthe basic0!relevant!015מyear cycle-294every th
ree
years . The
does[מ this practice account for the special coiint of otot26זסת,synchronization practice
the release' and the 'concluding s~gn of theחוfor ' signsסחסם"תזeach jubilee or the
completely discard0!jubilee' . However aifficult , these questions are insufficient reasons
the synchronization interpretation , as Glessmer proposes . '
~
he need for synchronization
count of s ~gns8remalns the best explanation for the otot records . After establishing
the existingתטס!שתו)integrate this0,need arose8,appearing every three years
significant precisely for this18year cycle-294systems of mishmarot and jubilees . The
within the8185תapparatus that enables the accurate allotment ofחבreason , being
motivationפמז[חharmonize discrete time-reckoning devices was the0יjubilees. The need
was this motivation that!1;for the ~ arlous calendrical documents from Qumran
technicalities and8י]prompted the development of the highly intricate otot roster with
.peculiarities
htercalation
system ofבreflects40319serles of studies , Glessmer has proposed thatמוב24.365with the true solar year of!נalign0!orderתוday year-364intercalation of the
:and the Qumran Synchronistic Calendars' , PhrsuiW the rextד-א8ט0א!5מ0ק)דWise , ' Second.().4חSee24
Sheffield: Academic;184Kampen (ISOTSup.1Ben zion "~acholder , ed . by [ . ) . Reeves and,0onor"חןStudies Press,1994)ל120-9.
Glessmer, 'Neumonds-~ NeuJahr oder Vollmonda-~ Ntujahri zu spitisraelitischen.טSee the v ~ew of % . Koch and21
a$tmtum,6י.Kollman.8byשש. .
I
Festsch~ift
H
, Stteemann- .K1alender-~Thtologien ' , Antikes
.
yudentum and
frdhes
Chr
.'svise ~ Second Thoughts;36-114(1999,Berlin : de Gruyter;97BZNW(
ed,]1.the.ץחק.7ל. Qumran Scrolls ' , The Dead Sea scrolls after fifty Ytats , VOIחוGlessrner , ' Calendars.26ט .26419991,Brill.[.8:VanderKana ( Leiden.נ.םand,חיון
211
HT
E IU
DAEAN
DES
ERT
xxl1אDISCOVERIES
surveyed Glessmer ' s earlier proposal and(84,VanderKarn (Catendars27.days:commented thus
do with . system of intercalation that wol~ld0!have something0!319.4בlikely that the signs4!1
the nlore15harmony with the true solar year . Whether that system0!ת!day system-364bring the
simpler one reconc) ling the schematic lunar and solar"]0ort that Glessmer suggests8complicated
some!0תפinterestח0 intercalary systenl and thus0!calendars eve
ry
three yeats , the text does point
.making the calendar practicable over "ery long periodsת,)the part of the author(s
reach0)orderחוeventh lunar month every three years8~-thirty8The practice of adding
,see Albani , Astronomie(16-13:74.7ונ!וbothתוclearly attested18days3643צofפ(0!1פ
apparent awareness of~ or explicit5נ0תcontrast , there320כ321-44;!תand(2-91
Eaoch or any of the Qutran7eitherחןthe length of the true solar year,0!reference
obscure documentחןחבawareness8תassurne such10therefore impossible5!!1.scrolls
clear distinction should be drawn between supplementing the lunar%11"4(319כ.1נ
plausible and quite common , and the8!seventh lunation , which-פ(ח"ץזephemeris with
זday!חזזס" solar year . While the-364problematic practice of correcting the sacred
affect the rotation of the misirtnarot!0חthe lunar systern , does0!practice, relating solely
,this elaborate cycle0!cause serlous disruption11וקלemployment of the latterתפ,service
of the fundamentals of time-reckoning, hence Of world"תסbe0)Queran!פconsidered 28
.order itself
Contents.ע,77-ל7[ of Colsthat10סח)follows854(319נoutlined the contents of%]411%,preliminary discussionח1פ
the column numbers differ this edition): ly
Description of Contents.ס4וCol . and Line
10510Textוועל1-4% parallelי-ען[.8.[,be six jubilees0!seven jubilees [proven]0otot cycle]ץ-וע
sexennlal cycle8ח]the fol~r seasons]0Signs7-1א" Monthly signs of the six-year cycle81-7]ווץ
the six-year cycleחןCalendar of festivals19ווועי1-צו
monthבSigns of the Sabbaths beginning2צ
Concluding remark8-41%
ihrer Bedeutung f~r denח]rage-Kalender ~and die SabbatstruktLir se~ner Schaltungen'-364Glessmer, ' Der.תטGlessmer%,ו.י6א"ו)Neukirchcn-טוע).ח: , and.ט,Daniels.%.6,ס,Koch
.
ed.צestschrtyt?2,4וman!מש,Kult ' , Ernden
.8-264,'Glessmer , ' Calendars:98-379(1991,Neukirchener Verlag
.bv Glessmer)0י)comply with the meaning ascribed!סחdo~ s!0Furthermore , the astronomical connotation of28
the concurrence of.ן.ם,real astronomical phenomenonבthirty-seventh lunar month engendersפThe practice of ;adding
Holvever , according.!0]0compatihle with the meaning3ןthe vernal equinox with the conjunction or Eull moon, vvhich
5Vhich1mathematicalןcertainlyחב consrruct0פ!the solar intercalation hypothesis, this te
rm
refers many times0)
.!0improbable rneaning for
,YVN
im
lieu,שsa thiolo
~
ie,4,ת,ןMilik , 'hcrits priessiniens de Queran : d ' H~noch % Amram' , e~mrdn . Sa.29].'ז
.9319751,Delcor (Paris-Louvain: Duculot -" Leuven University Press.4חed . by
319212ט4
his reconstructions of the0תbased mainly15(ץ[ח.COI8'%11]4ת).ff1צזו.'fhe outline of cols,can be reasonably inferred018ם.11זר-111זוYet , while the contents Of.15-9.small frgs
tentative reconstruction of the8the scanty text remalns are hardly sufficient for even
.ffסת! do16.materlal that follows . Furthermore, as seen above, most of the small frgs
discussion of their conten
ts
8ror(40319and40259belong materlally svith the scroll of
.)see below
signes des'חו.the last two items0!regard1מMilik 's outline should be doubted
.15.the text of
frg
0!he may have referred,(."2צ.his col1מ)'sabbats initiaux des mois
that fragment (seeת]reasonable sequence of mtshmarot could be discerned0ת,However
.found8]11518other trace of such0מCOMMENTS) , and
:also questionable8]Milik' s reconstruction of the concluding remark
4
"יל
"בתוח
[הקוליןdnto~lו
6
~
לאוהות[ו(%שנידי%חודו[ןולמי4קםבשבחוליובלידםם[מטןיה:ש]7הרביןעלם:ו,ביל[עסוי:ינ8
8even!סמ,reading8yielding such88of the extant fragments can be interpreted0חסא
,(345,'suggested by Garcia Martinez ('Calendarios88combination of three fragments
who.נ([ח , though acknowledging th
is
probl ~lem , included the reading as the text Of col
the surnmary0!palaeographical ability and the similarity5'%111י%his edition , trusting
textהט%8ץז8תThe placement offered by Milik requires that the320,4ב4[[.0וforeula ofprevious component of8that contain,15.be combined with the two columns Of frg
apparent0מnlust be concluded that!1.reasonableיסמmaterially5]mishmarot , but this
.vilff.018סpreserved for the calendrical compendium Of15summar)f
of1188יmay well be the remalns of8-2ווע.COIת]The beginnings of the lines
determining the0!'
Leaders
of the Year-Quarters' as interpreted by Milik .- The key
88which runs,4(329בand4(328בthe parallel sequence of1מcontents of this column lies:follows
;running orderמןmishmarot narnes.1
;leaders of year-quarters,3
.each month1חleaders of months and mishmarot serving.4
8!1for the mishmarot regulation , prompting!115nlaster8This sequence forms:the following mannerתן4(319נ[תrestoration
and was,1זך.the bottom Of col81sequence of ' Ieaders of the years' % preserved11.1
This.(191,ר.COI0חCOMMENTS"80but(11,ר.of COI"ת][the firstמוprobably continued0plainח!includedתן mishmarot order , which vvas probably8preceded by!1[י0155ת
;40319
.)$see COMMENT(11ץרו.COIתו'sequence of ' leaders of the quarters1,2
enlyוח[וסח otteש]However , this.41פהthis formula, especially % that of0זthe closest15"8.Of r'gהם!The"ו863.42PAM0חar~d the rest of
I
the fragmenti88.the entire chaifi
.
Furthermore, frg]0traceש0ח,component ; there
40belong()!י0. with!0חprobably do
213THE IUDAEAN DESERT XXI1אDISCOVERIES
8180possibly,9frg(01ם.11עthe remainder Of1ח'of ( leaders of the months1181.3עי.(10.frg
which,77-.and possibly frg,13,12.frgs0חfestival calendar of the s ~x-.year cycle4.ג
.cont~nued further?088161קand7111י.covered COIand,ו[ the following columns)1ל.COI]0data regarding the contents018תThere.5
.indeed they existed
different mishmarot composition . Some of them0ןבbelong0!appear110-48.Frgs
ordinalחוwordsז0 numbers expressed88contain names of priestly courses as well
and sabbaths are796and59.frgs1תsymbols . One or more jubilees are mentioned
.frgsאות[תaddition , there are some traces of the word188.מand55.frgs1תrecorded
with the main ototם!חסו"
00butיaffirm0!fragmentaryבתחסם they are,74and,63,51!5י!40319ofע1-1י.
Palaeogra
~
hy
height. Theת]mm4-3the ary rulings and areמזסז]The letters are neatly suspendedsonle places , the scribe used wider1ח
.
mrn7intervals of!8lines are spaced generally
the.ו;8 end Of col!פcf. taeo;19-15,11.larger letters , e . g . colח]rullngs , and inscribed
generally smallerזו5ןcolחןcontrast , the inscription1ח.heightמןrnm6which exceeds
,than average
discussed[ת extensively by Vermes and Alexander8]4(319בand44259נThe script Offormallsemi -cursive-S1ome further examples of
the
sem1.4-133,3-22,9-7נDYD XXVItvery5]ממוה]Jayin.91זי.COIת]Note first the large cursive bet.!0!()441חנscript appear
extremely high , touching the5]Iamed]0strokeקס!bar . Theקסזhorizontal0חwithי[ח!written5]~alep,י,31ןand14,ו.of colsח1אות.(י18,1.COI.8.")
"1letters[ת of the preceding
near151זן.colתאות[ת]similarly deformed 'alep appears21.barely visible left leg8with
.dark section of the parchment8
,fact , as noted by Vermes and Alexander1ח.executed uniformly!סתThe letters are
word(01ם. ; similar variations occur for bet8תסtwo different forms of tasv appear within
one(01ס.י,411 of the forms preserves the serif of the formal bet) , mem;ר11/1בארבעה,breakage of the pen0!
oS
me coarse forms appear due.(001.י,11בששית)אאand,(מימתן.27.cf. also frg;(81'01ם,ן)משמסהand(131,01ם.ר)תגחמישית]e . g . bet
.cf[ת the same word,9ו~אא[תשכיה(001.י.Some cases of letter ~mission appear, e .g
well[ח as8513and,12,9,י.colח11"[מOmitted words vve
re
inserted above the.(71טתו
occurring within,13and12/י.colתוThe corrections.(61,27,22.frgs8180see(7col . vrmore8fith1second scribe8be the work of0!g formula, seemt1he
uj
bilee -concludiI
abound with nlistakes and,י.of col8*11תcursive hand . Generally speaking , the rniddle
correctedתcol1.1ע15: by the scribe , appear!סת,corrections . Two outstanding mistakes
insteadאוה. ofסוףand,0[שכניהinsteadשנהthe date of the script , varying opinions were expressed by Milik and0!respect1ת
should be noted that cursive scripts may give the false!1.(133,lJross (see DYD XXVI
fact be the result ofתוmayתזזס]old8מbe0!mpresslon Of being early; what appears1
This.1[1(ו"15"חיוסחdifferent scroll ~ very0ב!which probably belong,110-48.Concerning the script of frgs71
.477.frgחןtatv01QOtot and somewhat more forntal ; see ,, however , the curs ~ve loop4acript seems smaller than that of
40319214
be0!",07085BCE , the date proposed by25-5לlack of scribal tralnlng. Therefore
4accordance(320נ-8330טקזסס. with the average date of theח],preferred
Orthography
very limited , and8]QOtot4highly technical nature , the vocabulary of5!0ן!Due
extreme cases of tlene or0א.orthography15ןextant for5]evidence68!][therefore
The.141י
.
colתוusually spelled full except for15אות.defective spelling are recorded
inserted above the,(01ס.וינו)אותותbut appears once as the full,אחוחusually15plural
,1115.frgת]second hand . 'Yhe mishmar name Mijamin " spelled defectively8by11םת
"but16.8"and,6זו11,19זו.colsאבהריב,תו,Jeshebab " spelled plene.ת4(320נ]as
.22and15.תו(85זdefectiveinconsistent15ordinal,ם-8.בחמישית((018.זיו19,זך9) numbersפאןThe full spelling Of
original defective spelling was supplemented supralinearly; but cf. the defective8תsvhere
ברביעה((01.ך,16).
Musיתו.708,696,695,683
,*283.43,*231.43,*230.43,*229.43,*228.43,*863.42,422.42,*421.42,*979.41PAM
*286.43,*285.43,*284.43
(38,2,1.Frgs(,11.COI
[]0[גיור]
[בשביתבארבעהאורה[]
[בשספהכמולאותברביעיתשכניהאותבג1מולבארבעהבריאה[ה]
גמולןאותבשנית1שכניה".אלששיתל[גמוחותת,ש[בשלישכניהאות]
[שכניהאותברביעיתל]61ואותהשמטהתר*שכניהח[אובחמישית]
[גמולאותבששית]שכניהאתשזת[י]בשלגמולת[אווכשמפה
חיתnle~ilntb[יכניהקואבשנית]גמדי
אותה[השמפאחר
הייבלאתותהיובל16וףאותבשמטהגמולחותביעית[ברשכניה]סהברזאח[)עאתונובשממהנאהע"))אהיתיז[השני]
215
HT
E IUDAEAN DES
ERT
xxlא]DISCOVERIES
שכניהות[אבששיתל]גמואורהשלישיתבשנהשכננדההן5ן
מול[גאותמטה]השאחרשכניהאותבהמישיחגלולאור1בשניתיי
bottom margin
READINGS0י
'
NOTES
5theןproblematic.אה'הבר[(טחון11) photographsחןpresented516פand1פ.of [rgs0תן[The11-9.1,1
corrected letter30more than0[0תspaceפleaving,סחו]the middle of the12חןof
line
(
standsשי above the0תpractically certaln based15vhich,,1%1טHowever , the required32."תו]the end of the!]ימטspaces
theחוthis manncrתוVtTt joined116and1פ
_
letter -spaces
_Since frgs40covers more than,!115pattern of
:
the
thisן~ת"11 probably reflects their original placement . Therefore , the reconstruction of,346.41early PAM _extends beyond the left margin of the column
we
re
283.43VAMח)the en
ds
of these lines1פ
~
'he two small fragments which appear14-9.1,1see below . The apper fragment clearly holds;33and32.positioned incorrectly and
ra
e now labelled frgs
vvhite and evidently belongs15The lower plece.("4111הremalns of three lines rather than tvvo ( thus
.rather than he10the digit5]1[טתthe bottom0חelsewhere ; the horizontal hook
somewhat thinner than normal fo [ this15though the script,101סתוclearly seen above159גייןו.]1kap""טתוי. appearing belo~v14ת!with rei , rcaw , and,1~סחthe]0the beginningעclear15document . Bet
appears10and9following word can also be seen . The space between linesפThe bases of letters from
.the uppermost plece1תrnay result from the crease6זט,irregular
_scribal error10פvery faint , and may be missing altogether due15The lamed.1,.14גממר
The a ~'erage(3.1]1טthe10far00)683.1עוז.Mus0חare posited38and2The two fragments19-15.1,1of the5-15"11ז0ת]spaces3.42the average of10corrected letter-spaces, very close40.)1519-15width of lines
theת]nacats assumed0תruns consecutively with19-15Therefore the text of
~
ines.ח4(259ב[same column
.middle
seen following ref . Note that the tops ef atep and he protrude5]
rt
ace Of yod7ה*(הבר.ג!.].the margin1מחconsiderably
the sc [Ipt ofח[.letterפthe upper left stroke ofח11"5ןthe beginning of the1פThe trace of
ink
18.,1this(()1ל"אשו'[.5. stroke most probably denotes he; see,4(319ב
RT
ANSLATION
[Jblessed.9
the wee [k]0the fourth day0ח)light (came rorth5)10.]ן
Gamul,0the hurth (year) ; SignתוShekaniah]0Ga[mul ; Signחן)the fourth (dayחןthe] Creation[.11
];the (year of the) releaseחו
;the secondתןthe si [xlth ; Sign of [Shekaniahמןthe th]
ird
; S [ign of Gamu] lח]Sign of Shekaniah[.12
]Sign of Gamul
the (ourth ; Sign ofחןthe year) after the release ; Sign Of Gamu [lתן)Shekaniah]0the fifth ; Sigln13.[תן
]Shekaniah
]the sixth ; Sign Of Gamulתן]the th [ir] d ; Sign Of ShekaniahמןGamul]0the release ; Sigln14.[חן
Sign Of Gamu[l after the releagse ; Sign of:1[ת]!יtheחן]of She[kaniah518]ח;the second15.[חן
the[!0the) con [cluding] sign5ןthe release (whichחןGamul]0the fo]urth ; SignמוShekaniah[.16
]jubilee . Signs of the second
,half-. spaces85letters , vvord-. spaces , and aigit sybols are countedה1~ח:corrected lette
r
-spaces0)This refers2נ
DYD]0corrected by the editors)0חwhich was,4ם.frg4(259נThis was caused by the wrong placement of(נ
40319216
the (years of
'
the) release. The Creation(11א)תוs~gnsע]signs , of
these
17)
~
ulbilee (are.17
Shekaniah]0the sixth; slieשGamu[I!0518ת;the third yearמ]JShek[an] iah].18
re [lease; Sign of6"!the year) afterתו)of Shekaniah85[ת;the Efthתןof Ga] nlul85(מ;the second19.[[ת
Ga]mul
(ע1ג0"5זא
Yahad-0אbetween the Serekh1ת01עinterpretation of the transition15ןcrucial for159טחם4זסייברוך.,[0textאסטברך'0[יברכעמןQS1נ1(828,26טאpreserving1(א* and the calendrical material . This word may this copy Of Serek& haתוextant01ח,the Maskil 's hymn10preambleפbe10poetic lines usually considered
doxology ofפthe fotlowing calendrical portion, serving as0)68ח10טYahad. Altematively , the blessing may
doKology orיד.luminaries and maintains them as eyerlasting signsמאזYHWH , who created10praise
xxvl211.8(י5ק-*.cf;151]this creat~onal-astronomical10opening85פמblessing formula would be expected
.13
fem. suffix4]3the sun , us~ng the10refer most probably)ש15ח1חווwords preservedיא1(טThe0].,1the[מת11"11, fourth day , tXplicitly mentioned0תluminaries0!טחןbegins with the creation1151The."ם- establishפ the mishmaros cycle as10orderתוthis contextח]introduced15The course Gamul.ןהצריאה
fuller form, withמן4(320נ5-111תופpreserved9ןsimilar idea7ן.fundamental element Of world order
theט1%1. present0ןsignificant verbal connectiona
the priestly source1מcase"8או]bears here the meaning of ' week ' as oftenשבתnliea
.
. The word0].]Qumran.(נ[ט.4.8(320נ1ן4-3. writingsמיand
the'.םם5 sign of
~
creation',דבוקהפphrase1"טtonning,6?זוחbeen precededסיפאrnay111דלאה.]פ174.
.
frg
For this designation of the first year of the cycle see above , STRUetURE
,
ANa
MEANING
[.13השממהאחר.
THEע5(וז()א. ()TOT;וי)
menuoned, probably preceded by one15תש8פnesv jubilee , Creation8the beginning of41[.17,דברור.] מן
880possible8beזא9אטף,cf.לבריאהביסוד seen from the length of the lacuna , For85חמס,vo [ds1two]0 4(320נ1ו3-2.
the phrase which includes 'Creation ' of the previousשword belonging8The he ends.
"[.18שכעףה
.01preceded by018ח]and5אפומפחטחrepresented only by the name5]the jubilee]0slp6י5ןHence the.1[םח .ו,13,5
.
col.!ם
(23,9,5,4,3,2.Frgs(,ו.Col
[שכניהאותבשלישיתגמולאותבשמשהשכניהאותברביעית]
[גמולאותמשית1[בחשכניהעותת[בשניגמולאותבששיה]
[השמטאחר]
[אוחבשמשהול]61[אותביעית]ברשכניהאות"
[סוףאווזזהן[של1נאוהשטז](ב0גמולאוהבשלייתיתשכניה]
בשמטהמזהאתוסטי///רןהשלישי]היובלתות*לשיהשיונוהיובל
שכניהת%לחמישיהל[נמואותnl~Smnבמצהשכננתעחתות
אותבשמטהשכוה[אותברביעיתגמולאויתהשמפהאחר
אותבשניתגאולאותבששית1שכניהאית]בשלישיתמול[ג]
217
1THE
JUDAEAN DESERT xxאנDISCOVERIES
שכיהאותהשממה[אחרנמול]חמישית[ב]אותשכניה9
גמולאותבשלישיתשכניה[אותבשממה]גמולאותברביעית_ייי
שכניהאותבחמישיתלמול[אותבשניתשכיניהאותבששיתי]היובל,ה אלתהשממהאחר13
ט//יןעתות*יעי[הרבאתותהיובלסיףאותות
h[3ו [ rDשכנוהאותהרביעיתגשנהלגמוליבשממה
[גמולאותבששיתשכניהאותבשלישיתגלולאותממה[בש]4י
שכניהןאותהשממהאחרגמולאותבחרישיתשכניהאוחn'jmaין
[גמולאותבשלישיתשכניהאוחששמטהמול[ג]אותברביעת6ן
[שכניהאותבחמישיתגמולאותבשניתכניה]שאיתמששייתן7
[היובלסוףאוחבשממהשכניהאותברביעיתלמולאותהסממהאחר]י"
[בשממהמזה//1/יןאתותהחמישיהיובלאתותאבןבישיבי[החמיש]9י
bottomםיש,ן[ח
READINGSאס'NOTES
beיפח]which,23.f'gחסappear30ת]]from105קreading together with two letterןבח.5מז
[.2שיש".joined here
lower horizontal stroke of8andנ(הtraces of the spike of,5פ.frg!0the abraded top section314[.5-4(ח
kap can be discerned , being remnants of the mishmar name Shekaniah . Garcia Martinez and Tigchelaar
However, the miJ/Imarשי[י]השילהיובלףן)סאותבשניתשכניןהח)א.4נas5and4read the transition beoareen lines
leavingסוףאותבשנית. insufficient space for.טאי[[סחthe end of10nanle Shekaniah appears very close
.פ4)6חפשכניה[)frg.פ5)
"unexplainedבשישית([[ wide lacuna betweenתפIndeed , the reconstruction leaves
_
alone"י6דתthat cannot be filled
seen . Perhaps the scribe staftedחאח5ןerasedתג,Between the first yod and the lamed.ו-.5לנשיהשייט.lamedפand continued with"אחbut then cancelled theהשינ'writing
signחפחטא5[חפ, Of151פwhether theחסdepending,17!0166טThe reconstructed number may5._1.4l'ABLE'י412חפ.courit . cf. col"1ויו(6[חיcontinued from the fourth jubilee , " consldered
trace . The reading.-15[101תפ[ותthe parchnlent , whichמ1פ51חסdark15פthere,4%1ת
"of
I
ו-.Below5ש10the prevailing10contrast1אחוחטן[ט,חpreceded17therefore certarn ; this implies that the number15פזם)of
4(320ב1413.
~
Qotot ; for this order see86א[1[ח
6possiblyחפ56 suggesting that frgs . Sa,13,11-9,7middle of lines11חןטGaps are assumed13-7.!ן
frg10the.פ4. right , closer10should be moved further
doubtful5]However , the reading here.9ח[;טת[again86חoccurs here01חאחThe omission.1,.ךשכיה.between two small piecesתוסנtheתוappears11as
Theס16 scribe must have [orgotten.טח;]the beginning of the8זclearly seen following "Dmק9.1[אוו5ן
be]]51ןletters of this correction can10זטThe last.1ט111טתוlater aboveזןand inserted,בחמעשיתserlal number
,Brill.1(["חצי:2.נ.Tigchelaar , Yhe Dead Sea Scrolls S ~ udy Edition . vol.:).4תפ2.ןGarcia Martinez.?4י.3-%53(1999
403198!2
second8have been added by10together with traces of mem and het . '
~
he yod Seen~ s,1%[שתוש0זעחseen
correctצ4מג008עדפ0. the defective spelling; set0זorderתןhand
.See PALA~OGRAPHY.1,.9שגץה
secondהיובל. hand insertedפcan be seen , above whichיעי
-
the end of
'
the lacuna, the bases of4112.].rnm before that8Another supralinear trace of
~
the second hand appears about
.added supralinearly above
:
noaea by the second hand$ן,omitted by the first acribe,ן.13ייתהtrace can be seen that appears % be the lowerב,spaceפFollowing the aigif symbo
~
a and1,.13שסועצלresemblesתפקחל)cp.מו1*ר1עח*) neither115,חוזס.letter , but cannot be fully identified as suchרpart of
10wide enough$1ז0תthis point8זsee COMMEN~S
.
. The remaining lacuna;(62,Enoeh,%4111בoaceפג,שnor
thereforeל assumed that the sip Of Shekaniah511ן.include both the signs of Shekaniah and Gamul
.
omitted ; see COMMEWS
too short6*14.י1ל!discemed above the brokenלvert~cal strokeפ,the bottom right of frg. Sbן.114ג.cfיול101). e .g . lamed
,
of(משייתlanted from!0be the upper stroke0!
0theז nrst appearsהתו]Three unexplained dots can be seen above the dry ruling of
~
this.ב-
1,.16בק1תbet , and the two others are above the left cornets of ref and the following bet. For theשו1ותןthe]0the right
.ORTHOCMP~Y800,spelling
his1ןתוvvas placed here by Milik , although Glessmer discards3י.The small frg19-15.1]the parchment1811ח.reconstructlon , probably because of the problematic appearance of
:
mishmar Jeshebab
,col!0letter-slze.י,. and breakage lines,זט0וסם
T
~
iNSIATION
Shekaniahl]0the third . SignתוGamul]0the release ; Signתןthe fourth ; Sign Of Shekaniah1.[מן
]Sign ofSJamul;]ן"theמןtheוף secon]d ; Se
~ enor Shekaniahת]the sixth; Sign Of Gamul2.[תן
]the rdease; Signמוthe fou[rth; Sign Of IGam[ulמוShekaniah]0after the relea]se; Sign[_3
)the8ןShek[an] iah[ (whichמסthe si [xth ; Signתןthe thilrd; Sign of GamulחןShekaniah,0].4
]concluding sign
relesuae(1טח~the years of(מןthese!0,sigrYJs17)of ~the third jubilee . Signs of the [third] jubilee [(are.5
the fifth; Sign ofמןthe ae]con[d year ; Sign Of Gamu]lח][Shekaniah00signs . (sign2)fall(.6
Shekaniah
the release; Signתןthe fourth ; Sign Of JShekaniahתןGamul]0after the release ; Si [gn.7
the second; SignמוGa]mul!0the sixth; Signתןthe thir
~ ;
[Si]gn ef [Shekaniahתןof Ga]mul[.5
the release. Sign of
:
ShekaniahןGamul after!0]5אא);משו[חthe1ת]4of Shekaniah.9
Gamul]0the third ; SignחןOf Shekaniah[תשימ;the releaseתן]the fourth ; Sign of Camul0.תן!
the fifth; sip Of Shekaniahח,Gamul!0[the second ; Signחןthe sixth ; Sign of Shek [aniah1.תו!
17)are('ן6טג4!ט*גthe jubilw. signs of
the
foQJrth
1the
) [concluding] s[ign of$ןaRer the release (which.12
,signs
the fourth ye~r; Sign ofתן[Gamul0מSign([.(4582חשוthe release0חthe years(חןo [f thelse.13
Shekaniah
]the sixth; sie of Gamulמןthe [third; Sign Of Shekaniahת)the re] lease; Sign Of Gamul14.[חן
]the fiffth . Sign of Gamul aher the release ; Sign of Shekaniahתןthe second ; Sign Of Shekaniah3.תן!
]Gamul!ע
.
the third ; Signת,the [release ; Sign Of Shekaniahת)Gal~ul[]0the fourth ; Signל1.(ת
of Shekaniahl8מ8ן;the fifthולGamul!סthe aecond ; Signחןthe six [th; Silgn of She[kaniah17.תן
the(8!the release (whichמןShekaniah!0the fourth ; SignתןGa[mul!0after the] release ; Sign[.15 ]concluding eign of the
)the ycars of the(ת!signs , of these16)Jeshebab .
~
Signs or the fifth jubilee (areתן]finth [jubilee[.19
]release
219
HT
E JUDAEAN DESERT XXIא!DISCOVERIES
COMMINTS
SEC' rlON under0ז0זrHi'0ק~the jubilee-concluding formula, see STRUCTURE AND
EM
ANIN5-4.1,1זמו
.eoNTENTS
important for the reconstruction of the5יunidentified m.rk preceding the lacunaטחיד.~
ello13.,15thisן01ח reading61ט,his jubilee orderחסbased%כ
"beginning of the incoming jubilee . Milik tead here
,the beginning of the jubilee81שכראהאןותsilpport readingי0תthe sanie manner , the mark doesח[.certain
om ~ tted altogether from the beginning of the5ןthe conclusion that the sign of Shekaniah15קחזסזקwhich
15the rirst yea
r
of the fi (th jubileeחסof Shekaniah occurr ~ ngתשדthis case
,
therefore , theחנ.fi
~
h jubilee
ofאו"חשיםof the fourth jubilee, while the count of the fifth jubilee begins with64תthe)8counted only
.the fourth ycarתןGamul
of theחסאחסה)The.1:ses t ~vo anomaliesA1s aiscussed above, this reading ra.אבזובי[ןהחמיש
"19.]
The priestly course of.2;'of the jubileeחשייhrmula Of 'concludingסח!jubilee number ' the fifth ' within
have ended0!considered)5ן0תfirst year of the next jubilee , ; . * . the fifth jubilee"1זחםח0יJeshebab serves נ,.,.,1[;(י,י,ןי,י.יטא5,י[או
'
EANIXVJ OFh14חאbefore the first year of the sixth jubilee; see STIILIC- l ' URE
Col.נזו)Frgs.י7,65ו,8)
[אותבששיתשכניהאותהשלישיתבשנהגמול/עאתות]
השמשהאחרול]65איתשחמישיתשכליה[אןותבפניתגמול
בשלושית[שכניהאות]6ה[שם]6גמולאותברביעיתשכניהת[או]
גמול[אותבשניתשכניהאותבששיתגמולאות
אוח[ממה]ש[ה]אחרשכניהאותשית[מי]בה
שלישיה[בבמולאותבשפמהשכניהאות5יעית[ר]בגמול
אתותןהששיהישבל]סוףשית[בששכניה]אות
יןתות[אשממה]במזה,פגעאתותהששייובלן"
ןפש(
[ל]:ביוג[tac?(?)מישי]הח1
[אחרגמולאותבחמישיתשכניהאותהשניתבשנהגמולל]וליובן"[ה]6פ%[בול]גמאותברביעיאשכניהאותה]השם6ין
שכניהןת]1*בששיתגמול[אותבשלישיתשכניהאות]י:
אחרןשכנוהןאוחבחמישית[גמולפותשנית[ב]ו]
[אותממה]בפשכניהאותברביעית6ול[גאותה]השמ46י
")for8885ח8י5טט!חסיmay be proposed that Jeshebab here serves!122),ן,Beckwith (e.alendar10According35
"]the end of1"expected oniy5ןdesignation8
"head,סט5 . However581אserves1ןIncom ~ ng sixth jubilee , since
,
nliddle01חתו!טאjubilee-concluding formula and
מ403192
[בשלישיגמילן
[גמול]סוףבששיתשנהאות"
היובלסוףאותגחמישיתשכניהאותנית]בש
,מעערזעאתוחשביעי[ההיובלאתות]ה"[מ]בש" [קדש],לימיובליםנח[ש]לים[וב]היאות[שאתות]
בשכניה]0השלישיבמזמן[י]שנ[הבידעיההראשוןבגמול]
bottom margin
READI ~GS0לNo~ ES
the strip;7.frg0!strip of parchment joined80תthese letters are seen,229.43PAM2[פאול1אית.תז.]
few8This piece provides.285.43PAMתןseparate fragmentבwas subsequently moved and appears as.4-2lines0תmore letters
sufficient01ת"the formulaic structure of
~
Qotot0!The amount Of reconstructed text according9-*.1]parallel0תwhere,9-8lines19-4.תlinesתןleaving unexplained gaps,7and6.the gap between frgs110ח)
14-13wide lacuna . Lines5פפthey are given6-411תן85תtext exists , those gaps are indicated as wat?
,
while
.)h- IATERIAL
I
RECONSTRUCTION4,
AV
RDSv01ell ( see above1T5פpreserve similar gaps
.the left0!
~
the right while others lea0!lean6פ.the right edge Of frg)פSome of the digit symbols5.]
Thus Garcia Martinez and Tigchelaar . The two downstrokes following.ש'הה1מ'(,)?vacן.9גייבול
66.frg0תthe first trace,ן!8חthe end of the!ו0של'ה./ן/he are connected and cannot be yod and fuau
.the wordתןcontrasting with the cursive bes later
"be!ק01[פת50]ו-formalש6 the left0ןappears
1the~סת. end of the!פstaln can be discernedחתןlarge%.7frg9()ת.]
should be placed sorne81--86.these lines possibly ieply that frgs]0the beginnings81The gaps9!-6!.1.[.the right0)3.1-1ח1ם
.ends with the vertical stroke of
yod
preceded by medial mem1סתוThe.5,מ'ל[.]
.fem . ) impossible(השלישיחrendering the readingהשלישיword -. space clearly follows)/.1,.!9סן'השליש
form;בשכגיה. bet of)0תHowever , the unldentified mark does
",י,4.י,יי,
4איד" ]the sixth ; SignתןShekaniah,0the third year ; SignתןGamul00ח
"51).signs3].1
;Gamiul after the rel]ease]0the [fifth ; Si]
gn
Shekaniah]0]theתן ] second ; Si [gnתןGamul,0].2
;the thirdתן]Of Shekaniahת
"the;[ן5 [rel] easeתןthe fourth ; Sign Of GamulתןSig] n Of Shekaniah[.3
Of Gamul[54ת;the [secondתןShekaniah01the sixth ; [ Si] gnתןGamul,0Sign_4
Signן;Shekaniah after [the] re [lease,0ת
"חן(י.ן5
"the3~חן
;the] thirdתןthe rel [ease; sie Of GamulתןShekaniah01the [ fo ] urth ; SignחןGamul]0.6
]ixth j ] uibilee . Signs5טן!of[.5גתשי)the) concluding5ןthe silxth (whichתןShekaniah)0ןSign.7
5ח.תימסן
"the([2.ון5ן years of the) [release (are(תןsigns] Of which[6[1)the) [sixth] jubilee [(are]0).5
theן jubi [leeתן[?the fi [ fth wac.9
the fifth - Sign ofתןthe second year , Sign Of Shekaniah1תGamul0סthe jubi [ lee . ( sign0!and.10
~
Gamul after
;]the] relea[seתןthe four] th ; Sign Of Gam [ulתןShekaniah]0the relea [se ; Sign.11
]the sixth ; Si [gn Of Shekaniahתןthe third ; Sign] Of GamulתןShekaniah)0Sign[.12
]the fifth ; Sign Of Shekaniah [afterתן[Gamul01the] second ' S [Lgnתו].13
]the re [lease ; sipתןShekaniah01fourth ; Signחן!וןGa]mul)0the relea [se ; Sign.14
221THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא!DISCOV
~
RIES
]of Gamul[(54מthe sixth ; ssup ( legeמ!)lege Shekaniah(4ש!the thirJd; Sign Ofמ![of Gamul.15
.the) concluding sign of rhe jubilee15the fiah (which1ןמthe sec[ond; Sign Of Shekaniah116.ח
the re[le]awשs~gns , of these16)seventh
~
ubilee] (areןSigns af the[.17
]day[s of holiness10Sign of
'
the j[ublilees, [ye]ar ofjubilees according18.[518052.ן
]Shekaniahת]],Mijamin the thirdן[ת,Jeda' iah theJ seco[nd1ח,Gamul the first19,[תו
COMMENTS
.STRUCI-URF"יאגו1"0 AND800,of
the
jubilee' formula88[חthe 'concluding!0For the reconstruction7._ו.SECYION0707THE0ע
.this documentתןthe prevailing habit0!contrastח]appeat here001fhe definite article does'.8יטה.]100possible that ' the fifth jubilee ' was mentioned here . The remains are9(?)החאישי.811ו.]
.profer other suegestions0זordetתןfrag~nentary
further elaboration of the jubilee-concluding formula appeared here , the10-9ילייל...4%ייב.ג.!]
.survived01מwhich have!0contents
and0[שכניהinsteadיסייי*שנהthe scribe;*ח]]thisתןscribal errors appear15סוח...שה.'[סיי.].,0standard8soon instead of marking100record the concluding sigy) of the jubilee10subsequently began
very limited , recurring8manuscript which contains!0this typeתנBoth mistakes are understandable
.vocabulary
recurrence of the word8was marked by51]]The conclusion of the entire.1,.18יובליםוש4חובןלים,ה4תז
constructions.נהן.3:75. . crחןזפע[5טס'~jilbilee
.7-61)psJubb(226נ)4.Cf.]ונ5;4(320נ3י-ןQS1.For the reconstruction , cf.18קישןא'ל.]lresוThe reconstruction requl.ו[6חthe middle of theחוof the ' Leaders of the Years ' begins81]])1_.19נ
raeat appears0חunusual that15
",However.1טחוthe beginning of theיפcommenced41]that the new
.between the two lists
the5ןproblematic . Since this5]year810referringהשו4שי-The masculine form of the ordinal number
that this4alternative proposalחיו.limited5ןinterpretation,111,191,1-י.only number surviving from colstheir81years
,
and indicates the priestly courses serving1]5the s ~x jubitees instead ofסןrefers51]]
this]1.51]1the end
fo
the o ~ ot81brief survey of the s ~x jubilees of the cycle8beginnings , thus providing
surnrnary of
the
otor8but rather51]1separate calendrical8contain)0תdo19-181[85ת,accepted4propoaal
correct , the proposal necessltates that Mijamin head the third!1.roster , wh
ich
explains the masculine form
where the slx jubilees are,40319ת]match the unique numbering method)0מjubilee . However , this does
5withפש Mijamin heading the fourth jubilee . Perhaps this uniquc method,7-2given the numbers
.41!the summarf of theת]discarded
(117.Frg(11,3
.
Col
)underline(4-1328נ)4:Parallels
)overbar(2329נ)4
[הראישונהבשנההששיבפצץהחמישיבישיבאבוהרביעיי
[בשניתחופהמעוזיהאלישימגמילן
בשלישישחוירשעוריםבלגהידעיהן
[ברביעיחיכיןאביהפתחיהן]מיםו
בחמישיתןיויריביקיםדליה]שכניה
ן40319
בששילמלכיהשמרחרים]ישיבאב6
[ישועידחקשלהקוץ]0הפצץ1
הןגמול8
Mus]ית.696285.43,230.43,229.43PAM
READINCS0א
'
NOTES
.know
ifitisamedial
or final Fade0!letter
istoo
faint81מחThe.7,חפצ.]
.the fragment!0the edge!8parallel downstrokes of
~
Ae can be seen10,229.43שPAM18מ.]
RT
ANSLATION
]the first yeai1ת.the sixth5"מןקק18ן[5י,leshebab the fi
~
hמן,the fourth[.1
]the second1מ.Gamul , [ Eliashib , Ma'oziah , Huppah.2
]the third1ת.Iedariah , [Bilgah , Setorim , Fkzir3
]the fourth1ה.Mijam [in , Petahiah , Abiah , Jakin-4
]fifthחטחי!.Shekaniah , [Delaiah ,
~
aqim , Joiarib.5
]the sixth1ח.Imrner , Malkiah,זפא[!ח],Jeshebab.6
-[.HappiFVe~ , [Haqqoh Jehezqel , Jeshura.7 [Gamul the_8
S'E1C1NOhlh
which contains7.frg]0the solid placement0תbased1511,1.01)The reconstruction Of
This column contains general mishmarot rosters.11,יand1.0015זיthe margin between
interval of threeתג.only Gamul and Shekaniah!0ת,priestly courses1]8concerning
theת11"8 beginning of each of the)8mishmarot names exists between the priestly courses
01of '
Leaders
88compatibleתcoyltain11פ1151 with the suggestion that these5!(7-2).ד'5וח
However, since.(82Enoeh1.cp(9%%ן)4and328נ)ת4!paralleled8!the Quarters ' , which
much wider than the space required by four mishmarot15תו1"!ח4(319נthe average
very8,חזזס]tabular1חsvas presented!115should be assumed that this!ן,names
.Qumran calendrical almanacsחוirregular phenomenon
also8]and8"ח1תווfurther roster
,
probably of
the
'
Leaders
of the Months ' , begins11
.overlap . This roster begins with Gamul of the First year0חwith240329ח!preserved
.9.frg0תLater sections of ] ! are preserved
smooth top interruptedפhaving7and6.resembles frgs10.Materially speaking , frg
of theקס!the!8placement would be expected5!1.similarly shaped vertical lacunaבbv
However, ~the preserved.111,יor11,3.01)]0the left81perhaps,7.SCfOII following frg
,therefore presented separately1811.suggest either of these placements01מtext does
.reconstructed column810מן"integrate0י,yithout any atternpt
.CohIMEN-IS,18.alternative interpretation , see frgחבFor8.]
223THE
UJAD
EA
N
DES
ERT
XXIאוDISCOVERIES
9.Erg
[ידעיההשניתגמולזיר]חה[חופישועשעורים]ן
[אביהשעוריםעוזיה]מפתחיהh[lle[aאלישיבמימין]2
שכניהןמימין]השלישיתפיה[ידיכיןחזירחופה]נ
[חזירינקיםאביהשעורייםדליהפתחיהבלנה]4
READINGSאס
ON
TES
touches the hcad!1;possibly he ofHuppah4,)4The unldentified mark preceding the.חיפ
[.וחורזיי" theחןת11(2. surv
~ving lamed]0
WT
~NSLATION ]
~
Se'orim , Jeshu'a , Fiupp]ah ,
~
e[zir , Gamul . The second (year) Jeda' iah.1
]Mijamin , Eliashib , Bi ] l [ga] h , Petahiah , Ma[' oziah , Serorim , Abiah[.2
]
~
uppah ,
~
ezir , Jakin , Teda]' iah . 'fhe third (year) [Mijamin , Shekaniah[.3
]Bilgah , Petahiah , Delaiah , Seror] im , Abiah , Ja[qim , Hezir[.4
CO""ENTS
the beginnings of the months , from81This fragment records the priestly courses serving
3the.]ת1151similar8תן4(329ל middle of year10the sexennlal cycle1תוthe end of year)5][tentative reconstruction of theןנ.only the beginning of the first year survived2
nliddle.11ע. Of COIחסאו,stood9.implies that frg
10.Frg
1[ooאין
]שי0ה[2
סן[שכניהןאמר[נ
הרביעיסריול4
[Joo]0000[
ע]בישו0[6
READI
NCS
No'rEsאס
.229.43with the darker PAM285.43achieved by comparing PAM5!The reading
40319%2
shortת1 left leg , normal8of1חסק[מס;of 'alepן~טמThe diagonal stroke resembles the thick.וא]
ית.
,
this script, renlalns
.
Alternatively , the traces may be the left portion of
may alsoר.clearly seen between the lines . The two letters read as5]The top strpke Of lamed.1,.4-ס1י
.and ~uaso1"6be
and f~ asu are clear; yod and bet are smaller than the other letters. The unidentified516באעס[.ח.].may be &et1[סמthe beginning of the!פmark
RT
ANSLATION
[Jlmmer , Shekaniah.3
the fourth(?)
"4.]מן
Jeshu[ca6.ן,ת
COhIhIENTS
preserves text from10.clear identification . Frg8The remalns are too fragmentary for
8fragment with21
.
column and may include part of the column margin8the left side of
perhaps,229.43PAM.10מן.the left of frg0)can be seen!]0!piece Of thread attached
the space left beoNeen the,5011.sheet8implying that ]! carne from the last column of
.have been exceptionally narrowי5טמזend of the lines and the edge of the sheet
enumeration of months or8מleast three mishmarot names and!8mentions10.Frg
.intelligible sequence can be discerned0תyears , but
*
11.Frg
ארתביה[2
Jooo]נ
READINGS0א
,
NOTES
was later repositioned!979.41;ןPAMמ]correct positionת1[טThis fragment appears
.30.the newer photographs; Cf. frg0חas seen
resemble the form of any letter, may be!0מwhich does,1~טמthis0תThe hor
ontal
mark preserved1.].unknown purpose8מscribal mark of8
RT
ANSLATION
[IBilgah sign.2
COSIMENTS
yield any acceptable!0מtogether with the priestly cou
rse
Bilgah doesאותThe reading of
the Temple duringמ]serve!0חthe framework of the otot roster . Bilgah doesח]meaning
.8:5.Sukk,או.cp;111,מן4(319ניany of the biblical festivals recorded
225THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlא]DISCOVERIES
12.Frg
)underline(440320הו:Parallel
[השניהפסחבשעורים.בעשהעמרהנףבידעיהמ]י
בעטיןהזכרוןיוםבמעוזיהבעלהשבו1עיםחנשוע[בי/ב]נכשז.ו] ןהכפויוםב[1ביוירינ
READINGSאס'No~rEs
.completely indecipherable15,the basis of the parallel0תreconstructed,1
מ"]1rhe text of1
810The scribe may have added them supralinearly
~
ue,1[ח
~
he last three letters appear above the'3.]this compositeח]misplacernent of the pieces80!Alternatively , the positioning may be due.מושtheחןfault
.fragrnent
RT
ANSLhTION
of!טא Se'orim5!חtheל[ח"ץ:חס)Jeda' iah ( falls ) the Waving of the
"0the week(15!(ץ48)תוthe0ו.[ת
];second Passah
the0ח;Day of Remembrancc"א!of Ma'oziah4!אthe0ח;of Je] shu'a the Feast of Wee[ksאוtheת
".2
"!6
[of
.
Atonement?6"8ם!Joiarilb]0].3
Coha~ENTS
most or4ם11חtentative reconstructlon reveals that the '
Leaders
of the Months ' rosterןנ
.misl* marot festival calendar8containing the beginning ofCOI.11זי,withו!last5ת11" preserves the Holy Seasons for the12.Frg.תו4(320ל4ת48(321לappear8!118Similar
the!8must have appeared4חב,the sexennlal cycleתוbeginning of the first year
COI01beginning.7111י.
13.Frg
)underline(440320ץ-וע:Parallel
בעהשבועיםחנביויריב]בגהשני[הפסחביחזקאל.וווט[
"]
[חגבפצץבעטהכפוריםיוםמחזיקן.בווסלהזכרוןיוםבאמר]2
(Eonl_מועדיןהששית
"[בגמולבנהפסחביחזקאלכלין
[תגבמלכיה/בהשניהפסחןבמן3וזיהרנטתהעמרהנף]י
[יוםביכיןוכגטןון]הוכייום4ל[ביחזקבעטוהשבועים
ב40319
ReAD~NGS05עדסאא
.and almost completely faded6מעvery5]מאא.thnfff1.]
TRANSLATION
of
,
Joiarib the~
east of[אגthe0מ.]Jehesqel] the second [Passah00the weekמןthe Sth (day01.[מ
SVeeks.()ח4the!א]
ס[
"41the3מ).of Hezir [the Day of Atonement6]!אthe0ח.Immer the Day of Remembranee2.[תן
]the Feastי9קפמ*
]of G~mul1אthe0ח.rd [oi
Jebezqel
the Passah3theמ();Sukkoth . The sixth (year) , ]" festiva]ls!0].3
of Malkiah the1אthe0מ].Mafosiah the [Second] Pssah,05!חtheמ,).* [the Waving of the Omer
]Feast
ofמס
,
Jakin the Day61מ0!פחח.Of ,' Jebezq)el the Day of Remetnbr[ance461theמ,).of
'
SVeeks[.5
COMMENTS
contains part of the mithmarot festival calendar, preserving the Biblical fe~sts13.Frg
of,יplaced181תו the sixth years , As reconvtructed8תומתf1or the end of the fifth and begi
!118the)1However , the reconstruction can only be correct.111.01ע)the middle of
~acat does8such77.frg0ת;the end of the year!8nacats , including0חcontained
.col1תascertain whether the festival calendar ended0!impossible15אappear . Therefore
.subsequent columns1חor continued111ע
14.Frg
col.חCol.ן
גמוון4יתי!
0ססןשידנוס[2
"~bottom matg
READINGS0א
,
NarEs
col.ה
theמו,However*1מוthisמוthe context of mishmaros , Jeda'iah would be expected1ן2שיך9ן.מ
.the word]0the endשrather than he are viaible"1
.
photograph two tips
,
of
..-TRANSLATION
col.ן
04Jsigns.1
col.א
[Gamul.1
227THE IU
DAEAN
DESERT xx
I
DISCOVERIES[א
Co~
Ma
ENTS
belong with the rnaln body of reconstructed text , and)60"08תThis damaged fragment
possible that matters of otot5]!],the document. Thereforeח]probably appeared later
were.עצ-1זו. discussed outside the pr~mary roster of cols
1.col
."0construct.]קThis should be understood as the.1.14'4ית
col.ון
.deduce the exact n~ture of this mishmarot roster0זEragmentary1008!The data
15.Frg
col.[יcol.-י
ישלנאב6יומןל[גמו
ול]גמשכניהידןעיה
]סכישכניה[
]0שכניה[
hii
~
a
READrNGS0א
'
NOTES
col.ןhas been retained because of the mithmarot context . The61טdoubtful$וThe first mem.ןו.61ימן
prevalent8!defective[ת320,4כ. spelling of the name
0!Shekaniah similar0!reference8contained"1[תthe possibility that this!8זסקקםThe letter tops5.,1.4-%1.colמthose
]].col
theישוע. priestly course5]Another possible reading.ן1אצ
RT
ANSLATION
col.ן
GamuJl Mijamin.1
Jed]a( iah Shekaniah.2
Shekaniah[.3
Shekaniah4.ן
Shekaniah5.נ
col.-ן[
Jeshe[ab-1
Gam [ul.2
ב40319
CO~ MENTS
the calendrical complex areתוplacementאוThe interpretation of this fragment and
bothתוpreserved colu~n marg~fi with clear readings-61שיobscure. Noteworthy are the
accordance with the vocabulary1מ,Shekaniah0!columns, and the recurrent references
,However, other priestly courses appear ~longside Gamul and Shekaniah.!115of the otot
varlatlon8must therefore be11.further otot roster85וexcluding the possibility that this
0!appear!0חscrutiny of the mishmarot ~equence does8mishmaro* theme, though80מ
certain sequence , Jedaciah and Shekaniahוותסyield any reasonable interpretation . The
.
the varlotss cornbinations of priestly serv~ce10correspond!סתdoes,21.colחו
the ends of!8explanation " available for the recur~ence OF Shekaniah0ת,Furthermore
characteristicיסתstyle8,systematic tabulation of time-units8which suggests,5-21.COI
sense of structural8עתof the Qumran calendrical almanacs which usually lack
ff. withתו018ם.7111י~belong15.should therefore be concluded that frg11.presentation
exactתט%בהעסח. purpose fenlalfilfig8,1
16.Frg
אוג*ישיב[2
bottom margin
READINGS0א
'
NOTES
אל.
~
שו
~
letter immediately aher bet exclude the readingשThe faint traces of2.]
TRANSLATI ()N
Jlesheba[b.2
17.Frg
סו[ססן[1
16ילסופין2
botrom margin
229THE IU
DAEAN
DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
RBADINGS0אNOTES
I
exceptionally narrow8מlines separated byסיו)The fragment preserves refiialfis from
.interlinear insertion81[םת181תspace, perhaps suggesting that-11פת
the left edge , above11/.be remains of he or the like10the right side appcarשThe first two traces1.14
.letter8part of8*05ח]dot which8appears,2שמו]yod of
.also possible8]Bes.2ע.]
TRANSLATION
]the ends of0יand2.ן
ידאאעעסם
.1]14.cf. frg,1~ . For the grammatical forn2.14לשפי
18.Frg
מול]נבשביעיח[
סןס0ית,2
R~ADINGS085זסאא
the]0theטוע1. end!פclearly seen5]Yhe base Of
,
gintel'1.,1
TRANSLATION
Ga[mul(15auty0תsevelnth year (the first course11.[מ0ח
(ןדא8אע0
where the,8-211ץ.highly relevant for the interpretation Of COI151"11ת1תThe reading
Appearing here.6-1the beginnings of years are recorded through years!8duty08ת818ח
the beginning of the seventh year , which8יof Gamul ' s service8ז(תסו
the18נהטתם"
and seven-%]5repeats the beginning of the six-.year cycle . This may prove that both
the otot ephemeris . Unfortunately , further knowledge ofת]based counts were applied
which continues the,2"תו]the implementation of this principle cannot be gained as
.legible*סמ
",count
19.Frg
"י]ית
ש40319
20.Frg
]צעשיף1
סןם[2
READINGS0א
'
Nc~rEs
%of
i
possiblyאTwo.6שש8 fomaulgיחנוthe beginning of theאhorizontal baae stroke appearsן.1ג,bener preserved than the leh ,
"'he presence of
-
the left ama18the right one;4,ןrayin are apparent preceding .
yi
od01though faded, excludes the possibility
RT
ANSLATION
the tenth[ year
~
month1.]תן
21.Frg
יבי1עי[1
24[
REA~INGS"0NOTES
adjoining.21ת0 fragments with frg88are positioned22and21.frgs,230.43PAM1מ
.64-59.frgs0)shapeמוlong plece similar8thus forming,22.top of frg
TMNSLATrON
Jfour[th.ו
22.Frg
1)100
"'ע'רבן
ישבעשב[2
READINGS0אNfffES
I
curalve andחmonth or year . This hend8aecond hand inserted supralinearly the nun~ber Of1,.2ינ .smaller than the nrst
231
HT
E JUDA
EAN
DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
TRANSLATION
the fou[rth JJesheb[ab.2
23.Frg
]6שית[בחן
ול]ג6ו
READINGS0אNOTES
the bottom of the fragment suggests1פbadly damaged . The peeling visible15
~
'he skin
.frg0חthe sirnilar patte
rn
of decay0תbased,3-2,ו.col]0the left side0חplacenlent5שו
ו,.
.
the reconstruction of colתןSa . The extant reading fits well
24.Frg
]ד.)0[ן
READrNGS0אNOTES
'Yhe letter-
of
rms are unusual . The first two signs are probably digits rather than letters
longer than usualפtrace ofפread as final kap , rnay also be,5תשוThe last.(%!5411(sic
.25.frg0תsimilar signפ.cf;10number
25.Frg
גידןן
READINGS0א
'
Nc(rEs
The letters are longer.33and24.fragment resembles that of frgsות!)this0מThe script
therefore doubtful that these fragments1511.4(319בand thinner than the usual script of
01belongי400. withshorter5]may also be the left stroke of tasu . The second letter,חעהThe first letter , read as cursive1.,1
vertical stroke descends from theא[ת!unusual4ח.read as yod rather than evasu15and thusהעהthan the
.the fragment]0middle
40319232
26.Frg
]
סןמ*
TRANSLATION
]s] ign.ו
27.Frg
הןתי נן[
READI ~GS0א
'
NOTES
interlinear insertion8טת4211מvery narrow , suggesting that8]2and1!15סוThe space between2-1.],1
~vas"אאThe.1סמןthe followingחןcorrect the omiasion Qf
,
this letter0ןcontaining one letter , possibly meant
.vulgar forrn8ח]resultingתטקbroken8wntten with
28.Frg
1[~
oooב
~
עית
2[oRoo]
TRANSI,A'l' lON
fouirth[_1
29.Frg
גנןbottom margin
233TH
~
JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
30.Frg
ו-ן. 1
ינ11
READINGS0א
-
NOTES
The.285.43and229.43PAMמ]as seen11.frg0!This fragment was incorrectly joined
.979.41PAMתוappearsחוסנcorrect
32.Frg
0ף[ן
ת[2
ןס0נ
READINGS0א
'
NOTES
,However.283.43PAMחוseen1512-111י.the ends Of col832י.Mila's placement Of frg
85,חוו"
the thirdחןcannot be readגמול;" clearly contains three lines rather than two
.that contextת]would expected .the column-marginמןparagraphos, appears8unidentified mark, possibly2מוע.]
33.Frg
Col.ווcol.ו
בן10ן[ן
24-
RBADINGS0א
~
No-rES
However, the bright.14-1332(10ת001.יו.frg0יpositioned this fragment next541111
doubtful that this piece belongs1hue of the parchment and the long letter-forms make
.25and24.cf. frgs;0ש4(319נ
more curved than the angular5]form5!1Note that.10the number1[ח*8ןthisמן
~
he last sign'2.]exampleחןcol.וץ17. seen
19%2נט4
TRANSLATION
col.ן2.]תש
34.Frg
טיבגטי!
READINGS0אNares
hair appearing quiteיאזcolour , svithמןvery light8]35and34.The skin of frgs
and34.doubtful that frgsיוrendering,40319the other fragments ofמזסו11פdifferent
the later PAMמוappear01תthis manuscript . 'fhe fragments do10belong35
,longer be traced0תphotographs and can
TRASSLATION
1.תGa]mul1חן[ה
35.Frg
סן[1
סןשש[2
J1Qooספי[נ
REAI) I ~GS"0א",5ו,34.See frg
Unidentified Fragments
and%4111%.7.'ץQOtot by40!svere assigned,708.1יח.Mus0חfound,110-48.
~
rgs
the PHYSICALתו,serles of photographs , However811מוhave been recorded accordingly
hasפ been argued that these fragments probably refieat11DESCRIPTION and CONTENTS
different composition or compositions within the genre of the mt'shmarot texts . Some
yield any identifiable letters . Most fragments01חthe plates do1חfrugments included
.(1999)have disintegrated
235THE JUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
48.Frg
חןי
51.Frg
מתל[ג]ס[ן
שכיניהאור
ט
RANSLATIONוGaJmu[l.1
aig] n of Sheka[niah.2
55.Frg
שבתירת[יאין
טבחן[
TRANSLATION
ISabbat[hs.ו
COMMENTS
.403246cf. the fragmentary1.]
אנץ.59
ובלקת([
אאmarginשאס
40319236
READINGS05עזקאא
orש?עש.
I
Theעשמ word may be reconstructed % rvadl1.]
TRANS[ATION
1.לשם6טע
,.60.Frg
סן[[
ובאןס[2
נ
~
Jovg
8שןס[4
bottomמאמסש
READINGS0א
'
NffrEs
theאתו4 tcft cdge of the fragment . . small trace Ofאvertical crack hinders the reading42.ןיובל18
~
the lamed of85be alep. The reading of thia letter0יdiscerned above the last letter which appeara
9discountedן100זיסו. smce the bottom stroke
.highly doubtful41טתוThe reading of this3.]
61.Frg
ססןאכנק1
יחניסןסריץן2
בסןכ[נ
READINGS0א
'
NOTES
.correction8poaaibly4un~dentified rnark which8חAbove the coarse he, appears1.,1
the!1פא% poa~ibilityמיס8פ
;
but the aamBaed leather,ע.מbe10appearaיע
'
he lewer preceding'1.ס
"2.,1
8תרין.
~
the het of5ן
theתוו*נ. fo]urth ' appeara aboveתן'
'
aupralinear insertion ofנינ.]
THEלת
UJAD
EAN DES
ERT
XXI1אDISCOVERIES
TRANSLATION
]JShekaniah.וthe a~ah3.תן
62.Frg
סן1
]האו20
]0סא)
לע"
4ל
63.Frg
]ןאותו
]!ם(ט2
bottom margin
READINGS%00785א
"Theח letters , though clearly seen
~
are exceptlllonally small and faded , rendering the readil.1.14]אוח
.uncertain
TMNSLATION
[lsign.1
668.Frg
]ןווםי
RT
ANSLATION
]Jday.1
8מ40319
686.Frg
ובאתבעה[
סןא
LATIONT5RAN
the(ו) fou[rteenthחןand1.ן
70.Frg
00ן[
צזו[הפי]יביע[
סנא
REAI) l ~'(S"05"",אfurtherזטס. readings can be made0חbut231.43PAMחוclearer15This fragment
1אאגאז,זג[א0
[Happ] iiVeV.2
Jfourt [h.נ
71.Frg
6שיתן[ח
שען[
שלושסן
[ffib~jj
9IUDAEANע DESERT XXIאו8אזDISCOVERIES
READINGS085זסאא
cardinal8ס!read as wa~u , pointing5],"19טסחסזק[תthe1מThe second letter, being longer than yod3,]
1linesתןangular execution4differs fromמא
,
ordinal number. Note that the round base ofפr1ather ths
.2ar~d
rendering ' the,חא
~
he last trace of
ink
resembles the right curve of ayan rather than'.44ביע
~
[.4ת.more likely readingש'fourth
TMNSLATION
])!n'hh (year.1
)?lfour[th (year.4
COMMENTS
or(5[צwithin the basic cycle of8וו-contents , this sequence of years8)10תBased
appropriate place could0חthe otot roster , although11!10ת?possibly seven) years-may
1be(חוcols.זוו-וזי. lacated for
"72.Frg
]4פ0!
סן[2
73.~
rg
][ooo1
סת[2
סייחויןשבו5יה[שכנבן00000[4
ששיןLac]י
נה]בראשו[6
7]0[
READ~NGS0סא(89א
the~4שט base of"610appearsחאThe trace preceding2.]
9240ו3נן4
the right edge or
:
the fragment . The left0תThe top end possibly the bottom of naen are presewed?.ן.~downstroke which may be the leg of
~
daleפedge shows
מצ.
:
vooo . The fiTSt letters may be4.ן
TRANSI. ATION
monrth(שthe first (day0מSheka]niah.3
[vac sixth1.5
the firs[t6.מ1ן
CO""ENTS
.863.42PAMמסThe recto of this fragment appearsneverיצדשstmdard calendrical records
I
missingחלוש.Furthermore,ש before"'תן',The prefix bee7.]
.
appears , and the ordinal number 'sixth , atventh ' etc
.
star)ds for the month
.months or years0!these nnes could -referמוthe absence of
:
suffixes~ the
j
numbers1ל-6מ.!]
748.Frg
הן4ות1
2Jooa
RANSLAT ~ ONז
COSISIENTS
discounts the expected construction 'sign of GamullShekaniah' . Possible"Heיח hllowing.1ה4ימ.]
וית)cf.0ם!.1ע18)."
reconstructionsתבדישהשח(ם,17,11,11.col)orיבל are the phrBses
7536.Prg
אןן0שכ[2
.60.frg0!mcorrectly attached5ןthis fragment,286.43PAM6!ח(
נא
HT
B JU
DA
~
AN DESERT xxlאןDISCOVERIES
77.Frg
ן0[1
סנבישועפורים[הכיוםו
בשכןניהייםנ
ת[הסכוחג4~
IOO
מועדיהיעית]הר5צם[ו
TMNSLAT~ON
Jeshucaסו]the Day of
,
Atlonement.2
Shek[aniahת]dlay.3
]Slkko]th]סthe Feaet.4
Eestivals5")~dC 'fhe fou[rth (year[.5
COMMENTS
through the final5חטזthe leatherת]seerns certaln ; the split286.4נPAMמ301[חThelettersמו1"3. of
theסיthe partially preserved referencesתוThe key for positioning this fragmen
t
lies
8Day of Atonement, Shekaniah , and the fourth year . They suggest that " stems from
the.".ו,year mishmarot festival calendar , preserving the last items of year three.-8[צ
of"1!ו!J(*ppwrim and Suhho
th
, followed by the-שגfestivals of the seventh rnonth , Yom
(4ת"
and(3רססן(1[מו1"
separating,יים( the years . However)8רססfourth year with*חש.remaln unexplained
0the[(111.01ע, festival calendarת]belongs77.שז!,correctאthe suggestion!צunder%1-]המסם.וץCONTENTS OF)"8;exact layout cannot be ascertained8!1although
show the pronounced rul ~ ngs characteristic!סחHowever, this fragment does.8זא2זאסםdifferent[5שז.101-48. document as with the rest of8and may stern from,319-40259)0
שלע.796
חודשן[י
2[oeינטל
ברןל[ג
40319%
aT
hNsLATIeN
jubi[lee[.2
8517.Frg
סו[אי ..ע?2
14ג
א*
RANSLATIONז[dlay.2
86.~
rg
ושימןל2
87.vrg
ה"88.Frg
loKן
0ןאב1זמז2
1עפש[נ
4חססן4
"א286.43.Thtמסע readings of thia fragrnent
'
were improved based7(
243THE IUDAEAN DESERT xxlאוDISCOVERIES
ADINGSR60א
~
NmEs ~
contained3)ח1ןfew nlore traces can be discerned , possibly evinc~ ng that8,286.43PAM13.14מ
.vacatפelenlents of text rather than
RANSLATION'ד]ISabbaths.2
CowweNTS
;forms the closest assoclatlon with Milik's reading of
a
surnmary formula(2"(תו1
"בחות
under CONTENTS . Perhaps Milik ' s reconstruction wasווץ-צו
.
OF COLS05800זאפזאס
.863.42PAMחןthat reflected10זסוזק,the material decayתוearly stage8שפתmade
89.irrg
סן[סהן[ן
השבין[2
חרימן[נ
שבעקןס[4
ויושיו
R~ADINGS0א
'
NOTES
read as the numerical symbol tvventy ' and the possible symbol,0חווthe end of the1פ
~
'he traces5.].certain01תvery long angular mark , are8]0denoted by the top'מפ!'
TMNSLATION
[J
~
arim.3
COMMENTS
may be!1.this context1חunintelligible81ן],certain5נThough the readin
~
of this word.4ש'פב.]restoredמוטמו21. also
90.~
rg
שיןס[
9!403"2
92.Frg
בישית[ ])00ה0ם
השןשנה[
]שיי
TRANSLATION
[Jthe Xth year3
CONCORDANCE
this1חthe texts published1חthe words occurr ~ ng8110?THIS concordance refers
independent words are covered , thus411נ.volume, together with their respective contexts
right , each entry0!From left.ל_and,ב,-ה,-כ-excluding the attached morphemes
context phrase . The concordance svas.-ת]the text, lemma, and10contalns the reference
.She~esh.'וprepared by
SIGLA
beginningו[פח ofן
beginningתמזט01ם ofן,possible letter4
probable letter8
supralinear insertion%
erasure(1א
reconstructed letter(אן
modern editor's correction(%4
THEוןג JUDAIAN DESERTאנI) ISCOVIIRIIESS6ע
~gת%פדתצצהאאשל vv1""ייי4יצ440י;חס6א6ה
4צ403"7ייךמבקקצה"בו7ץ9וג40א*שלחמששאאה
*א%"חלמלש%40321[1ונףואערש[מצשסבימצתה8ץ9וגף4ת%"פ
21ון4[[4שבךכשרה,יזאהשמ8ץ9וג40ה%אהטשלבשחשת
אופש
"ש
1עף4נוו9תיימהצק9ץ19ש4* חם4עייע40שיתחים=9ץ19פ*ו=פ=
8יםףוף0eaוץ19מ*ש=שמן"מא
mha**4אחזקנוי19ש
"4צש4שך
*כשפחאהש9440319ה(4קש,"ששד4מאנ40319וויח%ק
"ףי,
"ע19ג40ווח%מלטששחאחשצק
40320ו;2אך-פסכיסת=ה*ח%"
40319[ע[0ר*dbnliה=מי"14י12,40319ה%פףוו%וזשצד-ימו
אח40319ץ412ת*יאשי(4%השצןעישבל
"אוצבחשמל,
"13
40320)ן
40326);14ת*אזאנ1ץ19ש4אחשיתי"צה*עאאמ
י2,4032ח*[אקוטיץ40319[נאח"שםחח"כע-נשהה
י7ש3י4)אאאההץ140319*אאפח*לחש*צהאחנ%%
*am*%ץ3191נא[2ת%שצה["ימשיחא?חהע15ץ40319ה י6ששחא?חע403%[16ץ9אא6עההאח44לישצה
"9ו403[ץ[2אחשזק[
40319[י[ג"אr1ssres'-אתשכבהח19%ג40יזואחלאשפיש26%
אד
"טש4"[3(י"חחשל(*טעטש4א"ששאחשל
"2%שט3ס4ח%ושיה15טטמ"%זי*%9תף4[,14ת%מלמלוית
"4%הק,ח2%תטש4ח*;*טחיאדושש*וו1ע4"15(יי(אה
סאלידדשצ"**נחטעת%אסרהפזקח*
"טעא[מי"אאח
שחמהק
*ט*4יידטי4ח%ץ
1קות0י,אתיי;נילאזחבח"
טעע[ע"אתחעהפמא*"פגז14ץטחאת%אחשהנצפח
ויחתטאא*את"שחשיהמפ
טעח[1יאת!ס=ף*
טש4"ח"*יהרשי[ומטםאחחאתשפה%נחר
17=י5hanmשטע4יאחן
טשי"מקטם1ה=שהצ"י6חטעישת=%מ"ם"ש"""%4י חחסיון
"9ו403[,11(*"שצ;%אץ19ש44[7(*י
תט403,[9ת%ינפה-(אחומציאת188,403(*וין(ה*ואהבאשטהז
כ-
פ[אי,מען
%לןטשש*
",
2ץ311ס4(*1מדח*סגמהוץ(חח"בשןוו1ץת4403ח*
~
ah*%זצפ[יית3ס4[[2ת
"~*rfסנרהנן
"31ס4,ץ)(%ךעק
*,ח*(ע"
פזלם(ט.בםל41ח**1113יט03ת%פצל(
4יות3ס4ח*יח* 11ץ1ת4033)(י.סכיתאחק(ימ(פצחר,
פ-חמ"זחוחנ*
1131,יד(י,
יות403"שחתטץחיחתווננרחכשהחט4403יית*פפז*2ר%6יחו
סש
"15umn1sanMfתטנגשח%ראאחשה"פצ ~kaTSXX*)ע6,403י
CONCORDANCEשן
40319ז[16ה*והמיכוףאת[תפהשי((94נ2-140,ןשחסרידעלי
זו"*ו,אשחרעהחכתו7,2-140394יד[השרפאר
VB
4Q3l
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