overview two major divisions: _____nervous system and _____ nervous system cns – _____ and...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
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Overview
Two major divisions: _____nervous system and _____ nervous system
CNS – _____ and spinal cord; located in _____ cavity
Spinal cord – conducts sensory info from the _____NS to the _____; conducts motor info from the brain to effectors (muscles and glands); _____ center
Neurons (4:43)
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Overview Brain – receives input from the _____ _____ as
well as from its own nerves; central processing center
White matter – bundles of axons covered with _____ (myelin gives it ________ appearance); found in brain and cord
Gray matter – masses of dendrites and cell bodies; not covered with _____ so it appears _______
Three meninges – _____, _____, and _____ maters; CSF in between arachnoid and pia
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Blood-Brain Barrier Tight _____ junctions between endothelial
cells of brain capillaries Maintains brain _____. The brain must be
kept isolated from any changes in the _____, particularly after meals or exercise.
Allows essential molecules (like _____ and glucose) to pass from the _____ to the CNS but blocks more massive molecules like hormones and neurotransmitters
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Blood-Brain Barrier Also prevents most _____ from infiltrating the
CNS _____ cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes
and neutrophils cannot penetrate this barrier. Why is this a concern?
Prevents full-blown _____ response in the CNS (bad for delicate neural tissue)
Creates challenges for scientists as they develop CNS _____ and chemotherapies. Why?
Many of these meds require intrathecal administration, rather than vascular injection or taking a pill
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BBB
Challenges of the BBB (4:53)
BBB animation (1:58)
BBB crossed for the first time! (3:25)
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Computer-generated Image of the BBB
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Produced in masses of special _____ called choroid
plexuses; 99% H2O Five primary functions:
Buoyancy for the brain, c_____, chemical stability, f_____ system, clears out _____ (esp. when we sleep)
Located between the _____ and _____ maters Flows uninterrupted through the CNS through the
cerebrospinal canal of the spinal cord to the _____ in the _____ then exits CNS through veins draining the brain
Constant _____ must be maintained The total volume of CSF in an adult is about _____ ml.
CSF is produced at a rate of 600-700 ml per day
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The Brainstem Three parts: medulla oblongata, pons, and
midbrainMedulla controls _____ functions like breathing,
heartbeat, and blood _____; reflex centerPons is the relay station between the _____
and the rest of the CNS; may play a role in _____; works with medulla to regulate _____ rate
Why do we dream? (6:30)Midbrain acts as a relay station between _____
and spinal cord or cerebellum; also controls sensory processes
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The Brain
Cerebellum – “little brain”; c_____, equilibrium and b_____; muscle tone; only 10% of brain but contains more _____ than the rest of the brain combined; _____ working part of the brain; capable of making _____ based on previous experiences; enables rest of brain to work more _____ because it can carry out tasks _____ without conscious thought (speech)
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The Brain Cerebrum – “brain”; only
part of the brain involved in consciousness; largest part; divided into two _____; superficial layer called the _____, which is highly folded (increases _____ _____); neocortex (higher intelligence – found only in _____); contains four distinct areas called _____
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The Brain
Hypothalamus – maintains ____; center for _____, thirst, emotions, body _____, _____ rhythms; connected to autonomic NS; controls the _____ gland (endocrine system)
Thalamus – sensory and _____ functions; last relay site before info reaches the _____; organizes info and sends it to appropriate areas of the _____
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Human Biological Clock (Circadian Rhythms)
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Sleep Patterns (Monitored by Josie Harrington’s phone while she slept)
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The Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
ThalamusHypothalamus
Pituitary
Corpus Callosum
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The Brain
Limbic system – includes portions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrumAmygdala – memory, emotions, fearHippocampus – memory and learning;
converts _____-_____ memories into _____-_____; associates sensory experiences (like smells) to _____; spatial relationships
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Limbic System
Man with no memory (3:05)
World memory champion - Part 1 (4:58)
World memory champion - Part 2 (5:34)
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The Spinal Cord Extension of the _____ Ends between L1 and L2
Spinal taps ALWAYS done below _____
Conducts impulses between periphery and _____
Central canal (extension of brain ventricles) that contains _____
Covered by the three _____
Ascending and descending nerve tracts
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Reflexes and the Reflex Arc
Reflexes are r____, p____, and in____ responses to stimuli.
Involve as few synapses as possible – Why?
What organ is missing from a typical reflex arc?
Why do we feel pain after we’ve reacted?
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic NS – controls _____
movement; acetylcholine is primary _____; includes all the neurons connected with _____ muscles, skin, and sense organs
Autonomic NS – controls _____ movement; unconscious processes; maintains _____; 2 divisions: _____ and _____
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Autonomic NS Sympathetic division –
“_____-or-_____” response; energy generation; inhibits digestion; diverts blood from _____ system and skin to _____ tissue and _____; dilates breathing passages; increases _____ _____; dilates _____ (increased light); norepinephrine, aka, adrenaline
Fight-or-Flight (6:35)
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Autonomic NS Parasympathetic
division – “_____ and _____”; increases blood flow to _____ system; promotes digestion and absorption; constricts _____ _____; slows _____ _____; acetylcholine
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Intro to Neuroglia (Glia) Neuroglia literally means “_____ _____”. They’re the supporting cast for the neurons Their four main functions are:
To surround neurons and _____ them in placeTo supply _____ and O2 to neuronsTo _____ one neuron from anotherTo destroy _____ and remove _____ neurons
Each type has its own specialized _____ & _____
Because glial cells _____ and neurons generally don’t, most brain _____ are gliomas.
There are two in the PNS and four in the CNS.
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PNS Neuroglia (Glia) Schwann cells – named after Theodor _____; form
the insulative _____ _____ around axons (like the covering around electrical wires); enable quick _____ of electrical _____ within an _____; outer layer called the _____ (protective & regenerative layer of Schwann)
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PNS Neuroglia (Glia) Satellite cells – _____, cushioning cells; appear to be
involved in the regulation of _____; connect neurons with blood _____, which means?
It appears that they’re _____ cells that carry out a wide variety of _____; still much to be _____ about them
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CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Microglial cells – _____-_____crew;
phagocytic; activated after _____ or disease and remove damaged cells or kill invading _____; derived from blood _____ _____
Microglial cell (green) and astrocyte (red) after injury to a capillary. The microglial cell extensions surround the injured area – Why? What’s it doing?
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CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Astrocytes – they’re the CNS equivalent to
satellite cells in the PNS, which means . . . Integral part of the _____-_____ barrier Most abundant cell in the brain
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CNS Neuroglia (Glia)
Ependymocytes – line cavities (_____) within the CNS; assist in production and circulation of _____ with the help of hair-like cellular extensions called _____
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CNS Neuroglia (Glia) Oligodendrocytes – like Schwann cells,
form the _____ _____ around axonsAs many as 50 axons! (Schwann cells: only one)
Oligodendrocyte supplying myelin for numerous axons
Glial cell review (8:00)
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Nodes of Ranvier Nodes of Ranvier – gaps between Schwann cells (PNS)
and oligodendrocytes (CNS) that increase the conduction of an _____ down an _____; allow impulse to “_____” down the axon (saltatory conduction)
Because the axonal membrane is exposed at the node, nutrients and wastes are able to enter and exit the _____.
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The SynapseVesicles (purple spheres) are filled with _____. At the synapse, the vesicles fuse with the neuron’s cell _____ and release their _____, which are then picked up by _____ receptors on the receiving neuron’s cell _____.