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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Abhilash.J.Kolathappilly of Masters in Management Studies (Finance) of Pillai’s Institute of Management Studies and Research has satisfactorily completed final project on “Cultivation of Fresh Water Prawns in Kerala” under my supervision and guidance as partial fulfillment of requirement of Masters in Management Studies course, Mumbai University, 2008 – 2010. Date: Dr. Chandran Dr. G. Vijayragavan Director- PIMSR Dean- PIMSR (Project Guide)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No endeavor achieves success without the cooperation of others which goes a long way in shaping and formulating a project. I take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.G.Vijayaragavan who has guided me through the duration of the project with patience and helped wherever I faltered. Last but not the least I would like to thank all the students and staff members of Pillai’s Institute of Management Studies and Research who helped me in my endeavor.

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DECLARATION I, Abhilash.J.Kolathappilly student of Master of Management Studies (Finance) of Pillai’s Institute of Management Studies and Research (P.I.M.S.R), hereby declare that I have successfully completed this project on “Cultivation of Fresh Water Prawns in Kerala” as a part of my Final Project. The information incorporated in this project is true and original to the best of my knowledge. Date: Abhilash.K.J (MMS-Finance)

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-: Index:-

Sr. No Topic Page No 0. Introduction 6-8 ü Executive Summary 6

ü Objective Of The Study 6

ü Purpose Of The Study 7

ü Scope Of The Study 7

ü Research Methodology Adopted 8

1. Overview 9-13 ü Brief History of Marine Products 9

ü Market Structure 9

ü Export Potentials of Marine Products 10

ü Future Prospects 10

ü Built up Capacity of the Indian Seafood Industry

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ü Value Addition 13

2. Decision to be Self Employed 14 3. Selection of the Product 15-37 ü Shrimp Farming 15

ü Types of Shrimps 19

ü Candidate Species for Export Oriented Aquaculture

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ü Keys to Identification of Shrimps 26

ü Distribution of cultivable Shrimps 28

ü Standard Treatment of Waste Water 30

ü Use of Antibiotics 30

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ü Harvesting and Post Harvesting Handling 33

ü Feeds 35

4. Location of an Enterprise 37 5. Registration 38 6. Clearance and Licenses 39 7. Infrastructure Requirements 40 8. Personnel Requirements 40 9. Procurement of Raw Material 40 10. Estimated Financial Outlay 41 11. Figures for Marine exports 43 12. Marine Exporters in India 48 13. Subsidy Schemes 49 14. Technical Assistance. 51 15. Recommendation 53 16. Conclusion 54 17. References 55

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Introduction

Executive summary: Today India is considered one among the top nations who would be performing as per the international standards. India is witnessing a phase where service is given at most priority. The ability to take risk is missing among the people, but for India to be known among the best of nations there is a need for good entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are those who are motivated people who never give up on their ideas and committed to give their hundred percent to any commitment they undertake. They are on a continuous basis for new ideas and the ways to capitalize it economically. But for this to happen the government of India needs to promote entrepreneurship as well by helping educated youth to come out of the shell and be vocal as well as practical. This project gives an insight as to how cultivation of fresh water prawns can lead to self employment and lead to financial independency as well as developing ones capacity to work independently and provide local people with employment in some or the other manner. The projects would help any individual have an overall view of what is required for the setting up prawn’s cultivation. Agencies, types of breeds and the opportunities could be understood from this project. Objective: Some of the objectives of the project are as mentioned below.

ü To know the opportunities for cultivation of fresh water prawns in India. ü To know various agencies who help to set up cultivation of fresh water prawns. ü Types of prawns being cultivated in Kerala. ü To know how to procure the seedlings for cultivation of these type of crops. ü To know where the market is for these types of products. ü To know and realize the financial viability of cultivating fresh water prawns. ü To find out different subsidies offered to farmers.

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Purpose: The purpose of doing this project is to get self acquainted with the process of setting prawns cultivation. An urge to get in to agricultural sector which would get immense importance in the time to come in India which is known as state of farmers. To know how long the process takes to yield profit and what is the rate of to return that one can expect by getting to the field. It was also very important to know the infrastructure required for setting up or starting up this venture. State government of Kerela is also promoting these types of ventures a lot nowadays. A need to take benefit of this opportunity strongly forms the base. Scope:

ü There is huge demand for prawns in the international as well as domestic market. ü Along with prawns different varieties of fishes can also be breaded which would be an

added benefit. ü Prawns are having demand in different markets and the total export requirement is not

even near to its demand. ü India is having good accessibility to fresh waters as well as saline waters where prawns

can be grown and then exported. ü There is no need of heavy investment for this type of cultivation and the return is also

commendable.

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Research methodology: The data that has been obtained for making this project has been of two types which are primary sources and secondary sources. The data which pertains to acquiring the raw material and setting up the infrastructure has been possible with the help of Mr. Eepan Jacob-Head Azhikode Hatcheries and Mr. Shaijan Murukumtara- Technical Department Azhikode Hatcheries. They have helped me data as to what the cost of the seedlings would be and how it can acquired from the hatcheries. They have also helped me with the timeframe required for cultivating fresh water prawns. They have also helped me connect to a farmer who cultivates prawns for past four years. They have helped me with different sources where I need to register my farm so as to be eligible for subsidies. Also Mr. Babu Raj farmer by profession helped me with the minimum number of seedlings to be grown in minimum area possible. He has also helped me with getting the market price of the product approximately. Ms. Ani Alexander-Technical Department Fisheries (NABARD Bandra office) helped me with the approximately the rate of interest that Nabard charges for funding or refinancing the project. It was learned that twenty five percent needs to be funded by the person doing the farming and rest could be refined by the bank. Secondary data consists of data that was gathered by way of checking out various websites of agencies in to farming and formulating it in to a meaning manner. The website have helped me gather data of past years performances, details of subsidies, various agencies helping to achieve the desired performance. They have also helped me to know various agencies who train people as to how the various activities needs to be done.

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Overview

A Brief History of Marine Products Exports Till the end of 1960, export of Indian marine products mainly consisted of dried items like dried fish and dried shrimp. Although frozen items were present in the export basket from 1953 onwards in negligible quantities, it was only since 1961 the export of dried marine products was overtaken by export of frozen items leading to a steady progress in export earnings. With the devaluation of Indian currency in 1966 the export of frozen and canned items registered a significant rise. Frozen items continued to dominate the trade. Markets for Indian products also spread fast to developed countries from the traditional buyers in neighboring countries.

Market Structure Before 1960, the markets of Indian marine products were largely confined to neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar (formerly Burma), Singapore etc. when our exports were dominated by dried items. This situation changed with the development of technology/modernization; dried products gave way to canned and frozen items. The product shift also resulted in market shift. More sophisticated and affluent markets viz. Japan, USA, Europe, Australia, etc. became our important buyers. Several seafood processing units with modern machinery for freezing and production of value added products were set up at all important centers in the country for export processing. For a long time USA was the principal buyer for our frozen shrimp but after 1977, Japan emerged as the principal buyer of the product, followed by the West European countries. Japan retained its position till 2001-02 as the single largest buyer for our marine products accounting for about 31% in the total export value. During the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 USA emerged as the single largest market for our marine products. During the year 2004-05, the European Union has collectively become the largest importer of Indian marine products and it retained its position

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since 2005-06. During 2008-09 European Union (EU) continued as the largest market with a percentage share of 32.6% in $ realization followed by China 14.8%, Japan 14.6%, USA 11.9%, South East Asia 10%, Middle East 5.5% and Other Countries 10.6%. May be due to the prevailing economic recession export to EU, USA and Japan declined 6.08%, 10.18% and 8.80% respectively, all other countries increased their import of marine products from India during the year. Export potential of marine products India with a long coast line of 8129 Kms, two million sq. Kms of Exclusive Economic Zones and 1.2 million hectors of brackish water bodies offer a wide variety of potential for development of fisheries. Against an estimated fishery potential of 3.9 million tons from marine sector, only 2.6 million tones are tapped. Fishing efforts are largely confined to the inshore waters through artisanal, traditional, mechanized sectors. About 90% of the present production from the marine sector is from within a depth of up to 50-70 meters and the remaining 10% is from depths extending up to 200 meters. While 93% of the production is contributed by artisanal, mechanized and motorized sector the remaining 7% is contributed by deep sea fishing fleets confining their operation mainly to the shrimp grounds in the upper east coast. Annex IV shows state wise shrimp farming in India.

Tilapia

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Annexure IV States

Estimated potential

area

1993-

94

1994-

95

1995-

96

1996-

97

1997-

98 West Bengal

4,05,000 34,150 16,500

34,400 25,000

34,660 23,445

42,605 19,949

42,525 15,121

Orissa 31,600 8,150 3,300

8,500 4,800

11,000 6,000

11,332 6,805

11,332 5,000

Andhra Pradesh

1,50,000 19,500 26,000

34,500 34,000

50,000 27,140

60,249 30,577

66,290 34,075

Tamil Nadu 56,000 1,050 2,000

2,000 3,000

2,879 1,092

640 1,129

670 1,197

Pondicherry 800 Neg Neg

Neg Neg

37 10

22 27

22 20

Kerala 65,000 13,860 11,500

14,100 12,000

14,657 9,000

14,658 8,225

14,595 7,290

Karnataka 8,000 2,600 1,500

3,500 2,500

3,500 2,050

3,500 2,300

3,540 2,640

Goa 18,500 575 400

600 450

650 550

650 580

650 590

Maharashtra 80,000 2,180 300

2,400 400

716 740

929 523

970 700

Gujarath 3,76,000 475 500

700 700

884 546

997 572

997 235

Total 11.90,900 82,540 62,000

1,00,700 82,850

1,18,983 70,573

1,35,582 70,686

1,41,591 66,868

Future Prospects Marine products have created a sensation in the world market because of their high health attributes. With the high unit value, seafood has been acclaimed as one of the fastest moving commodity in the world market. The world market for seafood has doubled within the last decade reaching US $49.32 billion mark India's share is 2.4%, dependence on shrimp as a product and is changing due to the increased attention given on other fishery resource like squid,cuttlefish, fin fish, etc. and penetrating into markets of Western Europe and South East Asia. Our export to Japan has increased from US$251.49 million of 1987-88 to US $ 641.68 million by 1997-98. In the comparable period export to Europe has increased from US$60.76 million to $113.80 million. Steady growth is anticipated during the coming years due to rapid expansion taking place in the production front through shrimp farming and introduction of several resource specific vessels to enlarge the marine fish landings.

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Built up Capacity of the Indian Seafood Industry State No. of

Exporters No. of Processing Plants

Freezing Capacity (Ton.p/d)

No. of Cold Storages

Storage Capacity

No. of Fishing vessels

Kerala 287 124 1585.77 169 23086.50 2963 Tamil Nadu 286 48 524.55 67 5900.00 1562 Karnataka 43 14 186.40 26 3540.00 3226 Andhra Pradesh

95 52 779.50 53 7200.00 717

Goa 09 7 104.00 9 1275.00 420 Gujarath 64 55 2216.03 57 22925.00 426 Orissa 30 21 220.00 20 2460.00 414 Maharashtra 268 41 1327.11 39 19372.00 2932 West Bengal

99 37 340.00 30 3500.00 0

Delhi 92 - 0.00 1 15.00 0

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Value Addition The dietary habits of the people all over the Globe are changing fast and India is gearing up to produce and supply value added products in convenience packs by adopting the latest technologies and by tapping the unexploited and under exploited fishery resources. Our vision is to achieve the export of 5 Billion US $ worth marine products by 2014-15that too with the 75% contribution of value added items. Value addition has been considered as the thrust area. Indian seafood processing units will be encouraged to go in for value addition and export through setting up new units, expanding their capacity and diversifying their current activities etc for value addition during the coming years. Foreign collaboration, investments, tie ups in marketing of value added products and fish import for further processing and export in value added forms will be encouraged.

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Decision to be Self Employed

In a populous country like India with more than hundred crore people there is bound to be unemployment considering the size of the population and its resources. It is evident that problems of unemployment have assumed alarming proportion in recent years. To tackle this problem ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises through their field offices of MSMED institutes, branch institute sand extension counters conduct Motivational Campaigns, Entrepreneurial Development programmes and Skill Development programmes to create necessary awareness of the innumerable opportunities open to educated unemployed youth comprising school drop outs, matriculates, graduates, post-graduates, technicians, skilled workers and so on. There are also various schemes that are promoted by the state governments with the help of the local bodies and societies like the panchayat and co-operatives societies for improving the job prospects. They make the necessary provisions for acquiring loan on a subsidized rate of interest subject to adhering of rules and regulation. There are technical consultants who are payed by the state government for providing suggestion and inputs to those who choose to be self employed. There is also various government agencies which research on different varities of grains and pulses and on successful completion of the project recommend it to farmers interested in going for the new varities. The motivated unemployed person has strong orientation towards entreneurship and growth; consequently he takes a decision to own a small scale enterprise. Instead of playing the subservient role of an employee in a government or in firm, one can enjoy sovereign status, controlling the affairs of their own enterprise, creating at the same time jobs for quite a good number of people. Here the job seeker transforms himself in to job-creator. Such ownership besides providing inner satisfaction helps to achieve an image of prestige and status. The owner of the enterprise would be instrumental in making a worthwhile social contribution to society by turning out different products and service being constantly required by the people. An entrepreneur possessing the keen attitude for the setting up of small scale industrial unit should at outset, formulae a comprehensive business plan giving total visualization of the small firm before commencement of the operation. Regardless of other goals or objectives the foremost goal sought out by the owners of the enterprise could be termed as substantial profits. In addition the ability to make his self image work for him is a critical factor in realizing his potentialities. Three of the important assets in his success plan should be confidence, enthusiasm and goal setting. A poor self- image like “I cannot” or “I am a born loser” acts as a hindrances to progress. The mental computer retains all positive and negative emotions and it is programmed to seek our goals automatically. A strong self image and achievement always go hand in hand. Therefore for the new entrepreneur with true self-acceptance, setting realistic goals and pursuing them becomes a pleasurable activity,.

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Selection of the Product

Shrimp Farming India is endowed with a long coastline and hence offers scope for large exploitation of marine wealth. Till a few years back, fishermen in India were involving themselves in traditional marine fishing. In the seventies fishermen started concentrating on catching prawns more commonly known as `shrimps' due to high profitable return on the same on account of their export value. Brackish water prawn farming started in a big way during 91-94 especially in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Subsequently due to disease problems, litigation in supremecourt and other social and environmental problems the sector suffered a huge set back and most of the corporate farms were closed. However, the small units continued to do farming and adopting extensive prawn farming systems. The shrimp farming has now been regulated with the establishment of Aquaculture Authority of India as per directions of Supreme Court for issuing licenses and overall supervision. It is commonly said that after Green and White Revolution in India, it is time for Blue Revolution to exploit the huge potential in fisheries sector. Shrimps are called the "Pinkish Gold" of the sea because of its universal appeal, unique taste, high unit value and increasing demand in the world market. Scope for brackish water shrimp farming: The over exploitation of shrimp from natural sources and the ever increasing demand for shrimp and shrimp products in the world market has resulted in the wide gap between the demand and supply shrimp in the International market. This has necessitated the need for exploring new avenues for increasing prawn production. The estimated brackish water area suitable for undertaking shrimp cultivation in India is around 11.91 lakhs ha. Spread over 10 states and union territories viz...West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Of this only around 1.2 lakhs ha. are under shrimp farming now and hence lot of scope exists for entrepreneurs to venture into this field of activity. The following table gives the state-wise potential and present level of development as on March 1996.

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Sr No. State Estimated brackish water area (ha.)

Area under cultivation (ha.)

1 West Bengal 405,000 34,660 2 Orissa 31,600 11,000 3 Andhra Pradesh 150,000 50,000 4 Tamil Nadu 56,000 2,879 5 Pondicherry 800 37 6 Kerala 65,000 14,657 7 Karnataka 8,000 3,500 8 Goa 18,500 650 9 Maharashtra 80,000 716 10 Gujarat 376,000 884 1,190,000 118,983

Technical Parameters for establishing a extensive shrimp farm A -1. Design and Construction of shrimp farm : An extensive shrimp farm should be of the size 0.4 - 0.5 ha. and preferably drainable from the management point of view. The ponds generally should have concrete dikes, elevated concrete supply canal with separate drain gates and adequate life supporting devices like generators and aerators. The design, elevation and orientation of the water canals must be related to the elevation of the area with particular reference to the mean range of tidal fluctuation. The layout of the canals and dikes may be fitted as closely as technically possible to existing land slopes and undulation for minimizing the cost of construction.

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2. General Earth Work It is normally carried out in the following order : 1. Site clearing 2. Top soil stripping 3. Staking of centre lines and templates 4. Preparation of dike foundation 5. Excavation of drainage canals 6. Construction of dikes (peripheral and secondary) 7. Forming and compaction of dikes. 8. Excavation of pits for gates. 9. Leveling of pond bottom. 10. Construction of gates and refilling of pits 11. Construction of dike protection. The top soil may be set aside and should again be spread later to preserve pond bottom fertility. 3. The essential components of a shrimp farm are 1. Ponds 2. Water intake structure 3. Store room for feed and equipments 4. An area for cleaning of the harvest 5. A workshop and pump house 6. Watch and ward room, office and a mini laboratory. B. Ponds From the management point of view it is better to go in for ponds of 0.4 ha-0.5 ha size. These ponds should be preferably completely drainable. The ponds are partitioned by secondary dykes. In order to render over all protection to the cultured stock and all related structures a perimeter dyke also can be constructed. The height of the perimeter dyke will depend upon the following factors, such as : 1. Height of water level in the area. 2. Elevation above mean sea level. 3. Height of free board. 4. The percentage allowance for soil shrinkage. The partition dykes determine the size and limit of each grow out pond and its height is determined by the following factors namely : 1. The height of water column in the pond 2. Free board 3. Wave action 4. Shrinkage factor The shrinkage factor is decided by the type of soil like heavy, medium and light soils. C. Gates They regulate the inflow and outflow of water into the pond and also are responsible for maintaining the desired water column in the pond. The main gates are constructed on the perimeter dyke and are usually located on the partition dykes and they regulate the water column

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in the individual ponds. It can be made out of concrete or PVC or Asbestos piping. D. Drain canals They are generally trapezoidal in cross section and its discharge capability is decided by area of cross section and velocity of water flow. E. Pond preparation Proper pond preparation will ensure higher production. The main objectives of pond preparation are : 1. To eradicate weed fishes and organisms 2. To remove obnoxious gases 3. To improve the natural productivity of the pond eco system 4. To maintain high water quality for proper growth and higher survival percentage. Eradication of unwanted organisms is usually carried out by draining out the entire water and drying the pond bottom till it cracks. This also helps in removal of obnoxious gases and oxygenation of the pond bottom. It also improves the fertility of the soil. Liming is done for correcting the pH and to kill pathogenic bacteria and virus. In undrainable ponds mahual oil should be applied @ 200 ppm to eradicate the weed fishes. After around two weeks time organic and inorganic fertilizers are applied to enrich the soil and water. Once the thick lab-lab is formed the water level is raised and the pond is made ready for stocking. F. Selective stocking The most suitable species for culture in India are the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus and tiger prawn P. Monodon. The stocking density varies with the type of system adopted and the species selected for the culture. As per the directives of Supreme Court only traditional and improved traditional shrimp farming can be undertaken within the CRZ with a production range of 1 to 1.5 tones/ha/crop with stocking density of 40,000 to 60,000/ha/crop. Outside CRZ extensive shrimp farming with a production range of 2.5 to 3 tonnes/ha/crop with stocking density of 100,000/ha/crop may be allowed. In order to have uniform growth of the cultured animal it is always advisable to go in for hatchery reared seeds. G. Food and feeding Shrimp diets may be supplementary or complete. In a extensive system the shrimps need a complete diet. Although natural food items have good conversion values but they are difficult to procure in large quantities and maintain a continuous supply. At present most of the aquaculture farms depend on imported feed with a FCR of 1:1.5 - 1.8. The feeding could be done by using automatic feed dispensers, or by broadcasting all over the pond. If feeding trays are employed in selected pockets in the pond wastage in feed can be reduced. H. Harvesting Complete harvesting can be carried out by draining the pond water through a bag net and hand picking. The average culture period required is around 120-150 days during which time the prawns will grow to 20-30 gm size (depending on the species). It is possible to get two crops in a year. Harvested shrimps can be kept between layers of crushed ice before transporting the consignment to market.

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Types of shrimps

About 85 species of shrimps are known to exist in Indian waters of which 55 species are reported either as commercially important or having considerable demand in the local as well as international market. Among these Penaeus indicus, P.monodon, P. merguiensis are having high demand and are candidate species for cultivation. The post larvae and juveniles of these species get into the estuarine waters they grow and later migrate back to sea for reproduction. They breed in the sea at different depths, Adult P.indicus are found distributed in the deep waters. They normally spawn in the depth ranging from 50-69m. Gravid .P. monodon is reported to be found in sea at a depth ranging from 50-100 m. P. merguiensis prefer muddy bottom in a depth range of 20-40 m and shallow coastal waters for matting and spawning.

White prawns

Trade Name White Prawn

Scientific Name Penaeus indicus

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net and Gill net Peak Season Throughout the year except Monsoon season

Distribution Entire west coast and south-east coast of India

Areas of abundance Kerala and Karnataka coasts

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Tiger prawns

Trade Name Tiger prawn

Scientific Name Penaeus monodon

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net, gill net and Traps

Peak Season November to May

Distribution East coast and South-west coast of India

Areas of abundance West Bengal and Orissa coasts

Flower prawns

Trade Name Flower prawn

Scientific Name Penaeus semisulcatus

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season October to February

Distribution East and west coasts of India

Areas of abundance Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat

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Brown shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsoni)

Trade Name Brown shrimp

Scientific Name Metapenaeus dobsoni French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season July to October Distribution West and East coasts of India

Areas of abundance Kerala and Karnataka coasts

Brown shrimp

(Metapenaeus monoceros)

Trade Name Brown shrimp

Scientific Name Metapenaeus monoceros

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season November to May

Distribution West and East coasts of India

Areas of abundance Coasts of Andhra pradesh and Orissa

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King prawn

Trade Name King prawn

Scientific Name Metapenaeus affinis

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season November to May

Distribution Throughout the west coast and certain parts of East coast

Areas of abundance

Maharashtra and Kerala coasts

Marine shrimp

Trade Name Marine shrimp

Scientific Name Parapenaeopsis stylifera

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season May to September

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Distribution Both the coasts but more in South-West coast Areas of abundance Kerala and Karnataka coasts

Jawala

Trade Name Jawala

Scientific Name Acetes indicus

Gear Used Dol net Peak Season September to March

Distribution North-west and North-East coasts of India

Areas of abundance

Maharashtra, Gujarat, and coasts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Scampi

Trade Name Scampi Scientific Name Macrobrachium rosenbergii French Crevette D'eau Douce

Gear Used Cast net and other indigenous gear Peak Season September to Novemeber and May to july

Distribution In fresh waters and brackish waters along both coasts

Areas of abundance Lakes of West bengal, Orissa and Kerala

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Deep sea shrimp

Trade Name Deep sea shrimp

Scientific Name Solenoccera sp

French Crevette

Japanese Ebi Spanish Camaron

Gear Used Trawl net Peak Season February to May

Distribution Both the costs but more in South-West Coast

Candidate species for export oriented

Freshwater Prawn: Macrobrachium rosenbergii M. malcolmsoni

Present production Culture: 3900 MT Major markets European Union, Japan, United States of America. Present exports Qty: 1909 MT Value: Rs. 870.8Cr

Status of Technology Both hatchery technology as well as farming technology available. Commercial culture being carried out in 10,000 ha farm

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Marine Prawn: Penaeus monodon P. indicus P. semisulcatus P. merguiensis

Present production Culture: 82,600 MT Major markets Japan, United States, European Union

Present exports Qty: 1,02,424 MT Value:Rs. 3344 Cr.

Status of Technology Hatchery and farming technology is well established commercially. About 250 hatcheries, and over 1, 40,000 ha farms are in operation.

Mud Crab: Scylla serrata S. oceanica S. tranquebarica

Present production Culture: Negligible

Major markets Singapore, Hongkon, Japan

Present exports

Live:Qty: 1948 MT,Value: Rs. 33.8 Cr. Frozen:Qty: 556 MT Value: Rs. 8.4 Cr. Stuffed crab:Qty : 343 MT,Value: Rs. 4.0 Cr.

Status of Technology Hatchery and Nursery technology is not established commercially. Farming in the form of fattening is being attempted.

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Lobsters: Panulirus homarus

Present production Negligible

Major markets Japan, Italy, USA

Present exports Live: Qty: 160 MT,Value: Rs. 11.5 Cr. Frozen:Qty: 1233 MT,Value: Rs. 45.90Cr

Status of Technology Both hatchery and farming technology is in the infant stage.

Keys to Identification of Shrimps: Systematic position of Tiger Shrimp.

Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass MalacostracaFamily Penaeidae Genus Penaeus Species monodon

Tilapia: Red (hybrid) Tilapia

Present production Nil Major markets USA Present exports Nil

Status of Technology Technology for breeding to be imported. So also the fry will have to be imported.

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A thorough knowledge of morphological character is highly essential for the identification of shrimps. These characters are illustrated clearly in the schematic diagram of penaeid shrimp.

Commercial shrimp and prawn

Shrimp can be grouped into penaeid and Non-penaeid. These two groups of shrimps and it can be easily separated. The pleurae on either side of the second abdominal segment overlap the pleurae of the first and third segments in non-penaeid. While in penaeid they overlap only the third segment.

The first three pairs of peraepods are chelate in penaeid. While in non-penaeid only the first two pairs of peraepods are chelate. For transferring sperms the male penaeid shrimp has petasma and for storing sperms the female has thelycum. In non penaeid such organ are absent. The females of non-penaeid carry eggs in their pleopods as a cluster. While females of Penaeid lay eggs directly in water.

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The major characteristics used in identification of shrimps are mainly the carapace and its spines, the rostrum and its ventral and dorsal teeth, the ridges or carinae, the grooves or sulci, telson, appendages and their segments, petasma and appendix musculina in the male, the thelycum in female.

Distribution of Cultivable Shrimp No. Species(FAO) Common Name(FAO) Habitat Distribution 1. P.monodon Giant tiger prawn Trawled over

mud or sand bottom to 110 m. Juveniles occupy shallow estuarine waters, adults in deeper waters

Indo-west pacific - coast and south east Africa, India, Pakistan to Japan, the Malay Archipelago, Indonesia, New Guinea and Northern Australia.

2. P.semisulcatus Green tiger prawn Trawled in depths to 130 m over sandy or muddy bottom. Adults to occupy deeper waters while juvenile forms are found In shallow waters generally associated with sea grass beds.

Indo-west pacific - coast and south-cast Africa, Red sea to Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia to northern Australia. Established In the eastern Mediterranean following migration through the Suez Canal

3. P. indicus Indian white prawn Seen In depth Indo-west

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up to 90 m very muddy or sandy bottom. Post larvae and juveniles Inhabit shallow estuarine waters as part of their life cycle.

pacific - coast and south east Africa to south China through Malaysia and Indonesia to New Guinea and northern Australia.

4. P. merguiensis Banana prawn Seen in muddy bottom From 10 to 45 m depth. post larvae and Juveniles enter shallow estuaries.

Indo west pacific - from Persian gulf to Thailand, Hong Kong, Philippines Indonesia to New Guinea, New Caledonia and northern Australia.

5. P. japonicus Kuruma shrimp Inshore waters to 90 m deep over sandy mud and sandy bottom.

Indo west pacific- east coast of south Africa, Red sea, Indian seas, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia Philippines, Indonesia New Guinea Fiji Island. By Migration through the Suez canal to the eastern Mediterranean north Australia

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Standard Treatment of Waste Water Standards for treatment of wastewater discharged from the aquaculture farms, hatcheries, feed mills and processing units as per coastal aquaculture authority. Sr. No. Antibiotics and other

Pharmacologically Active Substances

Coastal Marine Waters

Creek or estuarine courses when the same inland water courses are used as water source & disposal point

1. pH 6.0 – 8.5 6.0 – 8.5 2. Suspended solids mg/1 100 100 3. Dissolved oxygen mg/1 Not less than 3 Not less than 3 4. Free Ammonia(as NH3-N)

mg/1 1.0 0.5

5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand-BOD (5 days @ 20 c) Max mg/1

50 20

6. Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD mg/1 100 75

7. Dissolved Phosphate (as P) mg/1 0.4 0.2

8. Total Nitrogen (as N) mg/1 2.0 2.0

Use of antibiotics Aquaculture for Sustained Seafood Production: Aquaculture is emerging as the main source of aquatic food supply for domestic consumption and exports to provide for human dietary standards. It is contributing to the generation of job opportunities and also raising living standards of lakhs of people, utilizing vast untapped areas of land and other resources. Aquaculture has become an important commercial venture and economic activity during the past decade in India. The development is manifold in quality and quantity in augmenting seafood production and exports. Antibiotics In Aquaculture Along with the development/growth of aquaculture, diseases caused by various etiological agents followed by mortality of cultured stock have become limiting factors in production. Hence, the farmers and the hatchery operators have resorted to the use of various remedial measures, including use of antimicrobials and drugs for controlling the disease. The frequency of utilizing these antibiotics and other chemicals is more in hatcheries and scientific farms than in traditional and improved traditional types of aqua farming. What Are Antibiotics? Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by the metabolic process of micro-organisms that inhibit other micro-organisms in the same habit that complete for nutrients and space. Hence, antibiotics are used to kill micro-organisms that come in the way in growth and production of the

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desired animal. The antibiotics root out the entire population of micro fauna including the beneficial microbes. Also, some times, toughest germs will survive an antibiotic assault, quickly passing hardy genes to their offspring. The more the antibiotics are used, they gain more resistance and the purpose of using antibiotics for treatment will not be served. In hatcheries, it is the common practice to use antibiotics as a prophylactic/therapeutic, measure especially when larval development is hampered. This is also meant to treat the microbial infections in stored water in hatchery tanks, while larval and post larval development continues. The practice can be replaced by using probiotics (helpful microbes). Enrichment of live larval feeds with antibiotics to enhance quality (bio-encapsulation) can also lead to ill effects of antibiotics use. All these measures will leave antibiotic residue in the cultured stock. Why Antibiotics Use Is Of Concern To Seafood Consumers? The antibiotics used in aquaculture, either for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes often accumulate in the tissue of aquatic animals. Presence of anti-microbial drug residues in the edible tissues can cause allergies, toxic effects, changes in the intestinal microbial fauna and acquisition of drug-resistance. Residue of chloramphenicol in food consumed by humans can even result in aplastic anemia, which leads to very serious bone marrow diseases. Nitrofuran antibiotics are known to cause cancer and so many other diseases. It is for this reason, that most of the importing countries have completely banned the use of certain antibiotics. Accordingly India also has banned their use (see separate list). Actions Needed To Ensure Safe Food In view of the risks associated with marketing of shrimp/fish with tissues containing residual antibiotics for export purposes, it is prudent for aquaculturists, hatchery operators, drug companies and others concerned to refrain from using/supplying any antibiotic to the extent possible. The following follow-up actions with the whole-hearted co-operation of each and every body can ensure this: To strictly adhere to technical programme avoiding use of antibiotics and use probiotics as required To strictly comply with the regulations and guidelines on the use of antibiotics in culture/hatchery operations, caring for environmental problems that might have caused by them. To be conscious and cautious of health of the consumers. To have awareness on maximum permissible limits and withdrawal periods of permitted antibiotics in aquaculture. Do’s Q Before purchasing any chemicals to be used in farm/hatchery, ensure that it does not contain any antibiotic Q Use only formulations, the ingredients of which are declared and written on the label. Q Ensure proper storage of chemicals in original containers in an appropriate place with original labeling and keep separately form other chemicals. Q Insist your technical consultant to recommend/use only approved products/chemicals. Q Insist that your technical consultant recommend/use the products after revealing the nature of chemical and purpose of use. Q Insist that your farm/hatchery personnel record all the inputs along with the purpose of use. Q Test the seed/feed occasionally to ensure that they are free from any antibiotic residue.

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Q If any veterinary product is to be imported, ensure that the product has been authorized to be used in aquaculture and get a sanitary certificate to the effect issued by the authorities of the country of origin of the product. Q If any of the antibiotic residue has been found, immediately inform the nearest MPEDA office and ensure that the batch of seed/feed is not used/sold. Q Always keep informed of the latest technical development to learn about substitutes that can be used for replacing antibiotics. Q Educate all the farmers of the vicinity on the ill-effects of antibiotic in aquaculture to help to control the widespread use of antibiotics. Q Insist the suppliers to give only aquaculture grade chemical or approved drug for use in aquaculture. Don’t are as mentioned below:

Don’t import prohibited products, which are not internationally approved for use in aquaculture. - Don’t leave the decisions on farm personnel/technical consultants, which involve using unauthorized products/drugs. - Don’t make immediate decisions on using antibiotics/banned chemicals: try to use substitutable probiotics for the same problem. - Don’t harvest the stock immediately even if permitted antibiotics are used as an emergency measure. Keep for minimum 20-25 days withdrawal period in such cases at water temperature below 22 degree centigrade. For higher temperatures harvest only after 15 days. - Don’t take advice from inexperienced consultants, who insist on use of antibiotics; rather approach MPEDA/approved consultants/State Government officials. - Don’t use any chemical/antibiotic, which is not properly packed, sealed or labeled.

List Of Antibiotics And Pharmacologically Active Substances Banned For Use In Aquaculture

Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurans including Furazolidone, Nitrofurazone, Furaltadone, Nitrofurantoin, Furylfuramide, Nituratel, Nifursoxime, Nifurprazine and all their derivatives. Neomycin, Nalidixic Acid, Sulphamethoxazole, Aristolochia spp and preparations thereof Chloroform, Chlorprpmazine, Colchicine, Dapsone, Dimetridazole, Metronidazole, Ronidazole, Ipronidazole, Other nitroimidazoles, Clenbuterol, Diethylstilbestrol (DES). Sulfonamide (except approved sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine and sulfaethoxyrphyidazine) Floroquinolones, Glycopeptides.

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Harvesting and Post Harvesting Handling Basically there are two methods of harvesting: culling (sometimes called cull-harvesting) and draining (drain-harvesting). The time to harvest depends partly on growth rate and the size of animals you want to sell. This, in turn, depends on your market requirements. It also depends on the pond management technique chosen. Cull-harvesting is used to harvest market-sized animals from the pond at intervals and removes the faster growing prawns.. The rest of the prawns are caught when the ponds are drained at the end of the grow-out cycle. In tropical ponds cull-harvesting usually starts 5-7 months after PL have been stocked, or sooner if juveniles have been stocked. After cull-harvesting commences, you should totally seine each pond once per month or partially seine it twice per month (i.e. seine half the pond twice per month or all of it once per month). Take out the market-sized animals and sell them. Keep the smaller ones and soft-shelled animals in the pond for further growth. After about 8-11 months, drain the pond and sell the whole harvest. In areas where water supply is short, some farmers utilize water drained during complete harvesting in other ponds to conserve water but, if you think of doing this, beware that you may be transferring a water quality or disease problem from one crop to the next. This practice is not recommended in this manual. After drain-harvesting, you can prepare, refill and restock the pond immediately, or keep it empty until you have enough water available again and/or (in temperate zones) until water temperatures become suitable again for rearing. Cull-harvesting is not very efficient in removing harvest-sized prawns. It does not maximize the total quantity of marketable prawns which could be achieved, partly because some marketable animals remain in the pond longer than necessary and partly because the smaller prawns do not get the maximum chance to grow faster than they would have if there were no dominant prawns left behind. In theory, the best management system would be to totally harvest the pond, remove all the dominant animals, and restock the others in and production rate have been described, for example the modified batch system developed in Puerto Rico, as mentioned earlier. A four-pond multi-stage rotational scheme, which includes the re-stocking of undersized prawns following harvest, is described by Karplus Malecha and Sagi (2000). Some handling losses occur during the animal transfers necessary for these more complex management systems. These types of management may be feasible in large farms with many available ponds. However, cull-harvesting, followed by total drain-harvesting before re-stocking with a new batch, remains the most practical management scheme for small freshwater prawn farms. You should carry out all harvesting operations as early as possible in the morning when it is cooler, to avoid having water levels too low when the sun is directly overhead. If you allow the water to become shallow, temperatures can quickly rise to danger level and the prawns will be subjected to low dissolved oxygen levels. This will cause much mortality before you can finish harvesting all the animals.

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You can cull-harvest your ponds by seining the pond towards one end

35

In a longer pond you may find it easier to carry out seining operations with two nets

In a longer pond you may find it easier to carry out seining operations with two nets

Feeds Hatcheries utilize a combination of live feeds, such as microalgae and brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia), with one or a number of prepared diets, either purchased commercially or prepared at the hatchery. The principal algal species employed is Chaetoceros muelleri. Again, dry formulated feeds are popular, but they don't work on a 100% replacement basis. Eighty percent of the hatcheries in the Western Hemisphere use some artificial broodstock diets. In 15% of the hatcheries, artificial diets represented more than 25% of the total feeding regime. Hatcheries used Breed S (INVE Aquaculture NV, Belgium), Higashimaru (Higashimaru Co.,

36

Japan), MadMac MS (Aquafauna Biomarine, Inc., USA), Nippai (Japan), Rangen (Rangen, Inc., USA) and Zeigler (Zeigler Bros., Inc., USA). Shrimp nauplii stop feeding on their yolk reserves when they molt into the zoea stage. In nature, the zoea and following mysis stage feed on microalgae or a combination of microalgae and zooplankton. In shrimp hatcheries, live food is provided throughout these early larval stages to improve survival and growth. The biological value of live food cannot be entirely explained by analyzing its biochemical composition. This special value is referred to as the "live food factor", which could be nutritional components, enzymes, attractants, hormones, antimicrobials, or something else. It may result from better utilization of key nutrients that avoid the rigors of double processing. A higher inclusion rate of fresh and fresh-frozen marine protein ingredients in larval diets reduces the dependence on cultured microalgae and Artemia cysts. The proceedings of the shrimp farming sessions at World Aquaculture 2003 in Salvador, Brazil (May 2003), contains a great paper on shrimp hatchery feeds. Some excerpts: Liquid feeds are a slurry of particles in suspension. A 2001 survey reported that approximately 50% of shrimp hatcheries used liquid feeds to feed larval shrimp. Although expensive, they cause less fouling and can be continuously dosed into larviculture tanks using peristaltic pumps. Given their high moisture content (60 to 70%) and low levels of protein (around 3%) and lipids (around 2%), liquid feeds aim primarily to be carriers for probiotics, vitamins, minerals and other solubles. Hatcheries feed Artemia nauplii nutrients and medicines and then feed those nauplii to larval farm-raised shrimp--and the nutrients and medicines are passed on to the shrimp. The Artemia naups can be spiked with bactericides to reduce the bacterial loads during hatching and holding. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) removes water from frozen products without having to thaw them first. The process of freeze-drying is considered to be the most conservative and safe method for drying and preserving fragile nutrients. Because of their large size (800um in length), freeze-dried arctic crustaceans (Cyclop-eeze®) could only be fed to late stage P. monodon postlarvae. Source: Responsible Aquaculture for a Secure Future. The Proceedings of a Special Session on Shrimp Farming at World Aquaculture 2003 (Bahia, Brazil, May 2003). World Aquaculture Society. Edited by Darryl Jory. Larval shrimp feeds: Current status. Roeland Wouters and Tille Van Horenbeeck (INVE Technologies, NV, Hoogveld 93, B-9200 Dendermonde, Belgium.

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Location of the project

The first and foremost requirement for entering into this venture is the acquisition of suitable land. The details of land identified/surveyed in coastal districts are available with the department of fisheries of the concerned State Governments and with the Regional offices of the MPEDA functioning in the coastal states of India. A suitable site is one that can support optimum conditions for the growth of shrimps at targetted production level. Most of the lands available along the coastline are owned by the State Governments. In some cases, the entrepreneur has to get it on long term lease from the revenue authorities of the State Government. If it is a private land, one has to preferably purchase on outright basis. While selecting the site for the project, the entrepreneur should ensure the following : i) Area should be accessible preferably by a road even during the monsoonseason. ii) Mangrove area with large tree stumps should not be selected. iii) Site should have good pollution free water supply of both freshwater and brackish water. Water quality parameters required for maximum feed efficiency and maximum growth of shrimps are given below :

Sr. No Water Content Optimum level 1 Dissolved Oxygen 3.5-4 ppm 2. Salinity 10-25 ppt

3. Water Temperature 26-32 (C 0)

4. pH 6.8-8.7 5. Total nitrite nitrogen 1.0 ppm 6. Total ammonia (less than) 1.0 ppm 7. Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD) 10 ppm

8. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

70 ppm

9. Transparency 35 cm 10. Carbon dioxide (less than) 10 ppm 11. Sulphide (less than) 0.003 ppm

iv) The areas should be flood free v) Location with a natural slope, for proper drainage should be selected. vi) Social problems due to competing use of water resources and drainage of waste water should be properly taken care of. vii) Availability of necessary infrastructure namely electricity, ice factory, cold storage, communication facilities etc., are necessary for successful management.

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Registration

Those who are in to aquaculture or cultivation of fresh water prawns or salt water prawns need not register their farms. There is not such mandatory rule which the farmers need to comply with. But there are also the benefits as well as its negative effects to bank upon. Any farmer who would like to be considered for any sort of subsidies will have to be registered with the recognized organization of the state. For those farmers who intend to take advantage of different benefits offered by government of Kerala and its fisheries department. For registering ones farms in Kerala there is a government organization situated in Kochi. There is supposed to be an agreement deed formed with Cochin Fisheries which is situated near marine drive. This organization is in to research and helps those registered with it with different advancement happening.

Also the local authorities like the panchayat and the municipalities and be informed about the cultivation of prawns so that any damage later either directly or indirectly is not transferred to the farmer. Also registering helps to apply loan from co-operative societies, private banks, NABARD at the best rates possible. Agricultural loans require this type of farming be registered for following ofvarious rules and regulation.

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Important Clearance & Licenses

Necessary clearance and approval has to be taken prior to starting up of any venture or doing farming activities. Below are some of the details of agencies from where licenses and approval can be achieved.

Sr. no Subject Office/Organisation 1. Locational Clearence Local bodies like Municipal Corporation,

Municipality, Grampanchayat etc 2. Pollution Pollution Control Board office in the District 3. Power Supply State Electricity Board Office 4. Food products (Simple) Food department of local bodies like municipal

corporation, municipality, Grampanchayat etc. 5. Food preservation items

like jam, jelly, sauces etc. Dy. Director, FPO

6. Medicines, Pharma items. FDA. 7. Raw food items like

spices. AGMARK

8. Water connection Local bodies like Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Grampanchayat etc

9. Factories Act O/o inspector of factories in the district.

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Infrastructure Requirement

For setting up of cultivation of fresh water prawns one would require the following as mentioned below:-

ü Land which is free from flood threats.

ü Land which has good content of clay soil which is able to retain water to good extent.

ü Equipments to keep the oxygen level intact so as to maintain the correct oxygen level healthy.

ü Storage place for the storing the crop after the harvest.

ü Cooling devices so that the product is not deteriorated.

ü Transportation vehicle for delivering the product either to the company, middlemen or to a retailer.

ü Proper office space for receiving the order and keeping the details intact.

ü Nets for catching the prawns from time to time.

Personnel Requirements People need to be trained before they are given the task of handling cultivation of fresh water prawns. For minimum level two skilled labors is enough. As and when the proposition gets bigger one can make the necessary changes. It is a must that the labors are full time employees so close watch is required for this type of cultivation where even the temperature change can hamper the yield of the crop.

Raw material The seeds for cultivating or farming can be obtained from different government and private hatcheries by paying the cost of the type of seed one intends to cultivate. For buying the seeds from these hatcheries one may need to register their farms and their details for future references if need may be.

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Estimated Financial Outlay For Giant Fresh Water

PRAWN (MACROBRAHIUM RESENBERGII) CULTURE IN 1 HA WATER AREA Capital Cost

Sr no Particulars Unit Quantum Rate (Rs.) Total .

1. Construction of pond including digging, bund construction and compaction and consolidation.

Cum 7500 15 112500

2. Shallow tube well and pump set 5 HP.

Nos L/s 35,000

3. Pump house cum store room-AC roof.

L/s 20,000

4. Inlet/outlet sluices. 10,000

5. Nets and other implements.

L/s 10,000

6. Aerator. Nos 1 15,000 15,000

7. Miscellaneous including laying of pipe line etc.

L/s 5,000

8. Total A

207,500

B. Operational cost for one crop (6-8 months)

Sr No. Particulars Units Quantity Rate (Rs.)

Total

1. Lime Kg 300 5 1,500

2. In organic fertilizer (super phosphate) kg 75 5 375

3. Fertilizer - Organic-Cow Dung tons 2 300 600

4. Seed Nos 30,000 0.6 18,000

5. Feed-pelleted feed Kgs 3,150 20 63,000

6. Pumping and aeration charges L/s 10,000

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7. Watch and Ward Mandays 240 40 9,600

8. Miscellaneous including insurance, harvesting and medicine etc.

L/s 5000

Total B 108,075

Total Cost 315,57

C. Production

1 Survival (%) 60%

2 Average weight at harvest (gms) 70

3 Total production (Kg) 1,260

4 Farm gate price (Rs.) 170

5 Number of Crops per annum 1

6 Income during 1st year (85% of total production) 1,82,070

Income from 2nd year onwards 214,200

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Figures for Marine exports

Export trend Since the fall in the export earnings during 2003-04, the dollar earnings have increased steadily till 2008-09

EXPORT TREND OF MARINE PRODUCTS Q: Quantity in MT, V: Value Rs. Crore, $: US Dollar in Million

Year Export Variation (%) U.V. 2002-03 Q 467297 +42827 +10.09 V 6881.31 +924.26 +15.52 147.26 $ 1424.90 +171.55 +13.69 3.05 2003-04 Q 412017 -55280 -11.83 V 6091.95 -789.36 -11.47 147.86 $ 1330.76 -94.14 -6.61 3.23 2004-05 Q 461329 49312 11.97 V 6646.69 554.74 9.11 144.08 $ 1478.48 147.71 11.10 3.20 2005-06 Q 512164 50835 11.02 V 7245.30 598.61 9.05 141.46 $ 1644.21 165.74 11.21 3.21 2006-07 Q 612641 100478 19.62 V 8363.53 1118.23 15.43 136.52 $ 1852.93 208.72 12.69 3.02 2007-08 Q 541701 -70941 -11.58 V 7620.92 -742.61 -8.88 $ 1899.09 46.16 2.49 3.51 2008-09 Q 602835 61134.51 11.29 V 8,607.94 987.02 12.95 $ 1,908.63 9.54 0.50 3.17

Major items of export Frozen shrimp continued to be the single largest item of export in terms of value accounting for about 44% in the total export earnings. In terms of quantity, fish accounted for the major share at 40% (shrimp 21%) as could be observed from the table below.

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MAJOR EXPORT ITEMS Q: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores,$: USD Million

ITEM Share % 2008-09 2007-08 Growth(%) FROZEN SHRIMP

21 Q 126042 136223 -7.47 43.91 V: 3779.88 3941.62 -4.10 43.97 $: 839.30 980.62 -14.41 UV$: 6.66 7.20 -7.50

FROZEN FISH

40 Q: 238543 220200 8.33 20.01 V: 1722.29 1303.41 32.14 19.66 $: 375.23 326.29 15.00 UV$: 1.57 1.48 6.16

FR CUTTLE FISH

8 Q: 50698 45955 10.32 8.84 V: 760.59 744.13 2.21 8.81 $: 168.17 185.66 -9.42

UV$: 3.32 4.04 -17.89

FR SQUID

9 Q: 57125 34172 67.17 7.35 V: 632.35 408.42 54.83 7.49 $: 142.87 101.29 41.05 UV$: 2.50 2.96 -15.63

DRIED ITEM

5 Q: 31688 22414 41.38 4.89 V: 420.75 258.88 62.53 4.85 $: 92.51 64.72 42.94 UV$: 2.92 2.89 1.10

LIVE ITEMS

1 Q: 3434 2498 37.47 1.15 V: 99.00 69.07 43.33 1.14 $: 21.82 17.21 26.84 UV$: 6.36 6.89 -7.73

CHILLED ITEMS

4 Q: 21453 6541 227.98 2.53 V: 217.34 118.11 84.02 2.54 $: 48.39 29.62 63.35

UV$: 2.26 4.53 -50.19

OTHERS

12 Q: 73851 73698 0.21 11.34 V: 975.75 777.29 25.53 11.54 $: 220.33 193.8 13.76

UV$: 2.98 2.63 13.53

TOTAL

100 Q: 602835 541701 11.29 100 V: 8607.94 7620.92 12.95 100 $: 1908.63 1899.09 0.50 UV$: 3.17 3.51 -9.69

Major export markets European Union (EU) continued as the largest market during the year with a percentage share of 32.6% in $ realization followed by China 14.8%, Japan 14.6% , USA 11.9%, South East Asia 10%, Middle East 5.5% and Other Countries 10.6%.

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MAJOR EXPORT MARKETS Q: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores, $: USD Million

Country Share % 2008-09 2007-08 (%) JAPAN

10 Q: 57271 67373 -14.99 14.34 V: 1234.01 1227.59 0.52 14.60 $: 278.61 305.49 -8.80

USA

6 Q: 36877 36612 0.72 11.87 V: 1021.55 1016.94 0.45 11.91 $: 227.29 253.05 -10.18

EUROPEAN UNION

25 Q: 151590 149381 1.48 32.53 V: 2799.96 2664.24 5.09 32.63 $: 622.87 663.17 -6.08

CHINA

24 Q: 147312 139792 5.38 15.06 V: 1296.39 1009.59 28.41 14.77 $: 281.90 252.90 11.47

SOUTH EAST ASIA

15 Q: 88953 63818 39.38 10.14 V: 873.09 573.97 52.12 10.01 $: 191.08 143.50 33.16

MIDDLE EAST

5 Q: 27177 25752 5.53 5.53 V: 475.72 393.96 20.75 5.51 $: 105.20 98.05 7.29

OTHERS

16 Q: 93654 58972 58.81 10.54 V: 907.21 734.62 23.50 10.57 $: 201.68 182.93 10.25

Total 100 Q: 602835 541701 11.29 100 V: 8607.94 7620.92 12.95 100 $: 1908.63 1899.09 0.50

Port wise exports. Exports were affected from 19 land/air ports. The major ports to handle the export cargo during the year in the order of US $ earnings were Kochi (17.6%), JNP (17.3%), Pipavav (16.1%), Chennai (12.6), Vizag (10.5%), Calcutta (8.4%), Tuticorin (8%), Mangalore (2.8%), etc.

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PORTWISE EXPORTS Q: Quantity in Tons, V: Value in Rs. Crores, $: USD Million

Ports Share (%) 2008-09 2007-08 Growth (%)KOCHI

Q: 16.35 98537 98520 0.02 V: 17.48 1,504.98 1,383.74 8.76 $: 17.57 335.35 344.45 -2.64

JNP

Q: 21.04 126853 104670 21.19 V: 17.28 1,487.28 1,120.86 32.69 $: 17.26 329.52 279.25 18.00

PIPAVAV

Q: 27.18 163866 149734 9.44 V: 16.36 1,408.35 1,075.31 30.97

$: 16.12 307.69 268.79 14.47

CHENNAI

Q: 6.48 39043 42947 -9.09 V: 12.53 1,078.44 1,158.50 -6.91

$: 12.62 240.80 287.87 -16.35

VIZAG

Q: 5.35 32277 35535 -9.17 V: 10.43 897.93 1,018.60 -11.85 $: 10.47 199.85 253.66 -21.21

CALCUTTA

Q: 5.58 33625 27666 21.54 V: 8.37 720.36 689.70 4.45

$: 8.38 159.96 172.06 -7.03

TUTICORIN

Q: 4.87 29354 29697 -1.15 V: 8.06 693.76 654.64 5.98

$: 8.05 153.59 162.97 -5.75

MANGALORE/ICD

Q: 5.49 33083 26155 26.49 V: 2.77 238.44 162.61 46.64

$: 2.77 52.81 40.65 29.89

GOA

Q: 3.51 21146 19297 9.58 V: 2.15 185.16 111.22 66.48 $: 2.20 42.04 27.80 51.24

MUMBAI

Q: 0.38 2319 2383 -2.70 V: 2.05 176.56 116.12 52.05 $: 2.02 38.60 29.14 32.46

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Scampi is yet to develop as one of the main breeds of prawn culture and it is being promoted on large scale by marine states. It has good local as well as export demand and as the technology for breeding prawns the importance would shift big time toward scampi production.

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Marine Exporters

Name Products

Abad Group of Companies Cochin - 2 Shrimps, Cuttle Fish, Squid, Clam, Fishes

Amison Food Limited Cochin - 682 005 Squid, Cuttle Fish, Shrimps, Snail, Octopus, all type of Fishes

Baby Marine International Cochin - 682 005 Shrimps, Cuttlefish, Squid, Crab, Fishes

Capithan Exporting Company Kollam - 691 581

Cuttle Fish, Squid, Octopus, Fishes, Crab, Clam, Mussels, Ark Shell (Baigai)

Chemmeens (Regd) Cochin - 682 005 Frozen Shrimps, Squid, Cuttle Fish, Octopus, Fish

Choice Canning Company Cochin - 682 006

Raw Frozen Shrimp (IQF & Block);Cooked Frozen Shrimp (IQF); Raw Frozen Cephalapod (IQF & Block); Cooked, Blanched & Frozen Cephalapod (IQF)

Cochin Frozen Food Exports Pvt. Ltd, Aroor- 688 534 Shrimps, Fish, Squid

Greylag Fish Co. Pvt.Ltd Cochin - 6 PUD, P&D, Tail on Shrimps, Butter Fly, Fish Fillets, CFWC/SQWC/CEW/SQW

Integrated Fisheries Project Cochin - 16 Frozen, Marine Products

Lansea Foods Pvt. Ltd. Kochi - 8 Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus, Shrimps, Fish

Oceanic Fisheries (India) Ltd, Kollam - 691 581

Shrimps, Lobsters, Cuttlefish, Squid, Baigai, Crab, Fish etc.

Poyilakada Fisheries Limited, Kollam - 691 001 Shrimp, Squid Cuttlefish, Fishes

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Subsidy Schemes

Sr. No.

Scheme Quantum

1 Subsidy for new farm development

@ 25% of the capital cost, subject to a maximum of Rs.50, 000/- per ha. WSA and restricted to Rs. 2.5 lakh per beneficiary

2 Subsidy for small-scale hatcheries

@ 25% of the capital cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 3.00 lakh per beneficiary

3 Subsidy for small-scale hatcheries

@ 50% of the capital cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 10.00 lakh per beneficiary/hatchery limited to 4 hatcheries only

4 Subsidy for medium-scale hatcheries

@ 25% of the capital cost, subject to a maximum of Rs.6.00 lakh per beneficiary / hatchery

5 Subsidy for medium-scale hatcheries

@ 50% of the capital cost, subject to a maximum of Rs.20.00 lakh per beneficiary / hatchery limited to 6 hatcheries only

6 Subsidy for effluent treatment system (ETS) in Shrimp Farms

@ 25% of the capital cost, subject to Rs. 1.50 lakh for shrimp farms with a minimum water area of 5.00 ha. and upto Rs.6.00 lakh per beneficiary

7 Registration of Aquaculture Societies

50% of the estimated cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 5.00 lakh for setting up of office, ware house/auction hall, common facility etc., Laboratory facilities, Hiring technicians, training farmers / technical personnel and methodology for promoting environmentally sound farming. Being operated in a phased manner.

8 Subsidy assistance for scampi farming in Padasekaharams of Kerala

Applicable as per the following slab system 1. 0-10 ha- @25 % of actual cost limited to Rs 2.5 lakhs 2. 20-50 ha-@25 % of actual cost limited to Rs 5.0 lakhs 3. 50- 100 ha-@25 % of actual cost limited to Rs 7.0 lakhs 4. 100-150 ha- @25 % of actual cost limited to Rs 8.5 lakhs

9 Providing of financial assistance for farmers for undertaking organic farming of shrimp and scampi

Extending financial assistance @ Rs 25,000/- per ha of WSA or 50% of the total cost of certification and feed cost which ever is the less to the farmers for undertaking organic farming in new farms. Ceiling limit for individual farmers is maximum of 6 ha and above or Rs 1.5 lakhs which ever is lowest and for padasekharams/groups/clusters/societies the ceiling is 30 ha and above or Rs 7.5 lakhs

10 Financial support for acquisition of Refrigerated Truck/Containers

25% of the cost of Refrigerated Truck/ container, subject to a maximum of Rs.3.50 lakh

11 Financial assistance for setting up large Cold Storages

25% of the cost of cold storage subject to the maximum of Rs.60 lakh.

12 Subsidized distribution of insulated fish boxes

Moulded synthetic insulated fish boxes of various capacity are distributed at 50% subsidy:

Category Max Amt of subsidy per unit (Rs)

50

1. Small mechanized boat /country craft (< 32 ft. OAL)

4500

2. Mechanized boat owners (Above 32 ft. OAL)

15000

3. Peeling shed/ pre-processing plant

50000

4. Processing plant 100000

5. Shrimp farmers 5 ha. & less

35000

6. Shrimp farmers above 5 ha.

50000

7. Fresh/Chilled Fish Handling Centres

100000

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Technical Assistance.

List of MPEDA approved technical consultants for aquaculture

Sr. No.

MPEDA Registration No.

Name and Address of Technical Consultant

Field of Aquaculture approved for Technical Consultancy service

1.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri G GNANESWAR 27-2-7/1, Prashanthi Nilayam Kalidindivary Street Bhimavaram-534 202 Andhra Pradesh Phone: 08816-23204

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING & LABORATORY SERVICES

2.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Oceancare Aquaculture Consultants & Laboratories 16/1674, Bye-pass Road Ramamurthy Nagar Nellore-524 503 Andhra Pradesh 1) Mr. Rajgiri Hebbar 2) Mrs. Nalini Hebbar

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING & LABORATORY SERVICES

3.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Dr. P V S V Prasada Rao Flat No: D5 Crystal New Apt Opp. Harbour Park Waltair Uplands Visakhapatnam-530 003 Andhra Pradesh Phone: 535676(Res) Phone/Fax: 719702(Off)

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

4.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri Herold Antony Isfield Estate, No:I Division Kalthuruthy P.O Kollam-691 309 Kerala Mobile: 098460 86447 e.mail:heroldantony@hotmail.com

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

5. MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri Penmatcha Satya Ranjan Kumar Sinha Retd. Scientist

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

52

Blue Cross Aqua Services J P Road,H.No:2-5-22, Sivaraopet Bhimavaram, W.Godavari Dist Andhra Pradesh

6.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Mrs. K Subhadra Joshi Kakarlapudi Aquaculture Consultant, Blue Cross Services Opp: Dr. Gangadharams Hospital, J P Road Bhimavaram-2 W.Godavari Dist. Andhra Pradesh Phone:23976/25176 p.p.

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

7.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri Adabala Raja Rao C/o. Blue Tech Aqua Lab College Road Amalapura East Godavari Dist. Andhra Pradesh Phone/Fax: 08592-34571

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

8.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri D T Sarvaiya Vidhatri Consultancy Services 15, Lavanya Society, Paldi Ahmedabad-380 007 Gujarat 1) Shri Shaji Chacko Phone: 079-6621028

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

9.

MPEDA/REGN/T.C/HO-AQ/2000

Shri C K Raja 8/20 High School Road Near Old Bus Stand Thondi-623409, Ramnad Dist., Tamil Nadu Phone: 04561-53306/0461-311278

GROW-OUT TECHNOLOGY IN SHRIMP FARMING

53

Recommendation

Keeping in mind the vast potential of aquaculture in its contribution towards enlarging fish basket of different marine states, the following areas may be considered for priority attention.

ü Worldwide mariculture is growing at the rate of 5-7% annually but in India it is yet to be taken up on appreciable scale. Mariculture includes sea farming of shrimps oysters, mussels, clams, seaweeds and fishes in floating cages/rafts etc.

ü Popularization of stabilization ponds for waste water management in shrimps.

ü Popularization of the fresh water prawn farming, including setting up of small prawn hatcheries. The co-operative societies can be encouraged to established such hatcheries

ü Development of improved traditional shrimp farming. ü Setting up of medium sized fish feed units for carp and prawn farming at

various places is essential. ü Utilization of low cost fishes for preparation of value added products and

by-products. ü Ornamental fish breeding and culture for domestic and export market. ü Research programme on development of packaging techniques for value

added fish products needs to be strengthened. The job can be entrusted to Fisheries College of the State.

ü A training centre for training programme on value added fish and shell fish from low cost fish needs to be established.

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Conclusion

There are vast opportunities for developing mariculture and aquaculture together. Though the market in other countries are growing at more than 5% annually it need not be taken as a defeat but an opportunity for developing our own resources. We also have the advantage of sea shore lined up amongst all the south and western states. It is only the systematic procedure for setting up the process may be educated to those interested. Government needs to increase the subsidies in the initial stage of promotion so that many more people are interested in taking up aquaculture activity. The various governments could also help farmers by providing easy loan for conducting the day to day chores at the cheapest rate possible or a system where farmers get more timers for paying back the amount taken as loan. There is vast need for setting up of good laboratories for finding out ways to breed or grows different and to come out with findings leading to cure of different diseases among fishes, crabs, shrimps, prawns.

55

References www.mpeda.com www.nabard.org www.shrimpnews.com www.caa.gov.in www.nbfgr.res.in www.dahd.nic.in www.msmedimumbai.gov.in Special Thanks To, Mr. Eapen Jacob- Head Azhikode Hatcheries Mr. Shaijan Murukumthara - Worker Azhikode Hatcheries Mr. James -Nabard Consultancy Trivandrum (Regional Office Kerela) Ms Ani Alexander - Technical Department Bandra (Regional Office Mumbai) Mr. Babu Raj - Prawns Farmer (Vallivattam, Kodungallur) Also I wish to thank from my heart Mr. Syam Manakkattupadyh for helping me to get an appointment with Azhikode hatcheries officer