Overview of Transboundary Air Management in North America

Gothenburg Protocol and Review20 September 2006

Nav Khera and Kimber Scavo

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Outline

I. U.S. and Canadian commitments in the Gothenburg Protocol

II. Response to Gothenburg: Canada-U.S. Ozone Annex

III. Commitments and progress on Ozone and Acid RainI. USII. Canada

IV. Next Steps: Ground Level Ozone, Acidification and PM

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I. U.S. and Canadian Commitments in the Gothenburg Protocol

Ozone:• Canada and the U.S.: achieve ozone air quality standards

and define a PEMA • Canada: 2010 Ceilings for NOx and VOC in the PEMA• U.S.: Requirements for NOx and VOC reductions in the

PEMA

Acid Rain: • Canada: achieve critical loads and set new 2010 ceilings

for SO2 in the SOMA• U.S.: Implement the Title IV Acid Rain program

Eutrophication: no commitments for either country under Gothenburg Protocol

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II. Response to Gothenburg for Ozone: Canada-U.S. Ozone Annex

• Added to the 1991 Canada-United States Air Quality Agreement in 2000 to address ground-level ozone

• Represents Canadian and U.S. efforts to address ground-level ozone under the Gothenburg Protocol– Establishes the ozone air quality standards in U.S. and Canada

as the long-term objective – Defines the PEMA– Defines the NOx and VOC reductions in the PEMA

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Ozone Concentrations, 2004-2006, in the Canada-U.S. border region

Ozone Concentrations in the Border Region 2004-2006(Three-Year Average of the Annual 4th-Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average)

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Pollution Emission Management Area

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III. Ozone Annex – U.S. Control Requirements

United States: Key Commitments/Specific Obligations• NOx transport regional emission reduction program.

Resulted in 70% reduction from 1990 levels from power plants and industrial boilers in summer, 2004

• U.S. vehicle, non-road engine, and fuel quality rules for VOC and NOx reductions

• U.S. rules to control hazardous air pollutants from stationary sources and VOC from consumer and commercial products, architectural coatings, and automobile repair coatings

• New source performance standards to achieve VOC and NOx reductions

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Emission Reductions in PEMA by 2010: United States

U.S. NOx and VOC PEMA Emissions and Projections

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

NOx VOC

Em

iss

ion

s (

Millio

n T

on

s)

1990 Base

2010

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U.S. Emission Trends for NOx in PEMA: 1990-2004

U.S. NOx Emission Trends in PEMA States (1990-2004)( - - - - indicates data not available)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Industrial sources Non-Industrial fuel combustion

On-Road transportation Non-Road transportation

Other anthropogenic sources Electric power generation

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U.S. Emission Trends for VOC in PEMA : 1990-2004U.S. VOC Emission Trends in PEMA States (1990-2004)

( - - - - indicates data not available)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Industrial sources Non-Industrial fuel combustion

On-Road transportation Non-Road transportation

Other anthropogenic sources Solvent utilization

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Annual Fourth Highest Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Concentration for Sites within 500 km of the U.S.-Canada Border

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Ozo

ne

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n, p

pb

Canada United States

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Response to Gothenburg for Acid Rain: United States

Implement the Acid Rain Program • Employs a cap and trade mechanism to achieve a permanent national

cap of 8.95 million tons of SO2 per year for the electric power sector by 2010. To date, power sector has reduced SO2 emissions by over 5.5 million tons, or 35 percent, from 1990 levels

• Requires reduction of annual SO2 emissions from all sources by 10 million tons from 1980 levels in accordance with Title IV of the CAA. To date, reductions from all sources total about 11.3 million tons in 2005, or 44 percent from 1980 levels

• Also achieves NOx reductions from (EGUs) that meet and exceed the annual 2 million ton reduction goal from what emission levels would have been without the program.

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III. Ozone Annex – Canadian Control Requirements

Canada: Key Commitments/Specific Obligations• New vehicles, non-road engines, and fuels regulations for VOC and

NOx at the same levels as U.S. rules

• NOx emission reductions from electricity generators in the PEMA comparable to those in the U.S. PEMA

• Further emission reductions for VOC and NOx in the PEMA if necessary to achieve the ozone Canada-wide Standard

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Emission Reductions in PEMA by 2010: Canada

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Canadian Emission Trends for NOx in PEMA: 1990-2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 20040

50

100

150

200

250

300

Industrial sources Non industrial fuel combustion

Onroad transportation Electric power generation

Nonroad transportation Other anthropogenic sources

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Canadian Emission Trends for VOC in PEMA: 1990-2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 20040

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Industrial sources Onroad transportation

Nonroad transportation Other anthropogenic sources

Solvent utilization Non industrial fuel combustion

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Response to Gothenburg for Acid Rain: Canada

Canada-wide Acid Rain Post 2000 Strategy • Make progress toward critical loads for wet sulphate

deposition in eastern Canada through:

• Emission reductions in eastern Canadian provinces by 2010 beyond their 1985 Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program targets

– Quebec: 50% from 500kt by 2010

– New Brunswick: 50% from 175kt by 2010

– Nova Scotia: 50% from 189kt by 2010

– Ontario: 50% from 885kt by 2015

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Canadian SOMA

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Sulphur reductions in Canadian SOMA

SOMA Emission Reductions of SOx

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

SOMA CAP

2004 - 38% reduction since 1990

2010 projected reduction - 51% since 1990

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Progress in Reducing Acid Deposition in Eastern North America

In eastern North America, SO2 emissions declined by ~ 34% between 1985 and 2001. During the same period, however, NOX emissions have been relatively constant (-4%).

Graphic: Five-year mean SO2- wet deposition maps show that area receiving > 20 kg/ha/yr greatly reduced as a result of emission reductions

1990-1994 1996-2000

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IV. Next Steps: Ground Level Ozone

• Under the Canada-U.S. Air Quality Agreement, the science Subcommittee will assess current emission reductions against achievement of the air quality standards and report to the Gothenburg Review in April 2007

• The Ozone Annex of this Agreement has been effective in addressing ground level ozone

• Canada and the U.S. will continue to use this vehicle to achieve further reductions

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Next Steps: Acid Rain and Particulate Matter

U.S. – Canada Transboundary PM Science Assessment Key Findings:

• Evidence illustrates transboundary flow of PM and PM precursors

• Key transboundary pollutants of concern are primary PM precursors: SO2 and NOx, with NH3 and select VOCs in certain areas.

• A significant transboundary region is influenced by the transboundary flow of PM and PM precursors

• The west (including the Midwest) is emerging as an area of concern

• Joint efforts to address PM will also further reduce acidifying pollutants (precursor pollutants are the same).

Additional information available at: http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/transboundary/transboundary.pdf

Slide to be provided.

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Additional Information:

• Additional information on progress under the Canada-U.S. agreement can be found:

• in the U.S. at:

http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/index.html

• in Canada at: www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/can_us/canus_links_e.cfm