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Working Papers on Information Systems ISSN 1535-6078
Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,Developments and Future Directions
Mohammad ChutturIndiana University, USA
AbstractUser acceptance of technology has been an important field of study for over two decadesnow. Although many models have been proposed to explain and predict the use of a system,the Technology Acceptance Model has been the only one which has captured the mostattention of the Information Systems community. Thus, it is essential for anyone willing tostudy user acceptance of technology to have an understanding of the Technology AcceptanceModel. This paper provides a historical overview of the Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) by summarizing the evolution of TAM, its key applications, extensions, limitations,and criticisms from a selective list of published articles on the model. Current observationsindicate that although TAM is a highly cited model, researchers share mixed opinionsregarding its theoretical assumptions, and practical effectiveness. It is concluded that researchin TAM lacks sufficient rigor and relevance that would make it a well established theory forthe IS community.
Keywords: Technology Acceptance, Information System Deployment, TAM, InformationSystem Theory.
Permanent URL: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License
Reference: Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts: Working Paperson Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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5!!
=8#)=/.#88H9'4.6'4/8('*+4*'*+#'D#/%#)8'()'*+#'#))($*8'$#^=%$#6'*('=8#'4'818*#;'-4.'6%$#-*/1'4))#-*' 818*#;' =840#' D#+4"%($' G3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#HE' 5($#' )($;4//19' :4"%8' GLMSTH'6#)%.#6'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'48')(//(&87'' b#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#887'The!degree!to!which!an!individual!believes!that!!using!a!particular!system!would!enhance!his!or!her!job!performanceE''b#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#7'The!degree!to!which!an!individual!believes!that!!using!a!particular!system!would!be!free!of!physical!and!mental!effort.'':4"%8'*+#.9'3$(-##6#6'*('*+#'3$(D/#;'()';#48=$%.0'D(*+'*+#'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'()'4'818*#;'
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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6!!
',4D/#'V'Initial!scale!items!for!perceived!ease!of!use!(Davis,!1989,!p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evised!10!item!scale!for!perceived!usefulness!(Davis,!1989,!Table!3,!!p.!326)!@*#;'_(E' ?4.6%64*#'%*#;')($'381-+(;#*$%-';#48=$#8')($'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'L' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'%;3$("#8'*+#'^=4/%*1'()'*+#'&($J'@'6(E'V' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'0%"#8';#'0$#4*#$'-(.*$(/'("#$';1'&($JE'Z' d/#-*$(.%-';4%/'#.4D/#8';#'*('4--(;3/%8+'*48J8';($#'^=%-J/1E'X' d/#-*$(.%-';4%/'8=33($*8'-$%*%-4/'483#-*8'()';1'R(DET' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'%.-$#48#8';1'3$(6=-*%"%*1EW' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'%;3$("#8';1'R(D'3#$)($;4.-#EN' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'4//(&8';#'*('4--(;3/%8+';($#'&($J'*+4.'&(=/6'(*+#$&%8#'D#'3(88%D/#E'S' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'#.+4.-#8';1'#))#-*%"#.#88'(.'*+#'R(DE'M' A8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/';4J#8'%*'#48%#$'*('6(';1'R(DELO' !"#$4//9'@')%.6'*+#'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'818*#;'=8#)=/'%.';1'R(DE''''
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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7!!
,4D/#'X'!Revised!10!item!scale!for!perceived!ease!of!use!(Davis,!1989,!Table!4,!p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b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c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c3(%.*'/4D#/#6'e.#=*$4/f'48'8+(&.'D#/(&E'''' 2//'*+%.08'-(.8%6#$#69';1'=8%.0'#/#-*$(.%-';4%/'%.';1'R(D'%87'' ' ' ' ' ' _#=*$4/'g((6' ' 7'hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7'' B46'K%8#' ' 7'hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7'' <((/%8+'<4"($4D/#' 7'hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7'' A.)4"($4D/#'B#.#)%-%4/' 7'hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7'' Q4$;)=/i'4.6'b(8%*%"#' 7'hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7hhh7'' _#04*%"#E''5($#("#$9'*+#'34$*%-%34.*8'+46'*('$#3($*'*+#%$'4-*=4/'=840#'()'*+#'*&('818*#;8'(.'4'8%F'3(8%*%(.'-4*#0($%-4/'8-4/#'&%*+'*+#')(//(&%.0'/4D#/87'''
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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8!!
Don’t!use!at!all,!Use!less!than!once!each!week,!Use!about!once!each!week,!Use!several!times!a!week,!Use!about!once!each!day!and!Use!several!times!each!day.!!'U#8=/*8' (D*4%.#6' 8+(' *+4*9' 8#/)c$#3($*#6' =840#' &48' 8%0.%)%-4.*/1' -($$#/4*#6' &%*+'D(*+'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88')($'*+#'*&('818*#;8'%.'=8#'4*'@B59'*+=8'-(.)%$;%.0':4"%8'GLMSTH'($%0%.4/',25';(6#/'G<%0=$#'VHE''Q(&#"#$9':4"%8' GLMSMH'&#.*' )=$*+#$' 4.6' $#)%.#6' D(*+' LO' %*#;' 8-4/#8' *(' 6#"#/(3' *&('8+($*#$'8%F'%*#;'8-4/#89'D#-4=8#'+#'*+(=0+*'*+4*'J##3%.0'*+#'8-4/#8'8+($*'&(=/6'D#';($#'3$4-*%-4/' %.' $#4/'&($/6' 8%*=4*%(.8E'Q#' =8#6' *+#' C3#4$;4.cB$(&.'3$(3+#-1' )($;=/4' *('$#6=-#' *+#' .=;D#$' ()' %*#;8' *(' 8%F' 8(' 48' *(' (D*4%.' 4' EMN' $#/%4D%/%*1';#48=$#9' 4.6' *+=8'6#"#/(3'*+#'8%F'%*#;'8-4/#8'8+(&.'%.',4D/#8'T'4.6'WE'',4D/#'T''!Revised!6!items!scale!for!perceived!usefulness!worded!towards!CHART"MASTER!@*#;'_(E' ?4.6%64*#'%*#;')($'381-+(;#*$%-';#48=$#8')($'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'L' A8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'%.';1'R(D'&(=/6'#.4D/#';#'*('4--(;3/%8+'*48J8';($#'^=%-J/1E'V' A8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6'%;3$("#';1'R(D'3#$)($;4.-#E'Z' A8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'%.';1'R(D'&(=/6'%.-$#48#';1'3$(6=-*%"%*1E'X' A8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6'#.+4.-#';1'#))#-*%"#.#88'(.'*+#'R(DE'T' A8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6';4J#'%*'#48%#$'*('6(';1'R(DEW' @'&(=/6')%.6'?Q2U,h52C,dU'=8#)=/'%.';1'R(DE'',4D/#'W'Revised!6!items!scale!for!perceived!ease!of!use!worded!towards!CHART"MASTER!@*#;'_(E' ?4.6%64*#'%*#;')($'381-+(;#*$%-';#48=$#8')($'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'L' '[#4$.%.0'*('(3#$4*#'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6'D#'#481')($';#E'V' @'&(=/6')%.6'%*'#481'*('0#*'?Q2U,c52C,dU'*('6('&+4*'@'&4.*'*('6(E'Z' 51'%.*#$4-*%(.'&%*+'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6'D#'-/#4$'4.6'=.6#$8*4.64D/#EX' @'&(=/6')%.6'?Q2U,c52C,dU')/#F%D/#'*('%.*#$4-*'&%*+ET' @*'&(=/6'D#'#481')($';#'*('D#-(;#'8J%//)=/'4*'=8%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dUE'W' @'&(=/6')%.6'?Q2U,c52C,dU'#481'*('=8#E':4"%8' GLMSMH' =8#6' *+#8#' 8%F' %*#;' 8-4/#8' *(' -(.6=-*' 4' /4D($4*($1' 8*=61' &%*+' XO'34$*%-%34.*8' *(' "4/%64*#' *+#' ,25' ;(6#/' 8+(&.' #4$/%#$' %.' <%0=$#' VE' ,+#' 818*#;8'#"4/=4*#6'&#$#'*&('@B5'b?cD48#6'0$43+%-8'818*#;89'?+4$*c548*#$'4.6'b#.c6$4&9'&+%-+'*+#'34$*%-%34.*8'+46'.#"#$'=8#6E' @.' *+%8' -48#9':4"%8'&48' %.*#$#8*#6' %.' )%.6%.0'&+#*+#$'*+#$#' &48' 4.1' -($$#/4*%(.' D#*&##.' *+#' 8%F' %*#;' 8-4/#' %*#;8' +#' 6#"#/(3#69' 4.6' *+#'3$#6%-*#6' =8#' ()' *+#' *&(' 818*#;8E' C(9' +#' 04"#' *+#' 34$*%-%34.*8' 4' (.#' +(=$' +4.68c(.'#F3#$%#.-#'&%*+' #4-+' 818*#;9' 4.6' *+#.'48J#6' *+#;' *(' $4*#' *+#%$'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#')($'D(*+'818*#;8E'''Q#$#'*((9'+#'=8#6'*+#';#48=$#;#.*'8-4/#8'6#"#/(3#6'D1'<%8+D#%.'4.6'2RI#.'GLMNTH'*(';#48=$#' *+#' 4**%*=6#' ()' *+#' 34$*%-%34.*8' *(&4$68' *+#' *&(' 818*#;8E' <%.4//19' *+#'34$*%-%34.*8'$#3($*#6'*+#%$'8#/)c3$#6%-*#6')=*=$#'=8#'()'D(*+'818*#;8'D1'4.8&#$%.0'*+#')(//(&%.0'^=#8*%(.'4*'*+#'#.6'()'*+#'#F3#$%;#.*E''
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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9!!
288=;%.0'?Q2U,c52C,dU'&(=/6'D#'4"4%/4D/#'(.';1'R(D9'@'3$#6%-*'*+4*''@'&%//'=8#'%*'(.'4'$#0=/4$'D48%8'%.'*+#')=*=$#E'''b4$*%-%34.*8'+46'*('$#83(.6'*('*+#'4D("#'^=#8*%(.'D1'$4*%.0'*+#%$'3$#6%-*#6'=8#'()'*+#'818*#;' (.' *&(' 8#"#.c3(%.*' 8-4/#89' (.#' &%*+' /%J#/1c=./%J#/1' #.6c3(%.*' 46R#-*%"#89' *+#'(*+#$9'&%*+''%;3$(D4D/#c3$(D4D/#'#.63(%.*'46R#-*%"#8E''B1' 4.4/1I%.0' *+#' $#8=/*8' (D*4%.#6' %.' +%8' #F3#$%;#.*9' :4"%8' GLMSTH' )(=.6' 4' 3(8%*%"#'-($$#/4*%(.'D#*&##.'*+#'8-4/#8'4.6'8#/)c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evolving
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10!!
''''''''''' <%0=$#'T7'<%$8*';(6%)%#6'"#$8%(.'()',25'G:4"%89'B40(II%'4.6'K4$8+4&9'LMSM9'3E'MSTH'':4"%89' B40(II%' 4.6'K4$8+4&' GLMSMH' =8#6' *+#' 4D("#';(6#/' *(' -(.6=-*' 4' /(.0%*=6%.4/'8*=61' &%*+' LON' =8#$8' *(' ;#48=$#' *+#%$' %.*#.*%(.' *(' =8#' 4' 818*#;' 4)*#$' 4' (.#' +(=$'%.*$(6=-*%(.' *(' *+#' 818*#;9' 4.6' 404%.' LX' &##J8' /4*#$E' @.' D(*+' -48#89' *+#%$' $#8=/*8'%.6%-4*#6' 4' 8*$(.0' -($$#/4*%(.' D#*&##.' $#3($*#6' %.*#.*%(.' 4.6' 8#/)c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
'<%0=$#'W7'<%.4/'"#$8%(.'()',25'Gj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dF*#$.4/'"4$%4D/#8' *13%-4//1' %.-/=6#6' 818*#;'-+4$4-*#$%8*%-89' =8#$' *$4%.%.09' =8#$'34$*%-%34*%(.' %.'6#8%0.9'4.6'*+#'.4*=$#'()'*+#'%;3/#;#.*4*%(.'3$(-#88'Gj#.J4*#8+']':4"%89'LMMWHE'''K%*+'*+%8')%.4/'"#$8%(.'%.'3/4-#9')=$*+#$'$#8#4$-+'/#6'*('LH'$#3/%-4*%.0',25'4.6'*#8*%.0'%*8'3$(3(8%*%(.8'4.6'3(88%D/#'/%;%*4*%(.8i'VH'-(;34$%.0',25'&%*+'(*+#$';(6#/8'8=-+'48'*+#',+#($1' ()' U#48(.#6' 2-*%(.' G,U2H' 4.6' *+#' ,+#($1' ()' b/4..#6' B#+4"%($' G,bBHi' ZH'4643*%.0',25')($'"4$%(=8'8#**%.08'8=-+'48';4.64*($1'8-#.4$%(89'6%))#$#.*'433/%-4*%(.89'
External!Variables!
Perceived!Usefulness!
(U)!
Perceived!Ease!of!Use!
(E)!
AttitudeToward!Using!(A)!
BehavioralIntention!to!Use!(BI)!
Actual!System!Use!
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
!"#$"%#&'()'*+#',#-+.(/(01'2--#3*4.-#'5(6#/7'!$%0%.89':#"#/(3;#.*8'4.6'<=*=$#':%$#-*%(.8''' 5'>'?+=**=$'!
11!!
4.6'-=/*=$#8i'4.6'XH'#F*#.6%.0'*+#';(6#/'*('%.-/=6#'(*+#$'"4$%4D/#8'8=-+'48'8=DR#-*%"#'.($;'GC_H9'#F*$%.8%-';(*%"4*%(.89'3/41)=/.#889'4.6'8('(.E''Replicating!TAM!and!testing!its!possible!limitations!!.#' ()' *+#' #4$/%#8*' $#3/%-4*%(.8' ()' ,25' &48' -4$$%#6' (=*' D1' 264;89' _#/8(.' 4.6' ,(66'GLMMVHE',+#1'-4$$%#6'D(*+')%#/6'4.6'/4D($4*($1'8*=6%#8'%.'($6#$'*('*#8*',25P8'"4$%4D/#89'3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' 4.6' 3#$-#%"#6' =8#)=/.#889' )($' *+#%$' "4/%6%*1' 4.6' $#/%4D%/%*1' %.'#F3/4%.%.0' *+#'=8#'()' )%"#'6%))#$#.*'433/%-4*%(.87'#;4%/9'"(%-#';4%/9'&($6'3#$)#-*9'[(*=8'LVZ9'4.6'Q4$"4$6'0$43+%-8E'b4$*%-%34.*8'&#$#'5B2'8*=6#.*89'4.6'8#/)c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c$#3($*#6'=8#'64*4' ()' *+#' *&(' 818*#;8' *('3#$)($;' 4' *#8*c$#*#8*' 4.4/18%8E' 'Q#.6$%-J8(.9'5488#19' 4.6' ?$(.4.' )(=.6' *+4*' )($' D(*+'3#$-#%"#6' =8#)=/.#88' 4.6' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#9' *+#' 8-4/#' %*#;8' #F+%D%*#6' 8%0.%)%-4.*'*#8*c$#*#8*' $#/%4D%/%*1' $#8=/*E' C=D$4;4.%4.' GLMMXH' 4/8(' $#3/%-4*#6',25'&%*+' "(%-#';4%/'4.6'-=8*(;#$'6%4/=3'818*#;8' %.'4' )%#/6'8*=61'&%*+'LNM'J.(&/#60#'&($J#$89'4.6')(=.6'#"%6#.-#')($'3$#"%(=8'$#8=/*8'$#3($*#6'%.',25'8*=6%#8E''':4"%8'4.6'j#.J4*#8+'GLMMWH'(.'*+#'(*+#$'+4.69'-(.)%$;#6'*+#'$#/%4D%/%*1'4.6'"4/%6%*1'()'*+#' 3#$-#%"#6' =8#)=/.#88' 4.6' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' "4$%4D/#8' %.' ,25' D1' "#$%)1%.0'&+#*+#$'0$(=3%.0'()'*+#'8-4/#'%*#;8'%.*$(6=-#6'#$$($8'%.'3$#6%-*%.0'=840#E',+#1'-4$$%#6'(=*' 4' /4D($4*($1' #F3#$%;#.*' &%*+' LMT' 8*=6#.*8' D1' #F3(8%.0' *+#;' *(' 6%))#$#.*'3#$;=*4*%(.8'4.6'-(;D%.4*%(.8'()'*+#'8-4/#'%*#;8E',+4*'%89'%.8*#46'()'48J%.0'34$*%-%34.*8'*(' $4*#' 4' 0%"#.' 818*#;' =8%.0' *&(' 8-4/#89' &+%-+' +46' 8*4*#;#.*8' 0$(=3#6' D1' #%*+#$'3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' ($' 3#$-#%"#6' =8#)=/.#889' 34$*%-%34.*8' &#$#' 0%"#.' 6%))#$#.*'"4$%4*%(.8' ()' *+#' *&(' 8-4/#89' &%*+' 8*4*#;#.*8' )($' D(*+' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' 4.6'3#$-#%"#6' =8#)=/.#88';%F#6' *(0#*+#$E' 2)*#$' *+#' #F3#$%;#.*9' :4"%8' #*' 4/E' GLMMWH' )(=.6'*+4*'*+#$#'&48'.('8%0.%)%-4.*'6%))#$#.-#'D#*&##.'*+#'$#/%4D%/%*1'4.6'"4/%6%*1'()'*+#'8-4/#8'&+#.' *+#' 0$(=3%.0' ()' *+#%$' 8*4*#;#.*8' &48' -+4.0#6E' Q#.-#9' :4"%8' 4.6' j#.J4*#8+'-(.-/=6#6' *+4*' 3$#"%(=8/1' (D*4%.#6' $#/%4D%/%*1' 4.6' "4/%6%*1';#48=$#8'&#$#' .(*' 6=#' *('%*#;8' 0$(=3%.0E' Q(&#"#$9' $#83(.8#8' )$(;' "#$D4/' 3$(*(-(/8' -4$$%#6' (=*' 6=$%.0' *+#'#F3#$%;#.*' $#"#4/#6' *+4*' $#83(.6#.*8'&#$#';($#' -(.)=8#6'&+#.';#48=$#;#.*' 8-4/#'%*#;8' )($' 3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88' 4.6' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#'&#$#';%F#6' *(0#*+#$E' ,+=89':4"%8'4.6'j#.J4*#8+'$#-(;;#.6#6'*+#'=8#'()'*+#'%.%*%4/';#48=$#;#.*'8-4/#8')($',259'48'&48'3$#"%(=8/1'8+(&.'%.',4D/#8'T'4.6'WE'''Comparing!TAM!with!the!Theory!of!Reasoned!Action!and!the!Theory!of!Planned!Behavior!:4"%89' B40(II%' 4.6' K4$8+4&' GLMSMH' -(;34$#6' *+#' 3#$)($;4.-#' ()' ,25' &%*+' *+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.'G,U2H')($'3$#6%-*%.0' *+#' %.*#.*%(.'()'LON'5B2'8*=6#.*8' %.'=8%.0'4'&($6'3$(-#88%.0'818*#;'4)*#$'4'(.#c+(=$'#F3(8=$#'&%*+'*+#'818*#;9'4.6'404%.'LX'&##J8' /4*#$E' ,+#1' )(=.6' *+4*' *+#' D#/%#)8' "4$%4D/#8' %.' D(*+',U2'4.6',25'3$("%6#6'8%0.%)%-4.*'$#8=/*8'*('3$#6%-*'*+#'%.*#.*%(.'()'*+#'34$*%-%34.*8'*('=8#'*+#'&($6'3$(-#88($E''
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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12!!
@.'*+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.';(6#/'+(&#"#$9':4"%89'B40(II%'4.6'K4$8+4&')(=.6'*+4*' *+#$#' &48' "#$1' /%**/#' -($$#/4*%(.' D#*&##.' *+#' 8=DR#-*%"#' .($;' GC_H' 4.6' *+#'D#+4"%($4/' %.*#.*%(.' "4$%4D/#8E' ,+#1' )($;=/4*#6' *&(' 3(88%D/#' $#48(.8' )($' *+%8'(D8#$"4*%(.' 4H' *+#' J.#88' ()' *+#' C_' ;#48=$#;#.*' 8-4/#' )$(;' 4' 381-+(;#*$%-'8*4.63(%.*9' 4.6' DH' *+#' )4-*' *+4*' &($6' 3$(-#88($8' 4$#' =8=4//1' "#$1' %.6%"%6=4/' 4.6'3#$8(.4/i'*+=89'*+#%$'=8#'&%//'D#'/#88'%.)/=#.-#6'D1'3#$-#3*%(.8')$(;'(*+#$'0$(=38E''<%.4//1' :4"%89' B40(II%' 4.6' K4$8+4&' -(.-/=6#6' *+4*' -(;34$#6' *(' *+#' ,+#($1' ()'U#48(.#6' 2-*%(.9' ,25' 3$("%6#6' 4' ;=-+' 8%;3/#$' 4.6' /#88' #F3#.8%"#' ;#*+(6' *('%;3/#;#.*'D#-4=8#'*+#'D#/%#)8'"4$%4D/#8'&#$#'-(.*#F*c%.6#3#.6#.*'&+#$#489'%.'*+#'-48#'()'*+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.9'%*'&48'.#-#884$1'*('6#"#/(3'4'8#$%#8'()'84/%#.*'D#/%#)8'83#-%)%-'*('&($6'3$(-#88($8'D#)($#')($;=/4*%.0'*+#'8-4/#8')($';#48=$%.0'*+#'D#/%#)8E'''54*+%#8(.' GLMMLH' (.' *+#' (*+#$' +4.69' -(;34$#6' ,25' &%*+' *+#' ,+#($1' ()' b/4..#6'B#+4"%($' G,bBH' 3$(3(8#6'D1'2RI#.' GLMSTHE' ,+#',+#($1'()' b/4..#6'B#+4"%($';(6#/' %8'"#$1'8%;%/4$'*('*+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.';(6#/9'#F-#3*'*+4*' %*'*4J#8'%.*('4--(=.*'*+#' 466%*%(.4/' -(.8*$=-*7' 3#$-#%"#6' D#+4"%($4/' -(.*$(/' GbB?H9' &+%-+' $#)#$8' *(' *+#'3#$-#3*%(.'()'-(.*$(/'("#$'3#$)($;4.-#'()'4'0%"#.'D#+4"%($E'bB?' %8'4/8(' %.)/=#.-#6'D1'*+#' #))#-*8' ()' *&(' D#/%#)87' -(.*$(/' D#/%#)8' 4.6' 3#$-#%"#6' )4-%/%*4*%(.E' ?(.*$(/' D#/%#)8'%.-/=6#'3#$-#%"#6'4"4%/4D%/%*1'()'8J%//89'$#8(=$-#89'4.6'(33($*=.%*%#89'&+#$#48'3#$-#%"#6')4-%/%*4*%(.' D#/%#)' %8' *+#' %.6%"%6=4/P8' 488#88;#.*' ()' 4"4%/4D/#' $#8(=$-#8' *(' *+#'4-+%#"#;#.*'()' 4'0%"#.' 8#*'()'(=*-(;#8E'<%0=$#'N'6#3%-*8' *+#';(6#/' )($' *+#',+#($1'()'b/4..#6'B#+4"%($E''
' <%0=$#'N7',+#($1'()'3/4..#6'D#+4"%($'G,bBH'G54*+%#8(.9'LMML9'3E'LNTH''54*+%#8(.' GLMMLH' -4$$%#6' (=*' 4.' #F3#$%;#.*' 433/1%.0' D(*+' ,25' 4.6' *+#' ,+#($1' ()'b/4..#6'B#+4"%($')($'3$#6%-*%.0'*+#'%.*#.*%(.'()'VWV'34$*%-%34.*8'%.'=8%.0'4'83$#468+##*'433/%-4*%(.E'C%.-#'.('3$#6#)%.#6';#48=$#;#.*'8-4/#8'#F%8*#6')($'*+#',+#($1'()'b/4..#6'B#+4"%($9'4.'%.%*%4/'%.*#$"%#&'8#88%(.'&48'$#^=%$#6'*('%6#.*%)1'*+(8#'84/%#.*'D#/%#)8'*+4*'&(=/6'D#' 83#-%)%-' *(' *+#' 818*#;'=.6#$' %."#8*%04*%(.E'28'6%8-=88#6'#4$/%#$9' *+%8'&48' 4.'%.+#$#.*'-+4$4-*#$%8*%-'()'*+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.';(6#/E'@.*#$#8*%.0/19'$#8=/*8'()'*+#' #F3#$%;#.*' 8+(' *+4*' D(*+' ,25' 4.6' *+#' ,+#($1' ()' b/4..#6' B#+4"%($' &#$#'8=%*4D/#'*('3$#6%-*'818*#;'=840#E''
Behavioral!Beliefs!and!
Outcome!Evaluations!
Normative!Beliefs!and!
Motivation!to!Comply!
Control!Beliefs!and!
Perceived!Facilitation!
Attitude
Subjective!Norms!
Perceived!Behavioral!Control
Intention Behavior!
!
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
!"#$"%#&'()'*+#',#-+.(/(01'2--#3*4.-#'5(6#/7'!$%0%.89':#"#/(3;#.*8'4.6'<=*=$#':%$#-*%(.8''' 5'>'?+=**=$'!
13!!
Q(&#"#$9' -(;34$#6' *(' *+#',25';(6#/9' *+#',+#($1'()'b/4..#6'B#+4"%($' G,bBH';(6#/'3$("%6#6' ;($#' 6#*4%/8' *+4*' #F3/4%.#6' *+#' %.*#.*%(.' ()' *+#' 34$*%-%34.*8' *(' =8#' *+#'83$#468+##*'433/%-4*%(.E',+%8'%8'D#-4=8#',bB'D#%.0'4';($#'-(;3/#F';(6#/'+46'8#"#$4/'%.6#3#.6#.*'"4$%4D/#8' *+4*' -(=/6'-43*=$#'"4$%(=8'483#-*8'()'4.' %.6%"%6=4/P8'D#/%#)E'<($'#F4;3/#9' 48' 8+(&.' %.'<%0=$#'N9' *+#'3#$-#%"#6'D#+4"%($4/' -(.*$(/' -(.8*$=-*' -(=/6'+#/3'%6#.*%)1'83#-%)%-'D4$$%#$8'*('818*#;'=8#'8=-+'48' /%;%*4*%(.8' %.'=8#$'8J%//8E'<=$*+#$;($#9'*+#';(6#/'4/8('-(=/6'%6#.*%)1'0$(=38'&+(8#'(3%.%(.8';%0+*'D#'%;3($*4.*'*(')=*=$#'=8#$8'*+$(=0+' *+#' 8=DR#-*%"#' .($;8' -(.8*$=-*E' 5($#("#$9' 8%.-#' *+#' ,+#($1' ()' b/4..#6'B#+4"%($';(6#/' -(.8%6#$#6' (./1' D#/%#)8' *+4*'&#$#' 83#-%)%-' *(' *+#' 0%"#.' 818*#;9';($#'4--=$4*#'%.)($;4*%(.'-(=/6'D#'(D*4%.#6E',25'%.8*#469'&48'4'8%;3/#$';(6#/'*+4*'-(=/6'D#'0#.#$4//1' 433/%#6' *(' 4.1' 818*#;9' 4.6' *+=8' 3$("%6#6' (./1' D$(46' %.)($;4*%(.' 4D(=*'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88E''>#*9' 6=#' *(' %*8' 8%;3/%-%*1' 4.6' #48#' ()' %;3/#;#.*4*%(.9' ,25' $#;4%.#6';($#' 4**$4-*%"#'*+4.'#%*+#$'*+#',+#($1'()'U#48(.#6'2-*%(.'($'*+#',+#($1'()'b/4..#6'B#+4"%($E'<=$*+#$'#))($*8'/4*#$'-(.-#.*$4*#6'(.'#%*+#$'433/1%.0',25'%.'6%))#$#.*'8#**%.08'($'#F*#.6%.0',25'*('%.-/=6#';($#'"4$%4D/#8E''Adapting!and!extending!TAM!K%*+';($#'*+4.'NOO'-%*4*%(.8'*('+%8'($%0%.4/'3$(3(84/')($',259':4"%8P'$#8#4$-+'G:4"%89'LMSMH'+48'D##.'4643*#6'4.6'#F*#.6#6'%.';4.1'&418E',('64*#9'*+#$#'+4"#'D##.'8#"#$4/'4**#;3*8'*('-(.8(/%64*#'*+#'$#8=/*8'(D*4%.#6')$(;'*+#8#'8*=6%#8E',+#';(8*'$#-#.*'(.#'%8'D1' >(=84)I4%9' <(F4//9' 4.6' b4//%8*#$' GVOONH' &+(' 6%6' 4' ;#*4c4.4/18%8' ()' LXT' 4$*%-/#8'3=D/%8+#6'(.',25E'd4$/%#$';#*4c4.4/18%8'8*=6%#8'-4.'D#')(=.6'%.'C+4$3'GVOOWH9'\%.0'4.6'Q#'GVOOWH9'54'4.6'[%=' GVOOXH9'[##9'\(I4$'4.6'[4$8#.'GVOOZH'4.69'[#0$%89' @.0+4;'4.6'?(//#$#**#' GVOOZHE' ,4D/#' N' +%0+/%0+*8' 8(;#' ()' *+#' ;4%.' 433/%-4*%(.89' 34$*%-%34.*89'-(=.*$%#89'4.6'8#**%.08')($'&+%-+',25'&48'=8#6E''',4D/#'N'Applications,! participants,! country!and! setting! used! for! applying!TAM! (Yousafzai! et!al.,!2007),!Sharp,!2006,!King!et!al.,!2006,!Ma!et!al.,!2004,!Lee!et!al.,!2003,!and,!Legris!et!al.,!2003)!j4$%4*%(.'%.',25'433/%-4*%(.' dF4;3/#8'233/%-4*%(.8' d;4%/9' "(%-#;4%/9' )4F9' 6%4/c=3' 818*#;9' #c-(;;#$-#'433/%-4*%(.9' 0$(=3&4$#9' &($6' 3$(-#88($9' 83$#468+##*9'3$#8#.*4*%(.' 8()*&4$#9' 64*4D48#' 3$(0$4;9' -48#' *((/89'+(83%*4/' @C9' :#-%8%(.' 8=33($*' 818*#;9' dF3#$*' 8=33($*'818*#;9'4.6'*#/#;#6%-%.#'*#-+.(/(01E'?(=.*$1' AC29' A\9' ,4%&4.9' Q(.0' \(.09' C&%*I#$/4.69' k434.9'2=8*$4/%49' ,=$J#19' ?4.4649' \=&#%*9' _%0#$%49' <$4.-#9'C%.043($#9'?+%.49'4.6'<%./4.6E',13#'()'C*=61' [4D'8*=619'<%#/6'8*=61'4.6'K#D'8=$"#18'b4$*%-%34.*8' C*=6#.*8' G=.6#$0$46=4*#' 4.6' 0$46=4*#8H9' J.(&/#60#'&($J#$89' 3+18%-%4.89' D4.J' ;4.40#$89' 3$(0$4;;#$'4.4/18*89'@,'"#.6($'83#-%4/%8*89'-(;3=*#$'3$(0$4;;#$89'%.*#$.#*'=8#$89'D$(J#$89'4.6'84/#8'488%8*4.*8E''5(8*' ()' *+#8#' 8*=6%#8' )(=.6' 8%0.%)%-4.*' 8*4*%8*%-4/' $#8=/*' )($' *+#' +%0+' %.)/=#.-#' ()'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'(.'D#+4"%($4/' %.*#.*%(.'*('=8#'4'83#-%)%-'818*#;E',+#1'4/8(')(=.6';%F#6' $#8=/*8' )($' *+#' 6%$#-*' $#/4*%(.8+%3' D#*&##.' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' 4.6' =840#'
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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14!!
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'<%0=$#'N7',25'V'Gj#.J4*#8+'4.6':4"%89'VOOOH''A8%.0' *+#' ,25' V' ;(6#/' j#.J4*#8+' 4.6' :4"%8' &#$#' 4D/#' *(' 3$("%6#' ;($#' 6#*4%/#6'#F3/4.4*%(.8')($'*+#'$#48(.8'34$*%-%34.*8')(=.6'4'0%"#.'818*#;'=8#)=/E',+#%$'$#8=/*8'4/8('%.6%-4*#6' *+4*',25'V'3#$)($;#6'&#//' %.'D(*+'"(/=.*4$1'4.6';4.64*($1'#."%$(.;#.*8'&%*+' *+#'#F-#3*%(.' *+4*' 8=DR#-*%"#'.($;'+46'.('#))#-*' %.'"(/=.*4$1'8#**%.08'D=*'6%6' %.';4.64*($1'8#**%.08E'''2' 8#-(.6' %;3($*4.*' #F*#.8%(.' ()' *+#' ,25' ;(6#/' %8' D1' j#.J4*#8+' GVOOOH9' &+(' &48'%.*#$#8*#6' %.' %6#.*%)1%.0' *+#' 4.*#-#6#.*8' *(' *+#' 3#$-#%"#6' #48#' ()' =8#' "4$%4D/#' %.' *+#'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!Descriptions!for'*+#'.#&'"4$%4D/#8'4$#'0%"#.'%.'233#.6%F'2!
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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15!!
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'<%0=$#'S7'dF*#.6%.0',25'*('%.-/=6#'6#*#$;%.4.*8')($'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'Gj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escriptions!f($'*+#'.#&'"4$%4D/#8'4$#'0%"#.'%.'233#.6%F'2!
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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16!!
!Limitations!in!the!methodology!used!for!testing!the!TAM!model!!.#'()'*+#';4%.'-$%*%-%8;8')($'8*=6%#8'(.'*+#',25';(6#/'%8'*+4*'8#/)c$#3($*#6'=8#'64*4'4$#'=8#6' *(';#48=$#' 818*#;'=8#' %.8*#46' ()' $#4/' 4-*=4/' =8#' 64*4E' 28' 8(;#' $#8#4$-+#$8'3(%.*#6' (=*9' 8#/)c$#3($*#6' =8#' 64*4' %8' 4' 8=DR#-*%"#';#48=$#9' 4.6' %8' *+=8' =.$#/%4D/#' %.';#48=$%.0'4-*=4/'=8#'()'4'818*#;'G[#0$%89'@.0+4;'4.6'?(//#$#**#9'VOOZ9'>(=84)I4%9'<(F4//9'4.6' b4//%8*#$' VOONHE' Q(&#"#$9' ;4.1' 8*=6%#8' (.' ,25' #;3/(1' 8#/)c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imitations!in!the!variables!and!relationships!present!within!the!TAM!model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cK#%889'4.6'B=$J;4.'GVOOVH'-4$$%#6'(=*'4')%#/6'8*=61'*('$#3/%-4*#',25'%.'*+#'D4.J%.0'%.6=8*$1E'Q(&#"#$9'%.8*#46'()'-(.8%6#$%.0'"(/=.*4$1'=8#'()' 4' 818*#;9' B$(&.9' 5488#19' 5(*(14cK#%88' 4.69' B=$J;4.' 433/%#6' ,25' %.' 4' -(.*#F*'&+#$#'=8#'()'818*#;'&48';4.64*($1E',+#1')(=.6'*+4*'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#';41'+4"#'4';($#'%;3($*4.*'%;34-*'(.'818*#;'4--#3*4.-#'*+4.'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#889'%.';4.64*($1'8#**%.08E',+#%$'$#8=/*'-(.*$48*8'&%*+'#4$/%#$'(D8#$"4*%(.8')($'*+#',25';(6#/'433/%#6'%.'"(/=.*4$1'8#**%.09'%.'&+%-+'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'&48'8##.'*('+4"#';($#'%.)/=#.-#'*+4.'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'(.'818*#;'4--#3*4.-#'G:4"%89'LMSTHE''B=$*(.ck(.#8'4.6'Q=D(.4'GVOOWH'4/8('$#3/%-4*#6',25'D1'46;%.%8*#$%.0'4'8=$"#1'*('LVT'#;3/(1##8'()'4'AC'g("#$.;#.*'40#.-1E'@.)($;4*%(.'4D(=*'*+#'34$*%-%34.*8P'D#/%#)8'4.69'=840#'D#+4"%($'&%*+' $#83#-*' *(' *&('433/%-4*%(.8'&#$#'04*+#$#6'4.6'4.4/1I#6E'U#8=/*8'(D*4%.#6'8+('*+4*'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#';41'.(*';#6%4*#'4//' %.)/=#.-#8' )$(;' #F*#$.4/' #."%$(.;#.*4/' )4-*($8' (.' 818*#;' =840#E' @.8*#469' 8(;#'#F*#$.4/')4-*($8'8=-+'48'818*#;'#F3#$%#.-#9'/#"#/'()'#6=-4*%(.9'4.6'40#';41'+4"#'4'6%$#-*'%.)/=#.-#'(.'818*#;'=840#E'''Limitations!in!the!theoretical!foundation!for!the!TAM!model!B40(II%' GVOONH' +%0+/%0+*#6' *+#' 3(($' *+#($#*%-4/' $#/4*%(.8+%3' *+4*' &48' )($;=/4*#6'4;(.0' *+#' 6%))#$#.*' -(.8*$=-*8' )($;=/4*#6' %.' ,25E' Q#' ^=#8*%(.#6' *+#' *+#($#*%-4/'8*$#.0*+' ()' *+#' %.*#.*%(.c4-*=4/' =8#' /%.J9' 4.6' (D8#$"#6' *+4*' D#+4"%($' -(=/6' .(*' D#'-(.8%6#$#6'48'4'*#$;%.4/'0(4/E' @.8*#469'+#'4$0=#6'*+4*'D#+4"%($'8+(=/6'D#'*$#4*#6'48'4';#4.8' *('4';($#' )=.64;#.*4/'0(4/E'5($#("#$9'+#'#F3/4%.#6'*+4*' %.*#.*%(.';41'.(*'D#'$#3$#8#.*4*%"#' #.(=0+' ()' 4-*=4/' =8#9' D#-4=8#' *+#' *%;#' 3#$%(6' D#*&##.' %.*#.*%(.' 4.6'
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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17!!
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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18!!
B$(&.9'CE9'5488#19'2E9'5(.*(14cK#%889'5E9']'B=$J;4.9'kE'GVOOVHE':('@'$#4//1'+4"#'*(mE'User!acceptance!of!mandated!technology.!European!Jr.!of!IS9'119'VSZcMTE''B=$*(.ck(.#89'2E9']'Q=D(.49'gE'CE'GVOOWHE,+#';#6%4*%(.'()'#F*#$.4/'"4$%4D/#8'%.'*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/9'Information!&!Management.'43'GWH9'NOWlNLNE'':4"%89'<E'GLMSTHE'2'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/')($'#;3%$%-4//1'*#8*%.0'.#&'#.6c=8#$'%.)($;4*%(.'818*#;87'*+#($1'4.6'$#8=/*8E'A.3=D/%8+#6':(-*($4/'6%88#$*4*%(.9'5@,'C/(4.'C-+((/'()'54.40#;#.*9'?4;D$%60#9'52E'':4"%89'<E'GLMSMHE'b#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#889'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#9'4.6'=8#$'4--#3*4.-#'()'%.)($;4*%(.'*#-+.(/(01E'!MIS!Quarterly9'13'GZH9'ZLMcXOE'':4"%89'<E'GLMMZHE'A8#$'4--#3*4.-#'()'-(;3=*#$'*#-+.(/(017'818*#;'-+4$4-*#$%8*%-89'=8#$'3#$-#3*%(.8E'Int.!J.!Man"Machine!Studies9'38!(ZH9'XNTcSNE'':4"%89'<E']'j#.J4*#8+9'jE'GLMMWHE'2'-$%*%-4/'488#88;#.*'()'3(*#.*%4/';#48=$#;#.*'D%48#8'%.'*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/7'*+$##'#F3#$%;#.*8E'Int.!J.!Human"Computer!Studies,!45GLH9'LMcXTE':4"%89'<E9'B40(II%9'UEbE9']'K4$8+4&9'bEUE'GLMSMHE''A8#$'4--#3*4.-#'()'-(;3=*#$'*#-+.(/(017'4'-(;34$%8(.'()'*&('*+#($#*%-4/';(6#/8E'Management!Science,!35'GSH9'MSVcLOOZE'':4"%89'<E9'B40(II%9'UE']'K4$8+4&9'bE'GLMMVHE'dF*$%.8%-'4.6'%.*$%.8%-';(*%"4*%(.'*('=8#'-(;3=*#$8'%.'*+#'&($J3/4-#E'Journal!of!Applied!Social!Psychology,!22(LXH9'LLLLcZVE''<%8+D#%.9'5E9']'2RI#.9'@E'GLMNTHE'B#/%#)9'2**%*=6#9'@.*#.*%(.9'4.6'B#+4"%($7'2.'@.*$(6=-*%(.'*(',+#($1'4.6'U#8#4$-+E'U#46%.09'527'266%8(.cK#8/#1E''Q#.6$%-J8(.9'2EUE9'5488#19'bE:E9']'?$(.4.9',EbE'GLMMZHE'!.'*+#'*#8*c$#*#8*'$#/%4D%/%*1'()'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'8-4/#E'MIS!Quarterly,!17(VH9'VVNcZOE'''\%.09'KE9UE9']'Q#E9'kE'GVOOWHE'2';#*4c4.4/18%8'()'*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/9'@.)($;4*%(.'4.6'54.40#;#.*E'XZ'GWH9'NXOlNTT''[4$-J#$9':E<E9']'[#88%09'jE'bE'GLMSOHE'b#$-#%"#6'A8#)=/.#88'()'@.)($;4*%(.7'2'b81-+(;#*$%-'dF4;%.4*%(.E'Decision!Sciences,!11GLH9'LVLcLZXE''[##9'>E9'\(I4$9'\E2E']'[4$8#.9'\EUE,E'GVOOZHE',+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/7'348*9'3$#8#.*9'4.6')=*=$#E'Communications!of!the!AIS,'12G'TOH9'NTVcSOE''[#0$%89'bE9'@.0+4;9'kE9']'?(//#$#**#9'bE'GVOOZHE'K+1':('b#(3/#'A8#'@.)($;4*%(.',#-+.(/(01m'2'?$%*%-4/'U#"%#&'()'*+#',#-+.(/(01'2--#3*4.-#'5(6#/E'Information!&!Management!9'409'LMLcVOXE''[=9'QcbE']'g=8*4)8(.9':EQE'GLMMXHE'2.'#;3%$%-4/'8*=61'()'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'(.'-(;3=*#$%I#6'8=33($*'818*#;'=8#'("#$'*%;#E'International!Journal!of!Information!Management.!14GTH9'ZLNcVME'
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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19!!
'549'nE']'[%=9'[E'GVOOXHE'',+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/7'4';#*4c4.4/18%8'()'#;3%$%-4/')%.6%.08E'Jr.!of!Org.,!End!User!Computing,!16'GLH9'TMcNVE''54*+%#8(.9'\E'GLMMLHE'b$#6%-*%.0'=8#$'%.*#.*%(.87'-(;34$%.0'*+#',25'&%*+'*+#'*+#($1'()'3/4..#6''D#+4"%($E'!Information!Systems!Research,!2'GZH9'LNZcMLE''U(D#19':E'GLMNMHE'A8#$'2**%*=6#8'4.6'54.40#;#.*'@.)($;4*%(.'C18*#;'=8#E'Academy!of!Management!Journal!22'GZH9'TVNcTZSE''C-+=/*I9'UE9'[E']'C/#"%.9':EbE'GLMNTHE'@;3/#;#.*4*%(.'4.6'!$04.%I4*%(.4/'j4/%6%*17'2.'d;3%$%-4/'@."#8*%04*%(.E'@.'@;3/#;#.*%.0'!3#$4*%(.8'U#8#4$-+''54.40#;#.*'C-%#.-#9'UE[E'C-+=/*I'4.6':EbE'C/#"%.'G#68EH9'2;#$%-4.'d/8#"%#$9'_#&'>($J9'_>9''33E'LTZcLSVE''C%/"49''[E'GVOONHE'b(8*c3(8%*%"%8*'U#"%#&'()',#-+.(/(01'2--#3*4.-#'5(6#/E'Journal!of!the!Association!for!Information!Systems9''S'G'XH9'VTWcVWWE''C+4$39'kE'QE'GVOONHE':#"#/(3;#.*9'#F*#.8%(.9'4.6'433/%-4*%(.7'4'$#"%#&'()'*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/.!Information!Systems!Education!Journal9!59'LcLLE''C=D$4;4.%4.9'gEQE'GLMMXHE'2'$#3/%-4*%(.'()'3#$-#%"#6'=8#)=/.#88'4.6'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#'';#48=$#;#.*E'Decision!Sciences,!25,!('ToWH9'SWZcNXE''C&4.8(.9'dEBE'GLMSVHE'5#48=$%.0'A8#$'2**%*=6#8'%.'5@C'U#8#4$-+7'2'U#"%#&E!Omega!International!Journal!of!!Management!Science,!10'GVH9LTNcLWTE''C&4.8(.9'dEBE'GLMSNHE'@.)($;4*%(.'?+4..#/':%83(8%*%(.'4.6'A8#E'!Decision!Sciences,!18GLH9'LZLcLXTE'',($.4*IJ19'[EgE'4.6'\/#%.9'\EkE'GLMSVHE'@..("4*%(.'?+4$4-*#$%8*%-8'4.6'@..("4*%(.'26(3*%(.c@;3/#;#.*4*%(.72'5#*4c2.4/18%8'()'<%.6%.08E!IEEE!Transactions!on!Engineering!Management!29GLH9'VScXTE''j#.J4*#8+9'jE'GLMMMHE'?$#4*%(.'()')4"(=$4D/#'=8#$'3#$-#3*%(.87'#F3/($%.0'*+#'$(/#'()'%.*$%.8%-';(*%"4*%(.E'MIS!Quarterly,!23GVH9'VZMcWOE''j#.J4*#8+9'jE'GVOOOHE':#*#$;%.4.*8'()'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#7'%.*#0$4*%.0'-(.*$(/9'%.*$%.8%-';(*%"4*%(.9'4.6'#;(*%(.'%.*('*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/E'Information!Systems!Research,!11'GXH9'ZXVcWTE''j#.J4*#8+9'jE']':4"%89'<E:E'GLMMWHE'2';(6#/'()'*+#'4.*#-#6#.*8'()'3#$-#%"#6'#48#'()'=8#7'6#"#/(3;#.*'4.6'*#8*E'Decision!Sciences,!27'GZH9'XTLcXSLE''j#.J4*#8+9'jE']':4"%89'<E'GVOOOHE'2'*+#($#*%-4/'#F*#.8%(.'()'*+#'*#-+.(/(01'4--#3*4.-#';(6#/7')(=$'/(.0%*=6%.4/')%#/6'8*=6%#8E'Management!Science,!46GVH9'33E'LSWcVOXE''j#.J4*#8+9'jE9'5($$%89'5E9':4"%89'gE9']':4"%89'<E'GVOOZHE'A8#$'4--#3*4.-#'()'%.)($;4*%(.'*#-+.(/(017'*(&4$68'4'=.%)%#6'"%#&E'MIS!Quarterly,!27GZH9'XNMcTOLE'
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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20!!
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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21!!
Appendix!A:!Antecedants!to!PU!and!PEOU!as!proposed!in!extending!TAM'Variable! Definition!Voluntariness! ,+#'6#0$##'*('&+%-+'=8#'()'*+#'%..("4*%(.'%8'3#$-#%"#6'48'D#%.0'"(/=.*4$19'($'()')$##'&%//E'Experience! b$%($'#F3#$%#.-#'()'4.'%.6%"%6=4/'&%*+'4'83#-%)%-'*#-+.(/(01'Subjective!norm! b#$8(.P8'3#$-#3*%(.'*+4*';(8*'3#(3/#'&+('4$#'%;3($*4.*'*('+%;'*+%.J'+#'8+(=/6'($'8+(=/6'.(*'3#$)($;'*+#'D#+4"%($'%.'^=#8*%(.'Image! ,+#'6#0$##'*('&+%-+'=8#'()'4.'%..("4*%(.'%8'3#$-#%"#6'*('#.+4.-#'(.#P8'%;40#'($'8*4*=8'%.'(.#P8'8(-%4/'818*#;'Job!relevance! ,+#'-434D%/%*%#8'()'4'818*#;'*('#.+4.-#'4.6'%.6%"%6=4/P8'R(D'3#$)($;4.-#'Output!quality! ,+#'3#$-#3*%(.'+(&'&#//'*+#'818*#;'3#$)($;8'*48J8'*+4*';4*-+'&%*+'R(D'0(4/8'Result!demonstrability! ,+#'6#0$##'*('&+%-+'*+#'$#8=/*8'()'46(3*%.0o=8%.0'*+#'@C'%..("4*%(.'4$#'(D8#$"4D/#'4.6'-(;;=.%-4D/#'*('(*+#$8'Computer!self"efficacy! ,+#'D#/%#)'*+4*'(.#'+48'*+#'-434D%/%*1'*('3#$)($;'4'34$*%-=/4$'D#+4"%($'Perceptions!of!external!control!
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Working Papers on Information Systems | ISSN 1535-6078 Editors: Michel Avital, University of Amsterdam Kevin Crowston, Syracuse University Advisory Board: Kalle Lyytinen, Case Western Reserve University Roger Clarke, Australian National University Sue Conger, University of Dallas Marco De Marco, Universita’ Cattolica di Milano Guy Fitzgerald, Brunel University Rudy Hirschheim, Louisiana State University Blake Ives, University of Houston Sirkka Jarvenpaa, University of Texas at Austin John King, University of Michigan Rik Maes, University of Amsterdam Dan Robey, Georgia State University Frantz Rowe, University of Nantes Detmar Straub, Georgia State University Richard T. Watson, University of Georgia Ron Weber, Monash University Kwok Kee Wei, City University of Hong Kong Sponsors: Association for Information Systems (AIS) AIM itAIS Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia American University, USA Case Western Reserve University, USA City University of Hong Kong, China Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Hanken School of Economics, Finland Helsinki School of Economics, Finland Indiana University, USA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Lancaster University, UK Leeds Metropolitan University, UK National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland New York University, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA Pepperdine University, USA Syracuse University, USA University of Amsterdam, Netherlands University of Dallas, USA University of Georgia, USA University of Groningen, Netherlands University of Limerick, Ireland University of Oslo, Norway University of San Francisco, USA University of Washington, USA Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Viktoria Institute, Sweden
Editorial Board: Margunn Aanestad, University of Oslo Steven Alter, University of San Francisco Egon Berghout, University of Groningen Bo-Christer Bjork, Hanken School of Economics Tony Bryant, Leeds Metropolitan University Erran Carmel, American University Kieran Conboy, National U. of Ireland Galway Jan Damsgaard, Copenhagen Business School Robert Davison, City University of Hong Kong Guido Dedene, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Alan Dennis, Indiana University Brian Fitzgerald, University of Limerick Ole Hanseth, University of Oslo Ola Henfridsson, Viktoria Institute Sid Huff, Victoria University of Wellington Ard Huizing, University of Amsterdam Lucas Introna, Lancaster University Panos Ipeirotis, New York University Robert Mason, University of Washington John Mooney, Pepperdine University Steve Sawyer, Pennsylvania State University Virpi Tuunainen, Helsinki School of Economics Francesco Virili, Universita' degli Studi di Cassino Managing Editor: Bas Smit, University of Amsterdam Office: Sprouts University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11, Room E 2.74 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Email: [email protected]