overview of the course - yeshiva...
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Overview of the Course
Lecture 1 The Components of the Immune SystemLecture 2 Innate ImmunityLecture 3 Antigen Recognition by T lymphocytesLecture 4 Antigen Presentation by T lymphocytesLecture 5 Antigen Recognition by B cell ReceptorsLecture 6 The Humoral Immune ResponseLecture 7 Signaling Through Lymphocyte ReceptorsLecture 8 The Development and Survival of LymphocytesLecture 9 T-cell Mediated ImmunityLecture 10 Adaptive Immunity to InfectionLecture 11 Mucosal ImmunityLecture 12 HIV InfectionLecture 13 Failures in Host Defense MechanismsLecture 14 Evasion of the Immune System by Pathogens
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Lecture 1: The Components of the Immune System
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Summary of the Entire Immunology Unit
Kill the pathogen anddon’t harm the host
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Questions to Consider
Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox aka varicella zoster only once?
How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA?
Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses?
How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self?
Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently?
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David
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Smallpox Infection
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Immunity
From the Latin word “immunitas” meaning exemption from civic duties.
Historically immunity was the observed protection from infection by individuals previously exposed or infected.
Chinese made children inhale powder from crusted smallpox lesions.
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Eradication of Smallpox by Vaccination
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Functional Immunity
Innate Acquired
Barrier Skin Mucosal immunity
Soluble Protein Complement Antibodies
Cells Phagocytes T and B cells
Mediators IL-1, TNF -interferon
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Function of Immune System
Identification- foreign vs. self
Designation- accentuate foreign origin
Recruitment- mobilize effectors
Elimination- clear pathogen
Prevent Recurrence- prepare for future
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Sensitivity and Specificity of Detection Determines
the Effectiveness of Immune Surveillance
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Design of the Immune System
Specificity- fine distinctions
Diversity- broad repertoire
Memory- accelerate next response
Demobilization- after clearance
Distinguish self from non-self- prevent attack of normal tissues
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Mobilization of the Immune System
Cognitive phase- binding of antigen to specific cell that recognizes it
Activation phase- proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific cell
Effector phase- assemble response to eliminate infection
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Targets of the Immune System
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CD Nomenclature
CD = Cluster of Differentiation
Cells express unique membrane proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies.
Cells are identified by the pattern of cell- specific CD markers expressed.
CD proteins are identified by sequential numbers.
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Hematopoietic Lineage
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Histological Appearance of Lymphocytes
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Activation of Lymphocytes
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How Does the Immune System Provide a High Degree of Sensitivity and Specificity to the Broad Array of Pathogens Without Attacking Self?
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Clonal Selection Hypothesis
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Expression of Antigen-specific Membrane Proteins
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Clonal Selection
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The Antibody Recognizes an Epitope Within the Antigen
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Development of a Secondary Amplified Response
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Clonal Expansion
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Structure of Antigen Recognition Molecule
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Different Antigen Recognition Molecules Are Used by B Cells and T Cells
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Identity of Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood
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Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
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Lymph Node Organization
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Spleen Organization
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Anatomical Localization of B cells and T Cells
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B Cells and T cells Recognize Different Antigenic Contexts
B Cells use the Immunoglobulin Molecule to recognize 3D structures of the native molecules.
T Cells use the T cell receptor to recognize primary structures.
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Structure of Immunoglobulin Molecule
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Function of Immunoglobulin Molecules
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T cells Recognize Peptides Presented by Cells
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Function of Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells
Cyt
otox
ic T
cel
lH
elpe
r T c
ell
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Questions to Consider
Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox aka varicella zoster only once?
How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA?
Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses?
How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self?
Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently?