Overview of Jewish History:From the Exodus to the Exilarch

Exodus from Egypt c. 1250 BCE

• “Pitom and Raamses”

• Evidence of destruction and new settlements in Israel in the 13th cent.

• Pharaohs of Shemot are likely: – Seti I (1294-1279BCE)– Ramses II (1279-1213BCE)– Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE)

Merneptah’s sarcophagusand the Merneptah Victory Stele

"Israel is laid waste; its seed is no more."

[7]

ysrỉ ꜣ r[8] fk.t bn pr.t =f

Israel waste [negative] seed/grain his/its

“Canaan is captive with all woe. Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized, Yanoam made nonexistent; Israel (nomadic tribe) is wasted, bare of seed.” – Merenptah Stele

This shows that Israel was in its land before 1200BCE but was still group of semi-nomadic tribes, not well-established.

King David - 1000BCE

Divided Kingdom

931-722BCE

722BCE – Exile of Northern Tribes by Assyria

Destruction of Temple I 587 BCE

by Nebuchadnezzar

Cyrus the Great conquers the Babylonians and permits the Jews to return to Israel and rebuilt the Temple

539BCE

Building of Temple II 516 BCE

under Zerubabel

Purim Story – under Persians

Alexander the Great

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQfBinQwPGs&feature=email

Hanukah Story – 164 BCE

Destruction of Temple II – 70 CE

Arch of Titus

Rabbis Reconvene at Yavnehafter 70 CE

Bar Kokhba Revolt - 132 CE

Front: Trumpets. "לחרות ירושלים"Back: Lyre. "ש]נה[ ב לחר]ות[ ישראל"

Texts and Time Periods1000BCE King David587 BCE Destruction of Temple I539 BCE Cyrus the Great – Persian rule516 BCE Second Temple Built332 BCE Alexander the Great – Greek rule164 BCE Maccabean Revolt150BCE-70CE Pharisees70 CE Second Temple Destroyed132 CE Bar Kokhba Revolt50-200 CE Tannaitic Period220 CE Mishnah & Tannaitic Midrash Compiled200-500 CE Amoraic Period400 CE Yerushalmi & Amoraic Midrash Compiled500-700 CE Savoraim in Babylonia600 CE Bavli Completed

Rabbinic Texts

Mishnah ToseftaTannaiticMidrashim

TalmudYerushalmi

TalmudBavli

AmoraicMidrashim

200CE

400CE

600CE

See https://fc.gannacademy.org/gannopedia/genremap/rlgenremaphebrew.html

Tannaitic Midrash

רבי עקיבא רבי ישמעאל

------ ------ בראשית

מכילתא דרבי שמעון בר יוחאי

מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל

שמות

ספרא (רק קטעים) ויקרא

ספרי זוטא ספרי במדבר

ספרי מדרש תנאים דברים

Why is it called the “Mishnah”?

The Hebrew root "ShNH" means "to repeat," לבניך) and refers to memorization by (ושננתם repetition. "Mishnah" therefore has the sense of "that which is memorized by rote," as distinct from the Rabbinic designation for the Bible: "Miqra,"that which is read and recited from a written text.

The Jewish sages whose statements are quoted in the Mishnah are known as Tanna'im (singular: "Tanna"), derived from the Aramaic root related to the Hebrew "ShNH". The era in which the Mishnah was developed is therefore referred to as the "Tanna'itic" era.

“Our” Mishnah

On the Talmud page, the passages from the Mishnah (for which the Talmud serves as a commentary) are introduced with the abbreviation "MTNY'," short for the Aramaic “Matnitin," "our mishnah." It is customary for the Babylonian Talmud to refer to "our Mishnah" (or: We learned), to distinguish it from other, "external," mishnahs, referred to in Aramaic as "baraita.“ Some of the bataitot are collected in the Tosefta.

Contents of the MishnahFirst Order: Zeraim ("Seeds"). 11 tractates. It deals with

agricultural laws and prayers. Second Order: Moed ("Festival"). 12 tractates. This pertains to

the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals. Third Order: Nashim ("Women"). 7 tractates. Concerns

marriage and divorce. Fourth Order: Nezikin ("Damages"). 10 tractates. Deals with

civil and criminal law. Fifth Order: Kodshim ("Holy things"). 11 tractates. This

involves sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws. Sixth order: Tohorot ("Purities"). 12 tractates. This pertains to

the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual purity for the priests (cohanim), the laws of "family purity" (the menstrual laws) and others.

Order of Masechtot within a Seder

Rambam tries to explain order of tractates in the Mishnah based on either chronological or logical progression.

SEDER MOEDShabbat Eruvin Pesachim Shekalim Yoma Sukkah Beitzah Rosh Hashanah Ta'anint Megillah Moed Katan Hagigah

SEDER MOEDShabbat 24Eruvin 10Pesachim 10Shekalim 8Yoma 8Sukkah 5Beitzah 5Rosh Hashanah 4Ta'anint 4Megillah 4Moed Katan 3Hagigah 3

SEDER NASHIM

Yevamot 16

Ketubot 13

Nedarim 11

Nazir 9

Sotah 9

Gittin 9

Kiddushin 4

SEDER NEZIKIN

Bava Kamma 10Bava Metzia 10Bava Batra 10Sanhedrin 11Makkot 3Shevuot 8Edutoyot 8Avodah Zarah 5Avot 5 (6)Horayot 3

SEDER KODASHIMZevahim 14Menahot 13Hullin 12Bekhorot 9Arakhin 9Terumah 7Keritot 6Me'ilah 6Tamid 6Middot 5Kinnim 3

SEDER TOHOROTKeilim 30Oholot 18Negaim 14Parah 12Tohorot 10Mikvaot 10Niddah 10Makshirin 6Zavim 5Tevul Yom 4Yadaim 4Uktzin 3

SEDER ZERAIMBerakhot 9Peah 8Demai 7Kilaim 9Sheviit 10Terumot 11Ma'asrot 5Ma'aser Sheini 5 Hallah 4Orlah 3Bikkurim 4

The most reliablecomplete manuscriptof the Mishnah.

Save one life…

משנה מסכת סנהדרין פרק ד משנה ה

לפיכך נברא אדם יחידי ללמדך

שכל המאבד נפש אחד מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו איבד עולם מלא

וכל המקיים נפש אחת מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו קיים עולם מלא

ומפני שלום הבריות שלא יאמר אדם לחבירו אבא גדול מאביך

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvGu3Y9e8y0

Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 – Ms. Kaufman

Important Political Events313CE Constantine converted to and declared

toleration for Christianity351CE Jewish Revolt against Gallus protesting

anti-Jewish legislation362CE Julian the Apostate announced rebuilding

of the Bet Hamikdash380 Christianity declared the official religion of the

Roman Empire395 Roman Empire splits into two425CE Elimination of the Patriarchate638CE Muslim Conquest