overview of current communications systems

Overview of Current Communications Overview of Current Communications SystemsSystems

Growth of cellular telephone Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the worldsubscribers throughout the world

1000

100

10

1

0.1

1985 1990 1995 2000Wor

ldw

ide

subs

crib

ers

(mill

ions

)

Second generation (2G) Second generation (2G) cellular methodscellular methods

400

300

200

100

01st Generation

Analog

Subs

crib

ers

Usi

ng T

echn

olog

y (m

illio

ns)

GSM IS-136 & PDC

IS-95 CDMA

2G systems2G systems

Most of today’s cellular methods Most of today’s cellular methods use second generation or use second generation or 2G technologies2G technologies

While first generation systems relied on While first generation systems relied on FDMA/FDD and only FM, second FDMA/FDD and only FM, second generation standards use digital generation standards use digital modulation and TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDDmodulation and TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDD

Most popular systemsMost popular systems

GSM (Global System Mobile)GSM (Global System Mobile) IS-136 (NADC) IS-136 (NADC)

(North American Digital Cellular)(North American Digital Cellular) PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular) PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular) IS-95 CDMAIS-95 CDMA

Key Specifications of leading Key Specifications of leading 2G technologies2G technologies

cdmaOne, IS-95, cdmaOne, IS-95, ANSI J-STD-008ANSI J-STD-008

GSM, DCS-1900, GSM, DCS-1900, ANSI J-STD-007ANSI J-STD-007

NADC, IS-54/IS-NADC, IS-54/IS-136, ANSI J-136, ANSI J-

STD-011, PDCSTD-011, PDCUplink FrequenciesUplink Frequencies 824-849 MHz 824-849 MHz

(US Cellular)(US Cellular)

1850-1910 MHz (US 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)PCS)

890-915 MHz 890-915 MHz (Europe)(Europe)


800 MHz, 1500 MHz 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)(Japan)


Downlink FrequenciesDownlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz 869-894 MHz (US Cellular)(US Cellular)


935-960 MHz 935-960 MHz (Europe)(Europe)


869-894 MHz, 869-894 MHz, (US Cellular)(US Cellular)


800 MHz, 1500 MHz 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)(Japan)

. . . Key specifications of . . . Key specifications of leading 2G technologiesleading 2G technologies




STD-011, PDCSTD-011, PDC

DuplexingDuplexing FDDFDD FDDFDD FDDFDD

Multiple Access Multiple Access TechnologyTechnology

CDMACDMA TDMATDMA TDMATDMA

ModulationModulation BPSK with BPSK with Quadrature Quadrature SpreadingSpreading

GMSK with GMSK with BTBT = 0.3 = 0.3

/4 DQPSK/4 DQPSK

Carrier SeparationCarrier Separation 1.25 MHz1.25 MHz 200 kHz200 kHz 30 kHz (IS-136)30 kHz (IS-136)(25 kHz for PDC)(25 kHz for PDC)

. . . Key specifications of . . . Key specifications of leading 2G technologiesleading 2G technologies




STD-011, PDCSTD-011, PDCChannel Data RateChannel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/see1.2288 Mchips/see 270.833 kbps270.833 kbps 48.6 kbps (IS-136) 48.6 kbps (IS-136)

(42kbps for PDC)(42kbps for PDC)

Voice Channels per Voice Channels per CarrierCarrier

6464 88 88

Speech codingSpeech coding Code Excited Linear Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) Prediction (CELP)

@ 13kbps, @ 13kbps, Enhanced Variable Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) Rate Codec (EVRC)

@ 8 kbps@ 8 kbps

Residual Pulse Residual Pulse Excited Long Tern Excited Long Tern Prediction (RPE-Prediction (RPE-LTP) @ 13 kbpsLTP) @ 13 kbps

Vector Sun Excited Vector Sun Excited Linear Predictive Linear Predictive Coder (VSELP) @ Coder (VSELP) @

7.95 kbps7.95 kbps

2.5G Mobile radio networks2.5G Mobile radio networks

Evolution from 2G Evolution from 2G 2.5G required to 2.5G required to support increased data rates for support increased data rates for modern Internet applications.modern Internet applications.

2.5G are new data-centric standard that can be 2.5G are new data-centric standard that can be overlaid on existing 2G technologiesoverlaid on existing 2G technologies

2.5G supports new web browsing format 2.5G supports new web browsing format language called WAP (Wireless applications language called WAP (Wireless applications Protocol)Protocol)

WAP enables standard web pages to WAP enables standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed format be viewed in a compressed format suitable for small portable hand-held suitable for small portable hand-held wireless devices. wireless devices.

First developed in Japan by First developed in Japan by NTT-DoCoMo NTT-DoCoMo I-mode for PDC network - I-mode for PDC network - supports games, color graphics and interactive supports games, color graphics and interactive web pages using 9.6 kbpsweb pages using 9.6 kbps 25 million Japanese subscribers in 200125 million Japanese subscribers in 2001

2.5G Mobile radio networks2.5G Mobile radio networks

2.5G TDMA standards2.5G TDMA standards

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) for 2.5G GSMData) for 2.5G GSM Allows a single mobile user to use more Allows a single mobile user to use more

than one specific time slot as in GSM TDMAthan one specific time slot as in GSM TDMA Increases application rate from 9,600 bps (2G GSM) Increases application rate from 9,600 bps (2G GSM)

to 14,400 bps (2.5G GSM) to 14,400 bps (2.5G GSM) Ideal for streaming internet access or real-time Ideal for streaming internet access or real-time

interactive web sessions. interactive web sessions. Can be implemented by a software change at existing Can be implemented by a software change at existing

GSM base stations. GSM base stations.

. . . 2.5G TDMA standards GPRS . . . 2.5G TDMA standards GPRS

(General Packet Radio Service)(General Packet Radio Service)

GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136 Packet based data network suited Packet based data network suited

for non-real time internet usagefor non-real time internet usage E-mail retrieving, faxes and where E-mail retrieving, faxes and where

download download upload upload GPRS can support more users that HSCSD, GPRS can support more users that HSCSD,

but in a bursty manner.but in a bursty manner.

. . . 2.5G TDMA standards EDGE . . . 2.5G TDMA standards EDGE (Enhanced Data Ration for GSM (Enhanced Data Ration for GSM [or Global]) for 2.5G GSM and IS-136[or Global]) for 2.5G GSM and IS-136

More advanced upgrade to GSM standardMore advanced upgrade to GSM standard Regains additional hardware/software at Regains additional hardware/software at

existing base stationsexisting base stations New digital modulation format New digital modulation format

(8-PSK/octal PSK)(8-PSK/octal PSK) Raw data rate of 547.2 kbps possible with Raw data rate of 547.2 kbps possible with

8 GSM slots of a GSM channel are allowed 8 GSM slots of a GSM channel are allowed for each user. for each user.

2.5G CDMA standards2.5G CDMA standards

IS-95B for 2.5G CDMAIS-95B for 2.5G CDMA Medium data rate (MDR) service with Medium data rate (MDR) service with

throughput of 115.2 kbps per user throughput of 115.2 kbps per user (8 x 14.4 kbps)(8 x 14.4 kbps)

Advanced handoff procedures allows mobiles Advanced handoff procedures allows mobiles to search different radio channels to search different radio channels independentlyindependently

Third generation Third generation 3G wireless methods3G wireless methods Unparalleled wireless access Unparalleled wireless access

Multi Mbps Internet access using Multi Mbps Internet access using VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), voice activated callsvoice activated calls

Ability to receive live music, interactive Ability to receive live music, interactive web sessions, voice and data access with web sessions, voice and data access with multiple features at the same time, at all multiple features at the same time, at all timestimes

ITU (International ITU (International Telecommunications Union) Telecommunications Union) proposedproposed A global frequency band in 2000 MHz rangeA global frequency band in 2000 MHz range• Single wireless communications standard for all countries Single wireless communications standard for all countries

in the world IMT-2000. in the world IMT-2000.

• World community remains split between GSM/IS-136/PDC World community remains split between GSM/IS-136/PDC and CDMAand CDMA

• www.gsmworld.com

• www.edg.org

. . . Third generation . . . Third generation 3G wireless methods3G wireless methods

2G - 3G evolution2G - 3G evolution

IS-95IS-95 GSMGSM IS-136 IS-136 & PDC& PDC

IS-95BIS-95BHSCSDHSCSD

GPRSGPRS

HSCSDHSCSD

cdma2000-1xRTTcdma2000-1xRTT

Cdma2000-1xEV, DV, DOCdma2000-1xEV, DV, DO

cdma2000-3xRTTcdma2000-3xRTT

W-CDMAW-CDMA

EDGEEDGETD-SCDMATD-SCDMA3GPP23GPP2

3GPP3GPP

3G CDMA standards3G CDMA standards

3G W-CDMA (UMTS - Universal Mobile 3G W-CDMA (UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)Telecommunications System) Packet based wireless service which enables Packet based wireless service which enables

computers, entertainment devices, telephones to computers, entertainment devices, telephones to connect to internet anytime, anywhere.connect to internet anytime, anywhere.

Packet data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per Packet data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per stationary userstationary user

Broadcasting, VHE (Virtual Home Entertainment) m-Broadcasting, VHE (Virtual Home Entertainment) m-commerce (mobile commerce), games, interactive commerce (mobile commerce), games, interactive video, virtual private technology - all possible from video, virtual private technology - all possible from small portable wireless devicesmall portable wireless device

. . . 3G CDMA standards. . . 3G CDMA standards

3G cdma2000 or cmda2000 IX3G cdma2000 or cmda2000 IX New high data rate internet access New high data rate internet access

with backward compatibility to IS-95 and with backward compatibility to IS-95 and IS-95B systems - 1.25 MHz bandwidthIS-95B systems - 1.25 MHz bandwidth

Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps in packet modein packet mode

Both FDD (mobile radio) and Both FDD (mobile radio) and TDD (in-building cordless) applicationsTDD (in-building cordless) applications

3G TDMA standards3G TDMA standards

3G TD-SCDMA (Time Division 3G TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access)Multiple Access) Developed by CATT (Chinese Academy of Developed by CATT (Chinese Academy of

Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens.Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens. Adopted by ITU as one of 3G options in 1999Adopted by ITU as one of 3G options in 1999 Existing GSM - 3G evolution through additions of Existing GSM - 3G evolution through additions of

high data rate equipment in each GSM station - high data rate equipment in each GSM station - 1.6 MHz bandwidth1.6 MHz bandwidth

Utilizes smart antennas, spatial filtering and joint Utilizes smart antennas, spatial filtering and joint detection technologiesdetection technologies

Broadband wireless Broadband wireless servicesservices Wireless Local Loop (WLL)Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

Demand for broadband internet and Demand for broadband internet and computer access from businesses and homescomputer access from businesses and homes

Fixed wireless equipment have advantages such as Fixed wireless equipment have advantages such as fixed path between T-Rfixed path between T-R

Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies used Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies used >28GHz - wave length is very small - small high gain >28GHz - wave length is very small - small high gain antennas. antennas.

Especially useful in developing nations with less Especially useful in developing nations with less telecommunications setup. telecommunications setup.

Emerging applications and markets for Emerging applications and markets for broadband servicesbroadband services

WirelessWirelessMid-market business Mid-market business

outside the urban coreoutside the urban core

WirelessWirelessMid-market business Mid-market business

outside the urban coreoutside the urban core

Copper/xDSLCopper/xDSLSmall businessSmall businessCopper/xDSLCopper/xDSLSmall businessSmall business

Central Central OfficeOffice

Central Central OfficeOffice

FiberFiberLarge business in Large business in

high-density urban areashigh-density urban areas

CableCableResidencesResidences

CableCableResidencesResidences

Backbone Backbone NetworkNetwork

Central OfficeCentral Office

DAXDAX

ISPISP

OC-3OC-3

Broadband wireless spectrum world-Broadband wireless spectrum world-widewide

. . . Broadband . . . Broadband wireless serviceswireless services Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)

UNII (Unlicensed National InformationUNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) hand allocated by FCC for Infrastructure) hand allocated by FCC for low power spread spectrumlow power spread spectrum

5.150 - 5.35 Ghz, 5.725 - 5.825 GHz (1997) 5.150 - 5.35 Ghz, 5.725 - 5.825 GHz (1997) 902-928 Mhz, 2400-2483.5Mhz, 5.725-5.825 MHz 902-928 Mhz, 2400-2483.5Mhz, 5.725-5.825 MHz

(1980s end)(1980s end) IEEE 802.11 (1997) standard and (IEEE 802.11b) IEEE 802.11 (1997) standard and (IEEE 802.11b)

approved to provide guidelines for WLAN approved to provide guidelines for WLAN manufacturersmanufacturers

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANIEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

1 Mbps1 MbpsDBPSKDBPSK1 Mbps1 MbpsDBPSKDBPSK

2 Mbps2 MbpsDQPSKDQPSK2 Mbps2 MbpsDQPSKDQPSK

2 Mbps2 Mbps4GFSK4GFSK2 Mbps2 Mbps4GFSK4GFSK

1 Mbps1 Mbps2GFSK2GFSK1 Mbps1 Mbps2GFSK2GFSK

DSSSDSSSDSSSDSSSFHSSFHSSFHSSFHSS Diffuse IRDiffuse IRDiffuse IRDiffuse IR

850 TO 950 NM850 TO 950 NM850 TO 950 NM850 TO 950 NM2.4 GHZ2.4 GHZ2.4 GHZ2.4 GHZ

IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11bExtensionExtension

IEEE 802.11bIEEE 802.11bExtensionExtension

11 Mbps11 MbpsDQPSK--CCKDQPSK--CCKBPSK--PBCCBPSK--PBCC

11 Mbps11 MbpsDQPSK--CCKDQPSK--CCKBPSK--PBCCBPSK--PBCC

5.5 Mbps5.5 MbpsDQPSK--CCKDQPSK--CCKBPSK--PBCCBPSK--PBCC

5.5 Mbps5.5 MbpsDQPSK--CCKDQPSK--CCKBPSK--PBCCBPSK--PBCC

IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11b Wireless LANIEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN

High Performance Radio Local High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN)Area Network (HIPERLAN)

Europe standard to provide Europe standard to provide similar capability to IEEE 802.11similar capability to IEEE 802.11

5.2 GHz and 17.1Ghz frequency lands5.2 GHz and 17.1Ghz frequency lands Up to 20 Mbps data rate at 50m range and Up to 20 Mbps data rate at 50m range and

vehicle speeds of 35km/hrvehicle speeds of 35km/hr Advanced standards include Europe’s Advanced standards include Europe’s

ETSI-BRAN (Broadband Radio Access ETSI-BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Network) and HIPERLAN/2.Network) and HIPERLAN/2.

Personal Area NetworksPersonal Area Networks

Ability to replace cables between devices with Ability to replace cables between devices with wireless short range connectionwireless short range connection

Bluetooth operates in 2.4GHz ISM band (2900-Bluetooth operates in 2.4GHz ISM band (2900-2483.5MHz) with 1 MHz channel bandwidth2483.5MHz) with 1 MHz channel bandwidth

Uses FH-SS TDD scheme with 1600 hpsUses FH-SS TDD scheme with 1600 hps 1Mbps symbol rate using GSFSk modulation1Mbps symbol rate using GSFSk modulation IEEE 802.15 sttandards committee is our IEEE 802.15 sttandards committee is our

international forum for developing Bluetooth and international forum for developing Bluetooth and other PANSother PANS

PAN Bluetooth standardPAN Bluetooth standard

overview of current communications systems

Technology

g systems

g cdma2000

g evolution

g cdma standards

g gsmto

g gsm ideal

gsm standard

gsm tdma