overview and status of the atlas pixel detector claudia gemme, cern/infn-genova on behalf of the...
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Overview and Status of the ATLAS Pixel Detector
Claudia Gemme, CERN/INFN-Genova
on behalf of the ATLAS Pixel Community
10th ICATPP Conference, Como, Oct 8th 2007
ATLAS: A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS
The ATLAS Pixel Detector• The Pixel Detector is the
innermost part of the tracking system for the ATLAS experiment.
• It consists of three barrel layers and six disks, covering with three precise measurement points the region up to =2.5.
• Innermost layer (B-layer) at R=5 cm.
• A total of 80 million channels and a sensitive area of 1.6 m2.
• Modules will operate in an environment temperature below 0ºC and inside a 2T solenoidal magnetic field.
• Components have been tested to be rad-hard up to:
• NIEL > 1015 1 MeV n/cm2
• dose > 500 kGy
B-LayerB-Layer
B-LayerLayer-1
DisksDisksDisks
Beampipe
Module concept
• Modules are the building block of the Pixel Detector.
• There will be 1456 barrel modules and 288 forward modules.
• Each module has 46080 pixels in an area of ~10 cm2
• Module are placed on cooling/support structure (staves in the barrel, sectors for the endcaps).
Modules components:• Sensors are n+ pixels on n
substrate, 60.8mm×16.4 mm × 250 m active silicon volume.
• Pixel size 50 m (R) × 400 m ().
• Bump bonds between Si sensor and 16 front-end electronics chips (both SnPb and In bumps used).
• Module Controller Chip on flex hybrid to perform distribution of commands and event building
• Micro-cable (~1m) connected to service panel (PP0)
Front-End Electronics I
• Each FE connected to 2880 pixels
• FE receive commands, clock, Level-1 trigger from controller chip at 40 Mbit/s rate
• Charge injection circuitry allows to measure/calibrate relevant parameters.
• Pixel-level control logic (14-bits) to adjust e.g. Threshold and Time-over-Threshold (ToT).
• Each channel can be individually tuned, to get uniform response:• threshold: 4000 e-
• threshold dispersion: 40-90 e- • noise: 140-180 e-
• Ideal pulse shape is almost triangular with fast rise and slow return to baseline.
• Timing of this signal is critical1. Timewalk:
• low pulse height signals arrive later than high pulse height;• if delay is too high, the pulse is associated to the subsequent bunch crossing.• uniform efficiency requires good synchronization.
2. Time over Threshold (ToT)• used to interpolate position of multi-hit clusters as a function of =Q2/(Q1+Q2)• Time over Threshold for a m.i.p. tuned to 30 clock cycles
timewalk
ToT
20 ns
In-time threshold
1 m.i.p.
Front-End Electronics II
Service Panels and Optoboard• 272 Optoboards:
• Data-out: 8-VCSEL array (40 to 160 Mbit/s) to off-detector electronics (RODs)
• Data-in: PiN diode receives commands, clock, Lv1
• Service panels bring services out of inner detector volume (~7m)
• Active part: optoboards that provide electrical/optical data conversion
8
Commissioning of End-Cap (Fall 06)
• In fall 2006 – before final detector integration: performed a 10% system test• One end-cap (144 modules)• Scintillators for cosmics
trigger• One prototype service panel• Services close to final version• operation at -10 ºC, using
evaporative cooling;• connection to off-detector
readout electronics via optical fibres
• Achievements:• Commission services• Commission DAQ and offline
with cosmic and random triggers.
Pixel endcap A
Service quarter panel
9
More on Optoboards
Three problems affects the optoboard’s VCSELs:
• Temperature dependence• Low optical power at low T,
but optoboards coupled to cooling
• Forced the use of heaters to keep the optoboards at room temperature.
• Common-Series-Resistance• Symptom: VCSEL dying
during production (aging process?)
• No dead VCSEL observed since Oct. 2006
• Slow-Turn-On: • Shown later not to affect
operation after tuning of optical threshold
10C
5C-5C
-10C-15C
-20C-25C
Channel
Cosmics run I
Timewalk spreads hits through different “bunch crossings”
The LVL1 distribution is sensitive to module timing and has been used to Check module relative synchronization with resolution better than 1 ns.
Delay VS module number
ns Disk 0
Disk 1
Disk 2
ns
ns
Hits in time with trigger
Flat noise distributio
n
10 ns
Cosmics run II
• Occupancy: hit probability per bunch crossing of a pixel.
• True random occupancy is order of 10-10
• Efficiency can be computed using particles which cross overlapping modules in the same disk (24% of tracks)
• Average efficiency ~99%
After masking89 (out of 1.6×106) pixels with occupancygreater than 10-4
10-10
Signal
Noise
*
12
Pixel Package Integration (Mar-Jun07)
End-cap
Beampipe
Service panel
Connection of cooling pipes
Permanent connection of micro-cables
SQP integration and Connectivity Test
• Connectivity test to check• Permanent module
connection to services• Last chance to repair before
installation in the pit!• The first time the full
detector is readout using the full readout chain
• Connectivity test setup:• Use cosmic test hardware
(can only test ~10% of pixel at a time)
• No cooling available: possible switching on only a reduced part of the detector at a time.
1 module 2 modules on 3 modules on
Hardware T interlock
Results of the Connectivity Test
Check optical and electrical connections:• LV, HV, Env sensors• Micro-cables mapping• Optical fiber mapping• Optoboard tunability
Results:• Only 2 module failures:
• One broken HV cable• LV short problem
• 1 PiN and 1 VCSEL single channel dead
• Every optoboard tunable
• Required DCS/DAQ development
As built detector quality:
• Localised inefficiencies ~0.12%– 2 unusable modules– 3 dead FE chips– None of these in the B-layer!
• Individual bad pixels ~0.2%
Layer 2: 0.29%Layer 1: 0.20%B-Layer: 0.07%Disks: 0.15%
Most relevant failures:• disconnected bumps• noisy channels• reduced charge collection
... and then diving
June 25
June 29
Pixel Commissioning plans
Atlas combined run M5 (22 Oct – 5 Nov):• Data taking with off-detector electronics, few modules and
Simulated ROD events.
Connection of the detector (Dec/Jan):• Test/commissioning of electrical/optical/cooling
connections
Sign-off of the detector (Feb/March):• Commissioning of the cooling system with detector
powered• Calibration and noise measurements• Data taking • Combined run with ID sub-systems for ID sign-off
Cosmics run with Atlas (Mar/April)
Conclusions
• The ATLAS Pixel detector construction has been completed and the detector has been installed on June 29!
• Detailed information of each of the 80M channels:• the fraction of defective
pixels is below 0.4%• One endcap has been used
for system commissioning:• matching of optical
components proved to be critical
• reconstruction and simulation software validated using cosmics rays:
• noise occupancy O(10-10)• efficiency >99%• resolution matches MC
expectation.
• Unfortunately final connection to the services will not be possible until December:operation only in March.
As Sleeping Beauty waiting for Prince Charming...to be awakened by a cosmics’ kiss
• Backup
Common Serial Resistance (CSR)
Common Serial Resistance (CSR)
• Symptom: like a dead VCSEL • Some “failed” boards recovered• A procedure is developed to
measure the resistance of the inaccessible CSR and the worst boards are rejected.(~7% )
• The reason is not understood yet• Conductive epoxy thickness?• Time dependent ?
Optical Power Ratios (H/R)Optical Power Ratios (H/R)
Suspicious STO
Optical Power Ratio (High/Random)
Connections at PP1A Quadrant at PP1
Type 2 cables (connectors only)
Type 1 cables
Optofibers faceplate
Corrugated panels (Outer/Inner)