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Outlining Industry 4.0

AmapandadescriptionByJanLindoff,Doff&Co20180603

Vertica

lintegratio

n

Horizontal integration

Smartproducts

Intelligentconnectedmachines

Connectedhumans

AIRobotics

VR

Networkedmaschines

Productline

Plant

Productioncapabilities

Corporateplanning

ERP

MES

SCADA

PLC

Internetof Things

Sensor

Research

Vertical ITI/O

End-to-enddigitalintegrationof engeering crosstheentire value chain

Integrationof thepsycical world with thedigital(Twin)&Advanced analystics

Horisontalintegrationof value networks end-to-end

Productdesign Productplanning Production engineering Production Services

SmartlogisticsSmartmobility Internetof people

Bigdata Internetof servicesPhysics based analytics Predicteve algorithms

Digitaltwin

CloudcomputingContent/Context mapping

Collaboratuion

Horiztontal enabling ICTtechnologies

BPM

Businessmodelling

Corporatesupply chain

Integrationvertikal/horizontal

Industry 4.0

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3

2. VERTICALINTEGRATIONANDNETWORKEDMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMS................................72.1. SUBJECTMATTEREXAMPLES,VERTICALINTEGRATION........................................................................8

3. HORIZONTALINTEGRATIONTHROUGHVALUENETWORKS.....................................................93.1.HORIZONTALINTEGRATIONOFVALUENETWORKSEND-TO-END.................................................................93.2.THEINTEGRATIONOFTHEPHYSICALWORLDWITHTHEDIGITAL...............................................................103.3.ADVANCEDANALYTICS.....................................................................................................................103.4.SUBJECTMATTEREXAMPLES,HORIZONTALINTEGRATION......................................................................11

4. END-TO-ENDDIGITALINTEGRATIONOFENGINEERINGACROSSTHEENTIREVALUECHAIN....12

5. OTHERGENERALAREASOFIMPORTANCE.............................................................................13

6. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................14

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1. IntroductionThefirstthreeindustrialrevolutionscameaboutasaresultofmechanisation,electricityandIT.Now,theintroductionoftheInternetofThingsandServicesintothemanufacturingenvironmentisdrivingafourthindustrialrevolution. ThedefinitionoftheoriginatorsofthetermIndustry4.0:Industry4.0(GermanIndustrie4.0)describesafuturescenarioofindustrialproductionthatischaracterizedbythreemainaspects:

• anewleveloforganizingandcontrollingtheentirevaluechainwiththelifecycleofproducts

• theavailabilityofallrelevantinformationinrealtime• thecreationofdynamic,real-timeoptimizedandself-organizingcross-company

valuenetworksTherearefourdesignprinciplesinIndustry4.0.TheseprinciplessupportcompaniesinidentifyingandimplementingIndustry4.0scenarios.

• Interoperability:Theabilityofmachines,devices,sensors,andpeopletoconnectandcommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternetofThings(IoT)ortheInternetofPeople(IoP)

• Informationtransparency:Theabilityofinformationsystemstocreateavirtualcopyofthephysicalworldbyenrichingdigitalplantmodelswithsensordata.Thisrequirestheaggregationofrawsensordatatohigher-valuecontextinformation.

• Technicalassistance:First,theabilityofassistancesystemstosupporthumansbyaggregatingandvisualizinginformationcomprehensiblyformakinginformeddecisionsandsolvingurgentproblemsonshortnotice.Second,theabilityofcyberphysicalsystemstophysicallysupporthumansbyconductingarangeoftasksthatareunpleasant,tooexhausting,orunsafefortheirhumanco-workers.

• Decentralizeddecisions:Theabilityofcyberphysicalsystemstomakedecisionsontheirownandtoperformtheirtasksasautonomouslyaspossible.Onlyinthecaseofexceptions,interferences,orconflictinggoals,aretasksdelegatedtoahigherlevel.

Inthefuture,businesseswillestablishglobalnetworksthatincorporatetheirmachinery,warehousingsystemsandproductionfacilitiesintheshapeofCyber-PhysicalSystems(CPS).NowaglobaltermoriginatingfromGermanythathasspearheadedthedevelopment,structuringandorganisingofIndustry4.0(Industrie4.0).

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Inthemanufacturingenvironment,theseCyber-PhysicalSystemscomprisesmartmachines,storagesystemsandproductionfacilitiescapableofautonomouslyexchanginginformation,triggeringactionsandcontrollingeachotherindependently.Thisfacilitatesfundamentalimprovementstotheindustrialprocessesinvolvedinmanufacturing,engineering,materialusageandsupplychainandlifecyclemanagement.Thesmartfactoriesthatarealreadybeginningtoappearemployacompletelynewapproachtoproduction.Smartproductsareuniquelyidentifiable,maybelocatedatalltimesandknowtheirownhistory,currentstatusandalternativeroutestoachievingtheirtargetstate.Theembeddedmanufacturingsystemsareverticallynetworkedwithbusinessprocesseswithinfactoriesandenterprisesandhorizontallyconnectedtodispersedvaluenetworksthatcanbemanagedinrealtime–fromthemomentanorderisplacedrightthroughtooutboundlogistics.Inaddition,theybothenableandrequireend-to-endengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechain.

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Industry4.0holdshugepotential.Smartfactoriesallowindividualcustomerrequirementstobemetandmeanthatevenone-offitemscanbemanufacturedprofitably.InIndustry4.0,dynamicbusinessandengineeringprocessesenablelast-minutechangestoproductionanddelivertheabilitytorespondflexiblytodisruptionsandfailuresonbehalfofsuppliers,forexample.End-to-endtransparencyisprovidedoverthemanufacturingprocess,facilitatingoptimiseddecision-making.Industry4.0willalsoresultinnewwaysofcreatingvalueandnovelbusinessmodels.GlobalcompetitioninthemanufacturingengineeringsectorisbecomingfiercerandfiercerandmanycountrieshaverecognisedthetrendtodeploytheInternetofThingsandServicesinmanufacturingindustry.AlmostalldevelopedcountrieshavenowanationalprogramfordevelopitsindustrytowardsIndustry4.0.AnIndustry4.0referencearchitecture(RAMI4.0)hasbeendeveloped:

ThecharacteristicfeaturesofIndustry4.0are:

• Horizontalintegrationthroughvaluenetworks• End-to-enddigitalintegrationofengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechain• Verticalintegrationandnetworkedmanufacturingsystems

InthefieldsofproductionandautomationengineeringandIT,horizontalintegrationreferstotheintegrationofthevarioussystemsusedinthedifferentstagesofthemanufacturingandbusinessplanningprocessesthatinvolveanexchangeofmaterials,energyandinformationbothwithinacompany(e.g.inboundlogistics,production,outboundlogistics,marketing)andbetweenseveraldifferentcompanies(valuenetworks).Thegoalofthisintegrationistodeliveranend-to-endsolution.

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InthefieldsofproductionandautomationengineeringandIT,verticalintegrationreferstotheintegrationofthevariouscomponentsandsystemsatcrossthedifferenthierarchicallevels(e.g.theactuatorandsensor,machinesandmachinecontrol,productionmanagement,manufacturingandexecutionuptocorporateplanninglevels)inordertoconnecttoanend-to-endsolution.VerticalintegrationTheverticalintegrationincludesthehumanoperator,human-machineinterfacesaswellassmartproducts.Theend-to-enddigitalintegrationofengineeringofacrosstheentirevaluechainistheextensionofthehorizontalintegrationofthesupplychain(SCM)tobecometheintegrationoftheentireproductlifecyclemanagement(PLM)valuechain.InthefollowingchapterswilleachfeaturesofIndustry4.0befurtherdiscussed.Theillustrationbelowsummarizesthispaper:

Vertica

lintegratio

n

Horizontal integration

Smartproducts

Intelligentconnectedmachines

Connectedhumans

AIRobotics

VR

Networkedmaschines

Productline

Plant

Productioncapabilities

Corporateplanning

ERP

MES

SCADA

PLC

Internetof Things

Sensor

Research

Vertical ITI/O

End-to-enddigitalintegrationof engeering crosstheentire value chain

Integrationof thepsycical world with thedigital(Twin)&Advanced analystics

Horisontalintegrationof value networks end-to-end

Productdesign Productplanning Production engineering Production Services

SmartlogisticsSmartmobility Internetof people

Bigdata Internetof servicesPhysics based analytics Predicteve algorithms

Digitaltwin

CloudcomputingContent/Context mapping

Collaboratuion

Horiztontal enabling ICTtechnologies

BPM

Businessmodelling

Corporatesupply chain

Integrationvertikal/horizontal

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2. VerticalintegrationandnetworkedmanufacturingsystemsInshortonecouldsaythattheverticalintegrationistoconnectthephysicalproductbeingmanufacturedallthewayuptothebusinessERPandprocesseslevel.Thisforretrievingdata(bottom-up)andtodistributedata(top-down).Theverticalintegrationisdoneinreal-timeandnotbatchorientedorwithdelays.Todescribethedomain,wewalkthroughthedifferenthierarchicallevelsinvolvedstartingontheshopfloor/machinelevelwiththeproductbeingmanufacturedandcontinue“upwards”.

• ConnectivitytoSmartproducts:withmemoryandembeddedintelligencecoordinateandcontrolitsownproduction.Smartproductscancommunicatewithsmartmachinesattheworkstation,withhumansattheworkstationbutaswellviatheinternetofthingswithalllevelsintheverticalintegration.Oracombinationofthemall.

• Attheworkstation,intelligentconnectedmachinesusingprovideddataand/orlocalsensorinputtoperformproductionoperations.Intelligentmachinesincludeadvancedroboticsaswellasartificialintelligence(AI)enabledequipment.

• Attheworkstationconnectedhumansperformoroverlookproductionoperations,possibleincooperationwithintelligentmachines.Exampleofthisishuman–robotmulti-sensorinteraction.Augmentedrealityisanotherexamplehowhumanperformcomputeraidedproductionoperations.

• Before,duringandaftertheproductionoperation,relevantdataisprovided,capturedandcommunicatedintime.

• Networkedmanufacturingsystems:Machinesarenetworkedonworkstationlevel,aswellasnetworkedtoanoptimisedproductionlineorunit.Productionlinesarenetworkedtoplantlevel.Thisincludesawiderangeofoperationsincludingphysicalactionstotheproduct,measuring,corrections,mountingandassemblyjustmentioningsomesteps.Bynetworkedmeansonemachinefeedsitsoperationresultdirectlytoanothermachine.Thelowestnetworkinglevelisapurephysicalhandoverwhilemoreadvancedincludepeer-to-peercommunicationofdata.

• Humans,machinesornetworksofmachinesreportsstatus,results,supplyneedsetctoproductplanning,warehousesupply,productionmanagementandmaintenanceandsoon.Likewiseneedinstructionsandsupport.Awiderangeofprocessesandsupportsystemsareinusetodayandnotunusualistohavedifferentsystemsfordifferentpurposes,likeforinventory,resourceplanningandmaintenancescheduling.Asuccessfulverticalintegrationbringstogetheralltheseforspecificpurposesdesignedsystems.Herefollowthreeexamplesofdifferenthierarchicallevels:

• A programmablelogiccontroller (PLC),or programmablecontroller isanindustrial digital computer forthecontrolofmanufacturingprocesses,suchas assembly lines, or robotic devicesandeaseofprogrammingandprocessfaultdiagnosis.PLCscanrangefromsmall"buildingbrick"deviceswithtensofinputsandoutputs(I/O),inahousingintegralwiththeprocessor,tolarge

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rack-mountedmodulardeviceswithacountofthousandsofI/O,andwhichareoftennetworkedtootherPLCand SCADA systems.

• Supervisorycontrolanddataacquisition(SCADA)isa controlsystem forprocesssupervisorymanagementandusese.g.PLC’stointerfacewiththeprocessplantormachinery.Theoperatorinterfaceswhichenablemonitoringandtheissuingofprocesscommands,suchascontrollersetpointchanges,arehandledthroughtheSCADAcomputersystem.However,thereal-timecontrollogicorcontrollercalculationsareperformedbynetworkedmoduleswhichconnecttothefieldsensorsand actuators.

• Manufacturingexecutionsystems (MES)are computerizedsystemsusedin manufacturing,totrackanddocumentthetransformationofrawmaterialstofinishedgoods.MESprovidesinformationthathelpsmanufacturingdecisionmakersunderstandhowcurrentconditionsontheplantfloorcanbeoptimizedtoimproveproductionoutput.MESworksinrealtimetoenablethecontrolofmultipleelementsoftheproductionprocess(e.g.inputs,personnel,machinesandsupportservices).MESactbothasasystemintheverticalintegrationandasasystemforplantwidehorizontalintegration.

• Optimizationanddecisionmakingmustbeonseverallevels.Theverticalintegrationfeeddatauptolevelswithmoreend-to-endaccumulateddata(requirements,availabilities,analysisandpredictions)andthatprovidebackinstructionforoptimisation.Theverticalintegrationreachesalluptothecorporateplanninglevel,e.gtotheEnterpriseResourcePlanningsystem,ERP.

2.1. Subjectmatterexamples,verticalintegration

Theverticalintegrationcoversseveralsubjectmatterdisciplines,examplesare:

• Intelligentmachines:connected/sensors,controls&SWapp’s• Equipmentknowledges;verticalintegrationenablingtechnologies• Smartproducts:withmemoryandembeddedintelligencecoordinateand

controlitsownproduction• VerticalITintegration:VariousITsystemofdifferenthierarchallevels(sensor-

control-prod.mgmt-inventory-execution-planning)• Smartandconnectedmachinesandproducts• Internetofthings&localcommunication• Augmentedreality• Multi-sensorinteraction:human–robot• Hypetechnologies:e.g.AI

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3. HorizontalintegrationthroughvaluenetworksMuchofwhatIndustry4.0standsforrelatestothehorizontalintegration.Alreadyonshopfloorlevelorplantlevelinformationanddataisgathered,comparedwithrequirements,analysisanddecisionmakingdoneandinstructionanddataisdispatchedtorightreceivers.Thisisalsodoneontheentirecorporatesupplychainleveltooptimizesupplycapabilitieswithmarketneeds.Thehorizontalintegrationisthroughvaluechainnetworksondifferentlevels;plantlevel,production(e.g.multi-productionunits),entirecorporatesupplychainandtoenlargedcommunitiesofpartnersopeningupfornewbusinessmodelsandnewvaluenetworkparticipants.Thehorizontalintegrationcanbeseenfromthreeaspects;Theintegrationend-to-endassuch,theintegrationofthephysicalworldwiththedigital,andadvancedanalyticsthenpossiblegiventhetwofirstmentioned.3.1.Horizontalintegrationofvaluenetworksend-to-endAllfromthedifferentdomainswithinaplant,withinthecorporateproductioncapabilities,withintheentiresupplychain,withintheentirebusinessofthecorporateandwithinthewideeco-systemneedoneachlevelbeintegrated.Itstartswiththehorizontalintegrationofbusinessprocesses.Thehorizontalintegrationimpactthedesign,operationsandimprovementoftheprocessesforproductiondevelopment.ThisimplyafocusondesignandoperationsoftheProductionSystemswheretheproductisrealized.Theproductionsystemscomprisecomponentslikepremises,humans,machines,equipmentandsoftware/ICTimplyingtheneedforaholisticend-to-endprocessviewwhendesigningandoperatingtheend-to-endproductionvaluechain.ThismeansinpracticaltermstheintegrationofthevariousITsystemindifferentstagesinmanufacturing,inthebusinessplanningprocessesthatinvolveexchangeofanythingcompanywide,andinthenextlevelofenlargedcommunitiesvaluenetworks.Thehorizontalintegrationincludesensuringthattheverticalintegrationinassetsusedinthehorizontalintegrationdomain,workfromahorizontalintegrationpurpose.Theintegrationprovidesareal-timeend-to-endseamlessandtransparent“infrastructure”forinformationflow.Horizontalintegrationenablingtechnologiesiscentralknowledgeinthis.Italsoencompassesareasofsmartmobility,smartlogisticsandInternetofpeoplethatcaterforconnectedpeopleandoptimiseddecisionmaking.ItalsoincludesInternetofservicesandthechangeinbusinessmodelsandeco-systemitbrings.Itrespondsto“Ondemand”production.

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3.2.TheintegrationofthephysicalworldwiththedigitalTheconceptofthedigitaltwintothephysicalassetisfundamentalinIndustry4.0.Thedigitaltwinmustateachandeverymomentintimebeatruerelevanttwintothephysicalrealworldasset.Anassetcanbeaproductbeingmanufactured,amachine,amaterial,ameasurementoranyotherobjectintherealworld.Astheanalyticsanddecisionswillbemadeonthedigitaldata,inalmost-realtime,itisimperativethatthedigitaltwindataisofenoughqualityandaccuracy.Digitaltwin referstoadigitalreplicaofphysicalassets(physicaltwin),processesandsystemsthatcanbeusedforvariouspurposes.Thedigitalrepresentationprovidesboththeelementsandthedynamicsofhowthephysicaltwinoperatesandlivesthroughoutitslifecycle.Digitaltwinsintegrate withdatatocreatelivingdigitalsimulation thatupdateandchangeastheirphysicalcounterpartschange.Adigitaltwincontinuouslylearnsandupdatesitselffrommultiplesourcestorepresentitsnearreal-timestatus,workingconditionorposition.Thislearningsystem,learnsfromitself,using datathatconveysvariousaspectsofitsoperatingcondition,fromhumanexperts,suchasengineers,fromothersimilarmachines,fromothersimilarfleetsofmachines,andfromthelargersystemsandenvironmentinwhichitmaybeapartof.Adigitaltwinalsointegrateshistoricaldatafrompastmachineusagetofactorintoitsdigitalmodel.InIndustry4.0,digitaltwinsarebeingusedtooptimizetheoperationandmaintenanceofphysicalassets,systemsandmanufacturingprocesses.3.3.AdvancedanalyticsWiththeverticalintegrationprovidingreal-timedatafromtheproductbeingproducedandfromtheshopfloor,thehorizontalintegrationprovidingseamlessend-to-endunderstandingandadigitaltwinreplicationofthephysicalworld,thendatacanbeassembledforanalysisandoptimiseddecisions.TheamountofdataavailablebecomessignificantandthisknownasBigdata.ManagementofBigdatabecomeskey.AdvancedanalyticsextracttherightrelevantdatafromBigdata,providephysicsbasedanalyticsandthroughpredictivealgorithmguidebothoperativesteeringofindividualproductionoperations,tacticalproductionplanningaswellasdriveautomation.Bigdatachallengesincludecapturingdata,datastorage,dataanalysis,search,sharing,transfer,visualization,querying,updating,informationprivacy,securityanddatasource. Tosumitup,thereare6C’sin Big data andanalyticswithrespecttotheIndustry4.0environment.Theyare:

• Connectiondataquality,whichpertainstosensorsandnetworks• Cloudcomputing• Cyber,whichinvolvesmodel,memoryandsecurity

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• Content/Contextmappingorfiltering• Community,orsharingandcollaborationbetweenandamongstakeholders• Customization

3.4.Subjectmatterexamples,horizontalintegration

• End-to-enddigitalintegrationofvaluechain• Horizontalintegrationofvaluenetworksend-to-end• Integratethephysicalworldintothedigitali.e.build,maintainandupdateadigital

twinforallrelevantassets• Horizontalintegrationenablingtechnologies• Advancedanalytics:BigData,Physicsbasedanalytics,predictivealgorithm,

automation• Digitalend-to-endengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechainofbothproductsand

manufacturingsystems• Horizontalintegrationof:VariousITsystemindifferentstagesinmanufacturing+

businessplanningprocessesthatinvolveexchangeofanythingcompanywide+valuenetwork

• Internetofpeople:Connectingpeople,optimiseddecisionmaking• InternetofServices:Newbusinessmodelsandneweco-systems• Smartmobility&SmartLogistics• Ondemandproduction,Kanban,etc.

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4. End-to-enddigitalintegrationofengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechain

Theverticalintegrationconnectsphysicalproductandproductmakinglevelwithallhierarchallevelsuptooverallbusinessmanagementsystemandprocesses.Thehorizontalintegrationconnectsallverticalintegratedmanufacturingsystemsandnetworkstoanend-to-endsolutionallowingoptimisedanalytics,predictions,managementandcommunicationsovertheentiremanufacturingandsupplychain.Havingaboveinplacepavethewayforofanend-to-enddigitalintegrationofengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechain.ThisistoseamlessconnectResearch,Productdesignanddevelopment,Productplanning,Productionengineering,ProductionandServices.Onechallengewillbethataholisticsystemsapproachisrequiredthatspansthedifferenttechnicaldisciplinesinvolved.Thiswillrequirenewengineeringcompetencies.

Today’svaluechains–fromcustomerrequirementstoproductarchitecturesandproduction–haveoftenarisenoveraperiodofmanyyearsandtendtoberelativelystatic.ITsupportsystemsexchangeinformationviaavarietyofinterfaces,butcanseldomusethisinformationwithregardtospecificindividualcases.Thereisnoglobaloverviewfromtheperspectiveoftheproductthatisbeingmanufactured.Asaresult,customerscannotfreelyselectalloftheirproduct’sfunctionsandfeatures,eventhoughtechnicallyitwouldbepossibletoallowthemtodoso.

Themodel-baseddevelopment(enabledthroughCPS)allowsthedeploymentofanend-to-end,modelled,digitalmethodologythatcoverseveryaspectfromcustomerrequirementstoproductarchitectureandmanufactureofthefinishedproduct.Thisenablesalltheinterdependenciestobeidentifiedanddepictedinanend-to-endengineeringtoolchain.Themanufacturingsystemisdevelopedinparallelbasedonthesameparadigms,meaningthatitalwayskeepspacewithproductdevelopment.Asaresult,itbecomesfeasibletomanufactureindividualproducts.Theend-to-enddigitalintegrationofengineeringacrosstheentirevaluechainistheextensionofthehorizontalintegrationofthesupplychain(SCM)tobecometheintegrationoftheentireproductlifecyclemanagement(PLM)valuechain.

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5. OthergeneralareasofimportanceIfIndustry4.0istobesuccessfullyimplemented,researchanddevelopmentactivitieswillneedtobeaccompaniedby:

• Standardisationandreferencearchitecture:Industry4.0willinvolvenetworkingandintegrationofseveraldifferentcompaniesthroughvaluenetworks.Thiscollaborativepartnershipwillonlybepossibleifasinglesetofcommonstandardsisdeveloped.

• Managingcomplexsystems:Productsandmanufacturingsystemsarebecomingmoreandmorecomplex.Appropriateplanningandexplanatorymodelscanprovideabasisformanagingthisgrowingcomplexity.Engineersshouldthereforebeequippedwiththemethodsandtoolsrequiredtodevelopsuchmodels.

• Acomprehensivebroadbandinfrastructureforindustry:Reliable,comprehensiveandhigh-qualitycommunicationnetworksareakeyrequirementforIndustry4.0.

• Safetyandsecurity:Safetyandsecurity,physicalasforinformationanddigitalsystems,arebothcriticaltothesuccessofsmartmanufacturingsystems.

• Workorganisationanddesign:Insmartfactories,theroleofemployeeswillchangesignificantly.Increasinglyreal-timeorientedcontrolwilltransformworkcontent,workprocessesandtheworkingenvironment.

• Trainingandcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment:Industry4.0willradicallytransformworkers’jobandcompetenceprofiles.Itwillthereforebenecessarytoimplementappropriatetrainingstrategiesandtoorganiseworkinawaythatfosterslearning,enablinglifelonglearning

• Regulatoryframework:WhilstthenewmanufacturingprocessesandhorizontalbusinessnetworksfoundinIndustry4.0willneedtocomplywiththelaw,existinglegislationwillalsoneedtobeadaptedtotakeaccountofnewinnovations.

• Resourceefficiency:Quiteapartfromthehighcosts,manufacturingindustry’sconsumptionoflargeamountsofrawmaterialsandenergyalsoposesanumberofthreatstotheenvironmentandsecurityofsupply.Industry4.0willdelivergainsinresourceproductivityandefficiency.Itwillbenecessarytocalculatethetrade-offsbetweentheadditionalresourcesthatwillneedtobeinvestedinsmartfactoriesandthepotentialsavingsgenerated.

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6. ReferencesReferenceArchitecturalModelIndustrie4.0(RAMI4.0),PlattformIndustrie4.02017Industrie4.0–TechnicalAssets,Basicterminologyconcepts,lifecyclesandadministrationmodels,Zvei2016RecommendationsforimplementingthestrategicinitiativeINDUSTRIE4.0,FinalreportoftheIndustrie4.0WorkingGroup,Acatech2013"Digitaltwintoenableassetoptimization".SmartIndustry.2017."WhatAreDigitalTwinsandWhyWillTheyBeIntegralToTheInternetOfThings?".ARC.2017.RethinkingtheFactory,Arup2016Hermann,Pentek,Otto,2016:DesignPrinciplesforIndustrie4.0Scenarios,2016JürgenJasperneite:WashinterBegriffenwieIndustrie4.0stecktinComputer&Automation,December2012.HeinerLasi,Hans-GeorgKemper,PeterFettke,ThomasFeld,MichaelHoffmann:Industry4.0.In:Business&InformationSystemsEngineering4(6)Plus,anumberofarticlesinmagazinesandmedia.