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Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th EditionPalmer, Colton, and Kramer

2.6: The Renaissance

Introductiona. Renaissance – “rebirth”

i. Connection to the classical age of Greece and Rome1. saw Middle Ages as time of darkness

ii. they invented the concept of Ancient and Modern iii. a new era in thought and feeling iv. New topics of study – “humanities”v. Quattrocento (Italians call the 15th Century)

vi. Rennaissance was High culture1. Only affected limited number

vii. Renaissance Italy is where almost purely secular attitude 1 st appears b. The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life

viii. Primary focus of Renaissance was on moral and civic issues of what ideal humans should do/be like

ix. Proximity helps Italy prosper with trade1. Centrally located between East and West2. Gained foothold on trade during Crusades with Arabs

x. Merchants control of trade routes generated wealth1. Wealth built financial institutions2. Banks – Sforza, Fugger, Medici

c. Italian City – Statesxi. Independent, intrigue

1. Popes were in Avignon or embroiled in Great Schism2. Florence, Venice, Genoa governed as republics

xii. Florence1. talented citizens

a. population of 60, 000b. grown wealthy in late MA from woolen productionc. produced Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, Machiavelli,

Leonardod. like Athens it lost its republican liberty and creativity

2. Medici Family – Giovanni, Cosimo, Catherinea. Giovanni (1360-1429) was merchant and bankerb. Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) known as poet,

patron of artsc. Two Medici women became queens of France

d. Secular conception of lifexiii. Italians doubted that a quiet, contemplative life was greater than an

active, involved, wild lifexiv. They were captivated with the expression of the vast human powersxv. Less attention to the sacred messages of Christianity and its leaders

1. hermitage, poverty, contemplation are rejected2. action, wealth, activity are embraced3. Individualism

a. virtu – vigor -

b. Leonardo Bruni wrote in 1433 “The whole glory of man lies in activity.”

e. Individualismxvi. A new civic consciousness or sense of public duty was expressed

xvii. Writings of Cicero were validxviii. Emphasized the outstanding attainments of extraordinary men

xix. A great man shaped his own destiny1. had virtu (possessed by most aggressive males)2. excelled in all that he did

a. Benvenuto Cellinixx. Secular art

1. realism, space and time2. Architecture reflected neo-classical design

a. Brunelleschi’s Duomo of Florence 3. Free standing sculpture – portraiture

a. Medieval sculptor was confined to the niches of cathedrals

b. Renaissance artists i. Humans were primary subject

ii. Free standing so that entire figure could be admired

iii. Extensive use of the nude (paragon of animals) 4. Painting with perspective, boundaries

a. Brunelleschi invented linear perspectiveb. Da Vinci perfected chiascurro, invented sfumatoc. Idea was to tell a story and allow the viewer to enter into

the wold of the paintingd. Importance of portraying the individual human

i. Bellini’s condottiere viewers see a strong, real, and vivid personality

1. individualism wasn’t important in the medieval art

e. Early art f. Later art g. Reactionary Movement

i. Led by Savonarola (a priest)ii. Started the Bonfire of the Vanities

f. Humanism: The Birth of Literaturexxi. Literary connection with the classical authors

1. medievals had studied and writtena. hymns, Song of Roland, legends of King Arthur written

2. Renaissance writers saw it as their life’s worka. Wrote to resolve questions, amuse themselves (secular

reasons)3. studied Latin and Greek

a. liked the Latin of Cicero instead of the Scholastic of medieval

4. recaptured the texts of the pasta. discovered a new rage of interests, politics, civic

questions without religious overtones5. use of the vernacular

a. most wrote in Latin and Italian (Florence) toob. language of Dante’s Divine Comedyc. vernacular=common spoken language

6. Petrarch first modern man of lettersa. Florentine exile, son of merchant, traveler of France and

Italy, trained in law, clergy

b. Loved Cicero, Augusinec. Wrote about life, beauty, what a good life should be

(SECULAR)7. Boccaccio

a. Decameron (in Italian)b. Designed to entertain and teacher human character

8. Coluccio Salutati – history serves the statea. Was chancellor of France in 1375b. Florence threatened by Milan (Visconti Family)c. Wrote to inspire civic consciousness by glorifying

Florentine libertyd. Bruni (his successor) wrote history of Florence in

narrative formi. History can be useful to heighten sentiment and

collective consciousness (not quite nationalism yet)

9. Christine de Pisan a. Helped spread humanist themes in France in early 1400sb. Showed woman could be intellectuals

10. Lorenzo Valla a. Developed a critical method of evaluating the written

word

b. Donation of Constantine i. He prove that this was a fraud by showing that

phrases and language use were not used at that time

c. Pico della Mirandola i. Claimed that he could summarize all human

knowledge in 900 theses by using Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, Latin sources

1. looking for truth in other places besides the Bible

g. Schooling, Manners, and Family Lifexxii. Secondary education developed

1. idea of putting different age groups, levels into separate classes, own teacher, promotion

2. curriculuma. learned Latin, Greek

i. in order to read ancient manuscriptsb. Rhetoric to heighten communication skillsc. Purpose of education was to develop personality and

character (virtu)xxiii. Etiquette

1. Medievals acted like big children (belched, spat, sulked, etc.)2. Baldissere Castiglione

a. wrote The Courtieri. how to be a gentleman, or lady

ii. clothes should be neat, movements graceful, poised, affable, athletic, dance, appreciate music, be familiar with literature (but not a nerd), have effortless superiority in all

iii. women should be polite, pleasing to men

3. Marriagea. Arranged in order to enrich familyb. Usually 18 for women, 30 for established manc. Strong gender divisions

xxiv. Politics1. no centralizing force in Italy2. condottieri -private armed bands did fighting for city states b/c

citizens would not3. “Italian Cunning” was byword

a. To survive deep intrigue was practiced4. Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince (1513)

a. Dreamed that citizens of all Italy would be like the Romans (virile, citizen soldiers, patriotic, dignified)

b. Had to look to France (Loius XI), Spain (Ferdinand), England (Henry VII), to find heroes

c. Prince is a “how to rule for dummies” handbookd. promoted strong centralized statee. separated politics from theology and moral philosophy

i. described what effective rulers actually did, not what they ought to do

ii. anticipates scientific objectivityiii. they keep or break promises, are or are not

mercifuliv. Rulers must be both the Fox and the Lion

(strong and cunning)xxv. Italy’s weak position in the face of rising nations left it vulnerable to

attack and unorganized 1. Other countries will vie for control of Italy2. Italy will lose its privileged economic position

2.7: The Renaissance Outside Italy  1. Introduction

a. Renaissance in northern Europe was less of a break with existing cultureb. Religious element was strongerc. Development of vernacular was stronger than identification with Latin or Greek

2. Religious Scholarship and Sciencea. Study of Greek and Latin was intended to help better understand the Bibleb. Universities, rejected by southern humanists continued to grow in northern

Europei. 14 were established in German

c. Germany is major center of commercei. Undefined language and cultural region

1. politically not centralized (even with Holy Roman Emperor)ii. Fugger family helped develop the financial infrastructure

iii. Mining was developediv. Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) laid foundations for a mathematical

conception of universev. Printing press – Gutenberg – movable type

vi. Flemish school of painting1. Jan Van Eyck invented oil based paint (linseed oil)

vii. Copernicus – heliocentric universeviii. Cartography

ix. Dr. Faustus1. legendary figure who supposedly sold his soul for knowledge

1. in writing of Christopher Marlowe (1593), Goethe and Oswald Spenger (Decline of the West in 1918

1. Faustian word used to describe inordinate ambitions of modern man

x. The development of the concept of controlling the natural world was more northern

xi. The development of the concept of controlling the mind was more southern

xii. Combining these ideas establishes the modern intellect or Renaissance spirit

3. Mysticism and Lay Religiona. Religious interests stay alive in the north b. In the south religious interests became more a stylized practice of Glorifying God

through works – artc. German mystics promote personal communion with God

i. Meister Eckhart (d. 1327) and Thomas a Kempis (d. 1471)1. essence of mysticism is belief that individual soul could (in

solitude) commune with God1. no need of reason, word, mass, sacraments, priests, or

the Church1. this attracted Luther

d. Lay persons are staying out of the Church and refusing Holy Orderse. The lack of new, reform oriented priests hinders the Churches ability to reform

itself withini. Impatient and headstrong lay leaders, local rulers

f. Gerard Grootei. 1374 founded the Sisters and the Brother of the Common Life

1. took no vows, free to leave2. relieved the poor and taught3. established modern schools4. Separate grades and classes5. emphasized Literacy, Character development

1. called Modern Devotion4. Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

a. Most notable figure of the entire humanist movementb. Promoted reform of the clergy from within

i. Education, enlightened discussion and gradual moral improvementii. Against violence

iii. Promoted use of the vernacular to promote Christian idealsc. In Praise of Folly

i. Satirizes all worldly pretensions and ambitionsii. Emphasizes mildness, reasonableness, tolerance, restrain, good manners,

scholarly understanding, peace, critical and reforming zeal that worked to make people think without shouting or ranting

d. Achieved international staturee. Advised heads of statef. Guest lectured at universitiesg. Challenged the Church to do better in reform effortsh. Never advocated breaking away from Rome

2.8: The “New Monarchies” 1. Introduction

a. Wars and feudal rebellion weakened much of Europe by the 1400s

b. Efforts by rulers to stabilize their territories led to the “New Monarchs”i. Not really new in style

ii. New in organizing the modern states of Europe1. Guarantee of law2. Heredity is the legitimate form of power3. Appeal to the rising middle class tired of feudal feuds4. Parliaments are labeled breeders of conflict5. Kings use taxes to hire private armies

a. Long bow and pike made peasants competitive with nobility on the field

6. Kings had to break down the mass of feudal common law and custom

7. Kings adopt Roman law and title majesty and/or sovereigna. Law maker, enforcer, and judge on behalf of the people

2. The New Monarchy in England, France, and Spaina. England’s New Monarchy

i. Tudor family comes to power after the War of the Roses1. Henry VII 1485-15092. Law against livery and maintenance are passed against the

weakened baronsa. Prevented great lords from maintaining private armies

and wearing their livery or insignia3. Star Chamber , Kings private council meets and Parliament is

ignoreda. Met in room decorated with starsb. Decided property disputes, infraction of public peacec. Accepted as it kept order, later despisedd. No jury present

b. France’s New Monarchyi. Louis XI of the Valois family

1. French kings had continued to expand power and influence from the epicenter of Paris

2. Louis XI expanded the boarders of France3. Build up a royal army4. Controlled taxes 5. French monarchy has control over the clergy

a. 1516 Louis XI and Pope Leo Xi. Concordat of Bologna

1. Rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction1. Pope receives annates ($ from

French ecclesiastics)2. Louis XI appoints bishops and

abbotsii. Major reason why France does not turn to

Protestantismc. Aragon and Castile :Spain’s New Monarchy

i. Aragon and Castile are the main territories of Spainii. Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage

iii. True unifying force was spirit of duty to Catholicism and crusade against the Moors

iv. The Inquisition served as a unifying legal presencev. Church served as common denominator for Spain

1. Religious conformity2. “Spanishness” was a sense of Catholicity

a. Spanish had been most tolerant of Europeans

b. Jews and Moors are expelled from Spain 1492i. Jews had been expelled from England 1290

ii. Jews had been expelled from France 13061. Expulsions are related to early sense of

nationalism in group out groupvi. Some Jewish and Moorish families place a veneer of Catholicism over

their public lives “Moriscos” (Christians of Moorsih background) and “Marranos”(Christians of Jewish background)

1. Fear of the “unfaithful” fueled the Inquisitiona. Thousands were torturedb. Ridged Catholicism and Spanish nationalism fused into

one vii. Spain becomes the reforming force in the Catholic Church

viii. Spain exports Catholicism to the “New” worldix. Spain becomes the “defenders of the faith” and a crusade mentality

prevails3. The Holy Roman Empire and The Hapsburg Supremacy

a. The New Monarchy in the HREi. Three Kinds of States

1. Princely statesa. hereditary dynasties – Brandenburg

2. Ecclesiastical (large amount of territory)a. Abbacies

3. Imperial free cities (about 50)a. Dominated commerce and finance

ii. Imperial knights (lords of small estates)1. sworn fealty to the HRE

b. Emperori. Elected by Princes

1. Princes were jealous of their local liberties and voted to protect them

ii. Electors dwindled to seven1. Count Palatine, Duke of Sazony, Margrave of Bradenburg, King

of Bohemia, archibops of Mainz, Trier, and Cogne

iii. 1452 the Hapsburgs are elected from Austria1. Nearly uninterrupted reign until 1806

c. The Rise of the Hapsburgsi. Maximilian I 1493-1519

1. Efforts of HRE to centralize power fail because of strong states rights

2. Hapsburgs use marriages to grow family influenceii. Maximilian marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands

1. Son of Maximilian I and Mary is Philipa. Mary is heiress of dukes of Burgundy (Netherlands,

Burgundy)2. Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and

Isabella)a. Son of Philip is Charles I of Spainb. Charles Inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain,

New World Holdingsi. Charles is elected HRE (in 1519) over

“Germany” and becomes Charles Vc. Charles brother Ferdinand is elected king of Hungary

and Bohemia

3. Hapsburgs control most of Europe and universal monarch is feared by other European states

a. balance of power 

d. The stage is set for revolution i. Protestantism is the spark that sets off the wars of religion

ii. decline of the churchiii. lay religious leaders staying out of the churchiv. Rise of centralizing monarchiesv. resistance of feudal elements to centralizing monarch

vi. Popes fear of church councilsvii. Much divided Germany

viii. Turkish threatix. zealous actions of Spainx. Charles V threat of universal monarch