outline parts of the brain - napa valley college...• motor areas for voluntary control of movement...
TRANSCRIPT
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Brain- Outline
• Cerebrum• Cerebralcortex• Hippocampus• Amygdala
• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Cerebellum• Brainstem
• Midbrain,pons,medullaoblongata• Pinealgland&Pituitaryglands- Endocrine
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Parts of the Brain
Brain Stem
CerebellumMedulla OblongataPonsMidbrain
Diencephalon- Thalamus- Hypothalamus
Cerebrum- Cerebral hemispheres
The Brain
Mid-sagittal section(right half)
Ventricles of the Brain- contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Brain
• Controlcenter• Cerebrum – 3parts
• Cerebralcortex• Thinking• Consciouspartofthebrain
• Hippocampus• Amygdala
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Cerebrum
TheBrain
Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)
Cerebrum• Contains sensory areas
for skin senses, vision, hearing, olfaction
• Motor areas for voluntary control of movement
• Association areas for interpreting sensations, language, thinking, decision making, self-awareness,creativity, and storage of memories
Corpus callosum• Allows left and r ight cerebral hemispheres to communicate withone another
The Cerebrum
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Cerebral Gray Matter
Cerebrum
• Functions• Sensoryareafortouch,vision,hearingandolfaction• Associationareaforinterpretingsensations,language,thinking,decisionmaking,self-awareness,creativity,storingmemories
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Cerebrum– Cerebralcortex
• Thinouterlayer ofthecerebrum• Mostofthehigher thinkingandprocessingtakesplace
• Sensoryareas(post-centralgyrus)• Motorareas(pre-centralgyrus)• Prefrontalà decisionmaking
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Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebrum– Corpuscallosum• Beneath thecortexiswhite matter• Corpuscallosum
• Bandofwhitematterthatconnectsthe2cerebralhemispheres
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Cerebrum
Figure 8.5
Gray matter consists of interneurons, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons that integrate information.
White matterconsists of myelinated axons that allow communication over long distances.
The corpus callosum is a band of white matter that allowscommunication between thecerebral hemisperes.
Cerebral Lateralization
SplitBrainVideo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ZMLzP1VCANo
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Cerebrum
• Hippocampus• Longtermmemory
• Amygdala• Remembering fearandrespondingtoit
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Limbic System – The “Emotional Brain”
- processesstrongemotions- activatesphysiological
responses viathehypothalamusandANS
- involved in long-termmemory
Brain- Thalamus
• Processessensory information(except smell)• Relays ittootherareas ofthebrain
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Brain- Hypothalamus
• 3Functions• Maintainshomeostasis• Regulatesdrives• Controlspituitaryglandsecretions
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TheBrain
Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)
Hypothalamus• Controls heart rate, blood pressure,breathing rate, body temperature, food intake
• Is a center for emotions• Serves as “master biological clock”
Thalamus• Processes all sensoryinformation(except olfaction)
• Relays information toappropriate higher brain centers
The Diencephalon
Brain- Cerebellum
• Balance andcoordination• Refinesmotorskills• Newmotor skills
https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=Dox3_ox8C2U
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Cerebellum
Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)
Cerebellum• Coordinates sensory–motorvoluntary movement
• Stores memory of learnedmotor patterns
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Brain– BrainStem
• 3parts• Medullaoblongata• Midbrain• Pons
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• Themedulla oblongatacontains respiratoryandcardiovascularcontrolcenters
• Thepons alsocontainsrespiratorycentersthatinteractwith theprimarycentersin themedulla.
Functional Areas of the Brain Stem
BrainStem– Medullaoblongata
• Controlsmanyvital involuntary functions• Breathing• Heartbeat• Blood pressure
• Where thecrossingoverpointisformanyneuraltracks
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu7A8LIzL1o
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Descending (Motor) Tracts in the CNS
BrainStem- Pons
• Assiststhemedulla oblongata tocontrolinvoluntarybreathing
• Relaysmessagesbetween thespinalcordandthecerebellum with thecerebrum, thalamusandhypothalamus
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BrainStem- Midbrain
• Important involuntarymusclecontrol• Relaystationforauditoryandvisualinformation• Relays informationbetween thecerebellum orspinalcordand thecerebrum
• Controlseyemovement
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TheBrain
Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)
Medulla oblongata• Contains autonomic centers forheart rate and digestive activities
• Relays sensory information tothalamus
Pons• A br idge between higher andlower brain centers
Midbrain• Relays information betweenthe cerebellum or spinal cordand the cerebrum
• Integrates sensory input
Bra
inst
em
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CNS:NeuralTissue– MetabolicNeeds• Oxygen
• Passesfreelyacrossblood–brainbarrier• Brainreceives15%ofbloodpumpedbyheart
• Glucose• Membranetransportersmoveglucosefromplasmaintothebraininterstitialfluid
• Brainresponsibleforabouthalfofbody’sglucoseconsumption
• Progressivehypoglycemialeadstoconfusion,unconsciousness, anddeath.
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ReviewQuestions
• What regionofthebrainisthe regionwhere themostofthehigher thinkingandprocessing takesplace?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus
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ReviewQuestions
• What regionofthebrainisthe region important inlongterm memory?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus
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ReviewQuestions
• What regionofthebrainregulates drives includinghunger, maintainshomeostasis, controlsthepituitarygland?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus
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ReviewQuestions
• What regionofthebrainisimportant inremembering fearandresponding toit?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus
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ImportantConcepts• Major regionsofthebrainand their functions:Cerebrum (includingthecerebral cortex,hippocampus,andamygdala), Hypothalamus,Thalamus, Cerebellum,Brainstem(includingthemidbrain,pons,andmedullaoblongata)
• Whatpartsofthebrainare inthecerebrum andin thebrainstem
• What isthecorpuscallosumandwhat isitsfunction?
ImportantConcepts
• Whataresplitbrainsandhowdoesthateffectaperson
• Where are theprimary motorand somatosensoryareasofthecortex
• Howarebodypartsrepresented onthecortex• Whatare2essentialmetabolic requirements forbrain function?
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Definitions
• Longtermmemory
• Somaticnervoussystem
• Autonomicnervoussystem
• Voluntary• Involuntary• Reflexarc
• Constrict• Dilate• Inhibits• Accelerates• Facilitates• Stimulates• Relaxes• Whitematter
• Greymatter• Prefrontalregion
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