outbreak: a forensic identification of the causative agent of disease
DESCRIPTION
Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease. Ebola, West Nile and the Flu, Oh My!!!. Mark A. Gallo, Associate Professor of Biology, Niagara University Chair, K12 Education, American Society for Microbiology [email protected]. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease.
Ebola, West Nile and the Flu, Oh My!!!
Mark A. Gallo, Associate Professor of Biology, Niagara UniversityChair, K12 Education, American Society for Microbiology
![Page 2: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Same postulates used today when discussing infectious disease-causing agents(with some changes to the rules).
![Page 3: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
An estimated one third of the world's population (or ≈500 million persons) were infected and had clinically apparent illnesses during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. Case-fatality rates were >2.5%, compared to <0.1% in other influenza pandemics. Total deaths were estimated at ≈50 million and were arguably as high as 100 million.
The impact of this pandemic was not limited to 1918–1919. All influenza A pandemics since that time, and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus,updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics.
![Page 5: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
People don’t really have much intimate contact with pigs, do they???
![Page 9: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Yuck, surely this is some sort of fluke, or is it?
![Page 10: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Maybe it’s just a redneck thing?
![Page 14: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Maybe it’s just a guy thing?
![Page 15: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nope, I guess not
![Page 16: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
National Center for Biotechnology Informationhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
![Page 21: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
National Center for Biotechnology Informationhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
![Page 24: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NCBI data regarding influenzahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/
![Page 25: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Growth in amount of nucleic acid sequence related to flu.
Anybody want to analyze their relatedness by hand?
![Page 26: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What does the H meanAnd why do they cluster this way?
Antigenic Shift
![Page 33: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Antigenic Drift
![Page 34: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
A few questions to consider:
Are sub-types always more similar sequence-wise?
Are certain influenza sub-types animal-host-specific?
Does country of origin matter with respect to relatedness of viruses?
Does year of appearance matter with respect to relatedness of viruses?
Does animal host matter with respect to relatedness of viruses?
Are certain viral genes always linked?
Do certain combinations of genes make for a more deadly strain of virus?
Has drift changed the genes sufficiently that they should receive a new sub-type?
![Page 35: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/WeeklyFluActivityMap.htm
![Page 36: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Test your skill at ASM’s Microbelibrary.
AuthorsSanja SafticBerna Biotech.AGBern, [email protected]
Matthias Ambergnothing medialab LtdBern, Switzerland
Renzo Haettenschwielernothing medialab LtdBern, Switzerland
Bastiaan Van Roodennothing medialab LtdBern, [email protected]
http://www.microbelibrary.org/asmonly/details.asp?id=1814&Lang=
![Page 37: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Don’t forget to cover your sneezes!
![Page 38: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Some web sites of interest
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention main 2009 Flu sitehttp://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/
Interactive weekly activity map of flu virus, both in terms of numbers of infections and deaths.http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/WeeklyFluActivityMap.htm
Public Health Image Library - contains photos, drawings, illustrations, and multimedia fileshttp://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp
MicrobeLibrary Visual Collection - contains a number of images, animations, and videos pertaining to microbiologyhttp://www.microbelibrary.org/about/index.asp?bid=1088
Flu game - A fast action Flash animation where individuals race the clock to vaccinate the population before the flu strikes them. Offered by the American Society for Microbiology.http://www.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/saftic/index.html
![Page 39: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Microbial Discovery Activitieshttp://www.asm.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90592&Itemid=520
*Free on-line resource.*Submitted by teachers and microbiologists.*Peer-reviewed by ASM *Field tested exercises.*Inquiry-based and multidisciplinary. *Aligned with National Science Education Standards.*When used, biological agents do not exceed CDC’s biosafety standards level 1.*All include a printable teacher and student handouts.
![Page 40: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Outbreak: A Forensic Identification of the Causative Agent of Disease](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56814944550346895db68f9a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Th-th-th-that’s all folks.