universe

The

galaxy

THE GALAXYA GALAXY is a massive, gravitationally

bound system that consists of starsAnd stellar remnants .you that there are 1000 ‘s of Stars in a galaxy.

During the early 1900’s, Which is not very long ago,Astronomers were unaware that there were other galaxies outside our own Milky Way Galaxy. When they saw a small fussy patch in the sky through their telescopes ,they called it as

Nebula .When examinedClosely , some o f the Nebulae had a spiral Shape . So , astronomersAt first called these As "spiral nebulae”. These nebulae were allBelieved to be part of Our galaxy, our comm-unity of stars. the milky-Way galaxy is also known As AKASH GANGA

Edwin Hubble studied the Spiral nebulae and found that They were composed of stars.These nebulae were notNebulae at all , but other Communities of billions of Stars held together by gravity Galaxies !suddenly our universe was much bigger.We realized that our galaxy was jut one of manyBillions of galaxies in the universe .

comets

A comet is a small solar system body bigger than a Meteoroid

You know that some of the cometsStrikes for a short period . Do you know what JFC means ? It means Jupiter Family Comets. Do You know that in early times people Believe that seeing a comet is aMisfortune for the man\woman whoIs seeing it.

COMETS

if you are seeing a comet , then you should notice that it has a tail or a coma.

This was a comet Which broke up Starting in 1995, As seen by the HST .this was An animationDone in three Days.

BLACK HOLE

A black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape.

Around a black hole there is an undetectable surface which marks the

point of no return called an event horizon. It is called black because it absorbs all the light that hits, reflecting nothing, just

like a perfect black body in thermodynamics under the theory of

quantum mechanicsBlack holes posses a temperature and

hawking radiation. The ratio between the black hole Schwarzschild radius and

observer distance to it is 1:9.

BLACK HOLE

Black holeAstromers have identified numerous

steller back hole candidates, and have also found evidence of super massive black hole at the center of galaxies. After observing the motion of nearby stars for 16 years, in 2008 astronomers found compelling evidence that a super massive black hole of more than 4 million solar masses is located near the Sagittarius region in the center of our own MILKY WAY galaxy.

Solar system

Solar systemThe solar system consists of the Sun

and those celestial objects bound to it by gravity, all of which formed from

the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The four smaller inner planets, are MERCUY, VENUS, EARTH ,and

MARS also called tresses trial plants, are primarily composed of rock and

metal. The four outer plants are, JUPITER, SETURN, URANUS, and NEPUTUNE also called the gas

giants ,are composed largely of hydrogen and helium and far more massive then the terrestrials . The

asteroid belt, which lies between mars and Jupiter , is similar to the

terrestrial plants as it is compared mainly of rock and metal.

mercuryMercury is the inner most and smallest planet of the

solar system , orbiting the sun once every 87.669 days. the of mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the

solar system planets ,and it has the smallest axial tilt. It completes 3 rotations about the axis for every two orbits. the perihelion of mercury ‘s orbit processes around the

sun at an excess of 43 arc seconds per century; phenomenon that was explained in the 20th century by Albert Einstein ‘s general theory of relativity. Mercury is bright when viewed from Earth ,ranging from 2.3 to5.7

in apparent magnitude. but it is not easily seen as it greatest angular separation from the seen is only

28.3.since mercury is normally lost inn the glare of the seen, unless there is solar eclipse, mercury can only be

viewed in morning or evening twilight. Mercury is similar in appeared to the moon: it is heavily created

with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no substantial atmosphere.

GEOLOGY OF MERCURYMercury’s face surface is

overall very similar in appearance to the moon,

showing extensive mare-like-plains and heavy cresting, indicating that it has been

geologically inactive for billions years. since our knowledge of mercury's

geology has been based on the 1975 mariner fly by and terrestrial observations, is it the least under stood of the

terrestrial planets.

VenusVenus is the second-closet planet to the sun, orbiting it every 224.7earth days.

The planet is named after Venus the roman goddess of love and beauty. After the moon, it is the bright natural object in the night sky reaching an apparent magnitude 4-8 because venues is an inferior planet from earth ,it near

appears to venture far from the sun: its elongation reaches its maximum

brightness shortly before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which reason is

often called the morning star or the evening star. Venus has the densest

atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets, consisting mostly of carbon dioxide as it has no carbon cycle to lock carbon back

into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb it in biomass.

EARTHEarth is the third planet from the sun, and the fifth –largest

of the eight planet in the solar system. It is also the largest most massive, and

densest of the solar system’s four terrestrial planets. It is

some times referred to as the world, the blue planet or Terra. earth’s only known

natural orbiting it about4.53 billion years ago.

UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF EARTH

Above the troposphere is usually divided into stratosphere,mesophere

and thermosphere. Each of these layers has different lapse

rate ,defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond

these the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere. This is where the earth’s magnet fields interact with the solar wind. An important part of the atmosphere for life on

earth is the ozone layer,; a component of the surface form

ultraviolet light. The Karman life defend as 100 km above the earth’s surface, is a working definition for the boundary between atmosphere

and space.

EARTH’S ROTATIONEarth’s rotation period relative to the sun-its mean solar day is -86, 400 seconds of mean

solar time. each of these seconds is slightly longer than SI second because earth’s solar day is now slightly longer than it

was during the 19th century due to tidal

acceleration.

MARSMares is the fourth planet from the sun

in the solar system. The planet is named after mares , the roman god of war. It is also referred to as the “red

planet” because of its reddish appearance ,due to iron oxide prevalent

on its surface. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of

the impact creatures of moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice

caps of earth . Unlike earth, mares is now a geologically in active planet with no know tectonic activity, it is the site of Olympus moons, the highest known mountain in the solar system, and of vales marinara's, the largest canyon.

PHYSISCAL CHARACTTERSTICS OF MARS

Mars has approximately half the radius of earth. It is less dense than earth,

havingabout15% of earth’s volume and 11% of the mars. Its surface area is only

slightly less than total area of earth’s dry land. While mars is larger and more massive higher density. This results in a

slightly stronger gravitation force at mercury’s surface. Mars is also rough intermediate in size, mars and surface

gravity between earth and earth’s moon. The red orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron [111] oxide, more commonly known as

hematite, or rust.

JupiterJupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and the largest planet with in the solar system. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than but is

two and a half times mass of the others planets in our solar system combined. Jupiter is

classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, there four

planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian planets. The Romans named the planet after the

roman god Jupiter . When viewed from earth ,Jupiter can reach an apparent

magnitude of -2.94, making it on average the third –brightest object in the night sky after

moon and venues. Jupiter primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being

helium, it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements. Because of its rapid rotation,

Jupiter's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge

around the equator)

SATURN

Saturn is the 6th planet from the sun and the second largest planet in the solar system , after Jupiter . Saturn , along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune is classified as a gas giant . Together,

there 4 planets are some times referred to as the Jovian, meaning “Jupiter-like” planets . Saturn is named after the roman god Saturn , equated to

the Greek kronos (the titan of Zeus) the Babylonian ninurta and to the Hindu shani .

Saturn’s symbol represents the god’s sickle. The planet Saturn is composed of hydrogen, with

small proportions of helium and trace elements. The interior consists of a small core of rock and

ice, surrounded by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and gaseous outer layer. Saturn has a prominent system of rings. Consisting mostly of

ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust.

Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun , and the third planet from

largest and forth most massive planet in the solar system . It is

named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus the father of

Saturn and grand father of Jupiter . Uranus was the first planet

discovered with a telescope. Uranus atmosphere while similar to Jupiter ’s and Saturn's in being composed primarily of hydrogen and helium contains a higher proportion of

“ices” such as water ammonia and methane, along with taxes of

hydrocarbons.

Orbit and rotation of Uranus URANUS REVOLVES AROUND

THE SUN ONCE EVERY 84 EARTH YEAR’S .ITS AVERAGE

DISTANCE FROM SUN IS ROUGHLY 3 MILLION KM .

THE INTENSITY OF SUNLIGHT ON URANUS IS

ABOUT 1/400 THAT ON EARTH.

Neptune

Neptune is the 8th planet from the sun in our solar system . Named for the roman god of

the sea ,it is the 4th –largest planet by diameter and the 3rd – largest by mass.

Neptune is 17 times the mass of earth and slightly more massive than its near twin

Uranus, which is earth masses and not as dense.

DISCOVERED by: -URBAIN LE VERRIN - JOHN COUCH ADAMS- JOHAN GALLEOn September 23, 1846

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