Our New Nation and Growing Pains

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Do Now 10/31/19

Play US Presidential “Who Am I?” game

• Deal 5 cards to each player

• All read their cards then secretly choose one president and a trivia fact

• Everyone places cards face up in front of them as clues for the other players

• The first player says their trivia fact.

• Working clockwise, all take ONE guess to name the president

• The first correct guess scores a point (yes, keep track)

• If no one is correct, the person who read the trivial reveals the president and earns a point

• Continue all the way around until all players have gotten a turn

• The player with the most points wins

• If the game is tied, see who can make the most correct guesses in a 30-second tie-breaker round

Ch 11 Political Developments in the Early Republic 1789 - 1809

• How did the Federalist and Republican visions for the United States differ?• Why might George Washington have been reluctant to become

president?• What challenges and debates did George Washington face during his

presidency?• Why did George Washington choose Hamilton and Jefferson to serve in

his cabinet?• Why do you think Hamilton and Jefferson became political rivals? How

did it affect our government?

The Election of 1789

Small Group 10/31/19

• Small group (or individual) reading Chapter 11 Sections 1 – 2

• Complete your Reading Notes

Do Now 11/01/19

Play US Presidential “Who Am I?” game

• Deal 5 cards to each player

• All read their cards then secretly choose one president and a trivia fact

• Everyone places cards face up in front of them as clues for the other players

• The first player says their trivia fact.

• Working clockwise, all take ONE guess to name the president

• The first correct guess scores a point (yes, keep track)

• If no one is correct, the person who read the trivial reveals the president and earns a point

• Continue all the way around until all players have gotten a turn

• The player with the most points wins

• If the game is tied, see who can make the most correct guesses in a 30-second tie-breaker round

Washington’s Precedents as Our 1st American President

• Washington took the oath of office in New York with John Adams as his Vice President

• Debate over what to call Washington (can’t have another tyrant in the making can we?)

• Settles on “Mr. President”

• Finally, approval comes for setting up the President’s cabinet

• Department of State – Henry Knox

• Department of War – Thomas Jefferson

• Department of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Funding national debt to establish credit –paying back all the money we said we would

• Assumption of state debts

• Tariffs – taxes on imports – to pay off war debt

• Excise tax on whiskey

• National bank – promote business…more tax revenue and income

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

How a bank works

Whiskey Rebellion

• Most critical problem facing new govt. was the lack of money

• Government had no money – but owed millions.• Farmers turned wheat into whiskey

to save money on shipping• 1791 – Hamilton recommended that Congress tax

whiskey and other goods

• It was a rebellion by farmers in western Pennsylvania who refused to pay for a tax on whiskey – felt it was unfair.

• They tarred and feathered government tax collectors who tried to enforce the law.

• Tested the new Federal government’s authority.

Washington’s Response to the Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamilton urged Washington to send 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to crush the rebels. As Commander-in-Chief, Washington personally lead the army.

• Jefferson did not agree with this.

• The rebels ended the rebellion rather than face Washington’s large military force.

The French Revolution

• France went to war against the wealthy and their king.

• Erupted during Washington’s presidency.• wanted what America had,

defeated their monarchy and became a republic.

• Once started - supporters began beheading wealthy and noble French families.

• Jefferson/Democratic-Republicans• Saw it as the French supporting

democracy

• Hamilton/Federalists• Horrified by the violence and

bloodshed directed toward the wealthy French aristocrats

• Also wealthy and feared the U.S. might follow the example of France.

Washington’s 2nd Election

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Precedents

• Refused a 3rd term – set precedent but nothing in writing until FDR

• Farewell address

• When Washington left office, he warned against 2 threats to the nation’s future.

• Entangling alliances with other countries (like treaty with France

• Evils of political parties• growing hostilities

between the Federalists (led by Alexander Hamilton) and the Democratic-Republicans (led by Thomas Jefferson)

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Washington’s Accomplishments

• Washington won second term as President.

• Forward thinking on political parties • warned about the damage to the

new nation if new political parties could not control fighting.

• Leader for establishing, installing / setting up, and running a new government • Establishment of Supreme Court with 6

Justices• Establishment of lower courts

• Added three new states:• Vermont (1791)• Kentucky (1792)• Tennessee (1796)

• Left the nation united and at peace.

Small Group 11/01/19

• Small group (or individual) reading Chapter 11 Sections 3 – 5

• Complete your Reading Notes

Do Now 11/04/19

• What challenges and debates did George Washington face during his presidency?

• Include at least three details

• Use complete sentences and punctuation

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Before we go any further, I

have a surprise

• You have a new project

• “Our New Nation” Diorama Projects – due 11/22/19• Do not wait until the last minute – I’m not going to be generous in my

grading this time • This is an AT HOME project – start tonight

John Adams (1797 – 1801)

• George Washington’s Vice President

• Political party – Federalists

• 1796 – beat Thomas Jefferson by 3 electoral votes• First contested presidential election• Served with Jefferson as his Vice President – first

time in history opposing sides served in the top two positions

• Expanded the Navy and Army

• Sent a diplomat on a peace mission to France• Caused him to lose popularity with France• BUT – kept us from war• XYZ Affair – we will discuss in the next chapter

• Invoked the Alien and Sedition Acts – WOW!

• 1803 – lost to Thomas Jefferson

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The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Kentucky Resolution (secretly written by Jefferson)

• Virginia Resolution – written by Madison

• Argued the federal government had no right to issue the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• Acts were breaking the 1st

• Stressed the compact theory – a compact remained between federal and state governments

• Tried to get other states to join the petition under the Doctrine of Nullification

• Since the states created the national government, they have the right to nullify (cancel or decide not to obey a law they believe to be unconstitutional)

• Failed – Alien and Sedition Acts remained a law until 1801 when Thomas Jefferson voted as president

Small Group 11/04/19

• Small group (or individual) reading Chapter 11 Section 6

• Complete your Reading Notes

• You will have 8 – 10 minutes

Activity 11/04/19

• I love STATIONS – it makes YOU think!

• Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison Stations

• Rotate through the 10 stations (hopefully if the copier is working again)

• Answer the questions

• Shouldn’t take more than 8 minutes per station –don’t make me break out the timer

• Do your best

Don’t forget…

• You have a new project

• “Our New Nation” Diorama Projects – due 11/22/19• Do not wait until the last minute – I’m not going to be generous in my

grading this time • This is an AT HOME project – start tonight

Do Now 11/05/19• Ch 12 Foreign Policy for the New

Nation Gallery Walk

• Answer the questions on your handout

Election of 1800

• Opponents• Republican Party – Thomas Jefferson

(President) and Aaron Burr (Vice President) • Federalist – John Adams (President) and

Charles Pickney (Vice President)• Ironically – a tie occurred between Burr and

Jefferson because votes were given to both. • Tie sent to House of Representatives• Eventually voted for Jefferson as the 3rd

President.• 12th Amendment added to prevent future ties

• Electoral college casts separate ballots for President and Vice President.

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Jefferson’s Vision for the Nation• Sought to limit role of federal government

• His ideal govt. was one led by an agrarian (farming), state-led society

• Most of his presidency was dedicated to changing Federalist programs

Jefferson’s Vision vs Reality

• Jefferson wanted federal government influence small

• Threats from powers in Europe made his goal impossible

• Jefferson was more powerful than Constitution ever intended

• Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon Bonaparte’s dream of an empire in “New World” cut short by war with other European powers

• 1803 – short on cash and his troops facing yellow fever, Napoleon sold Louisiana territory to U.S. for $15 million

Lewis and Clark – The Corps of Discovery

• Jefferson sent Lewis/Clark to explore the newly acquired land

• Able to draw accurate maps of new land

• Information crucial to new settlers in area and growth of the United States

• Corps of Discovery’s main goal was to try to find a water route across the continent – did not

Activity 11/05/19

• Again… I love STATIONS – it makes YOU think!

• Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison Stations

• Rotate through the 10 stations (hopefully if the copier is working again)

• Answer the questions

• Shouldn’t take more than 8 minutes per station –don’t make me break out the timer

• Do your best

• Finish up today

Don’t forget…

• You have a new project

• “Our New Nation” Diorama Projects – due 11/22/19• Do not wait until the last minute – I’m not going to be generous in my

grading this time • This is an AT HOME project – start tonight

Do Now 11/06/19

• It’s Mia’s 1st birthday!

• Look at the two political cartoons and answer the questions

Election of 1808

• Thomas Jefferson decides to retire after 2 terms

• Democratic-Republican James Madison wins the presidential election of 1808 (against Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth)

Prelude to War

• England and France at war in Europe, US attempts to stay out of it, continues trade with both

• British ships set up blockades to stop US trading with France, then proceed to kidnap American sailors

• U.S. not prepared for war, (Jefferson had lowered size of military) but proceeds to go to war with England

• Some Americans felt it was a matter of pride

The War of 1812

• British not focused on U.S. early in war because of fighting with France

• After defeating France British turned full attention to U.S.

• British army entered Washington D.C.

• Can you believe they burned down the White House?

• https://youtu.be/j1Jhpesv1JQ

• U.S. blocked British advance in Northeast, ending their advance in war

• U.S. successes ended British threat in northern region of U.S

Effects of the War of 1812

• The Battle of New Orleans

• General Andrew Jackson has major victory in Jan. 1815 against British in Louisiana

• England already sent Treaty of Ghent in Dec of 1814, ending war

• The post moved to slow for U.S. to get the word in time)

• No clear winner of war

• Consequences

• Increased American patriotism

• Weakened Native American resistance

• Growth of U.S. manufacturers

Relations with Spain

• In the early 1800s, Spain controlled a vast amount of territory in the Americas – but weak control over Florida

• Fugitive slaves could easily cross from southern plantations into Florida and join the Seminole Nation.

• Together, they would often raid American settlements.

• In 1817, the U.S. sent Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves that had escaped to Florida.

• Jackson went beyond his orders and seized two Spanish towns.

• Spain could not protect Florida, so it decided to give up the territory.

• Signed the Adams – Onis Treaty

Increased Tension with Spain• Inspired by American and French revolutions – Spain’s

colonies in Latin America wanted independence

• Haiti – French

• 1810 – Mexico leads the way with Spanish colonies

• Mexico became an independent monarchy in 1821, and by 1823 it became a federal republic

• South America – Simón Bolívar led several independence movements

• 1819 – defeated Spain in Columbia

• By 1825, most parts of Latin America had thrown off European rule – creating new independent countries

• Big problems

• France, Russia, and others indicated they might help Spain regain its colonies

• The United States wanted to protect trade with Latin America

The Monroe Doctrine

• How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect a new national confidence?

• President James Monroe – the United States firmly opposed European influence in the Americas

• Initially – the United States relied on Britain’s navy to enforce

• As U.S. power grew, the Monroe Doctrine boosted U.S. influence in Latin America

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

Small Group Activity

• Read Chapter 12 Sections 9 – 10

• You’ll only have 10 minutes

• Use your time wisely

Activity 11/06/19

Debate Time

Listen up for your side and group members

• Debate will occur in the last 10 mins of class

• All members have to contribute notes & info

• Select 1 main and 1 alternate for the activity – see debate rules handout

Topic – Was the Monroe Doctrine justifiable or America’s attempt at colonization?

Don’t forget…

• You have a new project

• “Our New Nation” Diorama Projects – due 11/22/19• Do not wait until the last minute – I’m not going to be generous in my

grading this time • This is an AT HOME project – start tonight

Do Now 11/07/19

Preview Section for Chapter 13

https://youtu.be/HU0SZXcNNbY

Ch 13 A Growing Sense of Nationhood

• In this lesson, you should be able to

• Describe the feeling of national unity that followed the War of 1812

• Explain how Congress tried to strengthen the national economy

• Discuss how Supreme Court rulings supported federal power and economic growth

• Mr. Beat “Era of Good Feelings” https://youtu.be/NqeZgrsPufA

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Developing a Nation in a Land of Differences• American landscape in the early 1800s

• 2/3 of Americans lived within 50 miles of Atlantic Coast

• Land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi was “the west”

• Traveling – difficult and slow

• Regional lifestyles developed – some stereotypes still linger

• Yankees (northeast) – enterprising, thrifty, growing cities and bustling trade

• Plantation owners of South – gracious, cultured, lazy

• Frontiersmen (west) – rugged, hardy, crude

• Symbols & Values

• After British burned Washington, Congress had architects rebuild in style that would rival buildings of Europe

• The real “Uncle Sam” (a butcher) provided army with meat during War of 1812 –became a symbol and a legend

• Americans saw themselves devoted to individualism and equality

• Alexis de Tocqueville – “The Americans carry national pride to an altogether excessive length”

The Era of Good Feelings• President James Monroe

• Era of Good Feelings Politics

• Economic Nationalism

• Congressman Henry Clay – future needed to be balanced between capitalism and the government’s role in encouraging economic growth

• High tariffs to protect industry

• Federal spending on transportation projects

• National bank to standardize currency and provide credit (1816 –2nd Bank of US)

• Judicial Nationalism

• Chief Justice John Marshall – most important court decisions in history and they had two major impacts

• Strengthened the role of the Court, as well as federal power over states

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Court confirmed Congress’s power to create a national bank free from state interference

• Encouraged the growth of capitalism

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Court struck down a monopoly that NY had granted to steamboat company operating between NY and NJ. Only Congress had authority to regulate interstate commerce

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End of the Era of Good Feelings

• 1824 – 4 candidates competed for President

• Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson and William Crawford

• Ended up in hands of the House of Representatives

• House elected John Quincy Adams

• Those who rallied around Andrew Jackson created “Democrats”

• Don’t worry – Old Hickory is coming back in 1828

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Early American Art

• Folk art

• Simple, direct, often colorful

• Weathervanes, quilts, flags

• Portraits

• Gilbert Stuart – painted Washington, used for picture on dollar

• Landscapes

• Thomas Cole – American landscapes

• John Audubon – 435 detailed portraits of birds

• George Catlin – Native Americans’ traditional ways

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Early American Music

• In the North

• Orchestras played classical music from Europe

• Formal dancing

• In the South

• Slaves combined the hymns of white churchgoers with African musical styles to create spirituals

• Square dances

• Patriotic Anthems

• Grew with demand for popular songs

• Minstrel Songs

• Honored black music by mimicking it but also mocked African Americans by making themselves look like them

Early American Literature

• Washington Irving

• Drew on German folklore but set them in upstate NY

• “Rip Van Winkle”, “Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

• James Fenimore Cooper

• Wrote about the adventures of rugged frontiersmen venturing into the wilderness

• Last of the Mohicans

• Davy Crockett

• real-life frontiersman who spun tall tales about his life as a hunter, scout, soldier, explorer

• His autobiography gave literature an American accent

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• First American poet

• Touched on patriotic themes – “Paul Revere’s Ride”

Activity 11/07/19

• We are going to dance together, sing and write

• The first activity requires all groups participate at once

• The others – rotate through in groups of 2-3

Do Now 11/08/19

• Andrew Jackson’s life in pictures Gallery Walk

• What do you think they each mean?

• Record your answers on the handout

Let’s see how you did

• Which image do you think is Jackson in this picture?

• Put in prison at age 13 by the British for serving as a rebel messenger.

• How did you describe this one?

• This was his defeat of the British at the Battle of Orleans in 1815

• What does this image show?

• Can you tell the different types of people?

• It’s Jefferson’s 1829 Inauguration

• He invited everyone

• Nearly turned into a riot

• People of off types thought Jefferson spoke to the corruption of government during John Quincy Adams’s presidency and voted for him as a voice of the average American

• Jackson was nearly trampled

• This one is pretty obvious

• What did you decide?

• It’s the Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears

• This one is easy

• What’s your guess?

• At age 67, Jackson survived assassination attempt and clubbed the would be assassin to the ground with his cane. Jan. 30, 1835

• Tricky, tricky

• What do you think? Does he look like a hero or villain in this picture?

• Jackson fights the Bank of the US

• Also in 1836, Jackson signed the treaty (one-sided) with Native Americans and “quieted” his critics

Back to the Election of 1824

• Sectional and ideological differences lead to Dem-Reps splitting up

• Election of 1824 has four candidates

• General/Senator Andrew Jackson (SOUTH)

• Sec. of State John Quincy Adams (NORTH)

• Sec. of Treasury William Crawford (EAST)

• Speaker of the House Henry Clay (WEST)

• “Corrupt Bargain”

• House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson earning popular vote and most electoral votes

• Split among National Republicans and Jacksonian Democrats

Election of 1828

• John Quincy Adams – not so helpful to the average American white male citizen

• National Republican who favored strong central government and federal programs

• Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress

• Alienated the South and West

• Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations

• High protective tariff – to ward off pirates

• Encourage northern industries; Southern agriculture suffered

• Political campaigns on national levels

• Jackson’s wife Rachel

• Coffin Handbills

• Large turnout – Jackson easily beats Adams this time

Andrew Jackson’s Background

• Nicknamed “Old Hickory”

• Unlike the previous presidents

• Duelist (even killed Charles Dickinson), Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco Chewer

• War hero

• Exemplified common man success

• Father died before he was born

• Poor

• Practiced the spoils system

• Hired loyalists and friends

• Took office promising a strong executive

• “It was settled by the Constitution, the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the United States.”

• Endorsed states’ rights

• Considered himself a Jeffersonian Democrat

Jackson as President

• Vetoed more bills by Congress than all predecessors

• Maysville Road (1830)

• Vetoed federal funds as violation of intrastate commerce

• Peggy Eaton Affair – also known as the Petticoat Affair

• “Kitchen Cabinet”

• Private group of trusted advisors

• Whig Party

• Established in 1833 in reaction to Jackson’s power

• Evolution of National Republicans

• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster

• Major Issues

• Native Removal

• Nullification Crisis

• Bank of the United States

The Nullification Crisis• Tariff of Abominations (1828)

• South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

• Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary

• Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)

• Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)

• Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”

• John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”

• Tariff of 1832

• Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

• South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of 1828/1832

• Prepares military build up in preparation

• Force Bill (1833)

• Jackson requests and granted authorization from Congress to lead federal military to crush nullifiers

• Tariff of 1833

• Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually lower tariff rates to 1816 levels

Jackson Battles the Bank of the United States

• He had major distrust of national bank because he felt it favored wealthy over average people

• When Second Bank of the US (a national bank) asked for renewal of charter he vetoed bill

• He claimed the bank was unconstitutional, although Supreme Court disagreed

• In 2nd term, Jackson set out to destroy National Bank • Moved government funds into state banks• Second Bank of US manager fought back by making it harder for people to borrow

money, thinking it would force Jackson to put money back• People rallied around Jackson’s cause and ended up putting the National Bank out

of business

• In beginning nation prospered because it was easier to borrow money from state banks

• But eventually closure of the national bank led to Panic of 1837 – reasons • State banks issued too much paper money

• Inflation occurred due to too much paper money in circulation

• People began to panic about the nation’s economy

Small Group Activity

Read Chapter 14 Sections 2-6

11/08/19 Independent Activity

• What does it take to be an American president?

• How can your vision differ from your reality, like many presidents we’ve discussed so far?

• Activity: independently – create a presidential trading card for yourself and include:

• Your name

• Picture

• Family information

• Time period you were in office

• Background

• Job before presidency

• Your presidential accomplishments and/or challenges

• USE THE RUBRIC

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Do Now 11/12/19• How did that experience make you feel?

• What stood out the most to you?

• Can you keep the activity a secret from the other block? Of tears

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Reflection

Think back to your presidential trading card assignment and the “Fact vs Assumption” activity we did on Friday.

How easy/hard is it to effectively lead a diverse group of people?

How does your own background influence your beliefs and actions, even when you consider yourself to be open minded and fair?

TedEd “History vs Andrew Jackson” https://youtu.be/gx5IyumKmDI

Act it Out – Saving a People

• I need 15 acting volunteers

• You’ll have 4-5 minutes to look over your part

Why did Jackson use force to remove the Native Americans from their homes?

• Beginning with President Jefferson, there had been attempts to move Native Americans westward.

• Jefferson hoped Native Americans would move voluntarily.

• After the War of 1812, Native Americans in the “old” Northwest gave up their lands and moved west of the Mississippi River.

• However, the Native Americans living in the Southeast refused to move.

• To government leaders, the tribes of the Southeast stood in the way of westward expansion.

• By the 1820s, many southerners were demanding that the government move the tribes by force.

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Policies Regarding Native Americans

• Southern farmers wanted to expand West to farm more land for cotton

• 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

• Force natives to leave & move to Oklahoma

Cherokee and the Removal

• Cherokee took their case to Supreme Court

• Worcester vs Georgia

• Ruled that Georgia could not remove the Cherokee from their land

• Georgia ignored the ruling

• Pres. Jackson supported Georgia

• Trail of Tears

• US Army gathered over 15,000 Cherokee and forced them to march to Oklahoma

• 1 out of 4 died

• Government CHARGED Cherokee for the cost of the removal

11/12/19 Activity

• We learn more when we can evaluate primary and secondary sources.

• You will now have the opportunity to interpret documents to better understand the Indian Removal Act and it’s effect on our nation, as a whole.