our environment ppt
TRANSCRIPT
1. Effect of adding waste to
the environment :-
Human activities produce a lot of waste materials which
are thrown away into the environment. These wastes cause
pollution of air, water and soil.
The waste materials produced are of two main types. They
are biodegradable wastes and non biodegradable wastes.
1) Biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are
decomposed into harmless substances by microorganisms.
Ex :- vegetables, fruits, pulses, cereals, cotton, jute, wool,
wood, leather, paper, animal dung, animal bones etc.
ii) Non biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are not
decomposed by microorganisms.
Ex :- polythene bags, plastics, synthetic fibers, glass,
metals, synthetic rubber, insecticides, pesticides etc.
EXAMPLE OF
BIODEGRADEABLE WASTE EXAMPLE OF NONBIODEGRADEABLE WASTE
2. Ecosystem and its components :-
a) Ecosystem :- An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms in an
area along with the non living components and their interaction.
There are different types of ecosystems. They are :-
i) Natural ecosystems :- like forests, deserts, grass lands, mountains,
ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans etc.
ii) Artificial ecosystems :- like gardens, parks, crop fields, aquarium, zoo etc.
b) Components of an ecosystem :-An ecosystem consists of two main components. They are
biotic and abiotic
components.
i) Biotic components :- are the living components like plants, animals and
microorganisms. They consist of producers, consumers and decomposers.
Producers :- are green plants which produce food by photosynthesis.
Consumers :- are herbivores which get their food directly from plants,
carnivores which get their food indirectly from plants and omnivores which
get their food directly or indirectly from plants.i)Decomposers :- are microorganisms which decompose dead plants and
animals. They decompose complex organic substances into simple inorganic
substances in the soil which are again used by plants.
ii) Abiotic components :- are the non living components like air, water, soil,
minerals, sunlight , temperature, wind etc.
Food chain :-A food chain is the flow of food energy from one organism to the next and to the next and
so on. They usually start with a producer (plants) and end with a carnivore. In a food
chain an organism gets food from one group of organisms.
eaten by eaten by
Eg:- Grass Deer Lion
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer)
eaten by eaten by eaten by
Grass Insects Frog Snake
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer)
eaten by eaten by eaten by eaten by
Grass Moth Frog Snake Hawk
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer) (quarternary
consumer)
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Food web is a group of several interconnected food chains. In a food web
an organism gets food from more than one group of organisms.
Food web :-
4) Tropic levels :-Each step in a food chain where transfer of food energy takes place is called tropic level.
The first tropic level consists of producers.
The second tropic level consists of primary consumers.
The third tropic level consists of secondary consumers.
The fourth tropic level consists of tertiary consumers.
Since the transfer of food energy decreases at every tropic level, the number of tropic levels
are limited and do not exceed four or five.
Green plants (producers) absorb about 1% of solar energy falling on the leaves and stores it as food energy
during photosynthesis.
During the transfer of food energy from one tropic level to the next, 90% of the energy is lost to the
environment and only 10% is transferred to the next tropic level. So there is a decrease in the amount of food
energy transferred at every tropic level by 10%. This is known as the 10% law.
Energy flow in tropic levels :-
Biological magnification
Harmful chemicals like insecticides and pesticides which are used to protect crops from insects
and pests are absorbed by plants and enter the food chain. Since these chemicals are non
biodegradable, they get accumulated at every tropic level and their concentration increases. Since
human beings occupy the highest tropic level, the concentration of these harmful chemicals is
maximum in our bodies.
The increase in concentration of harmful chemicals in the bodies of organisms at higher tropic
levels is called biological magnification.
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Human activities affect the environment :-a) Depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere :-
Ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms (O3). At higher levels in the atmosphere the UV
radiation splits some oxygen molecules (O2) into free oxygen atoms which combines with oxygen
molecules (O2) to form ozone. It is highly poisonous.
UV radiation
O2 O + O
O2 + O O3
The ozone layer present in the higher layer of the atmosphere protects the earth from the
harmful UV radiation from the sun. UV radiation causes skin cancer in humans.
The ozone layer is being damaged by the use of chemicals like chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs)
used in refrigerators and fire extinguishers. So the use of CFCs is now being reduced to protect
the ozone layer.