our color development project-ii (1st edition)

8/2/2019 Our Color Development Project-II (1st Edition).

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Primeasia Universitya missio n wit h a vision

Department of Textile Engineering

Project Cover Sheet

Declaration and Statement of Authorship:

1. I/we hold a copy of this project, which can be produced if the original is lost/ damaged.

2. This project is my/our original work and no part of it has been copied from any other

students work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made.

3. No part of this project has been written for me/us by any other person except where such

collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer/teacher concerned and is clearly

acknowledged in the assignment.

4. I/we have not previously submitted or currently submitting this work for any other

Course / unit.

5. This work may be reproduced, communicated, compared and archived for the purpose ofdetecting plagiarism.

6. I/we give permission for a copy of my/our marked work to be retained by the School for

review and comparison, including review by external examiners.

I/we understand that-I. Plagiarism is the presentation of the work, idea or creation of another person as though it is your

own. It is a form of cheating and is a very serious academic offence that may lead to expulsionfrom the University. Plagiarized material can be drawn from, and presented in, written, graphicand visual form, including electronic data, and oral presentations. Plagiarism occurs whenthe origin of the material used is not appropriately cited.

II. Enabling plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarize or to copy yourwork.

Group Name: Wet Processing Technology, 083 Batch (I)

SerialNo.

Group Members Name ID

01 Ridwan Hafiz 083-144-741

02 Jahirul Hasan 083-153-04103 Md.Atikur Rahman 083-161-741

04 Sohag Hossen 083-163-741

05 Sadman Shakib Talukder 083-164-741

School of Engineering & Technology


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Name of the Topic of the Project

Study on the analysis and Color development of

Un-identified Blended Fabric


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Acceptance

An important project, titled Study on the analysis and Color development of

Un-identified BlendedFabric is done by using the relevant documents related to

the assigned topic written by Group I, 083, 15th

Batch ,Wet Processing

Technology, students of the Department of Textile Engineering, Primeasia

University has been acknowledged as it is acceptable.

----------------------------

(Supervising Teacher)

Helal Uddin

Associate Professor

Department of Textile Engineering

Primeasia University


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DedicationAllah has created us. And we have come to this world by ourparents. If we were not birthed in this universe, it was totally out

of thinking for us to think about thisproject Study on the

analysis and Color development of Unidentified Blended

Fabric. So definitely we want to dedicate our project to Our

Beloved Parents which is a very small effort.


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Acknowledgement

We are grateful to the Almighty Allah. We have completed our project on Study on the

analysis and Color development of Unidentified Blended Fabric by the Grace of Allah. We

are also grateful to our very beloved parents for whom we are now in this universe .We are

thankful to our project supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Helal Uddin, Primeasia University, for assisting

us and by sharing with us his experiences in Textile Engineering. Really, we have earned

something important while completing the project. Lots of heart feeling respect is for Prof. Dr. A

B M Abdullah, Primeasia University,for sharing with us his awesome thinking about Textile and

for giving us unbelievable inspirations.

We also would like to give a very special thank to Professor Khaleque (Dean, School of

Engineering & Head of Textile Engineering Department, Primeasia University) for giving us the

chance to study in such a noble Engineering subject.

A very remarkable thank is for all of our project group members for their severe Endeavour in

completing the project. Otherwise, it would be too much tough to fulfill the project.


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Abstract:

A Blend is a fabric or yarn made up of more than one type of fiber.

The combination of two or more types of staple fibers and color in one yarn Blends are sometimes so

intimate that it is difficult to distinguish component fibers in yarn or fabric A highly sophisticated textile

art, blending today is creating new fabric types, performance, characteristic and Dyeing and Finishing

effects.

Two or more fibers combined in one fabric to bring out the best qualities of each. Example: In a

cotton/polyester blend, cotton supplies softness and breath ability; polyester supplies strength and easy-

care advantages .Usually referred to by two numbers such as 60/40, with each number representing thepercentage of each fiber present in the yarn. A bend of cotton polyester gives the durability at the same

time giving cotton comfort to the user.

From the above views we have gone through the color development to such type of blended fabric to full

fill the continuous requirement of user in our project. We hope that it will be able to contribute in theTextile field. A lot of development will be achieved by further research.

ContentsPage No.


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1.0. Introduction ..092.0. Aim & Objectives 093.0. Literature Review ..10

3.1. Textile ...................... ...103.2. Textile Engineering .............103.3. Sectors of Textile Engineering .103.4. Fiber ......................103.5. Textile Fiber ...............103.6. Fundamental Properties of Textile Fiber 113.7. Fiber properties important in textile uses ..11

4.0. Cotton Fiber .124.1. Nomenclature .............124.2. Composition ...............124.3. Chemical Composition .....................124.4. Cellulose .................. ...134.5. Constitution of cellulose 13-144.6. Physical Properties of cotton fiber 15

5.0. Polyester Fiber ..165.1. Raw Materials ..165.2. Properties of Polyester 16-175.3. Chemistry of Polyester ..185.4. Polymer of Polyester 19

6.0. Representation of the Supplied Fabric (Un-dyed) .207.0. Analysis of the supplied fabric .218.0. Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) 21

8.1. Flowchart of Burning test21-238.2. Flowchart of Chemical test 24-258.3. Determination of Blend ratio 26-27

9.0. Fabric Structure & Design (FSD) .27


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10.0. Dyeing Portion..2810.1. Pre-treatment ..29-3110.2. Dyeing 31-3410.3. After treatment .34

11.0. Representation of the final sample .3512.0. Different Fastness testing of the final Sample (Dyed) ..36

12.1. Light Fastness (By tester) .36-3712.2. Rubbing Fastness (Crock Meter) .37-4012.3. Perspiration Fastness (By tester).41-43

13.0. Discussion about shade 4414.0. Comparison of shade with the each dyed fabric ..4415.0. Solution to meet up the exact shade ..4416.0. Limitations behind this project .4517.0. Conclusion .4518.0. Gratefulness .4619.0. References .4720.0. Some images during laboratory testing48

1.0. Introduction:


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Bangladesh has created a significant level in the global market. Bangladesh produces yarn, fabric,

garments from various types of textile fibers. But the main problem in Bangladesh is that of insufficient

research work for improvement of existing methods.

Dyeing of cotton is a easy process. But synthetic or blended fabric is complex matter. Because of proper

identification, maintaining temperature, time, proper pressure dye selection and other dye selectionchemicals. Machines acceptance also came into consider. Due to the above dissimilarities proper shade is

difficult to maintain.

For the existence in the textile market of the world competition, Bangladesh has to apply diversified

methods of application of cotton, polyester and blended fabric. It is therefore possible to produce textile

products quantitatively and qualitatively within least time at a low cost as per requirement of foreign

buyers. Continuous effort is done for color development which contributed a lot in the textile field, of the

world market.

For this reason, the project Study on the analysis and Color development of Un-identified Blended

Fabricis done by us.

2.0. Aim & Objectives:After going through this unit, we should be able to have a clear conception about the following:

Should be able to know about blend fabric and blend dyeing. Should be able to know the blend dyeing process. Should be able to know the factors that have impact in blend dyeing process. Should be able to know the advantages of blend fabric. Should be able to know the dyestuff and their properties used to dye the blend fabric. Should be able to know the importance of color on textile materials.

3.0. Literature Review:


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3.1. Textile:Any filament, fiber, or yarn that can be made into fabric or cloth, and the resulting material itself . The

word originally referred only to fabrics but now includes spinning, dyeing & garments as well. The basic

raw materials used in textile production are fibers, either obtained from natural sources (e.g., wool) or

produced from chemical substances (i.e. nylon and polyester).

3.2. Textile Engineering:Textile engineering, also known as textile technology, is the study of various principles form engineering

and scientific methodologies. These principles are then implemented for the processing and production of

all kinds of textile fabric and yarns from textile fibers. The disciple involves extensive study of chemical

and physical principles, which is then utilized for the detailed study and analysis of the behavior of

polymers involved in the formation of textile fiber.

3.3. Sectors of Textile Engineering: Yarn Manufacturing Technology (YMT). Fabric Manufacturing Technology(FMT) Dyeing /Coloration /Wet Processing Technology (WPT) Garments /Apparel Manufacturing Technology (GMT)

3.4. Fibers:Fibers are pliable hair like substances that are very small in diameter in relation to their length. A fiber is

a unit of matter whose length is 1000 times longer than its width. For example: Cotton, Silk, Jute etc.

3.5. Textile Fibers:The materials which consists fibrous structure and its length is thousands times higher than its width and

which can be spun into yarns suitable for weaving or knitting is classified as textile fibers.

3.6. Fundamental properties textile fiber: It should have fibrous structure and the length should be thousand times longer than its width.
http://www.answers.com/topic/yarnhttp://www.answers.com/topic/woolhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nylonhttp://www.answers.com/topic/polyesterhttp://www.blogger.com/goog_1583337449http://www.blogger.com/goog_1583337449http://www.answers.com/topic/polyesterhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nylonhttp://www.answers.com/topic/woolhttp://www.answers.com/topic/yarn


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It must have sufficient strength, elasticity and spinning power. It should have fine structure and flexibility. It should have dye ability or dyes and chemical absorbency. It must be readily obtainable in adequate quantities so that the end products will be cheap.

3.7. Fiber properties important in textile uses:

4.0. Cotton Fiber:The word cotton is derived from Arabic language, depending upon the Arabic dialect, it is pronounced as

Kutan; Kut , Kutn.

Chemical Physical Biological Fabric properties

Stability towards

Acids

Bases

Solvents

Bleaches

Heat Sunlight

Ageing

Flammability

Dye ability

Mechanical

Tenacity

Elongation

Stiffness

Abrasion resistance

Tensile recovery

Thermal

Melting point

Softening point

Tg

Decomposition

Temperature

Electrical

Surface resistivity

Toxicological

Dermatological

Resistance to

Bacteria

Molds

Insects

Appearance

Drape

Hand

Luster

Comfort

Warmth

Water sorption

Moisture retention

Wicking

Stability

Shape

Shrinkage

Felting

Pilling

Crease resistance

Crease retention


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4.1. Nomenclature:As the cotton fiber is obtained from the plant it is classified as a natural, cellulose, seed, mono cellular,

staple fiber.

Cotton is a soft staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a

shrub native to tropical or subtropical regions around the world including America, India and Africa. The

fiber most often is spun into yarn or thread and used to make soft, breathable textile which is the most

widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.

4.2. Composition:The chemical composition of cotton fibers and the quantity of different constituent vary greatly with the

type of plant, soil and climate. Raw cotton fiber after ginning is essentially composed 94% cellulose.

4.3. Chemical Composition:

ConstituentPercent

Cellulose94.0%

Protein1.3

Pectic substances1.2

Ash1.2

Fat & wax0.6

Organic acid, sugar and others1.7

Although cellulose is the chief component of plant cell walls as a naturally occurring material, it contains

also a wide variety of others materials in small amounts notably protein, pectic substance, ash and waxy

materials. These are frequently called impurities.

4.4. Cellulose:The existence of cellulose as the common material of plant cell wall was first recognized by Anselm

Payen ,a French chemist in 1983.The chemical and physical properties of the cellulose fiber s, their

behavior in dyeing and finishing as well as in practical demonstration is determined to a large extent by


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the cellulose portion. This is why it is possible to carry out the dyeing of the different cellulose fibers

almost in the same manner.

4.5.

Constitution of cellulose:Cellulose contains 44.4% of carbon,6.2% of hydrogen and 49.4% of oxygen. This corresponds to an

empirical ratio of six carbon to ten hydrogen to five oxygen and the simplest formula for cellulose is

written (C6H10O5)n where n is the polymerization factor i.e. DP.

Cellulose is a natural high molecular compound. Evidence shows that if cellulose is subjected to acid

hydrolysis, 96-98% of glucose is obtained as an end product. Glucose is to be regarded therefore as the

smallest component of the cellulose. The natural form of glucose is d glucose and is also referred to as

dextrose.

The d glucose exists in two different modifications, i.e. in and form. The distinction between these

two forms arises from the position of hydroxyl (OH) group on the c1 carbon. glucose has anOH group

that points downwards ,away from the ring, whereas OH group on carbon one of beta glucose is in the

line with the ring.

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (CH10O5), a polysaccharide consisting of a linear

chain of several hundred to over nine thousands (1to 4) linked d glucose units. It will be appreciated

that cellulose is built up of glucose residues in the way.

Where n is the degree of polymerization (DP).DP of cotton polymer is about 5000.One cellulose polymer

may contain 10000 glucose units.

The first step in this natural polymerization is the formation of one molecule of cellobiose from two from

two molecular of glucose.


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4.6. Physical Properties of cotton fiber:


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5.0. Polyester Fiber:

Property Evaluation

Shape

Fairly uniform in width,12-20 micrometer;

length varies from 1 to 6 cm(1/2 to2 and1/2inches);typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.2 cm(8

and to 1 and inches)

Luster Low

Tenacity(strength)

Dry

Wet

3.0 to 5.0 g/d

3.3 to 6.0 g/d

ResiliencyLow. It refers to fibers ability to quickly

recover from change.

Density 1.541.56 g.cm3

Moisture absorption

Raw

Mercerized

8.5%

8.5 -10.3%

Dimensional stability Good

Resistance to:

Acids

AlkaliOrganic solvents

Sunlight

Microgranisms

Insects

Damage, weaken fiber

Resistance; to harmful effectsHigh resistance to most

Prolonged exposure weakens fibers

Mildew and root protruding bacteria damage

fibers

Silverfish damage fibers

Thermal reactions:

To heat

To flame

Decomposes after prolonged exposure to temp.

of 150c or overBurns readily


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Polyester fibers are also known as Terylene, Terene, and Dacron etc.Theses fibres are synthetic textile

fibres of high polymers which are obtained by esterification of dicarboxylic acids, with glycols or by ester

exchange reactions between dicarboxylic acid esters and glycols.Thus Terylene is made by polymerizing

using ester exchange reaction between dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol.

5.1. Raw Materials:The main raw materials required for the manufacture of Terylene polyester fibres are ethylene glycol and

methanol. Dacron (Du Pont) is produced by polycondensation reaction using Terephthalic Acid (TPA)

and ethylene glycol.The use of Dimethyl Terephthalate is preferred instead of Terephthalic Acid as the

purity of the reacting chemicals is essential and it is esier to purify DMT than Terephthalic Acid.

5.2. Properties of Polyester:Tenacity:

Tenacity (gpd) High Tenacity Normal Tenacity Staple

Dry 6-7 4.5-5.5 3.5-4

Wet 6-7 4.5-5.5 3.5-4

Dry 12.5-7.5 25-15 40-25

Wet 12.5-7.5 25-15 40-25

Density 1.38 1.38 1.38

Moisture Regain:

At 65% RH and 70 deg F-->0.4%

Because of low moisture regain, it develops static charge. Garments of polyester fibers get soiled easily

during wear.

Thermal Properties:

Polyester fibers are most thermally stable of all synthetic fibers. As with all thermoplastic fibers its

tenacity decreases and elongation increases with rise in temperature. When ignited, polyester fibers burn

with difficulty.

Shrinkage:


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Polyester shrinks approximately 7% when immersed in an unrestrained state in boiling water. Like other

textile fibers, polyester fibers undergo degradation when exposed to sunlight. Its biological resistance is

good as it is not a nutrient for microorganisms.

Swelling and Dissolving:

The fibers swells in 2% solution of benzoic acid, Salisylic acid and phenol.Alcohol, Ketone, Soaps,

Detergents and Dry-cleaning solvents have to chemical action on polyester fibers.

Chemical Resistance:

Polyester fibers have a high resistance to organic and mineral acids. Weak acids do not harm even at boil.

Similarly strong acids including hydrofluoric acids do not attack the fibers appreciably in the cold.

Use of Polyesters:

Woven and Knitted fabrics, especially blends Conveyor belts, tire cords, tarpaulins etc. For filling pillow. For paper making machine. Insulation tapes. Hose pipe with rubber PVC. Ropes, fish netting and sail cloth.

5.3. Chemistry of Polyester:


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Glycol reacts with a aromatic acid like Ophthalmic acid with two acid groups, the reaction can proceed

under suitable conditions to make a polymeric ester "Polyester".

One OH group of one alcohol molecule reacts with one COOH Croup of the pthalic acid, and the

remaining COOH group of the acid reacts with another OH group of another alcohol and thus reacts

alternatively alcohol and acid to form a chain of polymeric Polyester.

Polyethylene Teraphthalate (PET) is a condensation polymer and is industrially produced byeither terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol. Other polyester fibers of

interest to the nonwovens field include:

Terephthalic Acid (PTA), produced directly from p-xylene with bromide-controlled oxidation. Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT), made in the early stages by esterification of terephthalic acid.

However, a different process involving two oxidation and esterification stages now accounts for

most DMT.

Ethylene Glycol (EG) initially generated as an intermediate product by oxidation of ethylene.Further ethylene glycol is obtained by reaction of ethylene oxide.

5.4. Polymer of Polyester:


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Polymer is as of synthetic polymeric man-made fiber.The word Polymer is derived from Greek words

poly and Mer.Poly means many and Mer means part or unit i.e. A substance whose molecules

consist of many parts or units. So we can say the chemical compound which is made by the repetition of

small and general chemical unit is called Polymer. The repeating unit of polymer is proportional to

monomer.

To form polyester, dimethyl terephthalate is first reacted with ethylene glycol in the presence of acatalyst at a temperature of 302-410F (150-210C).

The resulting chemical, a monomer (single, non-repeating molecule) alcohol, is combined withterephthalic acid and raised to a temperature of 472F (280C). Newly-formed polyester, which is

clear and molten, is extruded through a slot to form long ribbons.

6.0. Representation of the Supplied Fabric (Un-dyed):


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Sample: I Sample: II

Sample: III

7.0. Analysis of the supplied fabric:


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We have analyzed the supplied sample in two ways to identify the compositions that the sample fabric

contains .These are,

Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) Fabric structure and design (FSD)

8.0. Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC):In this section we have tested the supplied fabric to know the composition of fibers by which the fabric is

made. We have done two types of tests.

Burning test Chemical test

8.1. Flowchart of Burning test: For sample -ISampleI

Approaching to flame

Fuses, melts & Shrinkage away from flame

In flame

Burns slowly

Removal from flame

Continuous to burn & then melt

Smell

Paper burning & Aeromatic type

Bit form & some ash

Identified

Cotton & Polyester


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For sample-II:

SampleII



In flame

Burns slowly

Removal from flame


Smell

Aeromatic type

Residue

Beed form unbroken black color

Identified

Polyester


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For sample-III:

8.2. Flowchart of Chemical test:

SampleIII



In flame

Burns slowly

Removal from flame


Smell

Aeromatic type

Residue

Beed form unbroken black color

Result

Polyester


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For sample-I:

Sample-I

Immersed by 70% H2SO4 in a test tube

For 10-15 minutes

At a temperature 40-45 c

Some fibers were vanished & some were visible

Identified

Cotton

Residual fiber was washed & dried

Immersed by pure Nitro Benzene in a test tube

For 10-15 minutes

Heated in gas burner at a temperature 100C


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Vanish

Result

Polyester

Identified

Cotton/Polyester blend

Sample-III

Immersed by pure Nitro Benzene in a test tube

For 10-15 minutes

Heated in gas burner at a temperature 100C

Vanish

Result

Polyester


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8.3. Determination of Blend ratio:For sampleI

20 yarns from the supplied fabric were separated both from warp and weft

Measured in a digital balance

Immersed in 70% H2SO4 in a test tube

Heated by a gas burner

The yarns immersed in distilled water

Kept in a tissue paper

Ironing

Again weighted in a digital balance

Weight of yarn=0.029gm (Before test)

Weight of yarn=0.025gm (After test)

Difference between before & after test= (0.029-0.025) gm

= 0.004gm


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Difference between before & after test

Amount of cotton= * 100%

Weight of yarn

= 0.004 * 100

0.029

= 13.79% cotton

Amount of polyester = 100 13.79 = 86.21 %

9.0. Fabric Structure & Design (FSD):


Sample: III


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10.0. Dyeing Portion:Process flowchart of normal dyeing process:

Grey Fabric Inspection

Sewing or Stitching

Singeing

De sizing

Scouring

Bleaching

Mercerizing

Dyeing

Printing

Finishing

Final Inspection

Delivery


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Dyeing is carried out on textile material (fiber or fabric) in three steps. These are:

Pre-treatment Dyeing After treatment

10.1. Pre-treatment:Pre-treatment is the first step of dyeing a textile material which refers to singeing, de-sizing, scouring,

bleaching and mercerizing. But our supplied samples were identified as polyester and cotton polyester

blend. That is why bleaching, de-sizing and singeing were not mandatory. But it seems to us that the

samples were not cleaned properly. So scouring was necessary. And we scoured the samples.

Scouring:

Scouring is a process of removal of impurities from textile materials. The materials are treated with

NaOH, detergent, wetting agent, soap, solvent etc. Different impurities like oil, wax, fat etc are removed

by soaponification, emulsification etc. This leads to a greater increase in absorbency and facilitate

subsequent processing. This is entirely important because variation in absorbency may result in uneven

shade.

Scouring recipe:

Soda ash 3 gm/lit

Wetting agent 0.5 cc

Detergent 2 gm/lit

Sequestering agent 0.5 cc

pH 10-11

Time 30 mins

Temperature 700c


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Working flow-chart of scouring:

Took the samples & weighted in the digital balance

Taken required amount of chemicals in accordance of recipe in a dye bath

Placing the bath into the gas burner the samples were immersed onto the dye bath

The temperature raised up to 700c

Treated for 30 minutes

Washed in distilled water

Acid washed with acetic acid

Washed in water & dried


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Scouring curve:

W.A S.A

S.ash Detergent Fabric Drain

10.2. Dyeing:Dyes are organic compound which is capable of absorbing selective wave length. And dyeing is the

process by which color is established on textile materials by the application of dyes.

We found out by testing polyester and cotton/polyester blend fiber in our supplied fabric. That is why weneeded to dye the samples by disperse dye for polyester using carrier and reactive (cold brand) for cotton.

Disperse dyeing: For sample-I( Black & Brown).

Recipe:

Name of item Amount

Dye stuff (Disperse)3%

Carrier

2 cc/Lit

Dispersing agent1.5 gm/Lit

Acetic acid1 cc/Lit

Material liquor ratio 1:50

Temperature Boiling temperature

Time 50 minutes


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Dyeing flowchart: (Sample-I)







Dyeing curve:

Dye A.acid Fabric


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Reduction clearing recipe:

Hydrose 2 g/L

NaOH 1g/L

M:L 1:50

Time 10 Minutes

After dyeing with disperse dye the sample was set for reduction clearing. And the sample was treated by

the above recipe for reduction clearing.

Reactive dyeing: For sample-I(Black & Brown)

Recipe:

Reactive dye(Cold brand) 3%

Salt 60 gm/Lit

Soda 20 gm/LitWetting agent 1cc/Lit

Leveling agent 2cc/Lit

Temperature 40oC

Time 30 minutes

pH 9.5-11


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Flowchart of dyeing:




Treated for 30 minutes at 40oc

Then washed in water and dried

Curve:

Temp.

H2O, Dye, Fabric

( salt + soda) ( salt + soda) Drain

10 20 30 40 Time


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Disperse dyeing: For sample II & III: (Black & Brown)

Recipe:

Name of item Amount

Dye stuff (Disperse)3%

Carrier2 cc/Lit

Dispersing agent1.5 gm/Lit

Acetic acid1 cc/Lit

Material liquor ratio 1:50

Temperature Boiling temperature

Time 50 minutes

Dyeing flowchart for sample II & III: (Black & Brown)








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Dyeing curve:

D.agent

Dye A.acid Fabric

10.3. After treatment:For after-treatment, after dyeing each fabric were washed by soap.


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11.0. Representation of the final sample fabric:


Sample: III


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12.0. Different Fastness Test of the final Sample (Dyed) & Result:The resistance of material to change in any of its color characteristics to transfer its colorant to adjacent

material or both as a result of exposure of material to any environment that might be encountered during

the processing, testing, storage or use of the material.

Color fastness also can be defined as the property of a colored that enables its depth and shade throughout

the useable life of the product.

12.1. Light Fastness (By Light Fastness Tester):Color fastness to light is the resistance to change any of its color characteristics of dyed fabric when it is

exposed to day light.

ISO Standard

105 C01 - C06

Blue Wool Scale rating:

Fastness Grade Light Fastness

1 Very Poor

2 Poor

3 Fair

4 Moderate

5 Good

6 Very good

7 Excellent

8 Out Standing

Factors on which colorfastness of a dyed sample depends on:

Fiber type Type of dye Method of application After-treatment Usage

Preparation of Sample:

Dyed fabric sample size = 117mm X 45mm.

ISO recommended Blue Wool Scale size = 60mm X 25mm


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Flow Chart of testing procedure:

Cut sample according to template (117mm X 45mm)

Attached sample to sample holder in light chamber

Switch on

Kept it 24 hrs in MBTL 500W light

Switch off

Wash with tape water & dried

Inspection

Analyzed faded sample by Blue Wool scale rating

Result

5(Good)

12.2. Rubbing Fastness (By Crock Meter):Color fastness to rubbing means that the stability of coloring matters against friction in certain condition.

Rubbing fastness are two types:

Dry Rubbing Wet Rubbing


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To determine the color fastness to rubbing, Crock meter/ Mec-rub are used.

To determine color fastness to rubbing fastness Gray Scale for Staining Scale is needed.

Gray Scale for Staining Scale:

The Gray scale is for assessing the degree of staining caused by dyed textile yarn in color fastness test.

For example, the staining of cotton fabric in washes fastness, rubbing fastness etc.

Gray Scale types:

For assessment change in color in color fastness tests. It consists of nine pairs of non-glossyneutral grey colored chips which illustrate the perceived color differences

For assessment of staining or color transfer in color fastness tests. It consists of nine pairs of non-glossy grey and white colored chips which illustrate the perceived depth of staining.

The fastness rating goes step-wise from:

Note 5 = no visible change (best rating) to Note 1 = a large visual change (worst rating).

The gray scale has possible 9 values

5, 4-5, 4, 3-4, 3, 2-3, 2, 1-2, 1.

Fig: Gray Scale for Staining


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It is now quite common to measure the Gray Scale for assessing staining instrumentally. This is made

using a suitable reflectance spectrophotometer according to the test method procedure, EN ISO 105-A04

Gray Scale for Color Staining Rating:

Grade Estimation/Observation Remarks

5 No color transferred very Fast

4-5 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale(staining) Fast

4 Color transfer equivalent to step 4 on scale Fast

3-4 Color transfer equivalent to step 3-4 on scale Average

3 Color transfer equivalent to step 3 on scale Average

2-3 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast

2 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast

1-2 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast

1 Color transfer equivalent to step 4-5 on scale Not Fast

ISO Standard:

ISO 150-X12

Requirement for Test:

Sample size 20cm X 7.5cm

Load 9 Newton 5%Time 10 sec.

No. Of rotation 10

Crock fabric


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Fabric was cut as per requirement size(20cm X 7.5cm)

Sample set on the sample holder with the help pin

Crock fabric set on the finger with the help pin

Machine set zero(0)

10 rub (to & fro) was given within 10 sec

Evaluation was done with the help of Gray Scale for Staining scale

4 (Fast)


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12.3.Perspiration Fastness:This method is intended for determining the resistance of the color of fabric of all kind and in all for to

the action of human perspiration.

Technical detail:

Specimens of the textile in contact with specified adjacent fabric are treated with two different solutions.

Containing histidine place between two plates under a specific pressure in a testing device, the specimen

and adjacent fabric dried separately, the change in color of each specimen and the standing of the adjacent

fabric are assessed with scale.

Wash Fastness (By Wash Fastness 508 M/C):

It is the resistance of any dyed fabric to change in any of its color characteristics to transfer its colorant to

adjacent fabric after wash.

Washing fastness is designed to evaluate the Laundering fastness test of the dyed fabric. This test helps to

maintain uniform as well as quality product is ensured.

ISO Standard:

105 C01- C06

Gray Scale evaluation both for Color change & staining scale:

Grade Observation Remarks

5 Obviously no change Excellent fast

4-5 A few change Fast4 Slight change Fast

3-4 More than slight change Average

3 Moderate change Average

2-3 Distinctly changed Not fast

1-2 Distinctly changed Not fast

1 Completed change Not fast


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Requirement for test:

The composition of fabric is prepared as flow:

If the first piece The second piece will be

Cotton Wool

Wool Cotton

Silk Wool

Linen Wool

Viscose Wool

Cellulosic acetate Viscose

Polyamide Wool or Viscose

Polyester Wool or Cotton

Acrylic Wool or Cotton

Detergent:

Lissapol, Sodium Olieat, Sodium meta silicate, Mild alkali (Na2Co3).

Required Acetic acid is 28% for neutralization of dye contaminant.

Sample Size:

10cm X 4 cm 5cm X 4cm (Adjacent Fabric)

Washing Solution:

Water 100ml

Detergent 0.5%

M:L 1:50

Temp. 400C 2 (ISO-1)

Time 30 min


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Required water & detergent are prepared in a jar with 10-15 stainless steel ball

The jars are covered and clamped on machine

Time & temperature are set as per requirement

Switch ON

Fabric is then recovered, washed for neutralization by cool water and Acetic acid

The conditioned light pree is applied

Evaluation is done with Gray Scale

4(Fast)


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13.0.Discussion about shade:In wet processing technology, shade is the term which is widely used. The basic purpose of wet

processing technology is to establish color on textile material. The material may be either yarn or fabric.

So the term shade means the density of color needs to be established on textile material. If the percentage

of shade is then the depth of color is also higher. And higher the dyeing cost.

Shade percentage is defined as The amount of dyestuff required to dye 100 unit textile materials.

Example: 3% shade means that 3 unit dyestuffs are required to dye 100 unit of textile material.

14.0.Comparison of shade with the each dyed fabric:

Sample -I:

Sample -II:

Sample- III:

15.0.Solution to meet up the exact shade:


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16.0.Limitations behind this project:

We have completed the project. To complete this project we needed to go severallaboratories for several tests of our university. For identification the fibers of the sample,

we took help from our Textile testing & quality control lab. We tested there successfully.

But we were unable to take more time for the identification tests due to the classes of

junior students. It would be too good if we could get more time for tests and could work

in a calm and quiet environment.

From our self effort, we wanted to get the structure and design of our sample fabric. So itwas necessary to go to the FSD laboratory. But due to get permission from the concerned

teacher to use the instruments, some days were misused. If this wouldnt, it would take

less time than now to complete the project.

The core purpose of our project was to establish color on blend fabric. So dyeing gotmore preferences to us. That is why we had to go to our dyeing laboratory. But due to the

absence of proper dyestuff, we had to wait for proper dyestuff to be come. Also some

days were spoiled here.

We needed to dye the samples with disperse dye as the sample contained polyester fibers.So HTHP method was our first preference. But there were no facilities in the lab for

proper HTHP method. So we were obliged to use carier.

In our dyeing laboratory, the quality of auxiliary agents that are used for dyeing, likewetting agent, sequestering agent, leveling agent etc were so lower classes that these arenot able functioning properly. If it would not, the shades that were created on the fabric

would be lighter and more proper. Moreover, all the lab assistant of our laboratories

should be more cordial. It might be helpful for the project students.

We, all the members of this project, are final year students. So it was too much tough forus to concentrate in the fullest sense to the project due to going different textile industries

for the confirmation of our industrial training.

Last of all, the topic of this project was an important and inevitable term. This type oftopic for project is just like a dream for a textile engineering student. But, a sorrow of all

the members is that we didnt get proper inspirations regarding this project from the

concerned people. We have worked in the project in our self motivation only for thebetterment of our upcoming future.


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17.0.Conclusion:


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18.0.Gratefulness:


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19.0.References:

01.Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers---------------By E.R. Trotman.

02. Technology of Textile Processing

----------------By Dr. V.A. Shenai

03.Textile & Apparel Dictionary04.Textile Preparation & Dyeing

----------------By Asim Kumar Roy Chowdhury

05.Basic Principle of Textile Colortion----------------By Arthur D Broadbent

06.Blend Dyeing----------------By John Shore

07.Dyeing Technology---------------------By Abdul Kader Bapari

08.www.wikipidia.com09.www.google.com10.www.bing.com11.www.journey2textile.blogspot.com
http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.journey2textile.blogspot.com/http://www.bing.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipidia.com/

our color development project-ii (1st edition)

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