OTTOMAN EMPIRE

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Nomadic MUSLIM group from Asia MinorNot Arabs TURKS Military warriors known as GhazisMost successful Ghazi OSMANKnown as Othman in the WestOsman followers called OttomansOttoman Rulers SULTANSSettle in ANATOLIA (Turkey)

START OF EMPIRE

OSMAN

Ottoman Sultans1451 Becomes Sultan1453 Conquers Byzantine capital CONSTANTINOPLE (Ending the Byzantine Empire) Mehmed was only 21 years old100,000 man army 125 ships

MEHMED II

MEHMED IIAfter Conquering Constantinople Mehmed opened the city to many RELIGIONS and ethnic groups:JEWSCHRISTIANSMUSLIMSTURKSNON-TURKS

MEHMED II

Ottomans rebuilt Constantinople renamed it ISTANBUL Why were Ottoman successful? MILITARY TECHNOLOGY {GUNPOWDER, CANNONS, MUSKETS}ISTANBUL

http://vimeo.com/6746927

MEHMED II ARRIVING IN CONSTANTINOPLE

1512 Becomes SultanAdded to Ottoman EmpireEGYPT, SYRIA, PALESTINETook control of bothMecca and MedinaDies in 1520SELIM THE GRIM

SELIM THE GRIMOttoman Empire reached its peak in SIZE and POWER during the rule of SULEYMANSULEYMAN

Dominated the seas from Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian GulfControlled most of the Middle East areas of 3 continents :Asia- TURKEY, SYRIA, PALESTINE MESOPOTAMIAAfrica EGYPT, ALGERIA, TRIPOLI(Libya)Europe HUNGARY, GREECE, BALKANSSuleyman the Magnificent

The Ottoman Empire extended as far west as:

Vienna, Austria

1520 Becomes Sultan rules until death in 156610th Sultan rules for 46 years longest ruling Ottoman SultanRuled over greatest economic,political, military period in Ottoman HistoryKnown in the West as: SULEYMAN the MAGNIFICENTHis own people called him: SULEYMAN the LAWGIVERSULEYMAN

SULEYMANhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdWZvq4yvLU Suleyman was a superb MILITARY leaderHe collected all the judgments that had been issued by the nine Ottoman Sultans who preceded him. After eliminating duplications and choosing between contradictory statements, he issued a single legal code, all the while being careful not to violate the basic laws of Islam.Suleiman personally instituted a system of legislation relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law.SULEYMAN THE LAWGIVER

Had over 20,000 personal slavesStaffed an elite force of loyal soldiers called Janissaries

SULEYMAN THE LAWGIVER

DEVSHIRME: practice by which the Ottoman Empire took boys from Christian families who were then converted to Islam with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the EmpireOTTOMAN VOCABULARY

Formed in 1383; Abolished in 1826Gathered from the DEVSHIRME systemJanissaries were mostly boys taken from conquered landsChristian boys, Converted to Islam; trained to be super soldiers LOYAL to the SultanJANISSARIES

A force of elite infantry loyal to the Ottoman emperor. The Janissaries were Christian slaves, taken from their villages between the ages of seven and ten, and raised to be loyal soldiers of the emperor, whose personal property they were. The Janissaries were trained bowmen whose loyalty and lack of political connections within the Empire made them invaluable to the stronger sultans. Their loyalty was gained both through their strict training, which took up to ten years, and the prospect of great rewards for good service. Some two thirds of the Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire up at least until the sixteenth century had been Janissaries, as were many other officials of the empire. It was only when the line of Sultans began to weaken that the Janissaries became kingmakers. The first Janissaries were probably recruited by Orkhan, as a personal bodyguard. Their numbers grew, reaching ten thousand in the fifteenth century. Rickard, J. (10 October 2000), Janissaries (Ottoman Empire), http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_janissaries.html. "Janissary corps". Photograph. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.

On Janissaries: At Buda I made my first acquaintance with the Janissaries; this is the name by which the Turks call the infantry of the royal guard. The Turkish state has 12,000 of these troops when the corps is at its full strength. They are scattered through every part of the empire, either to garrison the forts against the enemy, or to protect the Christians and Jews from the violence of the mob. There is no district with any considerable amount of population, no borough or city, which has not a detachment of Janissaries to protect the Christians, Jews, and other helpless people from outrage and wrong.

A garrison of Janissaries is always stationed in the citadel of Buda. The dress of these men consists of a robe reaching down to the ankles, while, to cover their heads, they employ a cowl which, by their account, was originally a cloak sleeve, part of which contains the head, while the remainder hangs down and flaps against the neck. On their forehead is placed a silver gilt cone of considerable height, studded with stones of no great value. The Turkish Letters (1555-1562) by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor. Source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1555busbecq.html MILLET: Ottomans granted non-Muslims (Jews/Christians) right to organize into communities that followed their own beliefs and possessed certain rights/powers but had to obey the SultanOTTOMAN VOCABULARY

Mixed BYZANTINE AND MUSLIM CULTUREGolden Age of Cultural AchievementPatron of the Arts over 600 artists employed Architectural Developments:Bridges, Mosques, PalacesBest example:Mosque of SuleymanCULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS

Started in 1550 Finished in 1558Built to compare with Hagia SophiaLargest mosque in IstanbulDome is 173 ft highBuilt by famous architect Mimar Sinan

Suleymaniye Mosque

MIMAR SINAN

INTERNAL poor leaders after Suleyman Government corruption; uprisings of different ethnic groups (nationalism); high taxes; end of janissariesEXTERNAL rising power of European nations, Ottomans fall behind in new technology commercial and military economy based on agriculture not industryDECLINE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The Ottoman Empire would last until the 1900sOttomans on the losing side in World War IAt end of WWI Empire was partitioned or divided upRussia, Greece, France, Great Britain, Italy all took parts of the Ottoman EmpireNew country established - TurkeyEND OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

OTTOMANS SURRENDER WWI

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