otitis media
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Otitis Media. Otitis Media. Most common reason for visit to pediatrician Tympanostomy tube placement is 2nd most common surgical procedure in children Development of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Otitis Media - Definition. Inflammation of the middle ear - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Otitis MediaOtitis Media
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Otitis MediaOtitis Media
Most common reason for visit to Most common reason for visit to pediatricianpediatrician
Tympanostomy tube placement is Tympanostomy tube placement is 2nd most common surgical 2nd most common surgical procedure in childrenprocedure in children
Development of multidrug-Development of multidrug-resistant bacteria resistant bacteria
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Otitis Media - DefinitionOtitis Media - Definition
Inflammation of the middle Inflammation of the middle earear
May also involve inflammation May also involve inflammation of mastoid, petrous apex, and of mastoid, petrous apex, and
perilabyrinthine air cellsperilabyrinthine air cells
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Otitis Media - Otitis Media - ClassificationClassification
Acute OM - rapid onset of signs & Acute OM - rapid onset of signs & sx, < 3 wk coursesx, < 3 wk course
Subacute OM - 3 wks to 3 mosSubacute OM - 3 wks to 3 mos Chronic OM - 3 mos or longer Chronic OM - 3 mos or longer
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OM - EpidemiologyOM - Epidemiology
AgeAge SexSex RaceRace Day careDay care SeasonsSeasons
GeneticsGenetics Breast-feedingBreast-feeding Smoke exposureSmoke exposure Medical Medical
conditions conditions
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OM - EpidemiologyOM - Epidemiology
Increasing incidenceIncreasing incidence Increases after newborn periodIncreases after newborn period 2/3 with AOM by one year of age2/3 with AOM by one year of age 1/2 with >3 episodes by three 1/2 with >3 episodes by three
yearsyears most common in 6 - 11 mos most common in 6 - 11 mos
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OM - persistent middle ear OM - persistent middle ear effusion (MEE)effusion (MEE)
High incidence of MEE, avg of 40 High incidence of MEE, avg of 40 daysdays
Children less that 2 years much Children less that 2 years much more likely to have persistent MEEmore likely to have persistent MEE
White children with higher White children with higher incidence of MEEincidence of MEE
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OM - Day Care OM - Day Care
Greater risk of AOM in children < 3 Greater risk of AOM in children < 3 yearsyears
Home care best, large group day care Home care best, large group day care worstworst– more exposures with wider range of floramore exposures with wider range of flora– increased URI’sincreased URI’s– more frequent visits to MD to decrease more frequent visits to MD to decrease
parental leave time from workparental leave time from work
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OM - Breast-feedingOM - Breast-feeding
Decreases incidence of URI and GI Decreases incidence of URI and GI diseasedisease
Inverse relationship between Inverse relationship between incidence of OM and duration of incidence of OM and duration of breast-feedingbreast-feeding
Protective factor in breast-milk?Protective factor in breast-milk?
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OM - smoke exposureOM - smoke exposure
Induces changes in respiratory Induces changes in respiratory tracttract
Increased AOM and persistent Increased AOM and persistent effusioneffusion
Increased otorrhea, chronic and Increased otorrhea, chronic and recurrent AOM in children with recurrent AOM in children with parental smokingparental smoking
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OM - Medical ConditionsOM - Medical Conditions
Cleft palateCleft palate– decreases after decreases after
repairrepair Craniofacial Craniofacial
disordersdisorders– Treacher-CollinsTreacher-Collins
Down’s syndromeDown’s syndrome Ciliary Ciliary
dysfunctiondysfunction
Immune Immune dysfunctiondysfunction– AIDSAIDS– steroids, chemosteroids, chemo– IgG deficiencyIgG deficiency
ObstructionObstruction– NG tubesNG tubes– NT intubationNT intubation– adenoidsadenoids– malignancymalignancy
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Eustachian TubeEustachian Tube
Connects middle ear and Connects middle ear and nasopharynxnasopharynx
Lumen shaped like two cones with Lumen shaped like two cones with apex directed toward middleapex directed toward middle
Mucosa has mucous producing Mucosa has mucous producing cells and ciliated cellscells and ciliated cells
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Eustachian tubeEustachian tube
AdultsAdults– ant 2/3- ant 2/3-
cartilaginouscartilaginous– post 1/3- bonypost 1/3- bony– 45 degree angle45 degree angle– isthmus 1-2 mmisthmus 1-2 mm– nasopharyngeal nasopharyngeal
orifice 8-9 mmorifice 8-9 mm
ChildrenChildren– longer bony longer bony
portionportion– 10 degree angle10 degree angle– isthmus largeristhmus larger– nasopharyngeal nasopharyngeal
orifice 4-5 mm in orifice 4-5 mm in infantsinfants
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Eustachian tubeEustachian tube
Usually closedUsually closed Opens during swallowing, yawning, Opens during swallowing, yawning,
and sneezing and sneezing Opening involves cartilaginous Opening involves cartilaginous
portionportion Tensor veli palatini responsible for Tensor veli palatini responsible for
active tubal openingactive tubal opening No constrictor functionNo constrictor function
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Eustachian tubeEustachian tube
Protection from nasopharyngeal Protection from nasopharyngeal sound and secretionssound and secretions
clearance of middle ear secretionsclearance of middle ear secretions ventilation (pressure regulation) of ventilation (pressure regulation) of
middle earmiddle ear
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PathologyPathology
Eustachian tube abnormalitiesEustachian tube abnormalities– Impaired openingImpaired opening– open in DS and American Indiansopen in DS and American Indians– shorter tubeshorter tube
Impaired immunityImpaired immunity– children have poorer immune responsechildren have poorer immune response– less cytokines in nasopharynx in children with OMless cytokines in nasopharynx in children with OM
Inflammatory mediatorsInflammatory mediators– Bacterial products induce inflam response with IL-1, Bacterial products induce inflam response with IL-1,
IL-6, and TNFIL-6, and TNF AllergyAllergy
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MicrobiologyMicrobiology
S. pneumoniaeS. pneumoniae - 30-35% - 30-35% H. influenzaeH. influenzae - 20-25% - 20-25% M. catarrhalisM. catarrhalis - 10-15% - 10-15% Group A strep - 2-4%Group A strep - 2-4% Infants with higher incidence of Infants with higher incidence of
gram negative bacilligram negative bacilli
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VirologyVirology
RSV - 74% of middle ear isolatesRSV - 74% of middle ear isolates RhinovirusRhinovirus Parainfluenza virusParainfluenza virus Influenza virusInfluenza virus
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MicrobiologyMicrobiology
PCN-resistant PCN-resistant StrepStrep– 1979 - 1.8%1979 - 1.8%– 1992 - 41%1992 - 41%– Altered PCN-Altered PCN-
binding proteinsbinding proteins– Lysis defectiveLysis defective– Age, day-cares, Age, day-cares,
and previous txand previous tx
H. flu and M. H. flu and M. catarrhaliscatarrhalis– beta-lactamase beta-lactamase
productionproduction– All All M. catarrhalisM. catarrhalis
++– 45-50% 45-50% H. fluH. flu
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Chronic MEE Chronic MEE
Previously thought sterilePreviously thought sterile 30-50% grow in culture30-50% grow in culture over 75% PCR +over 75% PCR + Usual organismsUsual organisms
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
Acute OMAcute OM– preceding URIpreceding URI– fever, otalgia, fever, otalgia,
hearing loss, hearing loss, otorrheaotorrhea
Chronic MEEChronic MEE– asymptomaticasymptomatic– hearing losshearing loss– ““plugged” earplugged” ear
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
Pneumatic otoscopy is gold standardPneumatic otoscopy is gold standard– Color - opaque, yellow, blue, red, pinkColor - opaque, yellow, blue, red, pink– Position - bulging, retractedPosition - bulging, retracted– Mobility - normal, hypomobile, neg Mobility - normal, hypomobile, neg
pressurepressure– Assoc pathology - perfs, cholesteatoma, Assoc pathology - perfs, cholesteatoma,
retraction pocketsretraction pockets Head & neck examHead & neck exam
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
AudiogramAudiogram– document CHL, SNHL, baseline, preopdocument CHL, SNHL, baseline, preop– sooner if high risksooner if high risk
ImpedanceImpedance Acoustic reflexesAcoustic reflexes
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Treatment - AOMTreatment - AOM
Adults and older children - Adults and older children - observation?observation?
Antibiotics - consider drug Antibiotics - consider drug resistance patternsresistance patterns– Amoxicilin ,Coamoxiclave,Azitramycin Amoxicilin ,Coamoxiclave,Azitramycin – Need high middle ear concentrationsNeed high middle ear concentrations
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AntibioticsAntibiotics
First lineFirst line– Amoxil - 60-90 mg/kg divided tidAmoxil - 60-90 mg/kg divided tid– CoamoxiclaveCoamoxiclave
Second lineSecond line– CoamoxiclaveCoamoxiclave– AzithramycinAzithramycin
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Treatment - Recurrent Treatment - Recurrent AOMAOM
ChemoprophylaxisChemoprophylaxis– Sulfisoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, pcnSulfisoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, pcn– less efficacy for intermittent propylaxisless efficacy for intermittent propylaxis
Myringotomy and tube insertionMyringotomy and tube insertion– decreased # and severity of AOMdecreased # and severity of AOM– otorrhea and other complicationsotorrhea and other complications– may require prophylaxis if severemay require prophylaxis if severe
AdenoidectomyAdenoidectomy– 28% and 35% fewer episodes of AOM at first and 28% and 35% fewer episodes of AOM at first and
second yearssecond years
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Treatment - OMETreatment - OME
MEE > 3 mos or assoc hearing loss, vertigo, MEE > 3 mos or assoc hearing loss, vertigo, frequency, ME pathology, discomfortfrequency, ME pathology, discomfort
AntibioticsAntibiotics– shown to be of benefit, 75% PCR + bacterial DNAshown to be of benefit, 75% PCR + bacterial DNA
Antibiotics + steroidAntibiotics + steroid– 21% improvement compared to abx alone21% improvement compared to abx alone– prednisone 1 mg/kg day x 7 daysprednisone 1 mg/kg day x 7 days– varicella?varicella?
Myringotomy & tympanostomy +/- Myringotomy & tympanostomy +/- adenoidectomyadenoidectomy
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Tympanostomy tube Tympanostomy tube insertioninsertion
Unresponsive OME >3 mos bil, or >6 Unresponsive OME >3 mos bil, or >6 mos uni, sooner if assoc hearing mos uni, sooner if assoc hearing problemsproblems
Recurrent MEE with excessive Recurrent MEE with excessive cumulative durationcumulative duration
Recurrent AOM - >3/6 mos or >4/12 Recurrent AOM - >3/6 mos or >4/12 mosmos
Eustachian tube dysfunctionEustachian tube dysfunction Suppurative complicationSuppurative complication
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ComplicationsComplications IntratemporalIntratemporal
– hearing losshearing loss– TM perforationTM perforation– CSOMCSOM– retraction pocketsretraction pockets– cholesteatomacholesteatoma– mastoiditismastoiditis– petrositispetrositis– labyrinthitislabyrinthitis– adhesive OMadhesive OM– tympanosclerosistympanosclerosis– ossicular dyscontinuity and ossicular dyscontinuity and
fixation fixation – facial paralysisfacial paralysis– cholesterol granulomacholesterol granuloma– necrotizing OEnecrotizing OE
IntracranialIntracranial– meningitismeningitis– extradural abscessextradural abscess– subdural empyemasubdural empyema– focal encephalitisfocal encephalitis– brain abscessbrain abscess– lateral sinus lateral sinus
thrombosisthrombosis– otitic hydrocephalusotitic hydrocephalus