other translation method - shift or transposition
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SHIFT OR TRANSPOSIT
IONA shift (Catford) or transposition (Vinay and
Darbelnet) involves a change in the grammar/part of speech from SL to TL.
There's a reason for life! it could be translated as: ¡Hay una razón para la vida! However, the correct translation
is ¡Hay una razón para vivir!
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Transposition
The change from singular to plural, eg:
“Furniture” → “Muebles”
→ «des meubles»
this word in English is uncountable and singular, in Spanish and French becomes a plural word.
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When an SL grammmatical structure does not exist in TL
“Working with...” → “Trabajar...”
“El trabajo..."
"Lo importante es" → "What's..."
"The important thing..."
"It's important“
"The important of the matter..."
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Where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in TL.
He will soon return → Volverá pronto
Volvera en breve
Pronto volvera
Transposition, here, offers translators a plenty of possible versions.
There are a number of transpositions standardized English to Spanish worth noting that although all have more than one translation.
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• 1. adverb + adjective → adverb + adjective.Ejemplo: Exceptionally large: "de una importancia excepcional".
2. Preposition → construcción preposicional.Ejemplo: After: "después de".
3. Adverbial phrase → construcción adverbial.Ejemplo: Gruffly: "de manera brusca".
4. noun + noun → noun + adjective of sustance.Ejemplo: Nerve cell: "célula nerviosa".
5. Verb of description + preposition → verb of motion+ gerund (Vinay y Darbelnet la llaman criss-cross)Ejemplo: He crawled to the window: "ganó la ventana gateando".
6. empty verb+ verb-noun → verb.Ejemplo: He gave a laugh: "el se rió".
7. Nombre + preposición + nombre → nombre + participio pasado o subordinada adjetiva + nombre.Ejemplos: The plot against him: "el complot urdido contra él",The tower on the hill: "la torre que se erguía en la colina".
8. - Oración subordinada o sintagma adverbial → construcción de participioEjemplo: when the time comes (at the right time) I'll be ready: "Llegado el momento estaré listo".
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The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
A la salida del teatro → "As we came out of the theatre"
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MODULATION
"a change in point of view that allows us to express the same phenomenon in a different
way."
La expresion es fácil de entender (it is easy to understand), no es complicado de entender (it is not
complicated to understand)
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modulation
Positive for double negative (or double negative for positive) is a concrete translation procedure which can be applied in principle to any action (verb) or quality (adjective or adverb):
Don’t delay: “Date prisa”Get this straight: “No te quepa duda”He’s extremely intelligent: “No tiene nada de tonto”
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‘Part of the whole’ is rather misleadingly described; it consist of what we call familiar alternatives.
“la ciudad Condal” (Barcelona).
Valle de las hamacas (San Salvador)
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The other modulation procedures:
1. Abstract for concrete: Sit by the fire: "Sentarse junto a la chimenea".
2. cause for effect: You’re quite a stranger: “No se te ve el pelo”
3. one part for another: From cover to cover: “Desde la primera hasta la última página”
4. reversal of terms: Health insurance: “Seguro de enfermedad”
5. active for passive: It is necessarily performed when a language has not passive.
6. Space for Time: As this is itself (Space) presented a difference: “Como eso presentaba ya (tiempo) una dificultad”.
7. Intervalos y límites.8. Cambio de símbolos.
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RECOGNIZED
TRANSLATION
You should use the official or the generally accepted translation of any
institutional terms (or other) (e.g., international organizations).
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TRANSLATION LABEL
Translation Label: an approximate equivalent or a new term that is usually a collocation for a feature particular to the
SL culture. This is a provisional translation, which should be made in inverted commas.
It can later be discreetly withdrawn.