Other Reformations

Switzerland

Rugged geography conducive to decentralized politics

Main export: mercenaries

Thirteen cantons in a loose federation

Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)

Zurich preacher with humanist background

Reached conclusions similar to Luther’s independently

Began preaching directly from N.T.

1524 – Zurich magistrates abolish Mass

Marburg Colloquy (1529)

Efforts to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians

Impasse over the Eucharist

– Luther – consubstantiation

– Zwingli – purely symbolic

Attempt at unity failed

Swiss Politics

During the 1520s, a majority of the cantons became Protestant

10/1531 – fighting breaks out; Zwingli killed in battle Peace of Kappel (11/20/1531) – each canton

chooses religion; Catholic minorities tolerated Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) succeeded Zwingli as

Protestant leader

Anabaptists

Conrad Grebel (1498-1526) – Zurich citizen – Rejected civil authority in religious affairs (1523)– Rejected infant baptism (1525)

Strong antinomian streak 1526 – Zurich makes rebaptism capital crime Opponents linked them with Peasant Revolt

Anabaptists

Schleitheim Statement (1527)

– Baptism for repentant adults (not for remission)

– No communion for unbaptized

– Baptized to separate themselves from evil world

– No arms-bearing or oath-taking

Munster Incident – Jan of Leiden (1534-1536)

Menno Simons (1496-1561) and pacifism

Persecution of Anabaptists

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Frenchman with legal and humanistic training

Became a Protestant in early 1530s

Fled France, wound up in Basel

1536 – Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Theology– Sovereignty of God– “Spiritual” presence in

Eucharist– Obedience to God’s law,

individually and socially– Doctrine of the “lesser

magistrates”

Calvin in Geneva

1536 – Calvin is asked to help reform

Pushed for church oversight and discipline of flock

Church works with State to reform

Michael Servetus Case (1553)

Spread of Calvinism

Theodore Beza (1516-1605) and the Genevan Academy

French Huguenots John Knox (1505-1572) and Scotland The Netherlands American colonies

England: Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Catherine of Aragon vs. Anne Boleyn

Consequences of Reformation

– Marital succession– Wolsey out, Cromwell in– Head of the church– Dissolution of the

Monasteries

Edward VI (1547-1553)

Regency government “Calvinized” the Church

of England New English liturgy:

Book of Common Prayer

Died at age 15

“Bloody Mary” (1553-1558)

Restoration of Romanism

Persecution of Protestants; “fires of Smithfield”

Marriage to Philip II

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

“Virgin Queen” Act of Uniformity

– Book of Common Prayer– Thirty-Nine Articles

Catholics, Puritans and the via media

Excommunication by pope, assassination attempts

The Catholic Reformation

New mysticism– Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)– Religious orders (Capuchins, Theatines, Ursulines)

Society of Jesus, 1540– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)– The Spiritual Exercises– Absolute obedience– Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

Catholics and Protestants in Europe in 1560

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Pope Paul III, 1534-1549– Reform commission– Recognized the Jesuits– Council of Trent

Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559– Inquisition

Council of Trent, 1545-1563– Doctrinal issues– Division between moderates and conservatives– Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings– Theological seminaries

Revived Papacy