other concentration units yves alarie, ph.d professor emeritus u niversity of pittsburgh,usa
TRANSCRIPT
OTHER CONCENTRATION UNITS
Yves Alarie, Ph.D Professor Emeritus University ofPittsburgh,USA
A. PARTIAL PRESSURE
Fraction (Volume/Volume Composition) of the total pressure of a mixture exerted by a component of the mixture.
For example, at sea level, 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg, 760 torrs, 1.1013 bars, 1.03 kg/cm2, 14.7 p.s.i.a. or 101.325 kPa and yes you were under the impression that SI units were going to simplify your life, fat chance!), if we know the volume composition of each component in the mixture, we can calculate the partial pressure of each. Assuming the following % composition for air:
N2 = 78.6% = 597 mm Hg Partial Pressure
O2 = 20.8% = 159 mm Hg Partial Pressure
CO2 = 0.04% = 0.3 mm Hg Partial Pressure
H2O = 0.5% = 3.8 mm Hg Partial Pressure
TOTAL 100% = 760 mm Hg Total Pressure
The volume composition can be in % or ppm, see above, since both are volume/volume unit. Therefore, 0.1% or 1,000 ppm = 0.76 mm Hg.
B. pV = nRTIf the concentration is given as moles/Liter (n/V), the partial pressure p (in mm Hg) can be obtained using the value of the gas constant R as 62 and the temperature (T) in Kelvin. Seldom used in toxicology but certainly appropriate.
C. HENRY’S LAW AND SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENTThe amount (moles or grams) of a gas or vapor dissolved in
a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the gas (air) phase above the liquid. At equilibrium the partial pressure (in mm Hg) in both phases is equal, but the amount, in moles or grams, will vary between the two phases according to each gas. This ratio, S, is called the solubility coefficient and is given for a particular temperature.
S = Concentration in moles (or grams) of a gas in a liquid/concentration (same units) of a gas in air phase.
gas C or air C
liquid C = S
Phases Partial Pressure
(mm Hg)
Concentration
(mg/L)
Solubility
Coefficient
Air or Gas 100 50 100
Liquid 100 5,000
Cl/Cg = 1/100 = 0.01 = Low: Nitrogen,
Helium, Oxygen
Cl/Cg = 150/100 = 0.15 = Moderate: CO2,
N2O
Cl/Cg = 50/100 = 0.5 = Moderate: Vinyl
Ether
Cl/Cg = 1500/100 = 15 = High: Diethyl
Ether
Cl/Cg = 110000/100 = 1,100 = Very high:
Ethanol
Liquid = Water, T = 37OC
Substances Water/
Gas
Oil/Gas Blood/
Gas
Species
Acetone 395 86 245 Man
Benzene 2.8 492 7.8 Man
CarbonTetrachloride
0.25 361 2.4 Man
Cyclopropane 0.21 11.5 0.55 Man
Methyl EthylKetone
254 263 202 Man
SulfurHexafluoride
0.006 Man
Substances Saline/Gas Blood/Gas
1,1 dichloroethylene 0.4 5.0
Bromochloromethane 8 41
Diethyl Ether 11 12
Methyl ChloroformaFrom Gargas and Andersen,
1985
0.75 5.8